imapsync/FAQ.d/FAQ.Exchange.txt

$Id: FAQ.Exchange.txt,v 1.50 2019/04/02 09:29:38 gilles Exp gilles $

This documentation is also available online at
https://imapsync.lamiral.info/FAQ.d/
https://imapsync.lamiral.info/FAQ.d/FAQ.Exchange.txt


=======================================================================
            Imapsync tips for Exchange 20xx and Office365.
=======================================================================

Questions answered in this FAQ are:

Q. Can I use imapsync to transfer from or to Exchange or Office365 accounts?

Q. How to sync from XXX to Exchange 2010/2013/2016

Q. How to sync from Office365 to XXX?

Q. How to sync from XXX to Office365

Q. For Office365 I have double and triple checked the username and 
   password spelling but I still get a "LOGIN failed". Any clue?

Q. I see "NO Maximum size of appendable message has been exceeded"
   What can I do with that? Happens with Office365 or Exchange 2016.

Q. Office365 throttles the sync and says: 
   "Request is throttled. Suggested Backoff Time: 299961 milliseconds".
   What can I do with that?

Q. Office365 refuses to create the folder named "Files" with the error
   "NO Folder name is reserved". What happens?

Q. Office365 users complain that a folder named "Files" contains 
   messages with no sender.

Q. Exchange fails with "User is authenticated but not connected".

Q. Exchange fails with "BAD Command received in Invalid state".

Q. From XXX to Exchange 2013 or Office365, read receipts are all
   resent again after a sync. Even for old messages. How can I fix that?

Q. DEBUG: IO/Socket/SSL.pm:1043: local error: SSL read error
   DEBUG: IO/Socket/SSL.pm:1043: local error: SSL read error   

Q. From XXX to Exchange 2010/2013 or Office365 I get this error message
   sometimes: "BAD Command Argument Error 11". What does it mean?

Q. From XXX to Exchange 2010 or 2013 or Office365 the flag Flagged does 
   not seem to be well synced. What can I do?

Q. Exchange and Office365 have throttle mechanisms to limit any huge 
   usage. Sometimes imapsync transfers are too stressful for servers. 
   How to deal with that?

Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2007/2010/2013 with an 
   admin/authuser account?

Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2016 with an admin/authuser account?

Q. How to migrate from or to Office 365 with an admin/authuser account?

Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2003 with an admin/authuser 
   account?

Q. Couldn't create folder [trash] "Mailbox already exists".

Q. Migrating to Exchange 201O, messages get date of the transfer,
   this is bad for sorting and listing. What can I do?

Q. How to sync from any to Exchange2007?

Q. How to sync from Microsoft Exchange 2000 IMAP4rev1 server?


Now the questions again with their answers.

=======================================================================
Q. Can I use imapsync to transfer from or to Exchange or Office365 accounts?

R. Yes. But IMAP access to a Exchange or Office365 account is not always 
   allowed by default so it has to be allowed in the server configuration 
   part.

   Exchange:  https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb124489(v=exchg.150).aspx
   Office365: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2416434/how-to-enable-or-disable-pop3-imap-mapi-outlook-web-app-or-exchange-ac

=======================================================================
Q. How to sync from XXX to Exchange 2010/2013/2016

R0. IMAP is not enable by default on Exchange, see how to enable it:
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb124489(v=exchg.150).aspx


R1. Following is a command line resume that solves most encountered 
    issues when migrating to Exchange. To fully understand or change 
    the details you have to read the next Q/R sections.


On Windows, use:

  imapsync.exe ... --exchange2

or use (before imapsync release 1.836):

  imapsync.exe ... ^
    --maxsize 10000000 ^
    --maxmessagespersecond 4 ^
    --regexflag "s/\\Flagged//g" ^
    --disarmreadreceipts ^
    --regexmess "s,(.{9900}),$1\r\n,g"

On Unix, use:

  imapsync ... --exchange2

or use (before imapsync release 1.836):

  imapsync ... \
    --maxsize 10000000 \
    --maxlinelength 9900 \
    --maxmessagespersecond 4 \
    --regexflag 's/\\Flagged//g' \
    --disarmreadreceipts \
    --maxlinelengthcmd 'reformime -r7' 
    
On Linux, to get the "reformime" command, install the "maildrop" package.
In case you don't have it you can still use 
  --regexmess 's,(.{9900}),$1\r\n,g'
instead of --maxlinelengthcmd 'reformime -r7' 

=======================================================================
Q. How to sync from Office365 to XXX?

R. On Windows, use:

  imapsync.exe ... --office1

On Unix, use:

  imapsync ... --office1


=======================================================================
Q. How to sync from XXX to Office365

R0. IMAP is not enable by default on Office365, see how to enable it:
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2416434/how-to-enable-or-disable-pop3-imap-mapi-outlook-web-app-or-exchange-ac
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg298947(v=exchg.150).aspx
https://support.context.io/hc/en-us/articles/213586243-Enabling-IMAP-for-Office365

R. Here is a command line resume that solves most encountered issues when 
   migrating to Office365. It's similar with Exchange except for some 
   values. To understand or change the details you have to read 
   next Q/R sections.


On Windows, use:

  imapsync.exe ... --office2

or use (before imapsync release 1.836):
  imapsync.exe ... ^
    --maxsize 45000000 ^
    --maxmessagespersecond 2 ^
    --regexflag "s/\\Flagged//g" ^
    --disarmreadreceipts ^
    --regexmess "s,(.{10500}),$1\r\n,g"

On Unix, use:

  imapsync ... --office2

or use (before imapsync release 1.836):

  imapsync ... \
    --maxsize 45000000 \
    --maxlinelength 10500 \
    --maxmessagespersecond 2 \
    --regexflag 's/\\Flagged//g' \
    --disarmreadreceipts \
    --maxlinelengthcmd 'reformime -r7' 
    
On Linux, to get the "reformime" command, install the "maildrop" package.
In case you don't have it you can use 
  --regexmess 's,(.{10500}),$1\r\n,g'
instead of --maxlinelengthcmd 'reformime -r7' 

=======================================================================
Q. For Office365 I have double and triple checked the username and 
   password spelling but I still get a "LOGIN failed". Any clue?

R1. Triple check the hostname then. Try all of these:
 * imap-mail.outlook.com
 * imap.outlook.com
 * outlook.office365.com

R2. Also triple check a license is assigned to that account 
    in Office365.

R3. Try with a classic email client like Thunderbird and the same
    parameters.   

=======================================================================
Q. Exchange fails with "User is authenticated but not connected".

R1. "The message User is authenticated but not connected is due to a 
   bug in the Exchange server's IMAP implementation. If the client 
   presents a valid user name but an invalid password, the server 
   accepts the login, but subsequent commands fail with the 
   aforementioned error message." Source:
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/164823/user-is-authenticated-but-not-connected-after-changing-my-exchange-password
Thanks to James Abbottsmith for this link and explanation at
https://github.com/imapsync/imapsync/issues/32#issuecomment-153561647

R2. Miguel Alameda reported understanding and solving this issue 
    like this, the context was admin/authuser:
    "The admin user had not permission in the target mailbox."

=======================================================================
Q. I see "NO Maximum size of appendable message has been exceeded"
   What can I do with that? Happens with Office365 or Exchange 2016

R0. It happens with Office365 and Exchange 2016.
    See R1 for Office365
    See R2 for Exchange 2016

R1. Office365 supports send/receive max message sizes of up to 150MB 
   but you need to make changes in your tenant(s) to support it.

The following PowerShell command will increase the message sizes that 
can be sent/received.  The trick in getting IMAPSync to work is to 
apply these settings to the accounts performing the migration,
NOT the accounts associated with the target mailbox (assuming you're
using service accounts to perform transfers on behalf of users).

  Set-mailbox -Identity $UPN -MaxReceiveSize 150mb -MaxSendSize 150mb

e.g. 

  Set-mailbox -Identity "migrationaccount@testtenant.onmicrosoft.com" -MaxReceiveSize 150mb -MaxSendSize 150mb

We're transferring data between Office 365 tenants so we set these 
values on the migration acounts in the source and target tenants.

Thanks to Sean McDougall, Ian Thomas & Matt Wilks from Toronto 
for this FAQ item.

R2. With Exchange 2016

Thanks to Torsten Bergemann from Germany:

In order to have exchange accept big e-mails via imap, several size 
limitations have to be removed on several levels of the exchange 
software: For the organization (within exchange admin panel), 
for each connector (with exchange admin panel), for each Postfach 
(using exchange management shell).

For details and instructions, check 
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb124345(v=exchg.160).aspx
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh529949(v=exchg.160).aspx

Unfortunately, the second link does not give instructions to remove the limit from imap4 service.

To solve it for Exchange 2013/2016, add the line

<add key="MaxReceiveSize" value="1024000000" />

to the file 
C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14 [or V15]\ClientAccess\PopImap\Microsoft.Exchange.Imap4.exe.config

Please note that this change may be lost each time you install an 
cumulative update. After the change, restart the services exchange 
transport role, exchange information store and exchange imap4 Backend.

(Source: https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/de-DE/2c07cf43-fe0e-4d22-b061-676a67c6d58d/exchange-2013-max-mailgre-per-imap?forum=exchange_serverde)

This change made our Exchange installation accept bigger e-mails 
in order to remove the imapsync Exchange error message
"NO Maximum size of appendable message has been exceeded"


=======================================================================
Q. Office365 throttles the sync and says: 
   "Request is throttled. Suggested Backoff Time: 299961 milliseconds".
   What can I do with that?
   
R. To solve the throttles issues from 0365, there's two solutions:

R1. Call Microsoft Office365 and ask them to remove the limits on your 
  mailboxes. That's not a joke, they do it for 90 days usually, 
  sometimes only after you reach the second technician you call, 
  the first one been not enough competent to understand what you're
  talking about.

R2. Play with options --maxbytespersecond or --maxmessagespersecond
    or --exitwhenover

  imapsync ... --maxbytespersecond 100_000

  imapsync ... --maxmessagespersecond 2

  imapsync ... --exitwhenover 1_000_000_000

I don't know the upper value that avoid the default throttling from 0365
and I guess it changes over time.

=======================================================================
Q. Office365 refuses to create the folder named "Files" with the error
   "NO Folder name is reserved". What happens?

R. The folder Files is a standard folder in Office365. It should not
   be synced in IMAP. See the next question.

=======================================================================
Q. Office365 users complain that a folder named "Files" contains 
   messages with no sender.

R0. To fix this, add --exclude Files

  imapsync ... --exclude Files

R1. This folder "Files" seems to be a standard folder in Exchange Online, 
   but it is not. The folder contains all attachments in every email 
   that is in the mailbox, but without any headers.
   This causes some confusion for users as these appear in their 
   search results as duplicate lines but without the sender details 
   or even the message body.

   This folder seems to be usually hidden so IMAP clients can’t see it, 
   but for some reason sometimes it becomes visible.

R2. It looks to be a common problem with Exchange Online. 
    I’m not sure what causes the folder to appear.

   More info here:
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/msoffice_o365admin-mso_exchon-mso_o365b/exclude-the-exchange-online-system-folder-called/2adbdf84-db4a-4c7f-ac29-738757980a0d
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/msoffice_o365admin-mso_dep365-mso_o365b/no-sender-emails-in-files-folder/534bae8f-a7d7-4f5f-8ed7-5bad0d5fa23f

  (This question/answer is taken quasi verbatim from Perttu Aaltonen)
=======================================================================
Q. Exchange fails with "BAD Command received in Invalid state".

R1. This message might happen when authenticating without ssl nor tls,
   wich is rare now since imapsync tries to do ssl then tls by default.
   Add --tls1 or else --ssl1 if this error message comes from host1.
   Add --tls2 or else --ssl2 if this error message comes from host2.

R2. This message might also happen when authenticating with ssl and tls.
   Don't use --tlsX and --sslX on the same side X (1 or 2), since it 
   asks for a double encryption, an encryption inside an encryption.
   It won't work, you can't do a direct double encryption, few 
   servers allow that.

=======================================================================
Q. From XXX to Exchange 2013 or Office365, read receipts are all
   resent again after a sync. Even for old messages. How can I fix that?

R. imapsync can remove the header containing this read receipt request.

On Unix or Windows use:

  imapsync ... --disarmreadreceipts

Since read receipts should be sent for unseen messages that will go 
to a seen state after the migration, you could be strict and apply 
the regex only to seen messages. 
Selecting seen message can be done with:

  imapsync ... --search1 "SEEN" --disarmreadreceipts

Of course a second run has to be run without the --disarmreadreceipts
for unseen messages:

  imapsync ... --search1 "UNSEEN" 

If fact --disarmreadreceipts is just an option equivalent to:

  --regexmess 's{\A(.*?(?! ^$))^Disposition-Notification-To:(.*?)$}{$1X-Disposition-Notification-To:$2}igxms' 

That regex changes the header Disposition-Notification-To. It prefixes
it with an X- so that it becomes inactive.
Disposition-Notification-To: blabla
becomes
X-Disposition-Notification-To: blabla

Thanks to David Karnowski for pointing and solving this issue.

=======================================================================
Q. DEBUG: IO/Socket/SSL.pm:1043: local error: SSL read error
   DEBUG: IO/Socket/SSL.pm:1043: local error: SSL read error   

R1. "SSL read or write error" happens sometimes, it isn't related to 
    imapsync directly but to the ssl underlying library when communicating
    with Exchange in TLS/SSL encrypted mode. 
    Next runs should put the sync further, so rerun the syncs 
    until it is well completed.

R2. Another solution is to remove --tls or --ssl options for Exchange
    and accept a clear text sync.

R3. See also the FAQ FAQ.SSL_errors.txt
    https://imapsync.lamiral.info/FAQ.d/FAQ.SSL_errors.txt

=======================================================================
Q. From XXX to Exchange 2010/2013 or Office365 I get this error message
   sometimes: "BAD Command Argument Error 11". What does it mean?

R. This error message comes from Exchange IMAP server when it 
   encounters any problem. Most of the time it is one of the following:

  * Some messages are bigger than the size limit. 10 MB by default
    on Exchange. It can be upped by configuration for Exchange.
	Sometimes a reboot is needed to take configuration changes 
	into account.
    If you can't fix this limit on Exchange then use option
    --maxsize 10000000 for 10 MB, change it if needed) to tell
    imapsync to skip those messages.
    This value is 45 MB by default for Office365

  imapsync ... --maxsize 10000000 # 10 MB for Exchange

  imapsync ... --maxsize 45000000 # 45 MB for Office365
  

  * Quota reached. The whole account is full.
    It can be upped by configuration.

  * Some messages have some lines too long. Use option --maxlinelength
    to skip messages whose max line length is over a number of bytes.
    --maxlinelength 1000 is a RFC2822 must but most server support
    higher values. 
    Exchange supports 9900 characters line length:

  imapsync ... --maxlinelength 9900 

    Office365 supports 10500 characters line length:

  imapsync ... --maxlinelength 10500

  In case you prefer fixing messages with long lines the hard way,
  instead of skipping them with --maxlinelength 9900, just use:

  On Windows
  imapsync ... --regexmess "s,(.{9900}),$1\r\n,g"

  On Unix
  imapsync ... --regexmess 's,(.{9900}),$1\r\n,g'
  
Have also in mind that Exchange closes the connection after 10 errors
encountered so you might also see "BYE Connection closed" errors from
Exchange, which means Exchange leaves the session and say goodbye,
come back later. Rerun a sync then.

If on Linux, there is a good Python script in the tarball that can 
fix several things that Exchange or O365 have issues with.

Use it like this:

  ./imapsync ... --pipemess W/tools/fix_email_for_exchange.py

It often does some miracles on messages.

=======================================================================
Q. From XXX to Exchange 2010 or 2013 or Office365 the flag Flagged does 
   not seem to be well synced. What can I do?

R. Use the following trick. Run imapsync twice, one with --regexflag
   and one without, like this:

1) imapsync ... --regexflag "s/\\Flagged//g"
2) imapsync ...

You can add --debugflags if you want to see what imapsync gets and 
does in details with flags.

The magic of this trick is on ignoring the \Flagged flag on the first 
sync and setting it on the second sync, with STORE instead of APPEND.
This Exchange bug seems that Exchange gets and sets well the Flagged 
flag with APPEND in IMAP but then it forgets it with other protocols;
With STORE it sets and gets the "\Flagged" flag everywhere.

Thanks to Dave Murray and Simon Savva for reporting and solving 
this issue.

======================================================================
Q. Exchange and Office365 have throttle mechanisms to limit any huge 
   usage. Sometimes imapsync transfers are too stressful for servers. 
   How to deal with that?

R. It looks like limiting 4 messages per second is enough to avoid 
   the throttle limits.

  imapsync ... --maxmessagespersecond 4

In case throttle appears anyway, fix them with:
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj863577(v=exchg.150).aspx
See also:
http://www.linux-france.org/prj/imapsync_list/msg02072.html

Sometimes restarting the Exchange server is needed to take
into account the change in the configuration.

======================================================================
Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2007/2010/2013 with an 
   admin/authuser account?
   
R. The tricks comes from Michele Marcionelli and Benjamin Priestman:

This doesn't work:
  imapsync ... --user2 user2 --authuser2 admin2 --password2 adminpassword2 ...

This might works:
  imapsync ... --user2 "domain\admin2\user2" --password2 adminpassword2 ...
or 
  imapsync ... --user2 "admin2@domain\user2" --password2 adminpassword2 ...

where "domain" is set be the user's UPN in Active Directory
or the NETBIOS or DNS name of the domain.

The exact format might vary depending on local configuration and you
should experiment with the different formats.

PLAIN authentication is the only way to go with --authuser1 for now.
So don't use --authmech1 SOMETHING with --authuser1 admin_user,
it will not work.
Same behavior with the --authuser2 option.

A little note from Michael Scherer. 
The previous workaround in the FAQ seems to be obsolete.
I can confirm that

  imapsync ... --host2 exchange_server \
               --authuser2 admin@domain --user2 user_alias

is working without any glitches, running Exchange 2010 SP2 here.
Explanation, Exchange knows a) about a username 
and b) about a mailNickname which can be different to the username. 
As it seems you need to use the mailNickname (e.g. alias) defined 
for user2, not the username itself.
http://blogs.technet.com/b/exchange/archive/2004/03/31/105275.aspx

A little note from John Becker.
After you pointed out that I had issues with authorization, I realized that
as an admin user I don't have all the rights on the mailboxes.
So I added myself to the user mailbox with full rights.
I also changed the login type on the Exchange CAS to type 1, plain text.
The command that I used for imapsync is:
   imapsync ... ^
       --host2 exchange-server ^
       --user2 "windows-domain\admin-user\aaaa" ^
       --password2 admin-password ...



======================================================================
Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2016 with an admin/authuser account?

R. This might work:

  imapsync ... --user2 user2 --authuser2 admin2 --password2 adminpassword2 ...

Note from
https://github.com/imapsync/imapsync/issues/136#issuecomment-397020248

The key is to not use the built-in Administrator account which 
Microsoft seems to have blocked access to in imap. 
I'm doing a sync to Exchange 2016 accounts and this works:

  imapsync ... --ssl2 --user2 account@domain.com ^
               --authuser2 accountwfullaccess@domain.com ^
               --password2 "accountwfullaccesspw"

The admin account you use needs to have full access to the account(s) 
you want to sync which you can setup in the gui or via powershell 
and again - don't use administrator@domain.com - as that will never 
work because IMAP LOGIN is disabled for that account apparently
under all circumstances.

======================================================================
Q. How to migrate from or to Office 365 with an admin/authuser account?

Note from Yago Torres Fernandez:
(a working command using admin/authuser on host2 Office 365)

  imapsync ... --authuser2 user_admin@domain.com --user2 user_to_be_migrated@domain.com  ^
               --password2 XXXX --ssl2  ^

but previously in Office365 you must do something like that, using powershell:

  Add-MailboxPermission -identity user_to_be_migrated@domain.com -user user_admin@domain.com -accessrights fullaccess -inheritancetype all

PLAIN authentication is the only way to go with --authuser1 for now.
So don't use --authmech1 SOMETHING with --authuser1 admin_user,
it will not work.
Same behavior with the --authuser2 option.

Note from Martin Paulucci:
I had to remove the domain part for the user
but not for the admin.  Example:

  imapsync ... --authuser2 user_admin@domain.com --user2 user_to_be_migrated

See also:
http://www.linux-france.org/prj/imapsync_list/msg02203.html

======================================================================
Q. How to migrate from or to Exchange 2003 with an admin/authuser 
   account?

R. Thomas Edgar wrote the following

In case you can glean something from this snippet which allowed us 
to migrate from Exchange 2003 t0 Cyrus Imap 2.4 (you would reverse 
the flow to go the other way):

  imapsync --dry --host1 ExchangeServer.mycompany.com \
    --user1 Some.User@mycompany.com --authuser1 ExchangeAdminAccount \
    --proxyauth1 --password1 '$pass_with_dollars$' \
    --host2 cyrusimapbackend.mycompany.com \
    --user2 SameOrDiffererentUser@mycompany.com \
    --authuser2 CyrusAdminAccount --password2 CyrusAdminPassword

We also needed to:

- Ensure the Exchange Admin Acct had IMAP4 enabled in it's 
  profile (it initially didn't!)
- Ensure the Some.User Exchange Acct had IMAP4 enabled 
  in it's profile (it initially didn't!)
- Add the CyrusAdminAccount to admins line in /etc/imapd.conf
- Give CyrusAdminAccount lrswipkxtecda to the Cyrus Imap account 
  being migrated to (- or in your case, from)

In case you are not aware:

- It will prompt for a password if you don't supply it
- the domain part of the fully-qualified email could be 
  omitted in our case
- Use --debugimap when testing initial connectivity, if necessary

=======================================================================
Q. Couldn't create folder [trash] "Mailbox already exists".

R. Some servers take care about character case in folder names, 
   some servers do not, like Exchange. Since non-respecting case 
   can merge two different folders into one then imapsync respects case. 

   For example, if a host1 server has a folder name called "trash"
   and the host2 server already has a folder "Trash" or "TRASH"
   then imapsync will try to create the folder "trash" on host2,
   because trash and Trash are different strings. But if host2
   does not respect character case it will consider folder "trash"
   already exists and will say it, that's the error message 
   reported by imapsync: "Mailbox already exists", message coming 
   from the server.

   The folder creation fails but messages are well transferred in
   so take a look at this warning, understand why it happens
   and it should be fine most of the time.

   To avoid this warning use --regextrans2 to map the folder names

   imapsync ...  --regextrans2 "s/^trash$/Trash/"

   If there are two folders Trash and trash on host1 then both
   will be merge into only one Trash folder on host2. 
   In case option --delete2 is used the regextans2 above becomes
   mandatory, otherwise imapsync will sync messages from the
   first Trash and then delete them when syncing trash.

   In order to avoid merging folders that are considered different 
   on host1 but the same on destination host2 because of case 
   sensitivities and insensitivities, use  --nomixfolders

======================================================================
Q. Migrating to Exchange 201O, messages get date of the transfer,
   this is bad for sorting and listing. What can I do?

R1. Be sure to have at least Exchange 2010 SP2 Rollup 5
http://www.tribalchicken.com.au/15-technical/29-imapsync-exchange2010

R2. See also the Outlook side (thanks to Martin Hochreiter for this solution)
http://www.howto-outlook.com/faq/archivenotworking.htm
by changing Archive to sent/receive date

It's often shorter to change one server than thousands clients
so R1 might be easier to do.

======================================================================
Q. How to sync from any to Exchange2007?

Several problems:
- Big messages: increase the "send- and receive-connector" 
  in exchange2007 to 40 MB.

R. 2 solutions

R1. With imapsync (only partial success)
--skipheader 'Received' \
--regexmess 's{\A(.*?(?!^$))^Date:(.*?)$}{$1Date:$2\nReceived: From; $2}gxms'
Any user having time to spend to debug Exchange2007 with imapsync
is welcome.

R2. Other solution
Two users succeeded by using "MS Transporter Suite" (which is closed
expensive non-free software).

======================================================================
Q. How to sync from Microsoft Exchange 2000 IMAP4rev1 server?

R. imapsync ...  --prefix1 "INBOX."


=======================================================================
=======================================================================