diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index c4d3e812e..4deee572f 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ # PLEASE FOLLOW THE GUIDE BELOW
 ### Before submitting a *pull request* make sure you have:
 - [ ] At least skimmed through [contributing guidelines](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#developer-instructions) including [yt-dlp coding conventions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#yt-dlp-coding-conventions)
 - [ ] [Searched](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/search?q=is%3Apr&type=Issues) the bugtracker for similar pull requests
-- [ ] Checked the code with [flake8](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/flake8) and [ran relevant tests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#developer-instructions)
 
 ### In order to be accepted and merged into yt-dlp each piece of code must be in public domain or released under [Unlicense](http://unlicense.org/). Check all of the following options that apply:
 - [ ] I am the original author of this code and I am willing to release it under [Unlicense](http://unlicense.org/)
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index 04536e22c..9a1a22e8f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ on:
       unix:
         default: true
         type: boolean
+      linux_static:
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
       linux_arm:
         default: true
         type: boolean
@@ -27,9 +30,6 @@ on:
       windows32:
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      meta_files:
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
       origin:
         required: false
         default: ''
@@ -52,7 +52,11 @@ on:
         default: stable
         type: string
       unix:
-        description: yt-dlp, yt-dlp.tar.gz, yt-dlp_linux, yt-dlp_linux.zip
+        description: yt-dlp, yt-dlp.tar.gz
+        default: true
+        type: boolean
+      linux_static:
+        description: yt-dlp_linux
         default: true
         type: boolean
       linux_arm:
@@ -75,10 +79,6 @@ on:
         description: yt-dlp_x86.exe
         default: true
         type: boolean
-      meta_files:
-        description: SHA2-256SUMS, SHA2-512SUMS, _update_spec
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
       origin:
         description: Origin
         required: false
@@ -112,27 +112,9 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: "3.10"
-      - uses: conda-incubator/setup-miniconda@v3
-        with:
-          miniforge-variant: Mambaforge
-          use-mamba: true
-          channels: conda-forge
-          auto-update-conda: true
-          activate-environment: ""
-          auto-activate-base: false
       - name: Install Requirements
         run: |
           sudo apt -y install zip pandoc man sed
-          cat > ./requirements.txt << EOF
-          python=3.10.*
-          pyinstaller
-          brotli-python
-          EOF
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py --print \
-            --exclude brotli --exclude brotlicffi \
-            --include secretstorage >> ./requirements.txt
-          mamba create -n build --file ./requirements.txt
-
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
           python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${{ inputs.channel }}" -r "${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}" "${{ inputs.version }}"
@@ -141,30 +123,15 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build Unix platform-independent binary
         run: |
           make all tar
-      - name: Build Unix standalone binary
-        shell: bash -l {0}
-        run: |
-          unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH  # Harmful; set by setup-python
-          conda activate build
-          python -m bundle.pyinstaller --onedir
-          (cd ./dist/yt-dlp_linux && zip -r ../yt-dlp_linux.zip .)
-          python -m bundle.pyinstaller
-          mv ./dist/yt-dlp_linux ./yt-dlp_linux
-          mv ./dist/yt-dlp_linux.zip ./yt-dlp_linux.zip
-
       - name: Verify --update-to
         if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
         run: |
-          binaries=("yt-dlp" "yt-dlp_linux")
-          for binary in "${binaries[@]}"; do
-            chmod +x ./${binary}
-            cp ./${binary} ./${binary}_downgraded
-            version="$(./${binary} --version)"
-            ./${binary}_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
-            downgraded_version="$(./${binary}_downgraded --version)"
-            [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
-          done
-
+          chmod +x ./yt-dlp
+          cp ./yt-dlp ./yt-dlp_downgraded
+          version="$(./yt-dlp --version)"
+          ./yt-dlp_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
+          downgraded_version="$(./yt-dlp_downgraded --version)"
+          [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
@@ -172,8 +139,39 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             yt-dlp
             yt-dlp.tar.gz
-            yt-dlp_linux
-            yt-dlp_linux.zip
+          compression-level: 0
+
+  linux_static:
+    needs: process
+    if: inputs.linux_static
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Build static executable
+        env:
+          channel: ${{ inputs.channel }}
+          origin: ${{ needs.process.outputs.origin }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir ~/build
+          cd bundle/docker
+          docker compose up --build static
+          sudo chown "${USER}:docker" ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
+      - name: Verify --update-to
+        if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
+        run: |
+          chmod +x ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
+          cp ~/build/yt-dlp_linux ~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded
+          version="$(~/build/yt-dlp_linux --version)"
+          ~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded -v --update-to yt-dlp/yt-dlp@2023.03.04
+          downgraded_version="$(~/build/yt-dlp_linux_downgraded --version)"
+          [[ "$version" != "$downgraded_version" ]]
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-bin-${{ github.job }}
+          path: |
+            ~/build/yt-dlp_linux
           compression-level: 0
 
   linux_arm:
@@ -239,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
   macos:
     needs: process
     if: inputs.macos
-    runs-on: macos-11
+    runs-on: macos-12
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -254,7 +252,7 @@ jobs:
           # We need to fuse our own universal2 wheels for curl_cffi
           python3 -m pip install -U --user delocate
           mkdir curl_cffi_whls curl_cffi_universal2
-          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print -o --include curl_cffi > requirements.txt
+          python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --print -o --include curl-cffi > requirements.txt
           for platform in "macosx_11_0_arm64" "macosx_11_0_x86_64"; do
             python3 -m pip download \
               --only-binary=:all: \
@@ -262,11 +260,23 @@ jobs:
               --pre -d curl_cffi_whls \
               -r requirements.txt
           done
+          ( # Overwrite x86_64-only libs with fat/universal2 libs or else Pyinstaller will do the opposite
+            # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/10069
+            cd curl_cffi_whls
+            mkdir -p curl_cffi/.dylibs
+            python_libdir=$(python3 -c 'import sys; from pathlib import Path; print(Path(sys.path[1]).parent)')
+            for dylib in lib{ssl,crypto}.3.dylib; do
+              cp "${python_libdir}/${dylib}" "curl_cffi/.dylibs/${dylib}"
+              for wheel in curl_cffi*macos*x86_64.whl; do
+                zip "${wheel}" "curl_cffi/.dylibs/${dylib}"
+              done
+            done
+          )
           python3 -m delocate.cmd.delocate_fuse curl_cffi_whls/curl_cffi*.whl -w curl_cffi_universal2
           python3 -m delocate.cmd.delocate_fuse curl_cffi_whls/cffi*.whl -w curl_cffi_universal2
           cd curl_cffi_universal2
-          for wheel in *cffi*.whl; do mv -n -- "${wheel}" "${wheel/x86_64/universal2}"; done
-          python3 -m pip install -U --user *cffi*.whl
+          for wheel in ./*cffi*.whl; do mv -n -- "${wheel}" "${wheel/x86_64/universal2}"; done
+          python3 -m pip install -U --user ./*cffi*.whl
 
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
@@ -300,7 +310,7 @@ jobs:
   macos_legacy:
     needs: process
     if: inputs.macos_legacy
-    runs-on: macos-latest
+    runs-on: macos-12
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -313,7 +323,7 @@ jobs:
           # Hack to get the latest patch version. Uncomment if needed
           #brew install python@3.10
           #export PYTHON_VERSION=$( $(brew --prefix)/opt/python@3.10/bin/python3 --version | cut -d ' ' -f 2 )
-          curl https://www.python.org/ftp/python/${PYTHON_VERSION}/python-${PYTHON_VERSION}-macos11.pkg -o "python.pkg"
+          curl "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/${PYTHON_VERSION}/python-${PYTHON_VERSION}-macos11.pkg" -o "python.pkg"
           sudo installer -pkg python.pkg -target /
           python3 --version
       - name: Install Requirements
@@ -362,8 +372,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Requirements
         run: | # Custom pyinstaller built with https://github.com/yt-dlp/pyinstaller-builds
           python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
-          python devscripts/install_deps.py --include py2exe --include curl_cffi
-          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/x86_64/pyinstaller-5.8.0-py3-none-any.whl"
+          python devscripts/install_deps.py --include curl-cffi
+          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/x86_64/pyinstaller-6.7.0-py3-none-any.whl"
 
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
@@ -371,12 +381,20 @@ jobs:
           python devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
       - name: Build
         run: |
-          python -m bundle.py2exe
-          Move-Item ./dist/yt-dlp.exe ./dist/yt-dlp_min.exe
           python -m bundle.pyinstaller
           python -m bundle.pyinstaller --onedir
+          Move-Item ./dist/yt-dlp.exe ./dist/yt-dlp_real.exe
           Compress-Archive -Path ./dist/yt-dlp/* -DestinationPath ./dist/yt-dlp_win.zip
 
+      - name: Install Requirements (py2exe)
+        run: |
+          python devscripts/install_deps.py --include py2exe
+      - name: Build (py2exe)
+        run: |
+          python -m bundle.py2exe
+          Move-Item ./dist/yt-dlp.exe ./dist/yt-dlp_min.exe
+          Move-Item ./dist/yt-dlp_real.exe ./dist/yt-dlp.exe
+
       - name: Verify --update-to
         if: vars.UPDATE_TO_VERIFICATION
         run: |
@@ -415,7 +433,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           python devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include build
           python devscripts/install_deps.py
-          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/i686/pyinstaller-5.8.0-py3-none-any.whl"
+          python -m pip install -U "https://yt-dlp.github.io/Pyinstaller-Builds/i686/pyinstaller-6.7.0-py3-none-any.whl"
 
       - name: Prepare
         run: |
@@ -447,10 +465,11 @@ jobs:
           compression-level: 0
 
   meta_files:
-    if: inputs.meta_files && always() && !cancelled()
+    if: always() && !cancelled()
     needs:
       - process
       - unix
+      - linux_static
       - linux_arm
       - macos
       - macos_legacy
@@ -468,8 +487,8 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           cd ./artifact/
           # make sure SHA sums are also printed to stdout
-          sha256sum * | tee ../SHA2-256SUMS
-          sha512sum * | tee ../SHA2-512SUMS
+          sha256sum -- * | tee ../SHA2-256SUMS
+          sha512sum -- * | tee ../SHA2-512SUMS
 
       - name: Make Update spec
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/core.yml b/.github/workflows/core.yml
index 076f785bf..fdfdebc65 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/core.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/core.yml
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
     - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include dev --include curl_cffi
+      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include test --include curl-cffi
     - name: Run tests
       continue-on-error: False
       run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml b/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
index 24b34911f..3afb51a30 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/quick-test.yml
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ jobs:
       with:
         python-version: '3.8'
     - name: Install test requirements
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include dev
+      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py --include test
     - name: Run tests
       run: |
         python3 -m yt_dlp -v || true
         python3 ./devscripts/run_tests.py core
-  flake8:
-    name: Linter
+  check:
+    name: Code check
     if: "!contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'ci skip all')"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
       with:
         python-version: '3.8'
-    - name: Install flake8
-      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include dev
+    - name: Install dev dependencies
+      run: python3 ./devscripts/install_deps.py -o --include static-analysis
     - name: Make lazy extractors
       run: python3 ./devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py
-    - name: Run flake8
-      run: flake8 .
+    - name: Run ruff
+      run: ruff check --output-format github .
+    - name: Run autopep8
+      run: autopep8 --diff .
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 630c2e01f..db322c4f0 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ cookies
 # Python
 *.pyc
 *.pyo
-.pytest_cache
+.*_cache
 wine-py2exe/
 py2exe.log
 build/
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a821eeefb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+repos:
+- repo: local
+  hooks:
+  - id: linter
+    name: Apply linter fixes
+    entry: ruff check --fix .
+    language: system
+    types: [python]
+    require_serial: true
+  - id: format
+    name: Apply formatting fixes
+    entry: autopep8 --in-place .
+    language: system
+    types: [python]
diff --git a/.pre-commit-hatch.yaml b/.pre-commit-hatch.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb7d25e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-hatch.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+repos:
+- repo: local
+  hooks:
+  - id: fix
+    name: Apply code fixes
+    entry: hatch fmt
+    language: system
+    types: [python]
+    require_serial: true
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index c94ec55a6..aeba3c44d 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -134,18 +134,53 @@ ### Is the website primarily used for piracy?
 
 # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS
 
-Most users do not need to build yt-dlp and can [download the builds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases) or get them via [the other installation methods](README.md#installation).
+Most users do not need to build yt-dlp and can [download the builds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases), get them via [the other installation methods](README.md#installation) or directly run it using `python -m yt_dlp`.
 
-To run yt-dlp as a developer, you don't need to build anything either. Simply execute
+`yt-dlp` uses [`hatch`](<https://hatch.pypa.io>) as a project management tool.
+You can easily install it using [`pipx`](<https://pipx.pypa.io>) via `pipx install hatch`, or else via `pip` or your package manager of choice. Make sure you are using at least version `1.10.0`, otherwise some functionality might not work as expected.
 
-    python3 -m yt_dlp
+If you plan on contributing to `yt-dlp`, best practice is to start by running the following command:
 
-To run all the available core tests, use:
+```shell
+$ hatch run setup
+```
 
-    python3 devscripts/run_tests.py
+The above command will install a `pre-commit` hook so that required checks/fixes (linting, formatting) will run automatically before each commit. If any code needs to be linted or formatted, then the commit will be blocked and the necessary changes will be made; you should review all edits and re-commit the fixed version.
+
+After this you can use `hatch shell` to enable a virtual environment that has `yt-dlp` and its development dependencies installed.
+
+In addition, the following script commands can be used to run simple tasks such as linting or testing (without having to run `hatch shell` first):
+* `hatch fmt`: Automatically fix linter violations and apply required code formatting changes
+    * See `hatch fmt --help` for more info
+* `hatch test`: Run extractor or core tests
+    * See `hatch test --help` for more info
 
 See item 6 of [new extractor tutorial](#adding-support-for-a-new-site) for how to run extractor specific test cases.
 
+While it is strongly recommended to use `hatch` for yt-dlp development, if you are unable to do so, alternatively you can manually create a virtual environment and use the following commands:
+
+```shell
+# To only install development dependencies:
+$ python -m devscripts.install_deps --include dev
+
+# Or, for an editable install plus dev dependencies:
+$ python -m pip install -e ".[default,dev]"
+
+# To setup the pre-commit hook:
+$ pre-commit install
+
+# To be used in place of `hatch test`:
+$ python -m devscripts.run_tests
+
+# To be used in place of `hatch fmt`:
+$ ruff check --fix .
+$ autopep8 --in-place .
+
+# To only check code instead of applying fixes:
+$ ruff check .
+$ autopep8 --diff .
+```
+
 If you want to create a build of yt-dlp yourself, you can follow the instructions [here](README.md#compile).
 
 
@@ -165,12 +200,16 @@ ## Adding support for a new site
 1. [Fork this repository](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/fork)
 1. Check out the source code with:
 
-        git clone git@github.com:YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/yt-dlp.git
+    ```shell
+    $ git clone git@github.com:YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/yt-dlp.git
+    ```
 
 1. Start a new git branch with
 
-        cd yt-dlp
-        git checkout -b yourextractor
+    ```shell
+    $ cd yt-dlp
+    $ git checkout -b yourextractor
+    ```
 
 1. Start with this simple template and save it to `yt_dlp/extractor/yourextractor.py`:
 
@@ -217,21 +256,27 @@ ## Adding support for a new site
                 # TODO more properties (see yt_dlp/extractor/common.py)
             }
     ```
-1. Add an import in [`yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py`](yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py). Note that the class name must end with `IE`.
-1. Run `python3 devscripts/run_tests.py YourExtractor`. This *may fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. Upon failure, it will output the missing fields and/or correct values which you can copy. If you decide to add more than one test, the tests will then be named `YourExtractor`, `YourExtractor_1`, `YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with an `only_matching` key in the test's dict are not included in the count. You can also run all the tests in one go with `YourExtractor_all`
+1. Add an import in [`yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py`](yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py). Note that the class name must end with `IE`. Also note that when adding a parenthesized import group, the last import in the group must have a trailing comma in order for this formatting to be respected by our code formatter.
+1. Run `hatch test YourExtractor`. This *may fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. Upon failure, it will output the missing fields and/or correct values which you can copy. If you decide to add more than one test, the tests will then be named `YourExtractor`, `YourExtractor_1`, `YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with an `only_matching` key in the test's dict are not included in the count. You can also run all the tests in one go with `YourExtractor_all`
 1. Make sure you have at least one test for your extractor. Even if all videos covered by the extractor are expected to be inaccessible for automated testing, tests should still be added with a `skip` parameter indicating why the particular test is disabled from running.
 1. Have a look at [`yt_dlp/extractor/common.py`](yt_dlp/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](yt_dlp/extractor/common.py#L119-L440). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
-1. Make sure your code follows [yt-dlp coding conventions](#yt-dlp-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html#quickstart):
+1. Make sure your code follows [yt-dlp coding conventions](#yt-dlp-coding-conventions), passes [ruff](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/tutorial/#getting-started) code checks and is properly formatted:
 
-        $ flake8 yt_dlp/extractor/yourextractor.py
+    ```shell
+    $ hatch fmt --check
+    ```
+
+    You can use `hatch fmt` to automatically fix problems. Rules that the linter/formatter enforces should not be disabled with `# noqa` unless a maintainer requests it. The only exception allowed is for old/printf-style string formatting in GraphQL query templates (use `# noqa: UP031`).
 
 1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython and PyPy for Python 3.8 and above. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
 1. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files, [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:
 
-        $ git add yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
-        $ git add yt_dlp/extractor/yourextractor.py
-        $ git commit -m '[yourextractor] Add extractor'
-        $ git push origin yourextractor
+    ```shell
+    $ git add yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
+    $ git add yt_dlp/extractor/yourextractor.py
+    $ git commit -m '[yourextractor] Add extractor'
+    $ git push origin yourextractor
+    ```
 
 1. Finally, [create a pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request). We'll then review and merge it.
 
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTORS b/CONTRIBUTORS
index 8b5d19a64..e0d1668ee 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTORS
+++ b/CONTRIBUTORS
@@ -610,3 +610,24 @@ Offert4324
 sta1us
 Tomoka1
 trwstin
+alexhuot1
+clienthax
+DaPotato69
+emqi
+hugohaa
+imanoreotwe
+JakeFinley96
+lostfictions
+minamotorin
+ocococococ
+Podiumnoche
+RasmusAntons
+roeniss
+shoxie007
+Szpachlarz
+The-MAGI
+TuxCoder
+voidful
+vtexier
+WyohKnott
+trueauracoral
diff --git a/Changelog.md b/Changelog.md
index 6cf08beab..267330208 100644
--- a/Changelog.md
+++ b/Changelog.md
@@ -4,6 +4,127 @@ # Changelog
 # To create a release, dispatch the https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/actions/workflows/release.yml workflow on master
 -->
 
+### 2024.05.27
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Fix parsing of base URL in SMIL manifest](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/26603d0b34898818992bee4598e0607c07059511) ([#9225](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9225)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **peertube**: [Support livestreams](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/12b248ce60be1aa1362edd839d915bba70dbee4b) ([#10044](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10044)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [trueauracoral](https://github.com/trueauracoral)
+- **piksel**: [Update domain](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ae2194e1dd4a99d32eb3cab7c48a0ff03101ef3b) ([#9223](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9223)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **tiktok**: user: [Fix extraction loop](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c53c2e40fde8f2e15c7c62f8ca1a5d9e90ddc079) ([#10035](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10035)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- **cleanup**: Miscellaneous: [5e3e19c](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5e3e19c93c52830da98d9d1ed84ea7a559efefbd) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+
+### 2024.05.26
+
+#### Core changes
+- [Better warning when requested subs format not found](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7e4259dff0b681a3f0e8a930799ce0394328c86e) ([#9873](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9873)) by [DaPotato69](https://github.com/DaPotato69)
+- [Merged with youtube-dl a08f2b7](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a4da9db87b6486b270c15dfa07ab5bfedc83f6bd) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- [Warn if lack of ffmpeg alters format selection](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/96da9525043f78aca4544d01761b13b2140e9ae6) ([#9805](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9805)) by [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **cookies**
+    - [Add `--cookies-from-browser` support for Whale](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/dd9ad97b1fbdd36c086b8ba82328a4d954f78f8e) ([#9649](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9649)) by [roeniss](https://github.com/roeniss)
+    - [Get chrome session cookies with `--cookies-from-browser`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f1f158976e38d38a260762accafe7bbe6d451151) ([#9747](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9747)) by [StefanLobbenmeier](https://github.com/StefanLobbenmeier)
+- **windows**: [Improve shell quoting and tests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/64766459e37451b665c1464073c28361fbcf1c25) ([#9802](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9802)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K) (With fixes in [7e26bd5](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7e26bd53f9c5893518fde81dfd0079ec08dd841e))
+
+#### Extractor changes
+- [Add POST data hash to `--write-pages` filenames](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/61b17437dc14a1c7e90ff48a6198df77828c6df4) ([#9879](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9879)) by [minamotorin](https://github.com/minamotorin) (With fixes in [c999bac](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c999bac02c5a4f755b2a82488a975e91c988ffd8) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly))
+- [Make `_search_nextjs_data` non fatal](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3ee1194288981c4f2c4abd8315326de0c424d2ce) ([#8937](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8937)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+- **afreecatv**: live: [Add `cdn` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/315b3544296bb83012e20ee3af9d3cbf5600dd1c) ([#9666](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9666)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **alura**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/fc2879ecb05aaad36869609d154e4321362c1f63) ([#9658](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9658)) by [hugohaa](https://github.com/hugohaa)
+- **artetv**: [Label forced subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7b5674949fd03a33b47b67b31d56a5adf1c48c91) ([#9945](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9945)) by [vtexier](https://github.com/vtexier)
+- **bbc**: [Fix and extend extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/7975ddf245d22af034d5b983eeb1c5ec6c2ce053) ([#9705](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9705)) by [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf), [kylegustavo](https://github.com/kylegustavo), [pukkandan](https://github.com/pukkandan)
+- **bilibili**: [Fix `--geo-verification-proxy` support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/2338827072dacab0f15348b70aec8685feefc8d1) ([#9817](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9817)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack)
+- **bilibilispacevideo**
+    - [Better error message](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/06d52c87314e0bbc16c43c405090843885577b88) ([#9839](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9839)) by [fireattack](https://github.com/fireattack)
+    - [Fix extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4cc99d7b6cce8b39506ead01407445d576b63ee4) ([#9905](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9905)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **boosty**: [Add cookies support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/145dc6f6563e80d2da1b3e9aea2ffa795b71622c) ([#9522](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9522)) by [RasmusAntons](https://github.com/RasmusAntons)
+- **brilliantpala**: [Fix login](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eead3bbc01f6529862bdad1f0b2adeabda4f006e) ([#9788](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9788)) by [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612)
+- **canalalpha**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/00a9f2e1f7fa69499221f2e8dd73a08efeef79bc) ([#9675](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9675)) by [kclauhk](https://github.com/kclauhk)
+- **cbc.ca**: player: [Improve `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c8bf48f3a8fa29587e7c73ef5a7710385a5ea725) ([#9866](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9866)) by [carusocr](https://github.com/carusocr)
+- **cda**: [Fix age-gated web extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6d8a53d870ff6795f509085bfbf3981417999038) ([#9939](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9939)) by [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf), [emqi](https://github.com/emqi), [Podiumnoche](https://github.com/Podiumnoche), [Szpachlarz](https://github.com/Szpachlarz)
+- **commonmistakes**: [Raise error on blob URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/98d71d8c5e5dab08b561ee6f137e968d2a004262) ([#9897](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9897)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **crunchyroll**
+    - [Always make metadata available](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cb2fb4a643949322adba561ca73bcba3221ec0c5) ([#9772](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9772)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix auth and remove cookies support](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ff38a011d57b763f3a69bebd25a5dc9044a717ce) ([#9749](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9749)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix stream extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/f2816634e3be88fe158b342ee33918de3c272a54) ([#10005](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10005)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Support browser impersonation](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5904853ae5788509fdc4892cb7ecdfa9ae7f78e6) ([#9857](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9857)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **dangalplay**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0d067e77c3f5527946fb0c22ee1c7011994cba40) ([#10021](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10021)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **discoveryplus**: [Fix dmax.de and related extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/90d2da311bbb5dc06f385ee428c7e4590936e995) ([#10020](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10020)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **eplus**: [Handle URLs without videos](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/351dc0bc334c4e1b5f00c152818c3ec0ed71f788) ([#9855](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9855)) by [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612)
+- **europarlwebstream**: [Support new URL format](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/800a43983e5fb719526ce4cb3956216085c63268) ([#9647](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9647)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev), [voidful](https://github.com/voidful)
+- **facebook**: [Fix DASH formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e3b42d8b1b8bcfff7ba146c19fc3f6f6ba843cea) ([#9734](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9734)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **godresource**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/65e709d23530959075816e966c42179ad46e8e3b) ([#9629](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9629)) by [HobbyistDev](https://github.com/HobbyistDev)
+- **googledrive**: [Fix formats extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/85ec2a337ac325cf6427cbafd56f0a034c1a5218) ([#9908](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9908)) by [WyohKnott](https://github.com/WyohKnott)
+- **hearthisat**: [Improve `_VALID_URL`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5bbfdb7c999b22f1aeca0c3489c167d6eb73013b) ([#9949](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9949)) by [bohwaz](https://github.com/bohwaz), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **hytale**: [Use `CloudflareStreamIE` explicitly](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/31b417e1d1ccc67d5c027bf8878f483dc34cb118) ([#9672](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9672)) by [llamasblade](https://github.com/llamasblade)
+- **instagram**: [Support `/reels/` URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/06cb0638392b607b47d3c2ac48eb2ebecb0f060d) ([#9539](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9539)) by [amir16yp](https://github.com/amir16yp)
+- **jiocinema**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1463945ae5fb05986a0bd1aa02e41d1a08d93a02) ([#10026](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10026)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **jiosaavn**: [Extract via API and fix playlists](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0c21c53885cf03f4040467ae8c44d7ff51016116) ([#9656](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9656)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **lci**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5a2eebc76770fca91ffabeff658d560f716fec80) ([#10025](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10025)) by [ocococococ](https://github.com/ocococococ)
+- **mixch**: [Extract comments](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b38018b781b062d5169d104ab430489aef8e7f1e) ([#9860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9860)) by [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612)
+- **moviepilot**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/296df0da1d38a44d34c99b60a18066c301774537) ([#9366](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9366)) by [panatexxa](https://github.com/panatexxa)
+- **netease**: program: [Improve `--no-playlist` message](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/73f12119b52d98281804b0c072b2ed6aa841ec88) ([#9488](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9488)) by [pzhlkj6612](https://github.com/pzhlkj6612)
+- **nfb**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0a1a8e3005f66c44bf67633dccd4df19c3fccd1a) ([#9650](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9650)) by [rrgomes](https://github.com/rrgomes)
+- **ntslive**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/be7db1a5a8c483726c511c30ea4689cbb8b27962) ([#9641](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9641)) by [lostfictions](https://github.com/lostfictions)
+- **orf**: on: [Improve extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/0dd53faeca2ba0ce138e4092d07b5f2dbf2422f9) ([#9677](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9677)) by [TuxCoder](https://github.com/TuxCoder)
+- **orftvthek**: [Remove extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3779f2a307ba3ef1d28e107cdd71b221dfb4eb36) ([#10011](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10011)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **patreon**
+    - [Extract multiple embeds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/036e0d92c6052465673d459678322ea03e61483d) ([#9850](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9850)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix Vimeo embed extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c9ce57d9bf51541da2381d99bc096a9d0ddf1f27) ([#9712](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9712)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **piapro**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3ba8de62d61d782256f5c1e9939a0762039657de) ([#9311](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9311)) by [FinnRG](https://github.com/FinnRG), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **pornhub**: [Fix login by email address](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/518c1afc1592cae3e4eb39dc646b5bc059333112) ([#9914](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9914)) by [feederbox826](https://github.com/feederbox826)
+- **qub**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6b54cccdcb892bca3e55993480d8b86f1c7e6da6) ([#7019](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/7019)) by [alexhuot1](https://github.com/alexhuot1), [dirkf](https://github.com/dirkf)
+- **reddit**: [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/82f4f4444e26daf35b7302c406fe2312f78f619e) ([#10006](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10006)) by [kclauhk](https://github.com/kclauhk)
+- **soundcloud**
+    - [Add `formats` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/beaf832c7a9d57833f365ce18f6115b88071b296) ([#10004](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10004)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+    - [Extract `genres`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/231c2eacc41b06b65c63edf94c0d04768a5da607) ([#9821](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9821)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **taptap**: [Add extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/63b569bc5e7d461753637a20ad84a575adee4c0a) ([#9776](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9776)) by [c-basalt](https://github.com/c-basalt)
+- **tele5**: [Overhaul extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c92e4e625e9e6bbbbf8e3b20c3e7ebe57c16072d) ([#10024](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/10024)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **theatercomplextown**: [Fix extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8056a3026ed6ec6a6d0ed56fdd7ebcd16e928341) ([#9754](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9754)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tiktok**
+    - [Add `device_id` extractor-arg](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3584b8390bd21c0393a3079eeee71aed56a1c1d8) ([#9951](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9951)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Extract all web formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4ccd73fea0f6f4be343e1ec7f22dd03799addcf8) ([#9960](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9960)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Extract via mobile API only if extractor-arg is passed](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/41ba4a808b597a3afed78c89675a30deb6844450) ([#9938](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9938)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Fix subtitles extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/eef1e9f44ff14c5e65b759bb1eafa3946cdaf719) ([#9961](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9961)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - collection: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/119d41f27061d220d276a2d38cfc8d873437452a) ([#9986](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9986)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [imanoreotwe](https://github.com/imanoreotwe)
+    - user: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/347f13dd9bccc2b4db3ea25689410d45d8370ed4) ([#9661](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9661)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **tv5monde**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/6db96268c521e945d42649607db1574f5d92e082) ([#9143](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9143)) by [alard](https://github.com/alard), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **twitter**
+    - [Fix auth for x.com migration](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3e35aa32c74bc108375be8c8b6b3bfc90dfff1b4) ([#9952](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9952)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [Support x.com URLs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/4813173e4544f125d6f2afc31e600727d761b8dd) ([#9926](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9926)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **vk**: [Improve format extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/df5c9e733aaba703cf285c0372b6d61629330c82) ([#9885](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9885)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **wrestleuniverse**: [Avoid partial stream formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c4853655cb9a793129280806af643de43c48f4d5) ([#9800](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9800)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **xiaohongshu**: [Add extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a2e9031605d87c469be9ce98dbbdf4960b727338) ([#9646](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9646)) by [HobbyistDev](https://github.com/HobbyistDev)
+- **xvideos**: quickies: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/b207d26f83fb8ab0ce56df74dff43ff583a3264f) ([#9834](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9834)) by [JakeFinley96](https://github.com/JakeFinley96)
+- **youporn**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/351368cb9a6731b886a58f5a10fd6b302bbe47be) ([#8827](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/8827)) by [The-MAGI](https://github.com/The-MAGI)
+- **youtube**
+    - [Add `mediaconnect` client](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/cf212d0a331aba05c32117573f760cdf3af8c62f) ([#9546](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9546)) by [clienthax](https://github.com/clienthax)
+    - [Extract upload timestamp if available](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/96a134dea6397a5f2131947c427aac52c8b4e677) ([#9856](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9856)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Fix comments extraction](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/8e15177b4113c355989881e4e030f695a9b59c3a) ([#9775](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9775)) by [bbilly1](https://github.com/bbilly1), [jakeogh](https://github.com/jakeogh), [minamotorin](https://github.com/minamotorin), [shoxie007](https://github.com/shoxie007)
+    - [Remove `android` from default clients](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/12d8ea8246fa901de302ff5cc748caddadc82f41) ([#9553](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9553)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+- **zenyandex**: [Fix extractor](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c4b87dd885ee5391e5f481e7c8bd550a7c543623) ([#9813](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9813)) by [src-tinkerer](https://github.com/src-tinkerer)
+
+#### Networking changes
+- [Add `extensions` attribute to `Response`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/bec9a59e8ec82c18e3bf9268eaa436793dd52e35) ([#9756](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9756)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **Request Handler**
+    - requests
+        - [Patch support for `requests` 2.32.2+](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3f7999533ebe41c2a579d91b4e4cb211cfcd3bc0) ([#9992](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9992)) by [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+        - [Update to `requests` 2.32.0](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/c36513f1be2ef3d3cec864accbffda1afaa06ffd) ([#9980](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9980)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+
+#### Misc. changes
+- [Add `hatch`, `ruff`, `pre-commit` and improve dev docs](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/e897bd8292a41999cf51dba91b390db5643c72db) ([#7409](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/7409)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **build**
+    - [Migrate `linux_exe` to static musl builds](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ac817bc83efd939dca3e40c4b527d0ccfc77172b) ([#9811](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9811)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K)
+    - [Normalize `curl_cffi` group to `curl-cffi`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/02483bea1c4dbe1bace8ca4d19700104fbb8a00f) ([#9698](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9698)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly) (With fixes in [89f535e](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/89f535e2656964b4061c25a7739d4d6ba0a30568))
+    - [Run `macos_legacy` job on `macos-12`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/1a366403d9c26b992faa77e00f4d02ead57559e3) ([#9804](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9804)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+    - [`macos` job requires `setuptools<70`](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/78c57cc0e0998b8ed90e4306f410aa4be4115cd7) ([#9993](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9993)) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly)
+- **cleanup**
+    - [Remove questionable extractors](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/01395a34345d1c6ba1b73ca92f94dd200dc45341) ([#9911](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9911)) by [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+    - Miscellaneous: [5c019f6](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5c019f6328ad40d66561eac3c4de0b3cd070d0f6), [ae2af11](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/ae2af1104f80caf2f47544763a33db2c17a3e1de) by [bashonly](https://github.com/bashonly), [Grub4K](https://github.com/Grub4K), [seproDev](https://github.com/seproDev)
+- **test**
+    - [Add HTTP proxy tests](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/3c7a287e281d9f9a353dce8902ff78a84c24a040) ([#9578](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9578)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+    - [Fix connect timeout test](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/53b4d44f55cca66ac33dab092ef2a30b1164b684) ([#9906](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9906)) by [coletdjnz](https://github.com/coletdjnz)
+
 ### 2024.04.09
 
 #### Important changes
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index cef4bc6cb..e1de7f3e9 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ clean-dist:
 	yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py *.spec CONTRIBUTING.md.tmp yt-dlp yt-dlp.exe yt_dlp.egg-info/ AUTHORS
 clean-cache:
 	find . \( \
-		-type d -name .pytest_cache -o -type d -name __pycache__ -o -name "*.pyc" -o -name "*.class" \
+		-type d -name ".*_cache" -o -type d -name __pycache__ -o -name "*.pyc" -o -name "*.class" \
 	\) -prune -exec rm -rf {} \;
 
 completion-bash: completions/bash/yt-dlp
@@ -70,14 +70,15 @@ uninstall:
 	rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(SHAREDIR)/fish/vendor_completions.d/yt-dlp.fish
 
 codetest:
-	flake8 .
+	ruff check .
+	autopep8 --diff .
 
 test:
-	$(PYTHON) -m pytest
+	$(PYTHON) -m pytest -Werror
 	$(MAKE) codetest
 
 offlinetest: codetest
-	$(PYTHON) -m pytest -k "not download"
+	$(PYTHON) -m pytest -Werror -m "not download"
 
 CODE_FOLDERS_CMD = find yt_dlp -type f -name '__init__.py' | sed 's,/__init__.py,,' | grep -v '/__' | sort
 CODE_FOLDERS != $(CODE_FOLDERS_CMD)
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ yt-dlp.tar.gz: all
 		--exclude '*.pyo' \
 		--exclude '*~' \
 		--exclude '__pycache__' \
-		--exclude '.pytest_cache' \
+		--exclude '.*_cache' \
 		--exclude '.git' \
 		-- \
 		README.md supportedsites.md Changelog.md LICENSE \
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 08afff201..42ffd9b52 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@ #### Alternatives
 [yt-dlp_x86.exe](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_x86.exe)|Windows (Win7 SP1+) standalone x86 (32-bit) binary
 [yt-dlp_min.exe](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_min.exe)|Windows (Win7 SP1+) standalone x64 binary built with `py2exe`<br/> ([Not recommended](#standalone-py2exe-builds-windows))
 [yt-dlp_linux](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux)|Linux standalone x64 binary
-[yt-dlp_linux.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux.zip)|Unpackaged Linux executable (no auto-update)
 [yt-dlp_linux_armv7l](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_armv7l)|Linux standalone armv7l (32-bit) binary
 [yt-dlp_linux_aarch64](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_linux_aarch64)|Linux standalone aarch64 (64-bit) binary
 [yt-dlp_win.zip](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/releases/latest/download/yt-dlp_win.zip)|Unpackaged Windows executable (no auto-update)
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ # To update to nightly from stable executable/binary:
 yt-dlp --update-to nightly
 
 # To install nightly with pip:
-python3 -m pip install -U --pre yt-dlp[default]
+python3 -m pip install -U --pre "yt-dlp[default]"
 ```
 
 ## DEPENDENCIES
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ #### Impersonation
 The following provide support for impersonating browser requests. This may be required for some sites that employ TLS fingerprinting. 
 
 * [**curl_cffi**](https://github.com/yifeikong/curl_cffi) (recommended) - Python binding for [curl-impersonate](https://github.com/lwthiker/curl-impersonate). Provides impersonation targets for Chrome, Edge and Safari. Licensed under [MIT](https://github.com/yifeikong/curl_cffi/blob/main/LICENSE)
-  * Can be installed with the `curl_cffi` group, e.g. `pip install yt-dlp[default,curl_cffi]`
+  * Can be installed with the `curl-cffi` group, e.g. `pip install "yt-dlp[default,curl-cffi]"`
   * Currently only included in `yt-dlp.exe` and `yt-dlp_macos` builds
 
 
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ ### Platform-independent Binary (UNIX)
 
 ### Standalone Py2Exe Builds (Windows)
 
-While we provide the option to build with [py2exe](https://www.py2exe.org), it is recommended to build [using PyInstaller](#standalone-pyinstaller-builds) instead since the py2exe builds **cannot contain `pycryptodomex`/`certifi` and needs VC++14** on the target computer to run.
+While we provide the option to build with [py2exe](https://www.py2exe.org), it is recommended to build [using PyInstaller](#standalone-pyinstaller-builds) instead since the py2exe builds **cannot contain `pycryptodomex`/`certifi`/`requests` and need VC++14** on the target computer to run.
 
 If you wish to build it anyway, install Python (if it is not already installed) and you can run the following commands:
 
@@ -402,6 +401,9 @@ ## Network Options:
     --impersonate CLIENT[:OS]       Client to impersonate for requests. E.g.
                                     chrome, chrome-110, chrome:windows-10. Pass
                                     --impersonate="" to impersonate any client.
+                                    Note that forcing impersonation for all
+                                    requests may have a detrimental impact on
+                                    download speed and stability
     --list-impersonate-targets      List available clients to impersonate.
     -4, --force-ipv4                Make all connections via IPv4
     -6, --force-ipv6                Make all connections via IPv6
@@ -666,16 +668,17 @@ ## Filesystem Options:
                                     The name of the browser to load cookies
                                     from. Currently supported browsers are:
                                     brave, chrome, chromium, edge, firefox,
-                                    opera, safari, vivaldi. Optionally, the
-                                    KEYRING used for decrypting Chromium cookies
-                                    on Linux, the name/path of the PROFILE to
-                                    load cookies from, and the CONTAINER name
-                                    (if Firefox) ("none" for no container) can
-                                    be given with their respective seperators.
-                                    By default, all containers of the most
-                                    recently accessed profile are used.
-                                    Currently supported keyrings are: basictext,
-                                    gnomekeyring, kwallet, kwallet5, kwallet6
+                                    opera, safari, vivaldi, whale. Optionally,
+                                    the KEYRING used for decrypting Chromium
+                                    cookies on Linux, the name/path of the
+                                    PROFILE to load cookies from, and the
+                                    CONTAINER name (if Firefox) ("none" for no
+                                    container) can be given with their
+                                    respective seperators. By default, all
+                                    containers of the most recently accessed
+                                    profile are used. Currently supported
+                                    keyrings are: basictext, gnomekeyring,
+                                    kwallet, kwallet5, kwallet6
     --no-cookies-from-browser       Do not load cookies from browser (default)
     --cache-dir DIR                 Location in the filesystem where yt-dlp can
                                     store some downloaded information (such as
@@ -1751,7 +1754,7 @@ # Replace all spaces and "_" in title and uploader with a `-`
 
 # EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS
 
-Some extractors accept additional arguments which can be passed using `--extractor-args KEY:ARGS`. `ARGS` is a `;` (semicolon) separated string of `ARG=VAL1,VAL2`. E.g. `--extractor-args "youtube:player-client=android_embedded,web;include_live_dash" --extractor-args "funimation:version=uncut"`
+Some extractors accept additional arguments which can be passed using `--extractor-args KEY:ARGS`. `ARGS` is a `;` (semicolon) separated string of `ARG=VAL1,VAL2`. E.g. `--extractor-args "youtube:player-client=android_embedded,web;formats=incomplete" --extractor-args "funimation:version=uncut"`
 
 Note: In CLI, `ARG` can use `-` instead of `_`; e.g. `youtube:player-client"` becomes `youtube:player_client"`
 
@@ -1760,7 +1763,7 @@ # EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS
 #### youtube
 * `lang`: Prefer translated metadata (`title`, `description` etc) of this language code (case-sensitive). By default, the video primary language metadata is preferred, with a fallback to `en` translated. See [youtube.py](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/blob/c26f9b991a0681fd3ea548d535919cec1fbbd430/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py#L381-L390) for list of supported content language codes
 * `skip`: One or more of `hls`, `dash` or `translated_subs` to skip extraction of the m3u8 manifests, dash manifests and [auto-translated subtitles](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4090#issuecomment-1158102032) respectively
-* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The main clients are `web`, `android` and `ios` with variants `_music`, `_embedded`, `_embedscreen`, `_creator` (e.g. `web_embedded`); and `mweb`, `mweb_embedscreen` and `tv_embedded` (agegate bypass) with no variants. By default, `ios,android,web` is used, but `tv_embedded` and `creator` variants are added as required for age-gated videos. Similarly, the music variants are added for `music.youtube.com` urls. You can use `all` to use all the clients, and `default` for the default clients.
+* `player_client`: Clients to extract video data from. The main clients are `web`, `ios` and `android`, with variants `_music`, `_embedded`, `_embedscreen`, `_creator` (e.g. `web_embedded`); and `mweb`, `mweb_embedscreen` and `tv_embedded` (agegate bypass) with no variants. By default, `ios,web` is used, but `tv_embedded` and `creator` variants are added as required for age-gated videos. Similarly, the music variants are added for `music.youtube.com` urls. The `android` clients will always be given lowest priority since their formats are broken. You can use `all` to use all the clients, and `default` for the default clients.
 * `player_skip`: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of `configs` (skip client configs), `webpage` (skip initial webpage), `js` (skip js player). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause some issues. See [#860](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/860) for more details
 * `player_params`: YouTube player parameters to use for player requests. Will overwrite any default ones set by yt-dlp.
 * `comment_sort`: `top` or `new` (default) - choose comment sorting mode (on YouTube's side)
@@ -1813,8 +1816,9 @@ #### tiktok
 * `app_name`: Default app name to use with mobile API calls, e.g. `trill`
 * `app_version`: Default app version to use with mobile API calls - should be set along with `manifest_app_version`, e.g. `34.1.2`
 * `manifest_app_version`: Default numeric app version to use with mobile API calls, e.g. `2023401020`
-* `aid`: Default app ID to use with API calls, e.g. `1180`
-* `app_info`: One or more app info strings in the format of `<iid>/[app_name]/[app_version]/[manifest_app_version]/[aid]`, where `iid` is the unique app install ID. `iid` is the only required value; all other values and their `/` separators can be omitted, e.g. `tiktok:app_info=1234567890123456789` or `tiktok:app_info=123,456/trill///1180,789//34.0.1/340001`
+* `aid`: Default app ID to use with mobile API calls, e.g. `1180`
+* `app_info`: Enable mobile API extraction with one or more app info strings in the format of `<iid>/[app_name]/[app_version]/[manifest_app_version]/[aid]`, where `iid` is the unique app install ID. `iid` is the only required value; all other values and their `/` separators can be omitted, e.g. `tiktok:app_info=1234567890123456789` or `tiktok:app_info=123,456/trill///1180,789//34.0.1/340001`
+* `device_id`: Enable mobile API extraction with a genuine device ID to be used with mobile API calls. Default is a random 19-digit string
 
 #### rokfinchannel
 * `tab`: Which tab to download - one of `new`, `top`, `videos`, `podcasts`, `streams`, `stacks`
@@ -1834,12 +1838,18 @@ #### nhkradirulive (NHK らじる★らじる LIVE)
 #### nflplusreplay
 * `type`: Type(s) of game replays to extract. Valid types are: `full_game`, `full_game_spanish`, `condensed_game` and `all_22`. You can use `all` to extract all available replay types, which is the default
 
+#### jiocinema
+* `refresh_token`: The `refreshToken` UUID from browser local storage can be passed to extend the life of your login session when logging in with `token` as username and the `accessToken` from browser local storage as password
+
 #### jiosaavn
 * `bitrate`: Audio bitrates to request. One or more of `16`, `32`, `64`, `128`, `320`. Default is `128,320`
 
 #### afreecatvlive
 * `cdn`: One or more CDN IDs to use with the API call for stream URLs, e.g. `gcp_cdn`, `gs_cdn_pc_app`, `gs_cdn_mobile_web`, `gs_cdn_pc_web`
 
+#### soundcloud
+* `formats`: Formats to request from the API. Requested values should be in the format of `{protocol}_{extension}` (omitting the bitrate), e.g. `hls_opus,http_aac`. The `*` character functions as a wildcard, e.g. `*_mp3`, and can passed by itself to request all formats. Known protocols include `http`, `hls` and `hls-aes`; known extensions include `aac`, `opus` and `mp3`. Original `download` formats are always extracted. Default is `http_aac,hls_aac,http_opus,hls_opus,http_mp3,hls_mp3`
+
 **Note**: These options may be changed/removed in the future without concern for backward compatibility
 
 <!-- MANPAGE: MOVE "INSTALLATION" SECTION HERE -->
@@ -2116,7 +2126,7 @@ # CHANGES FROM YOUTUBE-DL
 
 ### New features
 
-* Forked from [**yt-dlc@f9401f2**](https://github.com/blackjack4494/yt-dlc/commit/f9401f2a91987068139c5f757b12fc711d4c0cee) and merged with [**youtube-dl@be008e6**](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/be008e657d79832642e2158557c899249c9e31cd) ([exceptions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/21))
+* Forked from [**yt-dlc@f9401f2**](https://github.com/blackjack4494/yt-dlc/commit/f9401f2a91987068139c5f757b12fc711d4c0cee) and merged with [**youtube-dl@a08f2b7**](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/commit/a08f2b7e4567cdc50c0614ee0a4ffdff49b8b6e6) ([exceptions](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/21))
 
 * **[SponsorBlock Integration](#sponsorblock-options)**: You can mark/remove sponsor sections in YouTube videos by utilizing the [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) API
 
@@ -2326,6 +2336,7 @@ #### No longer supported
     --write-annotations              No supported site has annotations now
     --no-write-annotations           Default
     --compat-options seperate-video-versions  No longer needed
+    --compat-options no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date  No longer supported
 
 #### Removed
 These options were deprecated since 2014 and have now been entirely removed
diff --git a/bundle/docker/compose.yml b/bundle/docker/compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f89ca6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+services:
+  static:
+    build: static
+    environment:
+      channel: ${channel}
+      origin: ${origin}
+      version: ${version}
+    volumes:
+      - ~/build:/build
+      - ../..:/yt-dlp
diff --git a/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile b/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dae2dff3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/static/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+FROM alpine:3.19 as base
+
+RUN apk --update add --no-cache \
+        build-base \
+        python3 \
+        pipx \
+    ;
+
+RUN pipx install pyinstaller
+# Requires above step to prepare the shared venv
+RUN ~/.local/share/pipx/shared/bin/python -m pip install -U wheel
+RUN apk --update add --no-cache \
+        scons \
+        patchelf \
+        binutils \
+    ;
+RUN pipx install staticx
+
+WORKDIR /yt-dlp
+COPY entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
+ENTRYPOINT /entrypoint.sh
diff --git a/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh b/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..93d84fa9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bundle/docker/static/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/ash
+set -e
+
+source ~/.local/share/pipx/venvs/pyinstaller/bin/activate
+python -m devscripts.install_deps --include secretstorage
+python -m devscripts.make_lazy_extractors
+python devscripts/update-version.py -c "${channel}" -r "${origin}" "${version}"
+python -m bundle.pyinstaller
+deactivate
+
+source ~/.local/share/pipx/venvs/staticx/bin/activate
+staticx /yt-dlp/dist/yt-dlp_linux /build/yt-dlp_linux
+deactivate
diff --git a/bundle/py2exe.py b/bundle/py2exe.py
index 281167492..5b7f4883b 100755
--- a/bundle/py2exe.py
+++ b/bundle/py2exe.py
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ def main():
                 # py2exe cannot import Crypto
                 'Crypto',
                 'Cryptodome',
-                # py2exe appears to confuse this with our socks library.
-                # We don't use pysocks and urllib3.contrib.socks would fail to import if tried.
-                'urllib3.contrib.socks'
+                # requests >=2.32.0 breaks py2exe builds due to certifi dependency
+                'requests',
+                'urllib3',
             ],
             'dll_excludes': ['w9xpopen.exe', 'crypt32.dll'],
             # Modules that are only imported dynamically must be added here
diff --git a/bundle/pyinstaller.py b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
index db9dbfde5..4184c4bc9 100755
--- a/bundle/pyinstaller.py
+++ b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def exe(onedir):
         'dist/',
         onedir and f'{name}/',
         name,
-        OS_NAME == 'win32' and '.exe'
+        OS_NAME == 'win32' and '.exe',
     )))
 
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def windows_set_version(exe, version):
         ),
         kids=[
             StringFileInfo([StringTable('040904B0', [
-                StringStruct('Comments', 'yt-dlp%s Command Line Interface' % suffix),
+                StringStruct('Comments', f'yt-dlp{suffix} Command Line Interface'),
                 StringStruct('CompanyName', 'https://github.com/yt-dlp'),
                 StringStruct('FileDescription', 'yt-dlp%s' % (MACHINE and f' ({MACHINE})')),
                 StringStruct('FileVersion', version),
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ def windows_set_version(exe, version):
                 StringStruct('ProductName', f'yt-dlp{suffix}'),
                 StringStruct(
                     'ProductVersion', f'{version}{suffix} on Python {platform.python_version()}'),
-            ])]), VarFileInfo([VarStruct('Translation', [0, 1200])])
-        ]
+            ])]), VarFileInfo([VarStruct('Translation', [0, 1200])]),
+        ],
     ))
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/bash-completion.py b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
index 9b4a9d4e2..3918ebde8 100755
--- a/devscripts/bash-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 import yt_dlp
 
-BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = "completions/bash/yt-dlp"
-BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/bash-completion.in"
+BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = 'completions/bash/yt-dlp'
+BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = 'devscripts/bash-completion.in'
 
 
 def build_completion(opt_parser):
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
             opts_flag.append(option.get_opt_string())
     with open(BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
         template = f.read()
-    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
+    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, 'w') as f:
         # just using the special char
-        filled_template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(opts_flag))
+        filled_template = template.replace('{{flags}}', ' '.join(opts_flag))
         f.write(filled_template)
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/changelog_override.json b/devscripts/changelog_override.json
index 046060cb2..86e8ec2f9 100644
--- a/devscripts/changelog_override.json
+++ b/devscripts/changelog_override.json
@@ -147,5 +147,27 @@
         "action": "add",
         "when": "9590cc6b4768e190183d7d071a6c78170889116a",
         "short": "[priority] Security: [[CVE-2024-22423](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-22423)] [Prevent RCE when using `--exec` with `%q` on Windows](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/security/advisories/GHSA-hjq6-52gw-2g7p)\n    - The shell escape function now properly escapes `%`, `\\` and `\\n`.\n    - `utils.Popen` has been patched accordingly."
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "change",
+        "when": "41ba4a808b597a3afed78c89675a30deb6844450",
+        "short": "[ie/tiktok] Extract via mobile API only if extractor-arg is passed (#9938)",
+        "authors": ["bashonly"]
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "remove",
+        "when": "6e36d17f404556f0e3a43f441c477a71a91877d9"
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "change",
+        "when": "beaf832c7a9d57833f365ce18f6115b88071b296",
+        "short": "[ie/soundcloud] Add `formats` extractor-arg (#10004)",
+        "authors": ["bashonly", "Grub4K"]
+    },
+    {
+        "action": "change",
+        "when": "5c019f6328ad40d66561eac3c4de0b3cd070d0f6",
+        "short": "[cleanup] Misc (#9765)",
+        "authors": ["bashonly", "Grub4K", "seproDev"]
     }
 ]
diff --git a/devscripts/install_deps.py b/devscripts/install_deps.py
index d33fc637c..d29250545 100755
--- a/devscripts/install_deps.py
+++ b/devscripts/install_deps.py
@@ -42,17 +42,25 @@ def parse_args():
 def main():
     args = parse_args()
     project_table = parse_toml(read_file(args.input))['project']
+    recursive_pattern = re.compile(rf'{project_table["name"]}\[(?P<group_name>[\w-]+)\]')
     optional_groups = project_table['optional-dependencies']
     excludes = args.exclude or []
 
+    def yield_deps(group):
+        for dep in group:
+            if mobj := recursive_pattern.fullmatch(dep):
+                yield from optional_groups.get(mobj.group('group_name'), [])
+            else:
+                yield dep
+
     targets = []
     if not args.only_optional:  # `-o` should exclude 'dependencies' and the 'default' group
         targets.extend(project_table['dependencies'])
         if 'default' not in excludes:  # `--exclude default` should exclude entire 'default' group
-            targets.extend(optional_groups['default'])
+            targets.extend(yield_deps(optional_groups['default']))
 
     for include in filter(None, map(optional_groups.get, args.include or [])):
-        targets.extend(include)
+        targets.extend(yield_deps(include))
 
     targets = [t for t in targets if re.match(r'[\w-]+', t).group(0).lower() not in excludes]
 
diff --git a/devscripts/make_changelog.py b/devscripts/make_changelog.py
index 8e199e7d0..00634fb91 100644
--- a/devscripts/make_changelog.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_changelog.py
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ def format_single_change(self, info: CommitInfo):
 
         return message if not sep else f'{message}{sep}{rest}'
 
-    def _format_message_link(self, message, hash):
-        assert message or hash, 'Improperly defined commit message or override'
-        message = message if message else hash[:HASH_LENGTH]
-        return f'[{message}]({self.repo_url}/commit/{hash})' if hash else message
+    def _format_message_link(self, message, commit_hash):
+        assert message or commit_hash, 'Improperly defined commit message or override'
+        message = message if message else commit_hash[:HASH_LENGTH]
+        return f'[{message}]({self.repo_url}/commit/{commit_hash})' if commit_hash else message
 
     def _format_issues(self, issues):
         return ', '.join(f'[#{issue}]({self.repo_url}/issues/{issue})' for issue in issues)
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ def apply_overrides(self, overrides):
                 logger.info(f'CHANGE {self._commits[commit.hash]} -> {commit}')
                 self._commits[commit.hash] = commit
 
-        self._commits = {key: value for key, value in reversed(self._commits.items())}
+        self._commits = dict(reversed(self._commits.items()))
 
     def groups(self):
         group_dict = defaultdict(list)
diff --git a/devscripts/make_readme.py b/devscripts/make_readme.py
index 2270b31d3..cbb5859aa 100755
--- a/devscripts/make_readme.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_readme.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def apply_patch(text, patch):
     ),
     (   # Headings
         r'(?m)^  (\w.+\n)(    (?=\w))?',
-        r'## \1'
+        r'## \1',
     ),
     (   # Fixup `--date` formatting
         rf'(?m)(    --date DATE.+({delim}[^\[]+)*)\[.+({delim}.+)*$',
@@ -61,26 +61,26 @@ def apply_patch(text, patch):
     ),
     (   # Do not split URLs
         rf'({delim[:-1]})? (?P<label>\[\S+\] )?(?P<url>https?({delim})?:({delim})?/({delim})?/(({delim})?\S+)+)\s',
-        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group('label') or '', re.sub(r'\s+', '', mobj.group('url')), '\n'))
+        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group('label') or '', re.sub(r'\s+', '', mobj.group('url')), '\n')),
     ),
     (   # Do not split "words"
         rf'(?m)({delim}\S+)+$',
-        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group(0).replace(delim, '')))
+        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group(0).replace(delim, ''))),
     ),
     (   # Allow overshooting last line
         rf'(?m)^(?P<prev>.+)${delim}(?P<current>.+)$(?!{delim})',
         lambda mobj: (mobj.group().replace(delim, ' ')
                       if len(mobj.group()) - len(delim) + 1 <= max_width + ALLOWED_OVERSHOOT
-                      else mobj.group())
+                      else mobj.group()),
     ),
     (   # Avoid newline when a space is available b/w switch and description
         DISABLE_PATCH,  # This creates issues with prepare_manpage
         r'(?m)^(\s{4}-.{%d})(%s)' % (switch_col_width - 6, delim),
-        r'\1 '
+        r'\1 ',
     ),
     (   # Replace brackets with a Markdown link
         r'SponsorBlock API \((http.+)\)',
-        r'[SponsorBlock API](\1)'
+        r'[SponsorBlock API](\1)',
     ),
 )
 
diff --git a/devscripts/run_tests.bat b/devscripts/run_tests.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index 57b1f4bf4..000000000
--- a/devscripts/run_tests.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-@echo off
-
->&2 echo run_tests.bat is deprecated. Please use `devscripts/run_tests.py` instead
-python %~dp0run_tests.py %~1
diff --git a/devscripts/run_tests.py b/devscripts/run_tests.py
index 6d638a974..c605aa62c 100755
--- a/devscripts/run_tests.py
+++ b/devscripts/run_tests.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import functools
 import os
 import re
+import shlex
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ def parse_args():
         'test', help='a extractor tests, or one of "core" or "download"', nargs='*')
     parser.add_argument(
         '-k', help='run a test matching EXPRESSION. Same as "pytest -k"', metavar='EXPRESSION')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--pytest-args', help='arguments to passthrough to pytest')
     return parser.parse_args()
 
 
@@ -26,15 +29,16 @@ def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
     run_download = 'download' in tests
     tests = list(map(fix_test_name, tests))
 
-    arguments = ['pytest', '-Werror', '--tb=short']
+    pytest_args = args.pytest_args or os.getenv('HATCH_TEST_ARGS', '')
+    arguments = ['pytest', '-Werror', '--tb=short', *shlex.split(pytest_args)]
     if ci:
         arguments.append('--color=yes')
+    if pattern:
+        arguments.extend(['-k', pattern])
     if run_core:
         arguments.extend(['-m', 'not download'])
     elif run_download:
         arguments.extend(['-m', 'download'])
-    elif pattern:
-        arguments.extend(['-k', pattern])
     else:
         arguments.extend(
             f'test/test_download.py::TestDownload::test_{test}' for test in tests)
@@ -46,13 +50,13 @@ def run_tests(*tests, pattern=None, ci=False):
         pass
 
     arguments = [sys.executable, '-Werror', '-m', 'unittest']
+    if pattern:
+        arguments.extend(['-k', pattern])
     if run_core:
         print('"pytest" needs to be installed to run core tests', file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
         return 1
     elif run_download:
         arguments.append('test.test_download')
-    elif pattern:
-        arguments.extend(['-k', pattern])
     else:
         arguments.extend(
             f'test.test_download.TestDownload.test_{test}' for test in tests)
diff --git a/devscripts/run_tests.sh b/devscripts/run_tests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 123ceb1ee..000000000
--- a/devscripts/run_tests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env sh
-
->&2 echo 'run_tests.sh is deprecated. Please use `devscripts/run_tests.py` instead'
-python3 devscripts/run_tests.py "$1"
diff --git a/devscripts/set-variant.py b/devscripts/set-variant.py
index 10341e744..24ce4552d 100644
--- a/devscripts/set-variant.py
+++ b/devscripts/set-variant.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def property_setter(name, value):
 opts = parse_options()
 transform = compose_functions(
     property_setter('VARIANT', opts.variant),
-    property_setter('UPDATE_HINT', opts.update_message)
+    property_setter('UPDATE_HINT', opts.update_message),
 )
 
 write_file(VERSION_FILE, transform(read_file(VERSION_FILE)))
diff --git a/devscripts/update-version.py b/devscripts/update-version.py
index 07a071745..2018ba844 100644
--- a/devscripts/update-version.py
+++ b/devscripts/update-version.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def get_new_version(version, revision):
     else:
         old_version = read_version().split('.')
         if version.split('.') == old_version[:3]:
-            revision = str(int((old_version + [0])[3]) + 1)
+            revision = str(int(([*old_version, 0])[3]) + 1)
 
     return f'{version}.{revision}' if revision else version
 
diff --git a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
index 267af5f6e..8e190c00c 100755
--- a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@
 
 import yt_dlp
 
-ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = "completions/zsh/_yt-dlp"
-ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/zsh-completion.in"
+ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = 'completions/zsh/_yt-dlp'
+ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = 'devscripts/zsh-completion.in'
 
 
 def build_completion(opt_parser):
     opts = [opt for group in opt_parser.option_groups
             for opt in group.option_list]
-    opts_file = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == "FILE"]
-    opts_dir = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == "DIR"]
+    opts_file = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'FILE']
+    opts_dir = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'DIR']
 
     fileopts = []
     for opt in opts_file:
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
     with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
         template = f.read()
 
-    template = template.replace("{{fileopts}}", "|".join(fileopts))
-    template = template.replace("{{diropts}}", "|".join(diropts))
-    template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(flags))
+    template = template.replace('{{fileopts}}', '|'.join(fileopts))
+    template = template.replace('{{diropts}}', '|'.join(diropts))
+    template = template.replace('{{flags}}', ' '.join(flags))
 
-    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
+    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, 'w') as f:
         f.write(template)
 
 
diff --git a/pyinst.py b/pyinst.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 4a8ed2d34..000000000
--- a/pyinst.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Allow execution from anywhere
-import os
-import sys
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-import warnings
-
-from bundle.pyinstaller import main
-
-warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning('`pyinst.py` is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. '
-                                 'Use `bundle.pyinstaller` instead'))
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 9faf53b9c..01162b794 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ dependencies = [
     "certifi",
     "mutagen",
     "pycryptodomex",
-    "requests>=2.31.0,<3",
+    "requests>=2.32.2,<3",
     "urllib3>=1.26.17,<3",
     "websockets>=12.0",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 default = []
-curl_cffi = ["curl-cffi==0.5.10; implementation_name=='cpython'"]
+curl-cffi = ["curl-cffi==0.5.10; implementation_name=='cpython'"]
 secretstorage = [
     "cffi",
     "secretstorage",
@@ -62,18 +62,27 @@ build = [
     "build",
     "hatchling",
     "pip",
+    "setuptools",
     "wheel",
 ]
 dev = [
-    "flake8",
-    "isort",
-    "pytest",
+    "pre-commit",
+    "yt-dlp[static-analysis]",
+    "yt-dlp[test]",
+]
+static-analysis = [
+    "autopep8~=2.0",
+    "ruff~=0.4.4",
+]
+test = [
+    "pytest~=8.1",
 ]
 pyinstaller = [
-    "pyinstaller>=6.3; sys_platform!='darwin'",
-    "pyinstaller==5.13.2; sys_platform=='darwin'",  # needed for curl_cffi
+    "pyinstaller>=6.7.0",  # for compat with setuptools>=70
+]
+py2exe = [
+    "py2exe>=0.12",
 ]
-py2exe = ["py2exe>=0.12"]
 
 [project.urls]
 Documentation = "https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#readme"
@@ -122,3 +131,253 @@ artifacts = ["/yt_dlp/extractor/lazy_extractors.py"]
 [tool.hatch.version]
 path = "yt_dlp/version.py"
 pattern = "_pkg_version = '(?P<version>[^']+)'"
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.default]
+features = ["curl-cffi", "default"]
+dependencies = ["pre-commit"]
+path = ".venv"
+installer = "uv"
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.default.scripts]
+setup = "pre-commit install --config .pre-commit-hatch.yaml"
+yt-dlp = "python -Werror -Xdev -m yt_dlp {args}"
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-static-analysis]
+detached = true
+features = ["static-analysis"]
+dependencies = []  # override hatch ruff version
+config-path = "pyproject.toml"
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-static-analysis.scripts]
+format-check = "autopep8 --diff {args:.}"
+format-fix = "autopep8 --in-place {args:.}"
+lint-check = "ruff check {args:.}"
+lint-fix = "ruff check --fix {args:.}"
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-test]
+features = ["test"]
+dependencies = [
+    "pytest-randomly~=3.15",
+    "pytest-rerunfailures~=14.0",
+    "pytest-xdist[psutil]~=3.5",
+]
+
+[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-test.scripts]
+run = "python -m devscripts.run_tests {args}"
+run-cov = "echo Code coverage not implemented && exit 1"
+
+[[tool.hatch.envs.hatch-test.matrix]]
+python = [
+    "3.8",
+    "3.9",
+    "3.10",
+    "3.11",
+    "3.12",
+    "pypy3.8",
+    "pypy3.9",
+    "pypy3.10",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 120
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+ignore = [
+    "E402",    # module-import-not-at-top-of-file
+    "E501",    # line-too-long
+    "E731",    # lambda-assignment
+    "E741",    # ambiguous-variable-name
+    "UP036",   # outdated-version-block
+    "B006",    # mutable-argument-default
+    "B008",    # function-call-in-default-argument
+    "B011",    # assert-false
+    "B017",    # assert-raises-exception
+    "B023",    # function-uses-loop-variable (false positives)
+    "B028",    # no-explicit-stacklevel
+    "B904",    # raise-without-from-inside-except
+    "C401",    # unnecessary-generator-set
+    "C402",    # unnecessary-generator-dict
+    "PIE790",  # unnecessary-placeholder
+    "SIM102",  # collapsible-if
+    "SIM108",  # if-else-block-instead-of-if-exp
+    "SIM112",  # uncapitalized-environment-variables
+    "SIM113",  # enumerate-for-loop
+    "SIM114",  # if-with-same-arms
+    "SIM115",  # open-file-with-context-handler
+    "SIM117",  # multiple-with-statements
+    "SIM223",  # expr-and-false
+    "SIM300",  # yoda-conditions
+    "TD001",   # invalid-todo-tag
+    "TD002",   # missing-todo-author
+    "TD003",   # missing-todo-link
+    "PLE0604", # invalid-all-object (false positives)
+    "PLW0603", # global-statement
+    "PLW1510", # subprocess-run-without-check
+    "PLW2901", # redefined-loop-name
+    "RUF001",  # ambiguous-unicode-character-string
+    "RUF012",  # mutable-class-default
+    "RUF100",  # unused-noqa (flake8 has slightly different behavior)
+]
+select = [
+    "E",      # pycodestyle Error
+    "W",      # pycodestyle Warning
+    "F",      # Pyflakes
+    "I",      # isort
+    "Q",      # flake8-quotes
+    "N803",   # invalid-argument-name
+    "N804",   # invalid-first-argument-name-for-class-method
+    "UP",     # pyupgrade
+    "B",      # flake8-bugbear
+    "A",      # flake8-builtins
+    "COM",    # flake8-commas
+    "C4",     # flake8-comprehensions
+    "FA",     # flake8-future-annotations
+    "ISC",    # flake8-implicit-str-concat
+    "ICN003", # banned-import-from
+    "PIE",    # flake8-pie
+    "T20",    # flake8-print
+    "RSE",    # flake8-raise
+    "RET504", # unnecessary-assign
+    "SIM",    # flake8-simplify
+    "TID251", # banned-api
+    "TD",     # flake8-todos
+    "PLC",    # Pylint Convention
+    "PLE",    # Pylint Error
+    "PLW",    # Pylint Warning
+    "RUF",    # Ruff-specific rules
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"devscripts/lazy_load_template.py" = [
+    "F401",   # unused-import
+]
+"!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py" = [
+    "I",      # isort
+    "ICN003", # banned-import-from
+    "T20",    # flake8-print
+    "A002",   # builtin-argument-shadowing
+    "C408",   # unnecessary-collection-call
+]
+"yt_dlp/jsinterp.py" = [
+    "UP031",  # printf-string-formatting
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+known-first-party = [
+    "bundle",
+    "devscripts",
+    "test",
+]
+relative-imports-order = "closest-to-furthest"
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-quotes]
+docstring-quotes = "double"
+multiline-quotes = "single"
+inline-quotes = "single"
+avoid-escape = false
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.pep8-naming]
+classmethod-decorators = [
+    "yt_dlp.utils.classproperty",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-import-conventions]
+banned-from = [
+    "base64",
+    "datetime",
+    "functools",
+    "glob",
+    "hashlib",
+    "itertools",
+    "json",
+    "math",
+    "os",
+    "pathlib",
+    "random",
+    "re",
+    "string",
+    "sys",
+    "time",
+    "urllib",
+    "uuid",
+    "xml",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-tidy-imports.banned-api]
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_str".msg = "Use `str` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_b64decode".msg = "Use `base64.b64decode` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urlparse".msg = "Use `urllib.parse` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_parse_qs".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.parse_qs` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_unquote".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.unquote` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_urlencode".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.urlencode` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_urlparse".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.urlparse` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_shlex_quote".msg = "Use `yt_dlp.utils.shell_quote` instead."
+"yt_dlp.utils.error_to_compat_str".msg = "Use `str` instead."
+
+[tool.autopep8]
+max_line_length = 120
+recursive = true
+exit-code = true
+jobs = 0
+select = [
+    "E101",
+    "E112",
+    "E113",
+    "E115",
+    "E116",
+    "E117",
+    "E121",
+    "E122",
+    "E123",
+    "E124",
+    "E125",
+    "E126",
+    "E127",
+    "E128",
+    "E129",
+    "E131",
+    "E201",
+    "E202",
+    "E203",
+    "E211",
+    "E221",
+    "E222",
+    "E223",
+    "E224",
+    "E225",
+    "E226",
+    "E227",
+    "E228",
+    "E231",
+    "E241",
+    "E242",
+    "E251",
+    "E252",
+    "E261",
+    "E262",
+    "E265",
+    "E266",
+    "E271",
+    "E272",
+    "E273",
+    "E274",
+    "E275",
+    "E301",
+    "E302",
+    "E303",
+    "E304",
+    "E305",
+    "E306",
+    "E502",
+    "E701",
+    "E702",
+    "E704",
+    "W391",
+    "W504",
+]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "-ra -v --strict-markers"
+markers = [
+    "download",
+]
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index aeb4cee58..340cc3b4d 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@ remove-duplicate-keys = true
 remove-unused-variables = true
 
 
-[tool:pytest]
-addopts = -ra -v --strict-markers
-markers =
-    download
-
-
 [tox:tox]
 skipsdist = true
 envlist = py{38,39,310,311,312},pypy{38,39,310}
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8d1e6d10b..000000000
--- a/setup.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Allow execution from anywhere
-import os
-import sys
-
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-
-import warnings
-
-
-if sys.argv[1:2] == ['py2exe']:
-    warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning('`setup.py py2exe` is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. '
-                                     'Use `bundle.py2exe` instead'))
-
-    import bundle.py2exe
-
-    bundle.py2exe.main()
-
-elif 'build_lazy_extractors' in sys.argv:
-    warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning('`setup.py build_lazy_extractors` is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. '
-                                     'Use `devscripts.make_lazy_extractors` instead'))
-
-    import subprocess
-
-    os.chdir(sys.path[0])
-    print('running build_lazy_extractors')
-    subprocess.run([sys.executable, 'devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py'])
-
-else:
-
-    print(
-        'ERROR: Building by calling `setup.py` is deprecated. '
-        'Use a build frontend like `build` instead. ',
-        'Refer to  https://build.pypa.io  for more info', file=sys.stderr)
-    sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/supportedsites.md b/supportedsites.md
index ba77c0feb..387395613 100644
--- a/supportedsites.md
+++ b/supportedsites.md
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ # Supported sites
  - **6play**
  - **7plus**
  - **8tracks**
- - **91porn**
  - **9c9media**
  - **9gag**: 9GAG
  - **9News**
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **BusinessInsider**
  - **BuzzFeed**
  - **BYUtv**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **CableAV**
+ - **CaffeineTV**
  - **Callin**
  - **Caltrans**
  - **CAM4**
@@ -333,6 +332,8 @@ # Supported sites
  - **DailyWirePodcast**
  - **damtomo:record**
  - **damtomo:video**
+ - **dangalplay**: [*dangalplay*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **dangalplay:season**: [*dangalplay*](## "netrc machine")
  - **daum.net**
  - **daum.net:clip**
  - **daum.net:playlist**
@@ -396,7 +397,6 @@ # Supported sites
  - **EinsUndEinsTV**: [*1und1tv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **EinsUndEinsTVLive**: [*1und1tv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **EinsUndEinsTVRecordings**: [*1und1tv*](## "netrc machine")
- - **Einthusan**
  - **eitb.tv**
  - **ElementorEmbed**
  - **Elonet**
@@ -498,6 +498,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **GameStar**
  - **Gaskrank**
  - **Gazeta**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **GBNews**: GB News clips, features and live streams
  - **GDCVault**: [*gdcvault*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
  - **GediDigital**
  - **gem.cbc.ca**: [*cbcgem*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -527,6 +528,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **GMANetworkVideo**
  - **Go**
  - **GoDiscovery**
+ - **GodResource**
  - **GodTube**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Gofile**
  - **Golem**
@@ -630,11 +632,11 @@ # Supported sites
  - **iwara:user**: [*iwara*](## "netrc machine")
  - **Ixigua**
  - **Izlesene**
- - **Jable**
- - **JablePlaylist**
  - **Jamendo**
  - **JamendoAlbum**
  - **JeuxVideo**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **jiocinema**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
+ - **jiocinema:series**: [*jiocinema*](## "netrc machine")
  - **jiosaavn:album**
  - **jiosaavn:playlist**
  - **jiosaavn:song**
@@ -974,6 +976,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **NRKTVSeason**
  - **NRKTVSeries**
  - **NRLTV**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **nts.live**
  - **ntv.ru**
  - **NubilesPorn**: [*nubiles-porn*](## "netrc machine")
  - **nuum:live**
@@ -1015,7 +1018,6 @@ # Supported sites
  - **orf:on**
  - **orf:podcast**
  - **orf:radio**
- - **orf:tvthek**: ORF TVthek
  - **OsnatelTV**: [*osnateltv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **OsnatelTVLive**: [*osnateltv*](## "netrc machine")
  - **OsnatelTVRecordings**: [*osnateltv*](## "netrc machine")
@@ -1394,6 +1396,10 @@ # Supported sites
  - **SztvHu**
  - **t-online.de**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **Tagesschau**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **TapTapApp**
+ - **TapTapAppIntl**
+ - **TapTapMoment**
+ - **TapTapPostIntl**
  - **Tass**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **TBS**
  - **TBSJPEpisode**
@@ -1412,7 +1418,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **TedSeries**
  - **TedTalk**
  - **Tele13**
- - **Tele5**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **Tele5**
  - **TeleBruxelles**
  - **TelecaribePlay**
  - **Telecinco**: telecinco.es, cuatro.com and mediaset.es
@@ -1452,11 +1458,12 @@ # Supported sites
  - **ThreeSpeak**
  - **ThreeSpeakUser**
  - **TikTok**
+ - **tiktok:collection**
  - **tiktok:effect**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **tiktok:live**
  - **tiktok:sound**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **tiktok:tag**: (**Currently broken**)
- - **tiktok:user**: (**Currently broken**)
+ - **tiktok:user**
  - **TLC**
  - **TMZ**
  - **TNAFlix**
@@ -1501,7 +1508,7 @@ # Supported sites
  - **tv2play.hu**
  - **tv2playseries.hu**
  - **TV4**: tv4.se and tv4play.se
- - **TV5MondePlus**: TV5MONDE+
+ - **TV5MONDE**
  - **tv5unis**
  - **tv5unis:video**
  - **tv8.it**
@@ -1639,8 +1646,6 @@ # Supported sites
  - **voicy**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **voicy:channel**: (**Currently broken**)
  - **VolejTV**
- - **Voot**: [*voot*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
- - **VootSeries**: [*voot*](## "netrc machine") (**Currently broken**)
  - **VoxMedia**
  - **VoxMediaVolume**
  - **vpro**: npo.nl, ntr.nl, omroepwnl.nl, zapp.nl and npo3.nl
@@ -1715,10 +1720,10 @@ # Supported sites
  - **wykop:​post:comment**
  - **Xanimu**
  - **XboxClips**
- - **XFileShare**: XFileShare based sites: Aparat, ClipWatching, GoUnlimited, GoVid, HolaVid, Streamty, TheVideoBee, Uqload, VidBom, vidlo, VidLocker, VidShare, VUp, WolfStream, XVideoSharing
  - **XHamster**
  - **XHamsterEmbed**
  - **XHamsterUser**
+ - **XiaoHongShu**: 小红书
  - **ximalaya**: 喜马拉雅FM
  - **ximalaya:album**: 喜马拉雅FM 专辑
  - **xinpianchang**: xinpianchang.com (**Currently broken**)
@@ -1749,8 +1754,12 @@ # Supported sites
  - **YouNowLive**
  - **YouNowMoment**
  - **YouPorn**
- - **YourPorn**
- - **YourUpload**
+ - **YouPornCategory**: YouPorn category, with sorting, filtering and pagination
+ - **YouPornChannel**: YouPorn channel, with sorting and pagination
+ - **YouPornCollection**: YouPorn collection (user playlist), with sorting and pagination
+ - **YouPornStar**: YouPorn Pornstar, with description, sorting and pagination
+ - **YouPornTag**: YouPorn tag (porntags), with sorting, filtering and pagination
+ - **YouPornVideos**: YouPorn video (browse) playlists, with sorting, filtering and pagination
  - **youtube**: YouTube
  - **youtube:clip**
  - **youtube:favorites**: YouTube liked videos; ":ytfav" keyword (requires cookies)
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index 2fbc269e1..a8b92f811 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import functools
 import inspect
 
 import pytest
@@ -10,7 +9,9 @@
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def handler(request):
-    RH_KEY = request.param
+    RH_KEY = getattr(request, 'param', None)
+    if not RH_KEY:
+        return
     if inspect.isclass(RH_KEY) and issubclass(RH_KEY, RequestHandler):
         handler = RH_KEY
     elif RH_KEY in _REQUEST_HANDLERS:
@@ -18,9 +19,46 @@ def handler(request):
     else:
         pytest.skip(f'{RH_KEY} request handler is not available')
 
-    return functools.partial(handler, logger=FakeLogger)
+    class HandlerWrapper(handler):
+        RH_KEY = handler.RH_KEY
+
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(logger=FakeLogger, **kwargs)
+
+    return HandlerWrapper
 
 
-def validate_and_send(rh, req):
-    rh.validate(req)
-    return rh.send(req)
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def skip_handler(request, handler):
+    """usage: pytest.mark.skip_handler('my_handler', 'reason')"""
+    for marker in request.node.iter_markers('skip_handler'):
+        if marker.args[0] == handler.RH_KEY:
+            pytest.skip(marker.args[1] if len(marker.args) > 1 else '')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def skip_handler_if(request, handler):
+    """usage: pytest.mark.skip_handler_if('my_handler', lambda request: True, 'reason')"""
+    for marker in request.node.iter_markers('skip_handler_if'):
+        if marker.args[0] == handler.RH_KEY and marker.args[1](request):
+            pytest.skip(marker.args[2] if len(marker.args) > 2 else '')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def skip_handlers_if(request, handler):
+    """usage: pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(lambda request, handler: True, 'reason')"""
+    for marker in request.node.iter_markers('skip_handlers_if'):
+        if handler and marker.args[0](request, handler):
+            pytest.skip(marker.args[1] if len(marker.args) > 1 else '')
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        'markers', 'skip_handler(handler): skip test for the given handler',
+    )
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        'markers', 'skip_handler_if(handler): skip test for the given handler if condition is true',
+    )
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        'markers', 'skip_handlers_if(handler): skip test for handlers when the condition is true',
+    )
diff --git a/test/helper.py b/test/helper.py
index 7760fd8d7..3b550d192 100644
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
     import pytest
     is_download_test = pytest.mark.download
 else:
-    def is_download_test(testClass):
-        return testClass
+    def is_download_test(test_class):
+        return test_class
 
 
 def get_params(override=None):
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ def try_rm(filename):
 
 
 def report_warning(message, *args, **kwargs):
-    '''
+    """
     Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
     If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
-    '''
+    """
     if sys.stderr.isatty() and compat_os_name != 'nt':
         _msg_header = '\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
     else:
@@ -138,15 +138,14 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
     elif isinstance(expected, list) and isinstance(got, list):
         self.assertEqual(
             len(expected), len(got),
-            'Expect a list of length %d, but got a list of length %d for field %s' % (
-                len(expected), len(got), field))
+            f'Expect a list of length {len(expected)}, but got a list of length {len(got)} for field {field}')
         for index, (item_got, item_expected) in enumerate(zip(got, expected)):
             type_got = type(item_got)
             type_expected = type(item_expected)
             self.assertEqual(
                 type_expected, type_got,
-                'Type mismatch for list item at index %d for field %s, expected %r, got %r' % (
-                    index, field, type_expected, type_got))
+                f'Type mismatch for list item at index {index} for field {field}, '
+                f'expected {type_expected!r}, got {type_got!r}')
             expect_value(self, item_got, item_expected, field)
     else:
         if isinstance(expected, str) and expected.startswith('md5:'):
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ def sanitize(key, value):
         test_info_dict.pop('display_id')
 
     # Remove deprecated fields
-    for old in YoutubeDL._deprecated_multivalue_fields.keys():
+    for old in YoutubeDL._deprecated_multivalue_fields:
         test_info_dict.pop(old, None)
 
     # release_year may be generated from release_date
@@ -246,11 +245,11 @@ def expect_info_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
         if expected_dict.get('ext'):
             mandatory_fields.extend(('url', 'ext'))
         for key in mandatory_fields:
-            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), 'Missing mandatory field %s' % key)
+            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), f'Missing mandatory field {key}')
     # Check for mandatory fields that are automatically set by YoutubeDL
     if got_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video':
         for key in ['webpage_url', 'extractor', 'extractor_key']:
-            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), 'Missing field: %s' % key)
+            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), f'Missing field: {key}')
 
     test_info_dict = sanitize_got_info_dict(got_dict)
 
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ def expect_info_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
     if missing_keys:
         def _repr(v):
             if isinstance(v, str):
-                return "'%s'" % v.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", "\\'").replace('\n', '\\n')
+                return "'{}'".format(v.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", "\\'").replace('\n', '\\n'))
             elif isinstance(v, type):
                 return v.__name__
             else:
@@ -275,8 +274,7 @@ def _repr(v):
         write_string(info_dict_str.replace('\n', '\n        '), out=sys.stderr)
         self.assertFalse(
             missing_keys,
-            'Missing keys in test definition: %s' % (
-                ', '.join(sorted(missing_keys))))
+            'Missing keys in test definition: {}'.format(', '.join(sorted(missing_keys))))
 
 
 def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
@@ -285,9 +283,9 @@ def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
     else:
         m = re.match(regexp, text)
         if not m:
-            note = 'Regexp didn\'t match: %r not found' % (regexp)
+            note = f'Regexp didn\'t match: {regexp!r} not found'
             if len(text) < 1000:
-                note += ' in %r' % text
+                note += f' in {text!r}'
             if msg is None:
                 msg = note
             else:
@@ -310,7 +308,7 @@ def assertLessEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
 
 
 def assertEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
-    if not (got == expected):
+    if got != expected:
         if msg is None:
             msg = f'{got!r} not equal to {expected!r}'
         self.assertTrue(got == expected, msg)
@@ -338,3 +336,8 @@ def http_server_port(httpd):
 def verify_address_availability(address):
     if find_available_port(address) is None:
         pytest.skip(f'Unable to bind to source address {address} (address may not exist)')
+
+
+def validate_and_send(rh, req):
+    rh.validate(req)
+    return rh.send(req)
diff --git a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
index b7dee496a..31e8f8244 100644
--- a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
+++ b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
@@ -262,19 +262,19 @@ def test_search_json_ld_realworld(self):
                 ''',
                 {
                     'chapters': [
-                        {"title": "Explosie Turnhout", "start_time": 70, "end_time": 440},
-                        {"title": "Jaarwisseling", "start_time": 440, "end_time": 1179},
-                        {"title": "Natuurbranden Colorado", "start_time": 1179, "end_time": 1263},
-                        {"title": "Klimaatverandering", "start_time": 1263, "end_time": 1367},
-                        {"title": "Zacht weer", "start_time": 1367, "end_time": 1383},
-                        {"title": "Financiële balans", "start_time": 1383, "end_time": 1484},
-                        {"title": "Club Brugge", "start_time": 1484, "end_time": 1575},
-                        {"title": "Mentale gezondheid bij topsporters", "start_time": 1575, "end_time": 1728},
-                        {"title": "Olympische Winterspelen", "start_time": 1728, "end_time": 1873},
-                        {"title": "Sober oudjaar in Nederland", "start_time": 1873, "end_time": 2079.23}
+                        {'title': 'Explosie Turnhout', 'start_time': 70, 'end_time': 440},
+                        {'title': 'Jaarwisseling', 'start_time': 440, 'end_time': 1179},
+                        {'title': 'Natuurbranden Colorado', 'start_time': 1179, 'end_time': 1263},
+                        {'title': 'Klimaatverandering', 'start_time': 1263, 'end_time': 1367},
+                        {'title': 'Zacht weer', 'start_time': 1367, 'end_time': 1383},
+                        {'title': 'Financiële balans', 'start_time': 1383, 'end_time': 1484},
+                        {'title': 'Club Brugge', 'start_time': 1484, 'end_time': 1575},
+                        {'title': 'Mentale gezondheid bij topsporters', 'start_time': 1575, 'end_time': 1728},
+                        {'title': 'Olympische Winterspelen', 'start_time': 1728, 'end_time': 1873},
+                        {'title': 'Sober oudjaar in Nederland', 'start_time': 1873, 'end_time': 2079.23},
                     ],
-                    'title': 'Het journaal - Aflevering 365 (Seizoen 2021)'
-                }, {}
+                    'title': 'Het journaal - Aflevering 365 (Seizoen 2021)',
+                }, {},
             ),
             (
                 # test multiple thumbnails in a list
@@ -301,13 +301,13 @@ def test_search_json_ld_realworld(self):
                     'thumbnails': [{'url': 'https://www.rainews.it/cropgd/640x360/dl/img/2021/12/30/1640886376927_GettyImages.jpg'}],
                 },
                 {},
-            )
+            ),
         ]
         for html, expected_dict, search_json_ld_kwargs in _TESTS:
             expect_dict(
                 self,
                 self.ie._search_json_ld(html, None, **search_json_ld_kwargs),
-                expected_dict
+                expected_dict,
             )
 
     def test_download_json(self):
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ def test_parse_html5_media_entries(self):
                     'height': 740,
                     'tbr': 1500,
                 }],
-                'thumbnail': '//pics.r18.com/digital/amateur/mgmr105/mgmr105jp.jpg'
+                'thumbnail': '//pics.r18.com/digital/amateur/mgmr105/mgmr105jp.jpg',
             })
 
         # from https://www.csfd.cz/
@@ -419,9 +419,9 @@ def test_parse_html5_media_entries(self):
                     'height': 1080,
                 }],
                 'subtitles': {
-                    'cs': [{'url': 'https://video.csfd.cz/files/subtitles/163/344/163344115_4c388b.srt'}]
+                    'cs': [{'url': 'https://video.csfd.cz/files/subtitles/163/344/163344115_4c388b.srt'}],
                 },
-                'thumbnail': 'https://img.csfd.cz/files/images/film/video/preview/163/344/163344118_748d20.png?h360'
+                'thumbnail': 'https://img.csfd.cz/files/images/film/video/preview/163/344/163344118_748d20.png?h360',
             })
 
         # from https://tamasha.com/v/Kkdjw
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ def test_parse_html5_media_entries(self):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'format_id': '144p',
                     'height': 144,
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.directvnow.com
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ def test_parse_html5_media_entries(self):
                 'formats': [{
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'url': 'https://cdn.directv.com/content/dam/dtv/prod/website_directvnow-international/videos/DTVN_hdr_HBO_v3.mp4',
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.directvnow.com
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ def test_parse_html5_media_entries(self):
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'https://cdn.directv.com/content/dam/dtv/prod/website_directvnow-international/videos/DTVN_hdr_HBO_v3.mp4',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.klarna.com/uk/
@@ -547,8 +547,8 @@ def test_extract_jwplayer_data_realworld(self):
                 'id': 'XEgvuql4',
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'rtmp://192.138.214.154/live/sjclive',
-                    'ext': 'flv'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'flv',
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.pornoxo.com/videos/7564/striptease-from-sexy-secretary/
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ def test_extract_jwplayer_data_realworld(self):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://t03.vipstreamservice.com/thumbs/pxo-full/2009-12/14/a4b2157147afe5efa93ce1978e0265289c193874e02597.flv-full-13.jpg',
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'https://cdn.pornoxo.com/key=MF+oEbaxqTKb50P-w9G3nA,end=1489689259,ip=104.199.146.27/ip=104.199.146.27/speed=6573765/buffer=3.0/2009-12/4b2157147afe5efa93ce1978e0265289c193874e02597.flv',
-                    'ext': 'flv'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'flv',
+                }],
             })
 
         # from http://www.indiedb.com/games/king-machine/videos
@@ -610,12 +610,12 @@ def test_extract_jwplayer_data_realworld(self):
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'http://cdn.dbolical.com/cache/videos/games/1/50/49678/encode_mp4/king-machine-trailer.mp4',
                     'height': 360,
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 }, {
                     'url': 'http://cdn.dbolical.com/cache/videos/games/1/50/49678/encode720p_mp4/king-machine-trailer.mp4',
                     'height': 720,
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                }],
             })
 
     def test_parse_m3u8_formats(self):
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ def test_parse_m3u8_formats(self):
                     'height': 1080,
                     'vcodec': 'avc1.64002a',
                 }],
-                {}
+                {},
             ),
             (
                 'bipbop_16x9',
@@ -990,45 +990,45 @@ def test_parse_m3u8_formats(self):
                     'en': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/eng/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/eng_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'fr': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/fra/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/fra_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'es': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/spa/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/spa_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'ja': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/jpn/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/jpn_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
-                }
+                },
             ),
         ]
 
         for m3u8_file, m3u8_url, expected_formats, expected_subs in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/m3u8/{m3u8_file}.m3u8', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subs = self.ie._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     f.read(), m3u8_url, ext='mp4')
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1366,14 +1366,14 @@ def test_parse_mpd_formats(self):
                             'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
                             'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
                             'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
-                        }
-                    ]
+                        },
+                    ],
                 },
-            )
+            ),
         ]
 
         for mpd_file, mpd_url, mpd_base_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/mpd/{mpd_file}.mpd', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url, mpd_url=mpd_url)
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-100',
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0544EFFC2D002CBC40000003004000000C03C60CA80000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-326',
@@ -1454,7 +1454,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0241FE23FFC3BC83BA44000003000400000300C03C60CA800000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-698',
@@ -1477,7 +1477,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0350BFB97FF06AF06AD1000003000100000300300F1832A00000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-1493',
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA011C3DE6FFF0D890D871000003000100000300300F1832A00000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-4482',
@@ -1523,7 +1523,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA01A816F97FFC1ABC1AB440000003004000000C03C60CA80000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }],
                 {
@@ -1538,10 +1538,10 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                                 'duration': 8880746666,
                                 'timescale': 10000000,
                                 'fourcc': 'TTML',
-                                'codec_private_data': ''
-                            }
-                        }
-                    ]
+                                'codec_private_data': '',
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
                 },
             ),
             (
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'audio_deu_1-224',
@@ -1597,7 +1597,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 6,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-23',
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '000000016742C00CDB06077E5C05A808080A00000300020000030009C0C02EE0177CC6300F142AE00000000168CA8DC8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-403',
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4014E98323B602D4040405000003000100000300320F1429380000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-680',
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EE981405FF2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F162D3800000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-1253',
@@ -1698,7 +1698,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EE981405FF2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F162D3800000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-2121',
@@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EECA0601BD80B50101014000003000400000300C83C58B6580000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-3275',
@@ -1748,7 +1748,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4020ECA02802DD80B501010140000003004000000C83C60C65800000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-5300',
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4028ECA03C0113F2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F18319600000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-8079',
@@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4028ECA03C0113F2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F18319600000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }],
                 {},
@@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@ def test_parse_ism_formats(self):
         ]
 
         for ism_file, ism_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/ism/%s.Manifest' % ism_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/ism/{ism_file}.Manifest', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()), ism_url=ism_url)
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1827,12 +1827,12 @@ def test_parse_f4m_formats(self):
                     'tbr': 2148,
                     'width': 1280,
                     'height': 720,
-                }]
+                }],
             ),
         ]
 
         for f4m_file, f4m_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/f4m/{f4m_file}.f4m', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats = self.ie._parse_f4m_formats(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     f4m_url, None)
@@ -1873,13 +1873,13 @@ def test_parse_xspf(self):
                     }, {
                         'manifest_url': 'https://example.org/src/foo_xspf.xspf',
                         'url': 'https://example.com/track3.mp3',
-                    }]
-                }]
+                    }],
+                }],
             ),
         ]
 
         for xspf_file, xspf_url, expected_entries in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/xspf/{xspf_file}.xspf', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 entries = self.ie._parse_xspf(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     xspf_file, xspf_url=xspf_url, xspf_base_url=xspf_url)
@@ -1902,10 +1902,19 @@ def test_response_with_expected_status_returns_content(self):
         server_thread.start()
 
         (content, urlh) = self.ie._download_webpage_handle(
-            'http://127.0.0.1:%d/teapot' % port, None,
+            f'http://127.0.0.1:{port}/teapot', None,
             expected_status=TEAPOT_RESPONSE_STATUS)
         self.assertEqual(content, TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY)
 
+    def test_search_nextjs_data(self):
+        data = '<script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{}}</script>'
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data(data, None), {'props': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data('', None, fatal=False), {})
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data('', None, default=None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data('', None, default={}), {})
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertEqual(self.ie._search_nextjs_data('', None, default='{}'), {})
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
index 5242cf88f..841ce1af3 100644
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
+import contextlib
 import copy
 import json
 
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ def test(inp, *expected, multi=False):
                 'allow_multiple_audio_streams': multi,
             })
             ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict.copy())
-            downloaded = map(lambda x: x['format_id'], ydl.downloaded_info_dicts)
-            self.assertEqual(list(downloaded), list(expected))
+            downloaded = [x['format_id'] for x in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
+            self.assertEqual(downloaded, list(expected))
 
         test('20/47', '47')
         test('20/71/worst', '35')
@@ -515,10 +516,8 @@ def test_format_filtering(self):
         self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['D', 'C', 'B'])
 
         ydl = YDL({'format': 'best[height<40]'})
-        try:
+        with contextlib.suppress(ExtractorError):
             ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        except ExtractorError:
-            pass
         self.assertEqual(ydl.downloaded_info_dicts, [])
 
     def test_default_format_spec(self):
@@ -652,8 +651,8 @@ def test_add_extra_info(self):
         'formats': [
             {'id': 'id 1', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920},
             {'id': 'id 2', 'height': 720},
-            {'id': 'id 3'}
-        ]
+            {'id': 'id 3'},
+        ],
     }
 
     def test_prepare_outtmpl_and_filename(self):
@@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ def expect_same_infodict(out):
         test('%(formats)j', (json.dumps(FORMATS), None))
         test('%(formats)#j', (
             json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4),
-            json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4).replace(':', '：').replace('"', "＂").replace('\n', ' ')
+            json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4).replace(':', '：').replace('"', '＂').replace('\n', ' '),
         ))
         test('%(title5).3B', 'á')
         test('%(title5)U', 'áéí 𝐀')
@@ -843,8 +842,8 @@ def gen():
 
         # Empty filename
         test('%(foo|)s-%(bar|)s.%(ext)s', '-.mp4')
-        # test('%(foo|)s.%(ext)s', ('.mp4', '_.mp4'))  # fixme
-        # test('%(foo|)s', ('', '_'))  # fixme
+        # test('%(foo|)s.%(ext)s', ('.mp4', '_.mp4'))  # FIXME: ?
+        # test('%(foo|)s', ('', '_'))  # FIXME: ?
 
         # Environment variable expansion for prepare_filename
         os.environ['__yt_dlp_var'] = 'expanded'
@@ -861,7 +860,7 @@ def gen():
         test('Hello %(title1)s', 'Hello $PATH')
         test('Hello %(title2)s', 'Hello %PATH%')
         test('%(title3)s', ('foo/bar\\test', 'foo⧸bar⧹test'))
-        test('folder/%(title3)s', ('folder/foo/bar\\test', 'folder%sfoo⧸bar⧹test' % os.path.sep))
+        test('folder/%(title3)s', ('folder/foo/bar\\test', f'folder{os.path.sep}foo⧸bar⧹test'))
 
     def test_format_note(self):
         ydl = YoutubeDL()
@@ -883,22 +882,22 @@ def run(self, info):
                     f.write('EXAMPLE')
                 return [info['filepath']], info
 
-        def run_pp(params, PP):
+        def run_pp(params, pp):
             with open(filename, 'w') as f:
                 f.write('EXAMPLE')
             ydl = YoutubeDL(params)
-            ydl.add_post_processor(PP())
+            ydl.add_post_processor(pp())
             ydl.post_process(filename, {'filepath': filename})
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': True}, SimplePP)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), '%s doesn\'t exist' % filename)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), '%s doesn\'t exist' % audiofile)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} doesn\'t exist')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), f'{audiofile} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(filename)
         os.unlink(audiofile)
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': False}, SimplePP)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(filename), '%s exists' % filename)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), '%s doesn\'t exist' % audiofile)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} exists')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), f'{audiofile} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(audiofile)
 
         class ModifierPP(PostProcessor):
@@ -908,7 +907,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                 return [], info
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': False}, ModifierPP)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), '%s doesn\'t exist' % filename)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(filename)
 
     def test_match_filter(self):
@@ -920,7 +919,7 @@ def test_match_filter(self):
             'duration': 30,
             'filesize': 10 * 1024,
             'playlist_id': '42',
-            'uploader': "變態妍字幕版 太妍 тест",
+            'uploader': '變態妍字幕版 太妍 тест',
             'creator': "тест ' 123 ' тест--",
             'webpage_url': 'http://example.com/watch?v=shenanigans',
         }
@@ -933,7 +932,7 @@ def test_match_filter(self):
             'description': 'foo',
             'filesize': 5 * 1024,
             'playlist_id': '43',
-            'uploader': "тест 123",
+            'uploader': 'тест 123',
             'webpage_url': 'http://example.com/watch?v=SHENANIGANS',
         }
         videos = [first, second]
@@ -1180,7 +1179,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     })
                 return {
                     'id': video_id,
-                    'title': 'Video %s' % video_id,
+                    'title': f'Video {video_id}',
                     'formats': formats,
                 }
 
@@ -1194,8 +1193,8 @@ def _entries(self):
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'ie_key': VideoIE.ie_key(),
                         'id': video_id,
-                        'url': 'video:%s' % video_id,
-                        'title': 'Video Transparent %s' % video_id,
+                        'url': f'video:{video_id}',
+                        'title': f'Video Transparent {video_id}',
                     }
 
             def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/test/test_aes.py b/test/test_aes.py
index a26abfd7d..5f975efec 100644
--- a/test/test_aes.py
+++ b/test/test_aes.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def test_decrypt_text(self):
         password = intlist_to_bytes(self.key).decode()
         encrypted = base64.b64encode(
             intlist_to_bytes(self.iv[:8])
-            + b'\x17\x15\x93\xab\x8d\x80V\xcdV\xe0\t\xcdo\xc2\xa5\xd8ksM\r\xe27N\xae'
+            + b'\x17\x15\x93\xab\x8d\x80V\xcdV\xe0\t\xcdo\xc2\xa5\xd8ksM\r\xe27N\xae',
         ).decode()
         decrypted = (aes_decrypt_text(encrypted, password, 16))
         self.assertEqual(decrypted, self.secret_msg)
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def test_decrypt_text(self):
         password = intlist_to_bytes(self.key).decode()
         encrypted = base64.b64encode(
             intlist_to_bytes(self.iv[:8])
-            + b'\x0b\xe6\xa4\xd9z\x0e\xb8\xb9\xd0\xd4i_\x85\x1d\x99\x98_\xe5\x80\xe7.\xbf\xa5\x83'
+            + b'\x0b\xe6\xa4\xd9z\x0e\xb8\xb9\xd0\xd4i_\x85\x1d\x99\x98_\xe5\x80\xe7.\xbf\xa5\x83',
         ).decode()
         decrypted = (aes_decrypt_text(encrypted, password, 32))
         self.assertEqual(decrypted, self.secret_msg)
@@ -132,16 +132,16 @@ def test_pad_block(self):
         block = [0x21, 0xA0, 0x43, 0xFF]
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'pkcs7'),
-                         block + [0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C])
+                         [*block, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'iso7816'),
-                         block + [0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
+                         [*block, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'whitespace'),
-                         block + [0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20])
+                         [*block, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'zero'),
-                         block + [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
+                         [*block, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
 
         block = list(range(16))
         for mode in ('pkcs7', 'iso7816', 'whitespace', 'zero'):
diff --git a/test/test_compat.py b/test/test_compat.py
index 71ca7f99f..e7d97e3e9 100644
--- a/test/test_compat.py
+++ b/test/test_compat.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 from yt_dlp.compat import (
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,  # noqa: TID251
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,  # noqa: TID251
 )
 from yt_dlp.compat.urllib.request import getproxies
 
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@
 class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compat_passthrough(self):
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.compat_basestring
+            _ = compat.compat_basestring
 
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.WINDOWS_VT_MODE
+            _ = compat.WINDOWS_VT_MODE
 
         self.assertEqual(urllib.request.getproxies, getproxies)
 
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.compat_pycrypto_AES  # Must not raise error
+            _ = compat.compat_pycrypto_AES  # Must not raise error
 
     def test_compat_expanduser(self):
         old_home = os.environ.get('HOME')
diff --git a/test/test_config.py b/test/test_config.py
index a393b6534..238ca66d0 100644
--- a/test/test_config.py
+++ b/test/test_config.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _generate_expected_groups():
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp.conf'),
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp/config'),
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp/config.txt'),
-        ]
+        ],
     }
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_cookies.py b/test/test_cookies.py
index bd61f30a6..a682fee1d 100644
--- a/test/test_cookies.py
+++ b/test/test_cookies.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def test_chrome_cookie_decryptor_linux_v11(self):
 
     def test_chrome_cookie_decryptor_windows_v10(self):
         with MonkeyPatch(cookies, {
-            '_get_windows_v10_key': lambda *args, **kwargs: b'Y\xef\xad\xad\xeerp\xf0Y\xe6\x9b\x12\xc2<z\x16]\n\xbb\xb8\xcb\xd7\x9bA\xc3\x14e\x99{\xd6\xf4&'
+            '_get_windows_v10_key': lambda *args, **kwargs: b'Y\xef\xad\xad\xeerp\xf0Y\xe6\x9b\x12\xc2<z\x16]\n\xbb\xb8\xcb\xd7\x9bA\xc3\x14e\x99{\xd6\xf4&',
         }):
             encrypted_value = b'v10T\xb8\xf3\xb8\x01\xa7TtcV\xfc\x88\xb8\xb8\xef\x05\xb5\xfd\x18\xc90\x009\xab\xb1\x893\x85)\x87\xe1\xa9-\xa3\xad='
             value = '32101439'
@@ -121,17 +121,17 @@ def test_chrome_cookie_decryptor_mac_v10(self):
             self.assertEqual(decryptor.decrypt(encrypted_value), value)
 
     def test_safari_cookie_parsing(self):
-        cookies = \
-            b'cook\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00i\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00Y' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x008\x00\x00\x00B\x00\x00\x00F\x00\x00\x00H' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x03\xa5>\xc3A\x00\x00\x80\xc3\x07:\xc3A' \
-            b'localhost\x00foo\x00/\x00test%20%3Bcookie\x00\x00\x00\x054\x07\x17 \x05\x00\x00\x00Kbplist00\xd1\x01' \
-            b'\x02_\x10\x18NSHTTPCookieAcceptPolicy\x10\x02\x08\x0b&\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00('
+        cookies = (
+            b'cook\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00i\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00Y'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x008\x00\x00\x00B\x00\x00\x00F\x00\x00\x00H'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x03\xa5>\xc3A\x00\x00\x80\xc3\x07:\xc3A'
+            b'localhost\x00foo\x00/\x00test%20%3Bcookie\x00\x00\x00\x054\x07\x17 \x05\x00\x00\x00Kbplist00\xd1\x01'
+            b'\x02_\x10\x18NSHTTPCookieAcceptPolicy\x10\x02\x08\x0b&\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00(')
 
         jar = parse_safari_cookies(cookies)
         self.assertEqual(len(jar), 1)
-        cookie = list(jar)[0]
+        cookie = next(iter(jar))
         self.assertEqual(cookie.domain, 'localhost')
         self.assertEqual(cookie.port, None)
         self.assertEqual(cookie.path, '/')
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def _run_tests(self, *cases):
                     attributes = {
                         key: value
                         for key, value in dict(morsel).items()
-                        if value != ""
+                        if value != ''
                     }
                     self.assertEqual(attributes, expected_attributes, message)
 
@@ -174,133 +174,133 @@ def test_parsing(self):
         self._run_tests(
             # Copied from https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.10.7/Lib/test/test_http_cookies.py
             (
-                "Test basic cookie",
-                "chips=ahoy; vienna=finger",
-                {"chips": "ahoy", "vienna": "finger"},
+                'Test basic cookie',
+                'chips=ahoy; vienna=finger',
+                {'chips': 'ahoy', 'vienna': 'finger'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test quoted cookie",
+                'Test quoted cookie',
                 'keebler="E=mc2; L=\\"Loves\\"; fudge=\\012;"',
-                {"keebler": 'E=mc2; L="Loves"; fudge=\012;'},
+                {'keebler': 'E=mc2; L="Loves"; fudge=\012;'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow '=' in an unquoted value",
-                "keebler=E=mc2",
-                {"keebler": "E=mc2"},
+                'keebler=E=mc2',
+                {'keebler': 'E=mc2'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow cookies with ':' in their name",
-                "key:term=value:term",
-                {"key:term": "value:term"},
+                'key:term=value:term',
+                {'key:term': 'value:term'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow '[' and ']' in cookie values",
-                "a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "[", "d": "r", "f": "h"},
+                'a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': '[', 'd': 'r', 'f': 'h'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test basic cookie attributes",
+                'Test basic cookie attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; Version=1; Path=/acme',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "path": "/acme"})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test flag only cookie attributes",
+                'Test flag only cookie attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; HttpOnly; Secure',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"httponly": True, "secure": True})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'httponly': True, 'secure': True})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test flag only attribute with values",
-                "eggs=scrambled; httponly=foo; secure=bar; Path=/bacon",
-                {"eggs": ("scrambled", {"httponly": "foo", "secure": "bar", "path": "/bacon"})},
+                'Test flag only attribute with values',
+                'eggs=scrambled; httponly=foo; secure=bar; Path=/bacon',
+                {'eggs': ('scrambled', {'httponly': 'foo', 'secure': 'bar', 'path': '/bacon'})},
             ),
             (
                 "Test special case for 'expires' attribute, 4 digit year",
                 'Customer="W"; expires=Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT',
-                {"Customer": ("W", {"expires": "Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT"})},
+                {'Customer': ('W', {'expires': 'Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT'})},
             ),
             (
                 "Test special case for 'expires' attribute, 2 digit year",
                 'Customer="W"; expires=Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT',
-                {"Customer": ("W", {"expires": "Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT"})},
+                {'Customer': ('W', {'expires': 'Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test extra spaces in keys and values",
-                "eggs  =  scrambled  ;  secure  ;  path  =  bar   ; foo=foo   ",
-                {"eggs": ("scrambled", {"secure": True, "path": "bar"}), "foo": "foo"},
+                'Test extra spaces in keys and values',
+                'eggs  =  scrambled  ;  secure  ;  path  =  bar   ; foo=foo   ',
+                {'eggs': ('scrambled', {'secure': True, 'path': 'bar'}), 'foo': 'foo'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test quoted attributes",
+                'Test quoted attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; Version="1"; Path="/acme"',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "path": "/acme"})}
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             # Our own tests that CPython passes
             (
                 "Allow ';' in quoted value",
                 'chips="a;hoy"; vienna=finger',
-                {"chips": "a;hoy", "vienna": "finger"},
+                {'chips': 'a;hoy', 'vienna': 'finger'},
             ),
             (
-                "Keep only the last set value",
-                "a=c; a=b",
-                {"a": "b"},
+                'Keep only the last set value',
+                'a=c; a=b',
+                {'a': 'b'},
             ),
         )
 
     def test_lenient_parsing(self):
         self._run_tests(
             (
-                "Ignore and try to skip invalid cookies",
+                'Ignore and try to skip invalid cookies',
                 'chips={"ahoy;": 1}; vienna="finger;"',
-                {"vienna": "finger;"},
+                {'vienna': 'finger;'},
             ),
             (
-                "Ignore cookies without a name",
-                "a=b; unnamed; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Ignore cookies without a name',
+                'a=b; unnamed; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
                 "Ignore '\"' cookie without name",
                 'a=b; "; c=d',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Skip all space separated values",
-                "x a=b c=d x; e=f",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d", "e": "f"},
+                'Skip all space separated values',
+                'x a=b c=d x; e=f',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': 'f'},
             ),
             (
-                "Skip all space separated values",
+                'Skip all space separated values',
                 'x a=b; data={"complex": "json", "with": "key=value"}; x c=d x',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Expect quote mending",
+                'Expect quote mending',
                 'a=b; invalid="; c=d',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes",
-                "a=b; invalid; Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes',
+                'a=b; invalid; Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes",
-                "a=b; $invalid; $Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes',
+                'a=b; $invalid; $Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Continue after non-flag attribute without value",
-                "a=b; path; Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Continue after non-flag attribute without value',
+                'a=b; path; Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Allow cookie attributes with `$` prefix",
+                'Allow cookie attributes with `$` prefix',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; $Version=1; $Secure; $Path=/acme',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "secure": True, "path": "/acme"})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'secure': True, 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Invalid Morsel keys should not result in an error",
-                "Key=Value; [Invalid]=Value; Another=Value",
-                {"Key": "Value", "Another": "Value"},
+                'Invalid Morsel keys should not result in an error',
+                'Key=Value; [Invalid]=Value; Another=Value',
+                {'Key': 'Value', 'Another': 'Value'},
             ),
         )
diff --git a/test/test_download.py b/test/test_download.py
index 253079249..882d54565 100755
--- a/test/test_download.py
+++ b/test/test_download.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def test_template(self):
             'playlist', [] if is_playlist else [test_case])
 
         def print_skipping(reason):
-            print('Skipping %s: %s' % (test_case['name'], reason))
+            print('Skipping {}: {}'.format(test_case['name'], reason))
             self.skipTest(reason)
 
         if not ie.working():
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def print_skipping(reason):
 
         for other_ie in other_ies:
             if not other_ie.working():
-                print_skipping('test depends on %sIE, marked as not WORKING' % other_ie.ie_key())
+                print_skipping(f'test depends on {other_ie.ie_key()}IE, marked as not WORKING')
 
         params = get_params(test_case.get('params', {}))
         params['outtmpl'] = tname + '_' + params['outtmpl']
@@ -148,10 +148,7 @@ def match_exception(err):
                 return False
             if err.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception:
                 return True
-            for exc in err.exc_info:
-                if exc.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception:
-                    return True
-            return False
+            return any(exc.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception for exc in err.exc_info)
 
         def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
             if tcs is None:
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
                         raise
 
                     if try_num == RETRIES:
-                        report_warning('%s failed due to network errors, skipping...' % tname)
+                        report_warning(f'{tname} failed due to network errors, skipping...')
                         return
 
                     print(f'Retrying: {try_num} failed tries\n\n##########\n\n')
@@ -244,9 +241,8 @@ def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
                         got_fsize = os.path.getsize(tc_filename)
                         assertGreaterEqual(
                             self, got_fsize, expected_minsize,
-                            'Expected %s to be at least %s, but it\'s only %s ' %
-                            (tc_filename, format_bytes(expected_minsize),
-                                format_bytes(got_fsize)))
+                            f'Expected {tc_filename} to be at least {format_bytes(expected_minsize)}, '
+                            f'but it\'s only {format_bytes(got_fsize)} ')
                     if 'md5' in tc:
                         md5_for_file = _file_md5(tc_filename)
                         self.assertEqual(tc['md5'], md5_for_file)
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
                 info_json_fn = os.path.splitext(tc_filename)[0] + '.info.json'
                 self.assertTrue(
                     os.path.exists(info_json_fn),
-                    'Missing info file %s' % info_json_fn)
+                    f'Missing info file {info_json_fn}')
                 with open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
                     info_dict = json.load(infof)
                 expect_info_dict(self, info_dict, tc.get('info_dict', {}))
diff --git a/test/test_downloader_http.py b/test/test_downloader_http.py
index 099ec2fff..faba0bc9c 100644
--- a/test/test_downloader_http.py
+++ b/test/test_downloader_http.py
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ def send_content_range(self, total=None):
                 end = int(mobj.group(2))
         valid_range = start is not None and end is not None
         if valid_range:
-            content_range = 'bytes %d-%d' % (start, end)
+            content_range = f'bytes {start}-{end}'
             if total:
-                content_range += '/%d' % total
+                content_range += f'/{total}'
             self.send_header('Content-Range', content_range)
         return (end - start + 1) if valid_range else total
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def download(self, params, ep):
         filename = 'testfile.mp4'
         try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
         self.assertTrue(downloader.real_download(filename, {
-            'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/%s' % (self.port, ep),
+            'url': f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/{ep}',
         }), ep)
         self.assertEqual(os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(filename)), TEST_SIZE, ep)
         try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
diff --git a/test/test_http_proxy.py b/test/test_http_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2435c878a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_http_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+import abc
+import base64
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import json
+import os
+import random
+import ssl
+import threading
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+from socketserver import ThreadingTCPServer
+
+import pytest
+
+from test.helper import http_server_port, verify_address_availability
+from test.test_networking import TEST_DIR
+from test.test_socks import IPv6ThreadingTCPServer
+from yt_dlp.dependencies import urllib3
+from yt_dlp.networking import Request
+from yt_dlp.networking.exceptions import HTTPError, ProxyError, SSLError
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuthMixin:
+
+    def proxy_auth_error(self):
+        self.send_response(407)
+        self.send_header('Proxy-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="test http proxy"')
+        self.end_headers()
+        return False
+
+    def do_proxy_auth(self, username, password):
+        if username is None and password is None:
+            return True
+
+        proxy_auth_header = self.headers.get('Proxy-Authorization', None)
+        if proxy_auth_header is None:
+            return self.proxy_auth_error()
+
+        if not proxy_auth_header.startswith('Basic '):
+            return self.proxy_auth_error()
+
+        auth = proxy_auth_header[6:]
+
+        try:
+            auth_username, auth_password = base64.b64decode(auth).decode().split(':', 1)
+        except Exception:
+            return self.proxy_auth_error()
+
+        if auth_username != (username or '') or auth_password != (password or ''):
+            return self.proxy_auth_error()
+        return True
+
+
+class HTTPProxyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPProxyAuthMixin):
+    def __init__(self, *args, proxy_info=None, username=None, password=None, request_handler=None, **kwargs):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.proxy_info = proxy_info
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def do_GET(self):
+        if not self.do_proxy_auth(self.username, self.password):
+            self.server.close_request(self.request)
+            return
+        if self.path.endswith('/proxy_info'):
+            payload = json.dumps(self.proxy_info or {
+                'client_address': self.client_address,
+                'connect': False,
+                'connect_host': None,
+                'connect_port': None,
+                'headers': dict(self.headers),
+                'path': self.path,
+                'proxy': ':'.join(str(y) for y in self.connection.getsockname()),
+            })
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=utf-8')
+            self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(payload)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(payload.encode())
+        else:
+            self.send_response(404)
+            self.end_headers()
+
+        self.server.close_request(self.request)
+
+
+if urllib3:
+    import urllib3.util.ssltransport
+
+    class SSLTransport(urllib3.util.ssltransport.SSLTransport):
+        """
+        Modified version of urllib3 SSLTransport to support server side SSL
+
+        This allows us to chain multiple TLS connections.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, socket, ssl_context, server_hostname=None, suppress_ragged_eofs=True, server_side=False):
+            self.incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+            self.outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+
+            self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+            self.socket = socket
+
+            self.sslobj = ssl_context.wrap_bio(
+                self.incoming,
+                self.outgoing,
+                server_hostname=server_hostname,
+                server_side=server_side,
+            )
+            self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.do_handshake)
+
+        @property
+        def _io_refs(self):
+            return self.socket._io_refs
+
+        @_io_refs.setter
+        def _io_refs(self, value):
+            self.socket._io_refs = value
+
+        def shutdown(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            self.socket.shutdown(*args, **kwargs)
+else:
+    SSLTransport = None
+
+
+class HTTPSProxyHandler(HTTPProxyHandler):
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
+        sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+        sslctx.load_cert_chain(certfn, None)
+        if isinstance(request, ssl.SSLSocket):
+            request = SSLTransport(request, ssl_context=sslctx, server_side=True)
+        else:
+            request = sslctx.wrap_socket(request, server_side=True)
+        super().__init__(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HTTPConnectProxyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPProxyAuthMixin):
+    protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+    default_request_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, username=None, password=None, request_handler=None, **kwargs):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.request_handler = request_handler
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def do_CONNECT(self):
+        if not self.do_proxy_auth(self.username, self.password):
+            self.server.close_request(self.request)
+            return
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.end_headers()
+        proxy_info = {
+            'client_address': self.client_address,
+            'connect': True,
+            'connect_host': self.path.split(':')[0],
+            'connect_port': int(self.path.split(':')[1]),
+            'headers': dict(self.headers),
+            'path': self.path,
+            'proxy': ':'.join(str(y) for y in self.connection.getsockname()),
+        }
+        self.request_handler(self.request, self.client_address, self.server, proxy_info=proxy_info)
+        self.server.close_request(self.request)
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectProxyHandler(HTTPConnectProxyHandler):
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        certfn = os.path.join(TEST_DIR, 'testcert.pem')
+        sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+        sslctx.load_cert_chain(certfn, None)
+        request = sslctx.wrap_socket(request, server_side=True)
+        self._original_request = request
+        super().__init__(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def do_CONNECT(self):
+        super().do_CONNECT()
+        self.server.close_request(self._original_request)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def proxy_server(proxy_server_class, request_handler, bind_ip=None, **proxy_server_kwargs):
+    server = server_thread = None
+    try:
+        bind_address = bind_ip or '127.0.0.1'
+        server_type = ThreadingTCPServer if '.' in bind_address else IPv6ThreadingTCPServer
+        server = server_type(
+            (bind_address, 0), functools.partial(proxy_server_class, request_handler=request_handler, **proxy_server_kwargs))
+        server_port = http_server_port(server)
+        server_thread = threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever)
+        server_thread.daemon = True
+        server_thread.start()
+        if '.' not in bind_address:
+            yield f'[{bind_address}]:{server_port}'
+        else:
+            yield f'{bind_address}:{server_port}'
+    finally:
+        server.shutdown()
+        server.server_close()
+        server_thread.join(2.0)
+
+
+class HTTPProxyTestContext(abc.ABC):
+    REQUEST_HANDLER_CLASS = None
+    REQUEST_PROTO = None
+
+    def http_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
+        return proxy_server(server_class, self.REQUEST_HANDLER_CLASS, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def proxy_info_request(self, handler, target_domain=None, target_port=None, **req_kwargs) -> dict:
+        """return a dict of proxy_info"""
+
+
+class HTTPProxyHTTPTestContext(HTTPProxyTestContext):
+    # Standard HTTP Proxy for http requests
+    REQUEST_HANDLER_CLASS = HTTPProxyHandler
+    REQUEST_PROTO = 'http'
+
+    def proxy_info_request(self, handler, target_domain=None, target_port=None, **req_kwargs):
+        request = Request(f'http://{target_domain or "127.0.0.1"}:{target_port or "40000"}/proxy_info', **req_kwargs)
+        handler.validate(request)
+        return json.loads(handler.send(request).read().decode())
+
+
+class HTTPProxyHTTPSTestContext(HTTPProxyTestContext):
+    # HTTP Connect proxy, for https requests
+    REQUEST_HANDLER_CLASS = HTTPSProxyHandler
+    REQUEST_PROTO = 'https'
+
+    def proxy_info_request(self, handler, target_domain=None, target_port=None, **req_kwargs):
+        request = Request(f'https://{target_domain or "127.0.0.1"}:{target_port or "40000"}/proxy_info', **req_kwargs)
+        handler.validate(request)
+        return json.loads(handler.send(request).read().decode())
+
+
+CTX_MAP = {
+    'http': HTTPProxyHTTPTestContext,
+    'https': HTTPProxyHTTPSTestContext,
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def ctx(request):
+    return CTX_MAP[request.param]()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ctx', ['http'], indirect=True)  # pure http proxy can only support http
+class TestHTTPProxy:
+    def test_http_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['connect'] is False
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' not in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    def test_http_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://test:test@{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    def test_http_bad_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://test:bad@{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                with pytest.raises(HTTPError) as exc_info:
+                    ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert exc_info.value.response.status == 407
+                exc_info.value.response.close()
+
+    def test_http_source_address(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            source_address = f'127.0.0.{random.randint(5, 255)}'
+            verify_address_availability(source_address)
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://{server_address}'},
+                         source_address=source_address) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['client_address'][0] == source_address
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('Urllib', 'urllib does not support https proxies')
+    def test_https(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPSProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'https://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['connect'] is False
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' not in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('Urllib', 'urllib does not support https proxies')
+    def test_https_verify_failed(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPSProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=True, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'https://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                # Accept SSLError as may not be feasible to tell if it is proxy or request error.
+                # note: if request proto also does ssl verification, this may also be the error of the request.
+                # Until we can support passing custom cacerts to handlers, we cannot properly test this for all cases.
+                with pytest.raises((ProxyError, SSLError)):
+                    ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+
+    def test_http_with_idn(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh, target_domain='中文.tw')
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['path'].startswith('http://xn--fiq228c.tw')
+                assert proxy_info['headers']['Host'].split(':', 1)[0] == 'xn--fiq228c.tw'
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'handler,ctx', [
+        ('Requests', 'https'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'https'),
+    ], indirect=True)
+class TestHTTPConnectProxy:
+    def test_http_connect_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['connect'] is True
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' not in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    def test_http_connect_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://test:test@{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler(
+        'Requests',
+        'bug in urllib3 causes unclosed socket: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3374',
+    )
+    def test_http_connect_bad_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://test:bad@{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                with pytest.raises(ProxyError):
+                    ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+
+    def test_http_connect_source_address(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            source_address = f'127.0.0.{random.randint(5, 255)}'
+            verify_address_availability(source_address)
+            with handler(proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'http://{server_address}'},
+                         source_address=source_address,
+                         verify=False) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['client_address'][0] == source_address
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(urllib3 is None, reason='requires urllib3 to test')
+    def test_https_connect_proxy(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPSConnectProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'https://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert proxy_info['connect'] is True
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' not in proxy_info['headers']
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(urllib3 is None, reason='requires urllib3 to test')
+    def test_https_connect_verify_failed(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPSConnectProxyHandler) as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=True, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'https://{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                # Accept SSLError as may not be feasible to tell if it is proxy or request error.
+                # note: if request proto also does ssl verification, this may also be the error of the request.
+                # Until we can support passing custom cacerts to handlers, we cannot properly test this for all cases.
+                with pytest.raises((ProxyError, SSLError)):
+                    ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(urllib3 is None, reason='requires urllib3 to test')
+    def test_https_connect_proxy_auth(self, handler, ctx):
+        with ctx.http_server(HTTPSConnectProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
+            with handler(verify=False, proxies={ctx.REQUEST_PROTO: f'https://test:test@{server_address}'}) as rh:
+                proxy_info = ctx.proxy_info_request(rh)
+                assert proxy_info['proxy'] == server_address
+                assert 'Proxy-Authorization' in proxy_info['headers']
diff --git a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
index 47c632a4e..4e41007c8 100644
--- a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
+++ b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ def error(self, msg):
 @is_download_test
 class TestIqiyiSDKInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter(self):
-        '''
+        """
         Test the functionality of IqiyiSDKInterpreter by trying to log in
 
         If `sign` is incorrect, /validate call throws an HTTP 556 error
-        '''
+        """
         logger = WarningLogger()
         ie = IqiyiIE(FakeYDL({'logger': logger}))
         ie._perform_login('foo', 'bar')
diff --git a/test/test_netrc.py b/test/test_netrc.py
index dc708d974..1e0f4ee3b 100644
--- a/test/test_netrc.py
+++ b/test/test_netrc.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_netrc_present(self):
                 continue
             self.assertTrue(
                 ie._NETRC_MACHINE,
-                'Extractor %s supports login, but is missing a _NETRC_MACHINE property' % ie.IE_NAME)
+                f'Extractor {ie.IE_NAME} supports login, but is missing a _NETRC_MACHINE property')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/test/test_networking.py b/test/test_networking.py
index b50f70d08..af3ece3b4 100644
--- a/test/test_networking.py
+++ b/test/test_networking.py
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 import pytest
 
+from yt_dlp.networking.common import Features, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import gzip
@@ -27,8 +29,12 @@
 from email.message import Message
 from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 
-from test.conftest import validate_and_send
-from test.helper import FakeYDL, http_server_port, verify_address_availability
+from test.helper import (
+    FakeYDL,
+    http_server_port,
+    validate_and_send,
+    verify_address_availability,
+)
 from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
 from yt_dlp.dependencies import brotli, curl_cffi, requests, urllib3
 from yt_dlp.networking import (
@@ -62,21 +68,6 @@
 TEST_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 
 
-def _build_proxy_handler(name):
-    class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-        proxy_name = name
-
-        def log_message(self, format, *args):
-            pass
-
-        def do_GET(self):
-            self.send_response(200)
-            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
-            self.end_headers()
-            self.wfile.write(f'{self.proxy_name}: {self.path}'.encode())
-    return HTTPTestRequestHandler
-
-
 class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
     protocol_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
     default_request_version = 'HTTP/1.1'
@@ -317,8 +308,9 @@ def setup_class(cls):
         cls.https_server_thread.start()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
 class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+
     def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             with pytest.raises(CertificateVerifyError):
@@ -329,7 +321,6 @@ def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
             assert r.status == 200
             r.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_ssl_error(self, handler):
         # HTTPS server with too old TLS version
         # XXX: is there a better way to test this than to create a new server?
@@ -347,7 +338,6 @@ def test_ssl_error(self, handler):
                 validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{https_port}/headers'))
             assert not issubclass(exc_info.type, CertificateVerifyError)
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_percent_encode(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             # Unicode characters should be encoded with uppercase percent-encoding
@@ -359,7 +349,6 @@ def test_percent_encode(self, handler):
             assert res.status == 200
             res.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('path', [
         '/a/b/./../../headers',
         '/redirect_dotsegments',
@@ -375,25 +364,22 @@ def test_remove_dot_segments(self, handler, path):
             assert res.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers'
             res.close()
 
-    # Not supported by CurlCFFI (non-standard)
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi (non-standard)')
     def test_unicode_path_redirection(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             r = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/302-non-ascii-redirect'))
             assert r.url == f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87.html'
             r.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_raise_http_error(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             for bad_status in (400, 500, 599, 302):
                 with pytest.raises(HTTPError):
-                    validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_%d' % (self.http_port, bad_status)))
+                    validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_{bad_status}'))
 
             # Should not raise an error
-            validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_200' % self.http_port)).close()
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200')).close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_response_url(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             # Response url should be that of the last url in redirect chain
@@ -405,7 +391,6 @@ def test_response_url(self, handler):
             res2.close()
 
     # Covers some basic cases we expect some level of consistency between request handlers for
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('redirect_status,method,expected', [
         # A 303 must either use GET or HEAD for subsequent request
         (303, 'POST', ('', 'GET', False)),
@@ -447,7 +432,6 @@ def test_redirect(self, handler, redirect_status, method, expected):
             assert expected[1] == res.headers.get('method')
             assert expected[2] == ('content-length' in headers.decode().lower())
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_request_cookie_header(self, handler):
         # We should accept a Cookie header being passed as in normal headers and handle it appropriately.
         with handler() as rh:
@@ -480,19 +464,16 @@ def test_request_cookie_header(self, handler):
             assert b'cookie: test=ytdlp' not in data.lower()
             assert b'cookie: test=test3' in data.lower()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_redirect_loop(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             with pytest.raises(HTTPError, match='redirect loop'):
                 validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/redirect_loop'))
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_incompleteread(self, handler):
         with handler(timeout=2) as rh:
             with pytest.raises(IncompleteRead, match='13 bytes read, 234221 more expected'):
-                validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/incompleteread' % self.http_port)).read()
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/incompleteread')).read()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_cookies(self, handler):
         cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
         cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
@@ -509,7 +490,6 @@ def test_cookies(self, handler):
                 rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', extensions={'cookiejar': cookiejar})).read()
             assert b'cookie: test=ytdlp' in data.lower()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_headers(self, handler):
 
         with handler(headers=HTTPHeaderDict({'test1': 'test', 'test2': 'test2'})) as rh:
@@ -525,7 +505,6 @@ def test_headers(self, handler):
             assert b'test2: test2' not in data
             assert b'test3: test3' in data
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_read_timeout(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             # Default timeout is 20 seconds, so this should go through
@@ -541,26 +520,21 @@ def test_read_timeout(self, handler):
             validate_and_send(
                 rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/timeout_1', extensions={'timeout': 4}))
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_connect_timeout(self, handler):
         # nothing should be listening on this port
         connect_timeout_url = 'http://10.255.255.255'
-        with handler(timeout=0.01) as rh:
+        with handler(timeout=0.01) as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
             now = time.time()
-            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
-                validate_and_send(
-                    rh, Request(connect_timeout_url))
-            assert 0.01 <= time.time() - now < 20
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request(connect_timeout_url))
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
-        with handler() as rh:
-            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
-                # Per request timeout, should override handler timeout
-                now = time.time()
-                validate_and_send(
-                    rh, Request(connect_timeout_url, extensions={'timeout': 0.01}))
-                assert 0.01 <= time.time() - now < 20
+        # Per request timeout, should override handler timeout
+        request = Request(connect_timeout_url, extensions={'timeout': 0.01})
+        with handler() as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
+            now = time.time()
+            validate_and_send(rh, request)
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_source_address(self, handler):
         source_address = f'127.0.0.{random.randint(5, 255)}'
         # on some systems these loopback addresses we need for testing may not be available
@@ -572,13 +546,13 @@ def test_source_address(self, handler):
             assert source_address == data
 
     # Not supported by CurlCFFI
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
     def test_gzip_trailing_garbage(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             data = validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://localhost:{self.http_port}/trailing_garbage')).read().decode()
             assert data == '<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not applicable to curl-cffi')
     @pytest.mark.skipif(not brotli, reason='brotli support is not installed')
     def test_brotli(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
@@ -589,7 +563,6 @@ def test_brotli(self, handler):
             assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'br'
             assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_deflate(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             res = validate_and_send(
@@ -599,7 +572,6 @@ def test_deflate(self, handler):
             assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'deflate'
             assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_gzip(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             res = validate_and_send(
@@ -609,7 +581,6 @@ def test_gzip(self, handler):
             assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'gzip'
             assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_multiple_encodings(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             for pair in ('gzip,deflate', 'deflate, gzip', 'gzip, gzip', 'deflate, deflate'):
@@ -620,8 +591,7 @@ def test_multiple_encodings(self, handler):
                 assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == pair
                 assert res.read() == b'<html><video src="/vid.mp4" /></html>'
 
-    # Not supported by curl_cffi
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handler('CurlCFFI', 'not supported by curl-cffi')
     def test_unsupported_encoding(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             res = validate_and_send(
@@ -631,7 +601,6 @@ def test_unsupported_encoding(self, handler):
             assert res.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'unsupported'
             assert res.read() == b'raw'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_read(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             res = validate_and_send(
@@ -642,83 +611,48 @@ def test_read(self, handler):
             assert res.read().decode().endswith('\n\n')
             assert res.read() == b''
 
+    def test_request_disable_proxy(self, handler):
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['http']:
+            # Given the handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'http': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                # When a proxy is explicitly set to None for the request
+                res = validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'http': None}))
+                # Then no proxy should be used
+                res.close()
+                assert res.status == 200
 
-class TestHTTPProxy(TestRequestHandlerBase):
-    # Note: this only tests http urls over non-CONNECT proxy
-    @classmethod
-    def setup_class(cls):
-        super().setup_class()
-        # HTTP Proxy server
-        cls.proxy = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
-            ('127.0.0.1', 0), _build_proxy_handler('normal'))
-        cls.proxy_port = http_server_port(cls.proxy)
-        cls.proxy_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.proxy.serve_forever)
-        cls.proxy_thread.daemon = True
-        cls.proxy_thread.start()
-
-        # Geo proxy server
-        cls.geo_proxy = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(
-            ('127.0.0.1', 0), _build_proxy_handler('geo'))
-        cls.geo_port = http_server_port(cls.geo_proxy)
-        cls.geo_proxy_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.geo_proxy.serve_forever)
-        cls.geo_proxy_thread.daemon = True
-        cls.geo_proxy_thread.start()
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
-    def test_http_proxy(self, handler):
-        http_proxy = f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.proxy_port}'
-        geo_proxy = f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.geo_port}'
-
-        # Test global http proxy
-        # Test per request http proxy
-        # Test per request http proxy disables proxy
-        url = 'http://foo.com/bar'
-
-        # Global HTTP proxy
-        with handler(proxies={'http': http_proxy}) as rh:
-            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(url)).read().decode()
-            assert res == f'normal: {url}'
-
-            # Per request proxy overrides global
-            res = validate_and_send(rh, Request(url, proxies={'http': geo_proxy})).read().decode()
-            assert res == f'geo: {url}'
-
-            # and setting to None disables all proxies for that request
-            real_url = f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers'
-            res = validate_and_send(
-                rh, Request(real_url, proxies={'http': None})).read().decode()
-            assert res != f'normal: {real_url}'
-            assert 'Accept' in res
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.NO_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support NO_PROXY')
     def test_noproxy(self, handler):
-        with handler(proxies={'proxy': f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.proxy_port}'}) as rh:
-            # NO_PROXY
-            for no_proxy in (f'127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}', '127.0.0.1', 'localhost'):
-                nop_response = validate_and_send(
-                    rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'no': no_proxy})).read().decode(
-                    'utf-8')
-                assert 'Accept' in nop_response
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['http']:
+            # Given the handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'http': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                for no_proxy in (f'127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}', '127.0.0.1', 'localhost'):
+                    # When request no proxy includes the request url host
+                    nop_response = validate_and_send(
+                        rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'no': no_proxy}))
+                    # Then the proxy should not be used
+                    assert nop_response.status == 200
+                    nop_response.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.ALL_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support ALL_PROXY')
     def test_allproxy(self, handler):
-        url = 'http://foo.com/bar'
-        with handler() as rh:
-            response = validate_and_send(rh, Request(url, proxies={'all': f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.proxy_port}'})).read().decode(
-                'utf-8')
-            assert response == f'normal: {url}'
+        # This is a bit of a hacky test, but it should be enough to check whether the handler is using the proxy.
+        # 0.1s might not be enough of a timeout if proxy is not used in all cases, but should still get failures.
+        with handler(proxies={'all': 'http://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers')).close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
-    def test_http_proxy_with_idn(self, handler):
-        with handler(proxies={
-            'http': f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.proxy_port}',
-        }) as rh:
-            url = 'http://中文.tw/'
-            response = rh.send(Request(url)).read().decode()
-            # b'xn--fiq228c' is '中文'.encode('idna')
-            assert response == 'normal: http://xn--fiq228c.tw/'
+        with handler(timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(
+                        f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/headers', proxies={'all': 'http://10.255.255.255'})).close()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
 class TestClientCertificate:
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
@@ -745,27 +679,23 @@ def _run_test(self, handler, **handler_kwargs):
         ) as rh:
             validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/video.html')).read().decode()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_certificate_combined_nopass(self, handler):
         self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithkey.crt'),
         })
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_certificate_nocombined_nopass(self, handler):
         self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
             'client_certificate_key': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.key'),
         })
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_certificate_combined_pass(self, handler):
         self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'clientwithencryptedkey.crt'),
             'client_certificate_password': 'foobar',
         })
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
     def test_certificate_nocombined_pass(self, handler):
         self._run_test(handler, client_cert={
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(self.certdir, 'client.crt'),
@@ -785,13 +715,32 @@ def test_supported_impersonate_targets(self, handler):
                 assert res.status == 200
                 assert std_headers['user-agent'].lower() not in res.read().decode().lower()
 
+    def test_response_extensions(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for target in rh.supported_targets:
+                request = Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200', extensions={'impersonate': target})
+                res = validate_and_send(rh, request)
+                assert res.extensions['impersonate'] == rh._get_request_target(request)
+
+    def test_http_error_response_extensions(self, handler):
+        with handler() as rh:
+            for target in rh.supported_targets:
+                request = Request(
+                    f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_404', extensions={'impersonate': target})
+                try:
+                    validate_and_send(rh, request)
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    res = e.response
+                assert res.extensions['impersonate'] == rh._get_request_target(request)
+
 
 class TestRequestHandlerMisc:
     """Misc generic tests for request handlers, not related to request or validation testing"""
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,logger_name', [
         ('Requests', 'urllib3'),
         ('Websockets', 'websockets.client'),
-        ('Websockets', 'websockets.server')
+        ('Websockets', 'websockets.server'),
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_remove_logging_handler(self, handler, logger_name):
         # Ensure any logging handlers, which may contain a YoutubeDL instance,
@@ -805,8 +754,8 @@ def test_remove_logging_handler(self, handler, logger_name):
         assert len(logging_handlers) == before_count
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
 class TestUrllibRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
     def test_file_urls(self, handler):
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227
         tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
@@ -828,7 +777,6 @@ def test_file_urls(self, handler):
 
         os.unlink(tf.name)
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
     def test_http_error_returns_content(self, handler):
         # urllib HTTPError will try close the underlying response if reference to the HTTPError object is lost
         def get_response():
@@ -841,31 +789,29 @@ def get_response():
 
         assert get_response().read() == b'<html></html>'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
     def test_verify_cert_error_text(self, handler):
         # Check the output of the error message
         with handler() as rh:
             with pytest.raises(
                 CertificateVerifyError,
-                match=r'\[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED\] certificate verify failed: self.signed certificate'
+                match=r'\[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED\] certificate verify failed: self.signed certificate',
             ):
                 validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('req,match,version_check', [
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1256
         # bpo-39603: Check implemented in 3.7.9+, 3.8.5+
         (
             Request('http://127.0.0.1', method='GET\n'),
             'method can\'t contain control characters',
-            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 9) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 5)
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 9) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 5),
         ),
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1265
         # bpo-38576: Check implemented in 3.7.8+, 3.8.3+
         (
             Request('http://127.0.0. 1', method='GET'),
             'URL can\'t contain control characters',
-            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 8) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 3)
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 8) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 3),
         ),
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1288C31-L1288C50
         (Request('http://127.0.0.1', headers={'foo\n': 'bar'}), 'Invalid header name', None),
@@ -894,7 +840,7 @@ class TestRequestsRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         (lambda: requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader(), RequestError),
         # catch-all: https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/src/requests/adapters.py#L535
         (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError(), TransportError),
-        (lambda: requests.exceptions.RequestException(), RequestError)
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.RequestException(), RequestError),
         #  (lambda: requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects(), HTTPError) - Needs a response object
     ])
     def test_request_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected):
@@ -922,12 +868,12 @@ def request(self, *args, **kwargs):
         (
             lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', http.client.IncompleteRead(partial=b'abc', expected=4)),
             IncompleteRead,
-            '3 bytes read, 4 more expected'
+            '3 bytes read, 4 more expected',
         ),
         (
             lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', urllib3.exceptions.IncompleteRead(partial=3, expected=5)),
             IncompleteRead,
-            '3 bytes read, 5 more expected'
+            '3 bytes read, 5 more expected',
         ),
     ])
     def test_response_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected, match):
@@ -1179,11 +1125,11 @@ class HTTPSupportedRH(ValidationRH):
             ('https', False, {}),
         ]),
         (NoCheckRH, [('http', False, {})]),
-        (ValidationRH, [('http', UnsupportedRequest, {})])
+        (ValidationRH, [('http', UnsupportedRequest, {})]),
     ]
 
     PROXY_SCHEME_TESTS = [
-        # scheme, expected to fail
+        # proxy scheme, expected to fail
         ('Urllib', 'http', [
             ('http', False),
             ('https', UnsupportedRequest),
@@ -1209,30 +1155,41 @@ class HTTPSupportedRH(ValidationRH):
             ('socks5', False),
             ('socks5h', False),
         ]),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws', [
+            ('http', UnsupportedRequest),
+            ('https', UnsupportedRequest),
+            ('socks4', False),
+            ('socks4a', False),
+            ('socks5', False),
+            ('socks5h', False),
+        ]),
         (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('http', False)]),
         (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
-        ('Websockets', 'ws', [('http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
         (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('http', False)]),
         (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
     ]
 
     PROXY_KEY_TESTS = [
-        # key, expected to fail
-        ('Urllib', [
-            ('all', False),
-            ('unrelated', False),
+        # proxy key, proxy scheme, expected to fail
+        ('Urllib', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
         ]),
-        ('Requests', [
-            ('all', False),
-            ('unrelated', False),
+        ('Requests', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
         ]),
-        ('CurlCFFI', [
-            ('all', False),
-            ('unrelated', False),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http', [
+            ('all', 'http', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'http', False),
         ]),
-        (NoCheckRH, [('all', False)]),
-        (HTTPSupportedRH, [('all', UnsupportedRequest)]),
-        (HTTPSupportedRH, [('no', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws', [
+            ('all', 'socks5', False),
+            ('unrelated', 'socks5', False),
+        ]),
+        (NoCheckRH, 'http', [('all', 'http', False)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('all', 'http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http', [('no', 'http', UnsupportedRequest)]),
     ]
 
     EXTENSION_TESTS = [
@@ -1262,7 +1219,7 @@ class HTTPSupportedRH(ValidationRH):
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', None, None, None)}, False),
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None)}, False),
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget()}, False),
-            ({'impersonate': 'chrome'}, AssertionError)
+            ({'impersonate': 'chrome'}, AssertionError),
         ]),
         (NoCheckRH, 'http', [
             ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, False),
@@ -1274,28 +1231,54 @@ class HTTPSupportedRH(ValidationRH):
         ]),
     ]
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,fail,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', False, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', False, 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', False, 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', False, 'ws'),
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_no_proxy(self, handler, fail, scheme):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'}))
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', 'http'),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_empty_proxy(self, handler, scheme):
+        run_validation(handler, False, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: None}))
+        run_validation(handler, False, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={scheme: None})
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy_url', ['//example.com', 'example.com', '127.0.0.1', '/a/b/c'])
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme', [
+        ('Urllib', 'http'),
+        (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
+        ('Requests', 'http'),
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
+        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
+    ], indirect=['handler'])
+    def test_invalid_proxy_url(self, handler, scheme, proxy_url):
+        run_validation(handler, UnsupportedRequest, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: proxy_url}))
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,fail,handler_kwargs', [
         (handler_tests[0], scheme, fail, handler_kwargs)
         for handler_tests in URL_SCHEME_TESTS
         for scheme, fail, handler_kwargs in handler_tests[1]
-
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_url_scheme(self, handler, scheme, fail, handler_kwargs):
         run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), **(handler_kwargs or {}))
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,fail', [('Urllib', False), ('Requests', False), ('CurlCFFI', False)], indirect=['handler'])
-    def test_no_proxy(self, handler, fail):
-        run_validation(handler, fail, Request('http://', proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'}))
-        run_validation(handler, fail, Request('http://'), proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'})
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,proxy_key,fail', [
-        (handler_tests[0], proxy_key, fail)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,proxy_key,proxy_scheme,fail', [
+        (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail)
         for handler_tests in PROXY_KEY_TESTS
-        for proxy_key, fail in handler_tests[1]
+        for proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail in handler_tests[2]
     ], indirect=['handler'])
-    def test_proxy_key(self, handler, proxy_key, fail):
-        run_validation(handler, fail, Request('http://', proxies={proxy_key: 'http://example.com'}))
-        run_validation(handler, fail, Request('http://'), proxies={proxy_key: 'http://example.com'})
+    def test_proxy_key(self, handler, scheme, proxy_key, proxy_scheme, fail):
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={proxy_key: f'{proxy_scheme}://example.com'}))
+        run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://'), proxies={proxy_key: f'{proxy_scheme}://example.com'})
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,req_scheme,scheme,fail', [
         (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], scheme, fail)
@@ -1306,16 +1289,6 @@ def test_proxy_scheme(self, handler, req_scheme, scheme, fail):
         run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{req_scheme}://', proxies={req_scheme: f'{scheme}://example.com'}))
         run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{req_scheme}://'), proxies={req_scheme: f'{scheme}://example.com'})
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', HTTPSupportedRH, 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
-    def test_empty_proxy(self, handler):
-        run_validation(handler, False, Request('http://', proxies={'http': None}))
-        run_validation(handler, False, Request('http://'), proxies={'http': None})
-
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy_url', ['//example.com', 'example.com', '127.0.0.1', '/a/b/c'])
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Urllib', 'Requests', 'CurlCFFI'], indirect=True)
-    def test_invalid_proxy_url(self, handler, proxy_url):
-        run_validation(handler, UnsupportedRequest, Request('http://', proxies={'http': proxy_url}))
-
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,scheme,extensions,fail', [
         (handler_tests[0], handler_tests[1], extensions, fail)
         for handler_tests in EXTENSION_TESTS
@@ -1501,7 +1474,7 @@ def test_compat_opener(self):
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy,expected', [
         ('http://127.0.0.1:8080', {'all': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'}),
         ('', {'all': '__noproxy__'}),
-        (None, {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081', 'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081'})  # env, set https
+        (None, {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081', 'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081'}),  # env, set https
     ])
     def test_proxy(self, proxy, expected, monkeypatch):
         monkeypatch.setenv('HTTP_PROXY', 'http://127.0.0.1:8081')
@@ -1573,7 +1546,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
         with FakeImpersonationRHYDL() as ydl:
             with pytest.raises(
                 RequestError,
-                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
             ):
                 ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
 
@@ -1585,7 +1558,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
                         pass
 
                     _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
-                    _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc',): 'test'}
+                    _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc'): 'test'}
                     _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = None
 
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -1594,14 +1567,14 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
         with FakeHTTPRHYDL() as ydl:
             with pytest.raises(
                 RequestError,
-                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
             ):
                 ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
 
     def test_raise_impersonate_error(self):
         with pytest.raises(
             YoutubeDLError,
-            match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+            match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
         ):
             FakeYDL({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)})
 
@@ -1619,7 +1592,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
         monkeypatch.setattr(FakeYDL, 'build_request_director', lambda cls, handlers, preferences=None: brh(cls, handlers=[IRH]))
 
         with FakeYDL({
-            'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
+            'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None),
         }) as ydl:
             rh = self.build_handler(ydl, IRH)
             assert rh.impersonate == ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
@@ -1631,7 +1604,7 @@ class TestRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler):
                 def _send(self, request: Request):
                     pass
                 _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
-                _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget(target_client,): 'test'}
+                _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget(target_client): 'test'}
                 RH_KEY = target_client
                 RH_NAME = target_client
             handlers.append(TestRH)
@@ -1641,7 +1614,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
             assert set(ydl._get_available_impersonate_targets()) == {
                 (ImpersonateTarget('xyz'), 'xyz'),
                 (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), 'abc'),
-                (ImpersonateTarget('asd'), 'asd')
+                (ImpersonateTarget('asd'), 'asd'),
             }
             assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget('abc'))
             assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget())
@@ -1864,7 +1837,7 @@ def test_copy(self):
             extensions={'cookiejar': CookieJar()},
             headers={'Accept-Encoding': 'br'},
             proxies={'http': 'http://127.0.0.1'},
-            data=[b'123']
+            data=[b'123'],
         )
         req_copy = req.copy()
         assert req_copy is not req
@@ -1890,7 +1863,7 @@ class AnotherRequest(Request):
         assert isinstance(req.copy(), AnotherRequest)
 
     def test_url(self):
-        req = Request(url='https://фtest.example.com/ some spaceв?ä=c',)
+        req = Request(url='https://фtest.example.com/ some spaceв?ä=c')
         assert req.url == 'https://xn--test-z6d.example.com/%20some%20space%D0%B2?%C3%A4=c'
 
         assert Request(url='//example.com').url == 'http://example.com'
@@ -1905,7 +1878,7 @@ class TestResponse:
         ('custom', 200, 'custom'),
         (None, 404, 'Not Found'),  # fallback status
         ('', 403, 'Forbidden'),
-        (None, 999, None)
+        (None, 999, None),
     ])
     def test_reason(self, reason, status, expected):
         res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), url='test://', headers={}, status=status, reason=reason)
@@ -1960,7 +1933,7 @@ def test_target_from_str(self, target_str, expected):
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('target_str', [
         '-120', ':-12.0', '-12:-12', '-:-',
-        '::', 'a-c-d:', 'a-c-d:e-f-g', 'a:b:'
+        '::', 'a-c-d:', 'a-c-d:e-f-g', 'a:b:',
     ])
     def test_target_from_invalid_str(self, target_str):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -1976,7 +1949,7 @@ def test_target_from_invalid_str(self, target_str):
         (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None), 'abc-120:xyz'),
         (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz'), 'abc:xyz'),
         (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, 'xyz', '6.5'), ':xyz-6.5'),
-        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', ), 'abc'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), 'abc'),
         (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None), ''),
     ])
     def test_str(self, target, expected):
diff --git a/test/test_networking_utils.py b/test/test_networking_utils.py
index b7b71430e..204fe87bd 100644
--- a/test/test_networking_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_networking_utils.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def test_select_proxy(self):
         proxies = {
             'all': 'socks5://example.com',
             'http': 'http://example.com:1080',
-            'no': 'bypass.example.com,yt-dl.org'
+            'no': 'bypass.example.com,yt-dl.org',
         }
 
         assert select_proxy('https://example.com', proxies) == proxies['all']
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_select_proxy(self):
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': True,
             'username': None,
-            'password': None
+            'password': None,
         }),
         ('socks5://user:@example.com:5555', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS5,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def test_select_proxy(self):
             'port': 5555,
             'rdns': False,
             'username': 'user',
-            'password': ''
+            'password': '',
         }),
         ('socks4://u%40ser:pa%20ss@127.0.0.1:1080', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS4,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_select_proxy(self):
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': False,
             'username': 'u@ser',
-            'password': 'pa ss'
+            'password': 'pa ss',
         }),
         ('socks4a://:pa%20ss@127.0.0.1', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS4A,
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ def test_select_proxy(self):
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': True,
             'username': '',
-            'password': 'pa ss'
-        })
+            'password': 'pa ss',
+        }),
     ])
     def test_make_socks_proxy_opts(self, socks_proxy, expected):
         assert make_socks_proxy_opts(socks_proxy) == expected
diff --git a/test/test_overwrites.py b/test/test_overwrites.py
index 6954c07f9..0beafdf12 100644
--- a/test/test_overwrites.py
+++ b/test/test_overwrites.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def test_default_overwrites(self):
             [
                 sys.executable, 'yt_dlp/__main__.py',
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
-                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw'
+                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
         sout, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' in sout)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def test_yes_overwrites(self):
             [
                 sys.executable, 'yt_dlp/__main__.py', '--yes-overwrites',
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
-                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw'
+                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
         sout, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' not in sout)
diff --git a/test/test_plugins.py b/test/test_plugins.py
index 6cde579e1..c82158e9f 100644
--- a/test/test_plugins.py
+++ b/test/test_plugins.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_extractor_classes(self):
 
         # don't load modules with underscore prefix
         self.assertFalse(
-            f'{PACKAGE_NAME}.extractor._ignore' in sys.modules.keys(),
+            f'{PACKAGE_NAME}.extractor._ignore' in sys.modules,
             'loaded module beginning with underscore')
         self.assertNotIn('IgnorePluginIE', plugins_ie.keys())
 
diff --git a/test/test_post_hooks.py b/test/test_post_hooks.py
index 3778d1794..6500dd386 100644
--- a/test/test_post_hooks.py
+++ b/test/test_post_hooks.py
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def hook_two(self, filename):
 
     def hook_three(self, filename):
         self.files.append(filename)
-        raise Exception('Test exception for \'%s\'' % filename)
+        raise Exception(f'Test exception for \'{filename}\'')
 
     def tearDown(self):
         for f in self.files:
diff --git a/test/test_postprocessors.py b/test/test_postprocessors.py
index 52e558772..603f85c65 100644
--- a/test/test_postprocessors.py
+++ b/test/test_postprocessors.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.compat import compat_shlex_quote
+from yt_dlp.utils import shell_quote
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor import (
     ExecPP,
     FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TestExec(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parse_cmd(self):
         pp = ExecPP(YoutubeDL(), '')
         info = {'filepath': 'file name'}
-        cmd = 'echo %s' % compat_shlex_quote(info['filepath'])
+        cmd = 'echo {}'.format(shell_quote(info['filepath']))
 
         self.assertEqual(pp.parse_cmd('echo', info), cmd)
         self.assertEqual(pp.parse_cmd('echo {}', info), cmd)
@@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CanGetThroughUnaltered(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, chapters, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'preview'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'filler')]
@@ -136,7 +137,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsors(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorBlockChapters(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'chapter', title='sb c1'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(15, 16, 'chapter', title='sb c2'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'preview'),
@@ -149,10 +151,14 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorBlockChapters(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_UniqueNamesForOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([120], ['c']) + [
-            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 45, 'sponsor'), self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'selfpromo'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'sponsor'), self._sponsor_chapter(60, 85, 'selfpromo'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(90, 120, 'selfpromo'), self._sponsor_chapter(100, 110, 'sponsor')]
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([120], ['c']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 45, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(60, 85, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(90, 120, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(100, 110, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120],
             ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor, Unpaid/Self Promotion',
@@ -172,7 +178,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithCuts(self):
             chapters, self._chapters([40], ['c']), cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsorsAndCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'interaction')]
@@ -185,24 +192,29 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsorsAndCuts(self):
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsorCutInTheMiddle(self):
         cuts = [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
                 self._chapter(40, 50, remove=True)]
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor')] + cuts
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
+            *cuts]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 40, 50], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithCutHidingSponsor(self):
         cuts = [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True)]
-        chapters = self._chapters([60], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([60], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro'),
-        ] + cuts
+            *cuts]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 30], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'selfpromo'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'interaction')]
@@ -213,7 +225,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentSponsors(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'interaction', remove=True),
             self._chapter(30, 40, remove=True),
@@ -226,7 +239,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentCuts(self):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(20, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'interaction')]
@@ -238,7 +252,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingSponsors(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'interaction', remove=True)]
@@ -246,7 +261,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingCuts(self):
             chapters, self._chapters([20], ['c']), [self._chapter(10, 60, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([170], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([170], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(0, 30, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'selfpromo'),
@@ -267,7 +283,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsors(sel
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([170], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([170], ['c']),
             self._chapter(0, 30, remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'sponsor', remove=True),
             self._chapter(40, 60, remove=True),
@@ -284,7 +301,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingCuts(self):
             chapters, self._chapters([20], ['c']), expected_cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_OverlappingSponsorsDifferentTitlesAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([60], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([60], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 40, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'interaction'),
@@ -297,7 +315,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_OverlappingSponsorsDifferentTitlesAfterC
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsNoLongerOverlapAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'interaction'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
@@ -310,7 +329,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsNoLongerOverlapAfterCut(self):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsStillOverlapAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 60, 'interaction'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True)]
@@ -321,7 +341,8 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsStillOverlapAfterCut(self):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsorsAndCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([200], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([200], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 40, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'intro'),
             self._chapter(20, 30, remove=True),
@@ -347,8 +368,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsorsAndC
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, expected_cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorOverlapsMultipleChapters(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 60, 80, 100], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4', 'c5'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 90, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 60, 80, 100], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4', 'c5']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 90, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 90, 100], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c5'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -359,9 +381,10 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutOverlapsMultipleChapters(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsWithinSomeChaptersAndOverlappingOthers(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 40, 60, 80], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor'),
-                       self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'selfpromo')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 40, 60, 80], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'selfpromo')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80],
                                   ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c2', 'c3',
                                    '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion', 'c4'])
@@ -374,8 +397,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutsWithinSomeChaptersAndOverlappingOthe
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChaptersAfterLastSponsor(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 50, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'music_offtopic')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 50, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'music_offtopic')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 30, 40, 50, 60],
             ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Non-Music Section', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
@@ -388,8 +412,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChaptersAfterLastCut(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorStartsAtChapterStart(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -400,8 +425,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutStartsAtChapterStart(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorEndsAtChapterEnd(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -412,8 +438,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutEndsAtChapterEnd(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorCoincidesWithChapters(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c4'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -424,8 +451,9 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutCoincidesWithChapters(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsAtVideoBoundaries(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 10, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 10, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 40, 50, 60], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', 'c1', 'c2', 'c3', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
@@ -437,8 +465,10 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutsAtVideoBoundaries(self):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsOverlapChaptersAtVideoBoundaries(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 40, 50], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 40, 50], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [20, 30, 50], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
@@ -450,8 +480,10 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_CutsOverlapChaptersAtVideoBoundaries(sel
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_EverythingSponsored(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters([20, 40], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -491,38 +523,39 @@ def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinyChapterAtTheStartPrependedToTheNext(
             chapters, self._chapters([2.5], ['c2']), cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinyChaptersResultingFromSponsorOverlapAreIgnored(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([1, 3, 4], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([1, 3, 4], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1.5, 2.5, 'sponsor')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1.5, 2.5, 4], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinySponsorsOverlapsAreIgnored(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([2, 3, 5], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([2, 3, 5], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1, 3, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(2.5, 4, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(2.5, 4, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1, 3, 4, 5], [
                 'c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion', 'c3']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinySponsorsPrependedToTheNextSponsor(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([4], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([4], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1.5, 2, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(2, 4, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(2, 4, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1.5, 4], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SmallestSponsorInTheOverlapGetsNamed(self):
         self._pp._sponsorblock_chapter_title = '[SponsorBlock]: %(name)s'
-        chapters = self._chapters([10], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(2, 8, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(4, 6, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(4, 6, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [
                 'c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion',
-                '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c'
+                '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c',
             ]), [])
 
     def test_make_concat_opts_CommonCase(self):
diff --git a/test/test_socks.py b/test/test_socks.py
index 43d612d85..68af19d0c 100644
--- a/test/test_socks.py
+++ b/test/test_socks.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def handle(self):
             return
 
         elif Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS in methods:
-            self.connection.sendall(struct.pack("!BB", SOCKS5_VERSION, Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS))
+            self.connection.sendall(struct.pack('!BB', SOCKS5_VERSION, Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS))
 
             _, user_len = struct.unpack('!BB', self.connection.recv(2))
             username = self.connection.recv(user_len).decode()
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def handle(self):
         if 0x0 < dest_ip <= 0xFF:
             use_remote_dns = True
         else:
-            socks_info['ipv4_address'] = socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack("!I", dest_ip))
+            socks_info['ipv4_address'] = socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('!I', dest_ip))
 
         user_id = self._read_until_null().decode()
         if user_id != (self.socks_kwargs.get('user_id') or ''):
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ def ctx(request):
         ('Urllib', 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('Websockets', 'ws'),
-        ('CurlCFFI', 'http')
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
     ], indirect=True)
 class TestSocks4Proxy:
     def test_socks4_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ def test_timeout(self, handler, ctx):
         ('Urllib', 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('Websockets', 'ws'),
-        ('CurlCFFI', 'http')
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
     ], indirect=True)
 class TestSocks5Proxy:
 
diff --git a/test/test_subtitles.py b/test/test_subtitles.py
index 57362895f..f3b005617 100644
--- a/test/test_subtitles.py
+++ b/test/test_subtitles.py
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.ie = self.IE()
         self.DL.add_info_extractor(self.ie)
         if not self.IE.working():
-            print('Skipping: %s marked as not _WORKING' % self.IE.ie_key())
+            print(f'Skipping: {self.IE.ie_key()} marked as not _WORKING')
             self.skipTest('IE marked as not _WORKING')
 
     def getInfoDict(self):
-        info_dict = self.DL.extract_info(self.url, download=False)
-        return info_dict
+        return self.DL.extract_info(self.url, download=False)
 
     def getSubtitles(self):
         info_dict = self.getInfoDict()
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ def test_youtube_allsubtitles(self):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'ae1bd34126571a77aabd4d276b28044d')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '0e0b667ba68411d88fd1c5f4f4eab2f9')
         for lang in ['fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
     def _test_subtitles_format(self, fmt, md5_hash, lang='en'):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '976553874490cba125086bbfea3ff76f')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), '594564ec7d588942e384e920e5341792')
         for lang in ['es', 'fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
     def test_nosubtitles(self):
         self.DL.expect_warning('video doesn\'t have subtitles')
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ def test_allsubtitles(self):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '4262c1665ff928a2dada178f62cb8d14')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), '66a63f7f42c97a50f8c0e90bc7797bb5')
         for lang in ['es', 'fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
 
 @is_download_test
diff --git a/test/test_traversal.py b/test/test_traversal.py
index 9b2a27b08..5d9fbe1d1 100644
--- a/test/test_traversal.py
+++ b/test/test_traversal.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def test_traversal_base(self):
             'allow tuple path'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['str']) == 'str', \
             'allow list path'
-        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (value for value in ("str",))) == 'str', \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (value for value in ('str',))) == 'str', \
             'allow iterable path'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'str') == 'str', \
             'single items should be treated as a path'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_traversal_function(self):
 
     def test_traversal_set(self):
         # transformation/type, like `expected_type`
-        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str.upper}, )) == ['STR'], \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str.upper})) == ['STR'], \
             'Function in set should be a transformation'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str})) == ['str'], \
             'Type in set should be a type filter'
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ def test_traversal_traverse_string(self):
             '`...` should result in string (same value) if `traverse_string`'
         assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', slice(0, None, 2)), traverse_string=True) == 'sr', \
             '`slice` should result in string if `traverse_string`'
-        assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', lambda i, v: i or v == "s"), traverse_string=True) == 'str', \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', lambda i, v: i or v == 's'), traverse_string=True) == 'str', \
             'function should result in string if `traverse_string`'
         assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', (0, 2)), traverse_string=True) == ['s', 'r'], \
             'branching should result in list if `traverse_string`'
diff --git a/test/test_update.py b/test/test_update.py
index bc139562f..63a21e445 100644
--- a/test/test_update.py
+++ b/test/test_update.py
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT = '# This file is used for regulating self-update'
 
-TEST_LOCKFILE_V1 = r'''%s
+TEST_LOCKFILE_V1 = rf'''{TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT}
 lock 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
 lock 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lock 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
-''' % TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT
+'''
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL = r'''%s
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL = TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL % TEST_LOCKFILE_V1.rstrip('\n')
 
-TEST_LOCKFILE_FORK = r'''%s# Test if a fork blocks updates to non-numeric tags
+TEST_LOCKFILE_FORK = rf'''{TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL}# Test if a fork blocks updates to non-numeric tags
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr0000 .+ Python 3.6
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr1234 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr1234 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr9999 .+ Python 3.11
-''' % TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL
+'''
 
 
 class FakeUpdater(Updater):
diff --git a/test/test_utils.py b/test/test_utils.py
index ddf0a7c24..251739686 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import sys
 import unittest
 import warnings
+import datetime as dt
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
     LazyList,
+    NO_DEFAULT,
     OnDemandPagedList,
     Popen,
     age_restricted,
@@ -274,8 +276,8 @@ def env(var):
             self.assertEqual(expand_path(env('HOME')), os.getenv('HOME'))
             self.assertEqual(expand_path('~'), os.getenv('HOME'))
             self.assertEqual(
-                expand_path('~/%s' % env('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH')),
-                '%s/expanded' % os.getenv('HOME'))
+                expand_path('~/{}'.format(env('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH'))),
+                '{}/expanded'.format(os.getenv('HOME')))
         finally:
             os.environ['HOME'] = old_home or ''
 
@@ -354,12 +356,12 @@ def test_datetime_from_str(self):
         self.assertEqual(datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='hour'), datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='auto'))
 
     def test_daterange(self):
-        _20century = DateRange("19000101", "20000101")
-        self.assertFalse("17890714" in _20century)
-        _ac = DateRange("00010101")
-        self.assertTrue("19690721" in _ac)
-        _firstmilenium = DateRange(end="10000101")
-        self.assertTrue("07110427" in _firstmilenium)
+        _20century = DateRange('19000101', '20000101')
+        self.assertFalse('17890714' in _20century)
+        _ac = DateRange('00010101')
+        self.assertTrue('19690721' in _ac)
+        _firstmilenium = DateRange(end='10000101')
+        self.assertTrue('07110427' in _firstmilenium)
 
     def test_unified_dates(self):
         self.assertEqual(unified_strdate('December 21, 2010'), '20101221')
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ def test_xpath_attr(self):
         self.assertRaises(ExtractorError, xpath_attr, doc, 'div/p', 'y', fatal=True)
 
     def test_smuggle_url(self):
-        data = {"ö": "ö", "abc": [3]}
+        data = {'ö': 'ö', 'abc': [3]}
         url = 'https://foo.bar/baz?x=y#a'
         smug_url = smuggle_url(url, data)
         unsmug_url, unsmug_data = unsmuggle_url(smug_url)
@@ -768,6 +770,11 @@ def test_encode_compat_str(self):
 
     def test_parse_iso8601(self):
         self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T23:04:26+0100'), 1395612266)
+        self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T23:04:26-07:00'), 1395641066)
+        self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T23:04:26', timezone=dt.timedelta(hours=-7)), 1395641066)
+        self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T23:04:26', timezone=NO_DEFAULT), None)
+        # default does not override timezone in date_str
+        self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T23:04:26-07:00', timezone=dt.timedelta(hours=-10)), 1395641066)
         self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T22:04:26+0000'), 1395612266)
         self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T22:04:26Z'), 1395612266)
         self.assertEqual(parse_iso8601('2014-03-23T22:04:26.1234Z'), 1395612266)
@@ -777,7 +784,7 @@ def test_parse_iso8601(self):
     def test_strip_jsonp(self):
         stripped = strip_jsonp('cb ([ {"id":"532cb",\n\n\n"x":\n3}\n]\n);')
         d = json.loads(stripped)
-        self.assertEqual(d, [{"id": "532cb", "x": 3}])
+        self.assertEqual(d, [{'id': '532cb', 'x': 3}])
 
         stripped = strip_jsonp('parseMetadata({"STATUS":"OK"})\n\n\n//epc')
         d = json.loads(stripped)
@@ -915,19 +922,19 @@ def test_escape_rfc3986(self):
     def test_normalize_url(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavré_FD.mp4'),
-            'http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavre%CC%81_FD.mp4'
+            'http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavre%CC%81_FD.mp4',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erklärt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290'),
-            'http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erkl%C3%A4rt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290'
+            'http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erkl%C3%A4rt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://тест.рф/фрагмент'),
-            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82'
+            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://тест.рф/абв?абв=абв#абв'),
-            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2?%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2=%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2#%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2'
+            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2?%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2=%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2#%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2',
         )
         self.assertEqual(normalize_url('http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0'), 'http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0')
 
@@ -972,7 +979,7 @@ def test_js_to_json_vars_strings(self):
                     'e': 'false',
                     'f': '"false"',
                     'g': 'var',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'null': None,
@@ -981,8 +988,8 @@ def test_js_to_json_vars_strings(self):
                 'trueStr': 'true',
                 'false': False,
                 'falseStr': 'false',
-                'unresolvedVar': 'var'
-            }
+                'unresolvedVar': 'var',
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertDictEqual(
@@ -998,14 +1005,14 @@ def test_js_to_json_vars_strings(self):
                     'b': '"123"',
                     'c': '1.23',
                     'd': '"1.23"',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'int': 123,
                 'intStr': '123',
                 'float': 1.23,
                 'floatStr': '1.23',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertDictEqual(
@@ -1021,14 +1028,14 @@ def test_js_to_json_vars_strings(self):
                     'b': '"{}"',
                     'c': '[]',
                     'd': '"[]"',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'object': {},
                 'objectStr': '{}',
                 'array': [],
                 'arrayStr': '[]',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def test_js_to_json_realworld(self):
@@ -1074,7 +1081,7 @@ def test_js_to_json_realworld(self):
 
     def test_js_to_json_edgecases(self):
         on = js_to_json("{abc_def:'1\\'\\\\2\\\\\\'3\"4'}")
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {"abc_def": "1'\\2\\'3\"4"})
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {'abc_def': "1'\\2\\'3\"4"})
 
         on = js_to_json('{"abc": true}')
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {'abc': True})
@@ -1106,9 +1113,9 @@ def test_js_to_json_edgecases(self):
             'c': 0,
             'd': 42.42,
             'e': [],
-            'f': "abc",
-            'g': "",
-            '42': 42
+            'f': 'abc',
+            'g': '',
+            '42': 42,
         })
 
         on = js_to_json('["abc", "def",]')
@@ -1202,8 +1209,8 @@ def test_js_to_json_common_constructors(self):
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('Array(5, 10)')), [5, 10])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Array(15,5)')), [15, 5])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Map([Array(5, 10),new Array(15,5)])')), {'5': 10, '15': 5})
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date("123")')), "123")
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date(\'2023-10-19\')')), "2023-10-19")
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date("123")')), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date(\'2023-10-19\')')), '2023-10-19')
 
     def test_extract_attributes(self):
         self.assertEqual(extract_attributes('<e x="y">'), {'x': 'y'})
@@ -1258,7 +1265,7 @@ def test_intlist_to_bytes(self):
     def test_args_to_str(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             args_to_str(['foo', 'ba/r', '-baz', '2 be', '']),
-            'foo ba/r -baz \'2 be\' \'\'' if compat_os_name != 'nt' else 'foo ba/r -baz "2 be" ""'
+            'foo ba/r -baz \'2 be\' \'\'' if compat_os_name != 'nt' else 'foo ba/r -baz "2 be" ""',
         )
 
     def test_parse_filesize(self):
@@ -1341,10 +1348,10 @@ def test_is_html(self):
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-8 with BOM
             b'\xef\xbb\xbf<!DOCTYPE foo>\xaaa'))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-16-LE
-            b'\xff\xfe<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4\x00'
+            b'\xff\xfe<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4\x00',
         ))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-16-BE
-            b'\xfe\xff\x00<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4'
+            b'\xfe\xff\x00<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4',
         ))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-32-BE
             b'\x00\x00\xFE\xFF\x00\x00\x00<\x00\x00\x00h\x00\x00\x00t\x00\x00\x00m\x00\x00\x00l\x00\x00\x00>\x00\x00\x00\xe4'))
@@ -1928,7 +1935,7 @@ def test_locked_file(self):
                             with locked_file(FILE, test_mode, False):
                                 pass
                         except (BlockingIOError, PermissionError):
-                            if not testing_write:  # FIXME
+                            if not testing_write:  # FIXME: blocked read access
                                 print(f'Known issue: Exclusive lock ({lock_mode}) blocks read access ({test_mode})')
                                 continue
                             self.assertTrue(testing_write, f'{test_mode} is blocked by {lock_mode}')
@@ -1996,7 +2003,7 @@ def total(*x, **kwargs):
                          msg='int fn with expected_type int should give int')
         self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1, expected_type=dict), None,
                          msg='int fn with wrong expected_type should give None')
-        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, args=(0, 1, 0, ), expected_type=int), 1,
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, args=(0, 1, 0), expected_type=int), 1,
                          msg='fn should accept arglist')
         self.assertEqual(try_call(total, kwargs={'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}, expected_type=int), 1,
                          msg='fn should accept kwargs')
@@ -2059,7 +2066,22 @@ def test_extract_basic_auth(self):
         assert extract_basic_auth('http://user:pass@foo.bar') == ('http://foo.bar', 'Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz')
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(compat_os_name == 'nt', 'Only relevant on Windows')
-    def test_Popen_windows_escaping(self):
+    def test_windows_escaping(self):
+        tests = [
+            'test"&',
+            '%CMDCMDLINE:~-1%&',
+            'a\nb',
+            '"',
+            '\\',
+            '!',
+            '^!',
+            'a \\ b',
+            'a \\" b',
+            'a \\ b\\',
+            # We replace \r with \n
+            ('a\r\ra', 'a\n\na'),
+        ]
+
         def run_shell(args):
             stdout, stderr, error = Popen.run(
                 args, text=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
@@ -2067,15 +2089,15 @@ def run_shell(args):
             assert not error
             return stdout
 
-        # Test escaping
-        assert run_shell(['echo', 'test"&']) == '"test""&"\n'
-        assert run_shell(['echo', '%CMDCMDLINE:~-1%&']) == '"%CMDCMDLINE:~-1%&"\n'
-        assert run_shell(['echo', 'a\nb']) == '"a"\n"b"\n'
-        assert run_shell(['echo', '"']) == '""""\n'
-        assert run_shell(['echo', '\\']) == '\\\n'
-        # Test if delayed expansion is disabled
-        assert run_shell(['echo', '^!']) == '"^!"\n'
-        assert run_shell('echo "^!"') == '"^!"\n'
+        for argument in tests:
+            if isinstance(argument, str):
+                expected = argument
+            else:
+                argument, expected = argument
+
+            args = [sys.executable, '-c', 'import sys; print(end=sys.argv[1])', argument, 'end']
+            assert run_shell(args) == expected
+            assert run_shell(shell_quote(args, shell=True)) == expected
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/test/test_websockets.py b/test/test_websockets.py
index b294b0932..5f101abcc 100644
--- a/test/test_websockets.py
+++ b/test/test_websockets.py
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 # Allow direct execution
 import os
 import sys
+import time
 
 import pytest
 
 from test.helper import verify_address_availability
+from yt_dlp.networking.common import Features, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@
 import ssl
 import threading
 
-from yt_dlp import socks
+from yt_dlp import socks, traverse_obj
 from yt_dlp.cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar
 from yt_dlp.dependencies import websockets
 from yt_dlp.networking import Request
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@ def ws_validate_and_send(rh, req):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not websockets, reason='websockets must be installed to test websocket request handlers')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
 class TestWebsSocketRequestHandlerConformance:
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
@@ -129,7 +132,6 @@ def setup_class(cls):
         cls.mtls_wss_thread, cls.mtls_wss_port = create_mtls_wss_websocket_server()
         cls.mtls_wss_base_url = f'wss://127.0.0.1:{cls.mtls_wss_port}'
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_basic_websockets(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             ws = ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url))
@@ -141,7 +143,6 @@ def test_basic_websockets(self, handler):
 
     # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6455.html#section-5.6
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('msg,opcode', [('str', 1), (b'bytes', 2)])
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_send_types(self, handler, msg, opcode):
         with handler() as rh:
             ws = ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url))
@@ -149,7 +150,6 @@ def test_send_types(self, handler, msg, opcode):
             assert int(ws.recv()) == opcode
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             with pytest.raises(CertificateVerifyError):
@@ -160,14 +160,12 @@ def test_verify_cert(self, handler):
             assert ws.status == 101
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_ssl_error(self, handler):
         with handler(verify=False) as rh:
             with pytest.raises(SSLError, match=r'ssl(?:v3|/tls) alert handshake failure') as exc_info:
                 ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.bad_wss_host))
             assert not issubclass(exc_info.type, CertificateVerifyError)
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('path,expected', [
         # Unicode characters should be encoded with uppercase percent-encoding
         ('/中文', '/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87'),
@@ -182,7 +180,6 @@ def test_percent_encode(self, handler, path, expected):
             assert ws.status == 101
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_remove_dot_segments(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             # This isn't a comprehensive test,
@@ -195,7 +192,6 @@ def test_remove_dot_segments(self, handler):
 
     # We are restricted to known HTTP status codes in http.HTTPStatus
     # Redirects are not supported for websockets
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('status', (200, 204, 301, 302, 303, 400, 500, 511))
     def test_raise_http_error(self, handler, status):
         with handler() as rh:
@@ -203,17 +199,30 @@ def test_raise_http_error(self, handler, status):
                 ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'{self.ws_base_url}/gen_{status}'))
             assert exc_info.value.status == status
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('params,extensions', [
         ({'timeout': sys.float_info.min}, {}),
         ({}, {'timeout': sys.float_info.min}),
     ])
-    def test_timeout(self, handler, params, extensions):
+    def test_read_timeout(self, handler, params, extensions):
         with handler(**params) as rh:
             with pytest.raises(TransportError):
                 ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url, extensions=extensions))
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
+    def test_connect_timeout(self, handler):
+        # nothing should be listening on this port
+        connect_timeout_url = 'ws://10.255.255.255'
+        with handler(timeout=0.01) as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
+            now = time.time()
+            ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(connect_timeout_url))
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        # Per request timeout, should override handler timeout
+        request = Request(connect_timeout_url, extensions={'timeout': 0.01})
+        with handler() as rh, pytest.raises(TransportError):
+            now = time.time()
+            ws_validate_and_send(rh, request)
+        assert time.time() - now < DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
     def test_cookies(self, handler):
         cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
         cookiejar.set_cookie(http.cookiejar.Cookie(
@@ -239,7 +248,6 @@ def test_cookies(self, handler):
             assert json.loads(ws.recv())['cookie'] == 'test=ytdlp'
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_source_address(self, handler):
         source_address = f'127.0.0.{random.randint(5, 255)}'
         verify_address_availability(source_address)
@@ -249,7 +257,6 @@ def test_source_address(self, handler):
             assert source_address == ws.recv()
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_response_url(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
             url = f'{self.ws_base_url}/something'
@@ -257,7 +264,6 @@ def test_response_url(self, handler):
             assert ws.url == url
             ws.close()
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_request_headers(self, handler):
         with handler(headers=HTTPHeaderDict({'test1': 'test', 'test2': 'test2'})) as rh:
             # Global Headers
@@ -291,18 +297,55 @@ def test_request_headers(self, handler):
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(MTLS_CERT_DIR, 'client.crt'),
             'client_certificate_key': os.path.join(MTLS_CERT_DIR, 'clientencrypted.key'),
             'client_certificate_password': 'foobar',
-        }
+        },
     ))
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler', ['Websockets'], indirect=True)
     def test_mtls(self, handler, client_cert):
         with handler(
             # Disable client-side validation of unacceptable self-signed testcert.pem
             # The test is of a check on the server side, so unaffected
             verify=False,
-            client_cert=client_cert
+            client_cert=client_cert,
         ) as rh:
             ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.mtls_wss_base_url)).close()
 
+    def test_request_disable_proxy(self, handler):
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['ws']:
+            # Given handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'ws': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                # When a proxy is explicitly set to None for the request
+                ws = ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url, proxies={'http': None}))
+                # Then no proxy should be used
+                assert ws.status == 101
+                ws.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.NO_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support NO_PROXY')
+    def test_noproxy(self, handler):
+        for proxy_proto in handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES or ['ws']:
+            # Given the handler is configured with a proxy
+            with handler(proxies={'ws': f'{proxy_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=5) as rh:
+                for no_proxy in (f'127.0.0.1:{self.ws_port}', '127.0.0.1', 'localhost'):
+                    # When request no proxy includes the request url host
+                    ws = ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url, proxies={'no': no_proxy}))
+                    # Then the proxy should not be used
+                    assert ws.status == 101
+                    ws.close()
+
+    @pytest.mark.skip_handlers_if(
+        lambda _, handler: Features.ALL_PROXY not in handler._SUPPORTED_FEATURES, 'handler does not support ALL_PROXY')
+    def test_allproxy(self, handler):
+        supported_proto = traverse_obj(handler._SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES, 0, default='ws')
+        # This is a bit of a hacky test, but it should be enough to check whether the handler is using the proxy.
+        # 0.1s might not be enough of a timeout if proxy is not used in all cases, but should still get failures.
+        with handler(proxies={'all': f'{supported_proto}://10.255.255.255'}, timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.ws_base_url)).close()
+
+        with handler(timeout=0.1) as rh:
+            with pytest.raises(TransportError):
+                ws_validate_and_send(
+                    rh, Request(self.ws_base_url, proxies={'all': f'{supported_proto}://10.255.255.255'})).close()
+
 
 def create_fake_ws_connection(raised):
     import websockets.sync.client
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_misc.py b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
index 81be5d3c9..81b116217 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_misc.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 class TestYoutubeMisc(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_youtube_extract(self):
-        assertExtractId = lambda url, id: self.assertEqual(YoutubeIE.extract_id(url), id)
+        assertExtractId = lambda url, video_id: self.assertEqual(YoutubeIE.extract_id(url), video_id)
         assertExtractId('http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
         assertExtractId('https://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
         assertExtractId('https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_signature.py b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
index c5592845b..bfaff83a0 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflBb0OQx.js',
         84,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ0STUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,@./:;<=>'
+        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ0STUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,@./:;<=>',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vfl9FYC6l.js',
         83,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqr0tuvwxyzABCDETGHIJKLMNOPQRS>UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=F'
+        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqr0tuvwxyzABCDETGHIJKLMNOPQRS>UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=F',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflCGk6yw/html5player.js',
         '4646B5181C6C3020DF1D9C7FCFEA.AD80ABF70C39BD369CCCAE780AFBB98FA6B6CB42766249D9488C288',
-        '82C8849D94266724DC6B6AF89BBFA087EACCD963.B93C07FBA084ACAEFCF7C9D1FD0203C6C1815B6B'
+        '82C8849D94266724DC6B6AF89BBFA087EACCD963.B93C07FBA084ACAEFCF7C9D1FD0203C6C1815B6B',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflKjOTVq/html5player.js',
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ def tearDown(self):
 def t_factory(name, sig_func, url_pattern):
     def make_tfunc(url, sig_input, expected_sig):
         m = url_pattern.match(url)
-        assert m, '%r should follow URL format' % url
+        assert m, f'{url!r} should follow URL format'
         test_id = m.group('id')
 
         def test_func(self):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
index 9f730d038..5abcb4635 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@
     determine_protocol,
     encode_compat_str,
     encodeFilename,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     escapeHTML,
     expand_path,
     extract_basic_auth,
@@ -583,7 +582,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         'player_url', 'protocol', 'fragment_base_url', 'fragments', 'is_from_start', 'is_dash_periods', 'request_data',
         'preference', 'language', 'language_preference', 'quality', 'source_preference', 'cookies',
         'http_headers', 'stretched_ratio', 'no_resume', 'has_drm', 'extra_param_to_segment_url', 'hls_aes', 'downloader_options',
-        'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version', 'rtmp_live', 'rtmp_conn', 'rtmp_protocol', 'rtmp_real_time'
+        'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version', 'rtmp_live', 'rtmp_conn', 'rtmp_protocol', 'rtmp_real_time',
     }
     _deprecated_multivalue_fields = {
         'album_artist': 'album_artists',
@@ -594,7 +593,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     }
     _format_selection_exts = {
         'audio': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio),
-        'video': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_video + ('3gp', )),
+        'video': {*MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_video, '3gp'},
         'storyboards': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.storyboards),
     }
 
@@ -628,7 +627,7 @@ def __init__(self, params=None, auto_init=True):
             error=sys.stderr,
             screen=sys.stderr if self.params.get('quiet') else stdout,
             console=None if compat_os_name == 'nt' else next(
-                filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None)
+                filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None),
         )
 
         try:
@@ -679,9 +678,9 @@ def process_color_policy(stream):
                 width_args = [] if width is None else ['-w', str(width)]
                 sp_kwargs = {'stdin': subprocess.PIPE, 'stdout': slave, 'stderr': self._out_files.error}
                 try:
-                    self._output_process = Popen(['bidiv'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
+                    self._output_process = Popen(['bidiv', *width_args], **sp_kwargs)
                 except OSError:
-                    self._output_process = Popen(['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
+                    self._output_process = Popen(['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8', *width_args], **sp_kwargs)
                 self._output_channel = os.fdopen(master, 'rb')
             except OSError as ose:
                 if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
@@ -822,8 +821,7 @@ def warn_if_short_id(self, argv):
             )
             self.report_warning(
                 'Long argument string detected. '
-                'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n%s' %
-                shell_quote(correct_argv))
+                f'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n{shell_quote(correct_argv)}')
 
     def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
         """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""
@@ -922,7 +920,7 @@ def to_screen(self, message, skip_eol=False, quiet=None, only_once=False):
         if (self.params.get('quiet') if quiet is None else quiet) and not self.params.get('verbose'):
             return
         self._write_string(
-            '%s%s' % (self._bidi_workaround(message), ('' if skip_eol else '\n')),
+            '{}{}'.format(self._bidi_workaround(message), ('' if skip_eol else '\n')),
             self._out_files.screen, only_once=only_once)
 
     def to_stderr(self, message, only_once=False):
@@ -1045,10 +1043,10 @@ def _format_err(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return self._format_text(self._out_files.error, self._allow_colors.error, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, message, only_once=False):
-        '''
+        """
         Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
         If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
-        '''
+        """
         if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
             self.params['logger'].warning(message)
         else:
@@ -1066,14 +1064,14 @@ def deprecated_feature(self, message):
         self.to_stderr(f'{self._format_err("Deprecated Feature:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', True)
 
     def report_error(self, message, *args, **kwargs):
-        '''
+        """
         Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
         in red if stderr is a tty file.
-        '''
+        """
         self.trouble(f'{self._format_err("ERROR:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def write_debug(self, message, only_once=False):
-        '''Log debug message or Print message to stderr'''
+        """Log debug message or Print message to stderr"""
         if not self.params.get('verbose', False):
             return
         message = f'[debug] {message}'
@@ -1085,14 +1083,14 @@ def write_debug(self, message, only_once=False):
     def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
         """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
         try:
-            self.to_screen('[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
+            self.to_screen(f'[download] {file_name} has already been downloaded')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             self.to_screen('[download] The file has already been downloaded')
 
     def report_file_delete(self, file_name):
         """Report that existing file will be deleted."""
         try:
-            self.to_screen('Deleting existing file %s' % file_name)
+            self.to_screen(f'Deleting existing file {file_name}')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             self.to_screen('Deleting existing file')
 
@@ -1147,7 +1145,7 @@ def _outtmpl_expandpath(outtmpl):
 
     @staticmethod
     def escape_outtmpl(outtmpl):
-        ''' Escape any remaining strings like %s, %abc% etc. '''
+        """ Escape any remaining strings like %s, %abc% etc. """
         return re.sub(
             STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('', '(?![%(\0])'),
             lambda mobj: ('' if mobj.group('has_key') else '%') + mobj.group(0),
@@ -1155,7 +1153,7 @@ def escape_outtmpl(outtmpl):
 
     @classmethod
     def validate_outtmpl(cls, outtmpl):
-        ''' @return None or Exception object '''
+        """ @return None or Exception object """
         outtmpl = re.sub(
             STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('[^)]*', '[ljhqBUDS]'),
             lambda mobj: f'{mobj.group(0)[:-1]}s',
@@ -1208,13 +1206,13 @@ def prepare_outtmpl(self, outtmpl, info_dict, sanitize=False):
         }
         # Field is of the form key1.key2...
         # where keys (except first) can be string, int, slice or "{field, ...}"
-        FIELD_INNER_RE = r'(?:\w+|%(num)s|%(num)s?(?::%(num)s?){1,2})' % {'num': r'(?:-?\d+)'}
-        FIELD_RE = r'\w*(?:\.(?:%(inner)s|{%(field)s(?:,%(field)s)*}))*' % {
+        FIELD_INNER_RE = r'(?:\w+|%(num)s|%(num)s?(?::%(num)s?){1,2})' % {'num': r'(?:-?\d+)'}  # noqa: UP031
+        FIELD_RE = r'\w*(?:\.(?:%(inner)s|{%(field)s(?:,%(field)s)*}))*' % {  # noqa: UP031
             'inner': FIELD_INNER_RE,
-            'field': rf'\w*(?:\.{FIELD_INNER_RE})*'
+            'field': rf'\w*(?:\.{FIELD_INNER_RE})*',
         }
         MATH_FIELD_RE = rf'(?:{FIELD_RE}|-?{NUMBER_RE})'
-        MATH_OPERATORS_RE = r'(?:%s)' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, MATH_FUNCTIONS.keys()))
+        MATH_OPERATORS_RE = r'(?:{})'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, MATH_FUNCTIONS.keys())))
         INTERNAL_FORMAT_RE = re.compile(rf'''(?xs)
             (?P<negate>-)?
             (?P<fields>{FIELD_RE})
@@ -1337,7 +1335,7 @@ def create_key(outer_mobj):
                     value, default = None, na
 
             fmt = outer_mobj.group('format')
-            if fmt == 's' and last_field in field_size_compat_map.keys() and isinstance(value, int):
+            if fmt == 's' and last_field in field_size_compat_map and isinstance(value, int):
                 fmt = f'0{field_size_compat_map[last_field]:d}d'
 
             flags = outer_mobj.group('conversion') or ''
@@ -1362,7 +1360,7 @@ def create_key(outer_mobj):
             elif fmt[-1] == 'U':  # unicode normalized
                 value, fmt = unicodedata.normalize(
                     # "+" = compatibility equivalence, "#" = NFD
-                    'NF%s%s' % ('K' if '+' in flags else '', 'D' if '#' in flags else 'C'),
+                    'NF{}{}'.format('K' if '+' in flags else '', 'D' if '#' in flags else 'C'),
                     value), str_fmt
             elif fmt[-1] == 'D':  # decimal suffix
                 num_fmt, fmt = fmt[:-1].replace('#', ''), 's'
@@ -1390,7 +1388,7 @@ def create_key(outer_mobj):
                 if fmt[-1] in 'csra':
                     value = sanitizer(last_field, value)
 
-            key = '%s\0%s' % (key.replace('%', '%\0'), outer_mobj.group('format'))
+            key = '{}\0{}'.format(key.replace('%', '%\0'), outer_mobj.group('format'))
             TMPL_DICT[key] = value
             return '{prefix}%({key}){fmt}'.format(key=key, fmt=fmt, prefix=outer_mobj.group('prefix'))
 
@@ -1479,9 +1477,9 @@ def check_filter():
 
             date = info_dict.get('upload_date')
             if date is not None:
-                dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
-                if date not in dateRange:
-                    return f'{date_from_str(date).isoformat()} upload date is not in range {dateRange}'
+                date_range = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
+                if date not in date_range:
+                    return f'{date_from_str(date).isoformat()} upload date is not in range {date_range}'
             view_count = info_dict.get('view_count')
             if view_count is not None:
                 min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
@@ -1491,7 +1489,7 @@ def check_filter():
                 if max_views is not None and view_count > max_views:
                     return 'Skipping %s, because it has exceeded the maximum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, max_views)
             if age_restricted(info_dict.get('age_limit'), self.params.get('age_limit')):
-                return 'Skipping "%s" because it is age restricted' % video_title
+                return f'Skipping "{video_title}" because it is age restricted'
 
             match_filter = self.params.get('match_filter')
             if match_filter is None:
@@ -1544,7 +1542,7 @@ def check_filter():
 
     @staticmethod
     def add_extra_info(info_dict, extra_info):
-        '''Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing'''
+        """Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing"""
         for key, value in extra_info.items():
             info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
 
@@ -1590,7 +1588,7 @@ def extract_info(self, url, download=True, ie_key=None, extra_info=None,
                 self.to_screen(f'[download] {self._format_screen(temp_id, self.Styles.ID)}: '
                                'has already been recorded in the archive')
                 if self.params.get('break_on_existing', False):
-                    raise ExistingVideoReached()
+                    raise ExistingVideoReached
                 break
             return self.__extract_info(url, self.get_info_extractor(key), download, extra_info, process)
         else:
@@ -1616,8 +1614,8 @@ def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 except GeoRestrictedError as e:
                     msg = e.msg
                     if e.countries:
-                        msg += '\nThis video is available in %s.' % ', '.join(
-                            map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries))
+                        msg += '\nThis video is available in {}.'.format(', '.join(
+                            map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries)))
                     msg += '\nYou might want to use a VPN or a proxy server (with --proxy) to workaround.'
                     self.report_error(msg)
                 except ExtractorError as e:  # An error we somewhat expected
@@ -1826,8 +1824,8 @@ def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info=None):
                 if isinstance(additional_urls, str):
                     additional_urls = [additional_urls]
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '[info] %s: %d additional URL(s) requested' % (ie_result['id'], len(additional_urls)))
-                self.write_debug('Additional URLs: "%s"' % '", "'.join(additional_urls))
+                    '[info] {}: {} additional URL(s) requested'.format(ie_result['id'], len(additional_urls)))
+                self.write_debug('Additional URLs: "{}"'.format('", "'.join(additional_urls)))
                 ie_result['additional_entries'] = [
                     self.extract_info(
                         url, download, extra_info=extra_info,
@@ -1879,8 +1877,8 @@ def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info=None):
             webpage_url = ie_result.get('webpage_url')  # Playlists maynot have webpage_url
             if webpage_url and webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: %s'
-                    % ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id'))
+                    '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: {}'.format(
+                        ie_result.get('title')) or ie_result.get('id'))
                 return
 
             self._playlist_level += 1
@@ -1895,8 +1893,8 @@ def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info=None):
                     self._playlist_urls.clear()
         elif result_type == 'compat_list':
             self.report_warning(
-                'Extractor %s returned a compat_list result. '
-                'It needs to be updated.' % ie_result.get('extractor'))
+                'Extractor {} returned a compat_list result. '
+                'It needs to be updated.'.format(ie_result.get('extractor')))
 
             def _fixup(r):
                 self.add_extra_info(r, {
@@ -1913,7 +1911,7 @@ def _fixup(r):
             ]
             return ie_result
         else:
-            raise Exception('Invalid result type: %s' % result_type)
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid result type: {result_type}')
 
     def _ensure_dir_exists(self, path):
         return make_dir(path, self.report_error)
@@ -2029,8 +2027,9 @@ def __process_playlist(self, ie_result, download):
                 resolved_entries[i] = (playlist_index, NO_DEFAULT)
                 continue
 
-            self.to_screen('[download] Downloading item %s of %s' % (
-                self._format_screen(i + 1, self.Styles.ID), self._format_screen(n_entries, self.Styles.EMPHASIS)))
+            self.to_screen(
+                f'[download] Downloading item {self._format_screen(i + 1, self.Styles.ID)} '
+                f'of {self._format_screen(n_entries, self.Styles.EMPHASIS)}')
 
             entry_result = self.__process_iterable_entry(entry, download, collections.ChainMap({
                 'playlist_index': playlist_index,
@@ -2080,9 +2079,9 @@ def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
         }
         operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
             (?P<key>[\w.-]+)\s*
-            (?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
+            (?P<op>{})(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
             (?P<value>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)\s*
-            ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys())))
+            '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys()))))
         m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
         if m:
             try:
@@ -2093,7 +2092,7 @@ def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
                     comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value') + 'B')
                 if comparison_value is None:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        'Invalid value %r in format specification %r' % (
+                        'Invalid value {!r} in format specification {!r}'.format(
                             m.group('value'), filter_spec))
             op = OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
 
@@ -2103,15 +2102,15 @@ def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
                 '^=': lambda attr, value: attr.startswith(value),
                 '$=': lambda attr, value: attr.endswith(value),
                 '*=': lambda attr, value: value in attr,
-                '~=': lambda attr, value: value.search(attr) is not None
+                '~=': lambda attr, value: value.search(attr) is not None,
             }
             str_operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
                 (?P<key>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)\s*
-                (?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<none_inclusive>\?\s*)?
+                (?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>{})\s*(?P<none_inclusive>\?\s*)?
                 (?P<quote>["'])?
                 (?P<value>(?(quote)(?:(?!(?P=quote))[^\\]|\\.)+|[\w.-]+))
                 (?(quote)(?P=quote))\s*
-                ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys())))
+                '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys()))))
             m = str_operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
             if m:
                 if m.group('op') == '~=':
@@ -2125,7 +2124,7 @@ def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
                     op = str_op
 
         if not m:
-            raise SyntaxError('Invalid filter specification %r' % filter_spec)
+            raise SyntaxError(f'Invalid filter specification {filter_spec!r}')
 
         def _filter(f):
             actual_value = f.get(m.group('key'))
@@ -2136,7 +2135,12 @@ def _filter(f):
 
     def _check_formats(self, formats):
         for f in formats:
-            self.to_screen('[info] Testing format %s' % f['format_id'])
+            working = f.get('__working')
+            if working is not None:
+                if working:
+                    yield f
+                continue
+            self.to_screen('[info] Testing format {}'.format(f['format_id']))
             path = self.get_output_path('temp')
             if not self._ensure_dir_exists(f'{path}/'):
                 continue
@@ -2144,41 +2148,52 @@ def _check_formats(self, formats):
             temp_file.close()
             try:
                 success, _ = self.dl(temp_file.name, f, test=True)
-            except (DownloadError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions:
+            except (DownloadError, OSError, ValueError, *network_exceptions):
                 success = False
             finally:
                 if os.path.exists(temp_file.name):
                     try:
                         os.remove(temp_file.name)
                     except OSError:
-                        self.report_warning('Unable to delete temporary file "%s"' % temp_file.name)
+                        self.report_warning(f'Unable to delete temporary file "{temp_file.name}"')
+            f['__working'] = success
             if success:
                 yield f
             else:
-                self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format %s. Skipping...' % f['format_id'])
+                self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format {}. Skipping...'.format(f['format_id']))
+
+    def _select_formats(self, formats, selector):
+        return list(selector({
+            'formats': formats,
+            'has_merged_format': any('none' not in (f.get('acodec'), f.get('vcodec')) for f in formats),
+            'incomplete_formats': (all(f.get('vcodec') == 'none' for f in formats)  # No formats with video
+                                   or all(f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in formats)),  # OR, No formats with audio
+        }))
 
     def _default_format_spec(self, info_dict, download=True):
+        download = download and not self.params.get('simulate')
+        prefer_best = download and (
+            self.params['outtmpl']['default'] == '-'
+            or info_dict.get('is_live') and not self.params.get('live_from_start'))
 
         def can_merge():
             merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self)
             return merger.available and merger.can_merge()
 
-        prefer_best = (
-            not self.params.get('simulate')
-            and download
-            and (
-                not can_merge()
-                or info_dict.get('is_live') and not self.params.get('live_from_start')
-                or self.params['outtmpl']['default'] == '-'))
-        compat = (
-            prefer_best
-            or self.params.get('allow_multiple_audio_streams', False)
-            or 'format-spec' in self.params['compat_opts'])
+        if not prefer_best and download and not can_merge():
+            prefer_best = True
+            formats = self._get_formats(info_dict)
+            evaluate_formats = lambda spec: self._select_formats(formats, self.build_format_selector(spec))
+            if evaluate_formats('b/bv+ba') != evaluate_formats('bv*+ba/b'):
+                self.report_warning('ffmpeg not found. The downloaded format may not be the best available. '
+                                    'Installing ffmpeg is strongly recommended: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#dependencies')
 
-        return (
-            'best/bestvideo+bestaudio' if prefer_best
-            else 'bestvideo*+bestaudio/best' if not compat
-            else 'bestvideo+bestaudio/best')
+        compat = (self.params.get('allow_multiple_audio_streams')
+                  or 'format-spec' in self.params['compat_opts'])
+
+        return ('best/bestvideo+bestaudio' if prefer_best
+                else 'bestvideo+bestaudio/best' if compat
+                else 'bestvideo*+bestaudio/best')
 
     def build_format_selector(self, format_spec):
         def syntax_error(note, start):
@@ -2198,8 +2213,8 @@ def syntax_error(note, start):
 
         def _parse_filter(tokens):
             filter_parts = []
-            for type, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
-                if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
+            for type_, string_, _start, _, _ in tokens:
+                if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
                     return ''.join(filter_parts)
                 else:
                     filter_parts.append(string_)
@@ -2209,23 +2224,23 @@ def _remove_unused_ops(tokens):
             # E.g. 'mp4' '-' 'baseline' '-' '16x9' is converted to 'mp4-baseline-16x9'
             ALLOWED_OPS = ('/', '+', ',', '(', ')')
             last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line = None, None, None, None
-            for type, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
-                if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == '[':
+            for type_, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
+                if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == '[':
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
-                    yield type, string_, start, end, line
+                    yield type_, string_, start, end, line
                     # everything inside brackets will be handled by _parse_filter
-                    for type, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
-                        yield type, string_, start, end, line
-                        if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
+                    for type_, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
+                        yield type_, string_, start, end, line
+                        if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
                             break
-                elif type == tokenize.OP and string_ in ALLOWED_OPS:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ in ALLOWED_OPS:
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
-                    yield type, string_, start, end, line
-                elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
+                    yield type_, string_, start, end, line
+                elif type_ in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
                     if not last_string:
                         last_string = string_
                         last_start = start
@@ -2238,13 +2253,13 @@ def _remove_unused_ops(tokens):
         def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, inside_group=False):
             selectors = []
             current_selector = None
-            for type, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
+            for type_, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
                 # ENCODING is only defined in Python 3.x
-                if type == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
+                if type_ == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
                     continue
-                elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
+                elif type_ in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
                     current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, string_, [])
-                elif type == tokenize.OP:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.OP:
                     if string_ == ')':
                         if not inside_group:
                             # ')' will be handled by the parentheses group
@@ -2287,7 +2302,7 @@ def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, ins
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(MERGE, (selector_1, selector_2), [])
                     else:
                         raise syntax_error(f'Operator not recognized: "{string_}"', start)
-                elif type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
                     break
             if current_selector:
                 selectors.append(current_selector)
@@ -2362,7 +2377,7 @@ def _merge(formats_pair):
                     'acodec': the_only_audio.get('acodec'),
                     'abr': the_only_audio.get('abr'),
                     'asr': the_only_audio.get('asr'),
-                    'audio_channels': the_only_audio.get('audio_channels')
+                    'audio_channels': the_only_audio.get('audio_channels'),
                 })
 
             return new_dict
@@ -2443,9 +2458,9 @@ def selector_function(ctx):
 
                         format_fallback = not format_type and not format_modified  # for b, w
                         _filter_f = (
-                            (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % format_type) != 'none')
+                            (lambda f: f.get(f'{format_type}codec') != 'none')
                             if format_type and format_modified  # bv*, ba*, wv*, wa*
-                            else (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % not_format_type) == 'none')
+                            else (lambda f: f.get(f'{not_format_type}codec') == 'none')
                             if format_type  # bv, ba, wv, wa
                             else (lambda f: f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none')
                             if not format_modified  # b, w
@@ -2513,7 +2528,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
 
             def __next__(self):
                 if self.counter >= len(self.tokens):
-                    raise StopIteration()
+                    raise StopIteration
                 value = self.tokens[self.counter]
                 self.counter += 1
                 return value
@@ -2596,7 +2611,7 @@ def check_thumbnails(thumbnails):
         self._sort_thumbnails(thumbnails)
         for i, t in enumerate(thumbnails):
             if t.get('id') is None:
-                t['id'] = '%d' % i
+                t['id'] = str(i)
             if t.get('width') and t.get('height'):
                 t['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (t['width'], t['height'])
             t['url'] = sanitize_url(t['url'])
@@ -2657,8 +2672,8 @@ def _fill_common_fields(self, info_dict, final=True):
         # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
         # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
         for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
-            if final and info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
-                info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
+            if final and info_dict.get(f'{field}_number') is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
+                info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict[f'{field}_number'])
 
         for old_key, new_key in self._deprecated_multivalue_fields.items():
             if new_key in info_dict and old_key in info_dict:
@@ -2690,8 +2705,8 @@ def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
 
         def report_force_conversion(field, field_not, conversion):
             self.report_warning(
-                '"%s" field is not %s - forcing %s conversion, there is an error in extractor'
-                % (field, field_not, conversion))
+                f'"{field}" field is not {field_not} - forcing {conversion} conversion, '
+                'there is an error in extractor')
 
         def sanitize_string_field(info, string_field):
             field = info.get(string_field)
@@ -2808,28 +2823,28 @@ def is_wellformed(f):
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats(info_dict)
 
-        for format in formats:
-            sanitize_string_field(format, 'format_id')
-            sanitize_numeric_fields(format)
-            format['url'] = sanitize_url(format['url'])
-            if format.get('ext') is None:
-                format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url']).lower()
-            if format['ext'] in ('aac', 'opus', 'mp3', 'flac', 'vorbis'):
-                if format.get('acodec') is None:
-                    format['acodec'] = format['ext']
-            if format.get('protocol') is None:
-                format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)
-            if format.get('resolution') is None:
-                format['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(format, default=None)
-            if format.get('dynamic_range') is None and format.get('vcodec') != 'none':
-                format['dynamic_range'] = 'SDR'
-            if format.get('aspect_ratio') is None:
-                format['aspect_ratio'] = try_call(lambda: round(format['width'] / format['height'], 2))
+        for fmt in formats:
+            sanitize_string_field(fmt, 'format_id')
+            sanitize_numeric_fields(fmt)
+            fmt['url'] = sanitize_url(fmt['url'])
+            if fmt.get('ext') is None:
+                fmt['ext'] = determine_ext(fmt['url']).lower()
+            if fmt['ext'] in ('aac', 'opus', 'mp3', 'flac', 'vorbis'):
+                if fmt.get('acodec') is None:
+                    fmt['acodec'] = fmt['ext']
+            if fmt.get('protocol') is None:
+                fmt['protocol'] = determine_protocol(fmt)
+            if fmt.get('resolution') is None:
+                fmt['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(fmt, default=None)
+            if fmt.get('dynamic_range') is None and fmt.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                fmt['dynamic_range'] = 'SDR'
+            if fmt.get('aspect_ratio') is None:
+                fmt['aspect_ratio'] = try_call(lambda: round(fmt['width'] / fmt['height'], 2))
             # For fragmented formats, "tbr" is often max bitrate and not average
-            if (('manifest-filesize-approx' in self.params['compat_opts'] or not format.get('manifest_url'))
-                    and not format.get('filesize') and not format.get('filesize_approx')):
-                format['filesize_approx'] = filesize_from_tbr(format.get('tbr'), info_dict.get('duration'))
-            format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(collections.ChainMap(format, info_dict), load_cookies=True)
+            if (('manifest-filesize-approx' in self.params['compat_opts'] or not fmt.get('manifest_url'))
+                    and not fmt.get('filesize') and not fmt.get('filesize_approx')):
+                fmt['filesize_approx'] = filesize_from_tbr(fmt.get('tbr'), info_dict.get('duration'))
+            fmt['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(collections.ChainMap(fmt, info_dict), load_cookies=True)
 
         # Safeguard against old/insecure infojson when using --load-info-json
         if info_dict.get('http_headers'):
@@ -2842,36 +2857,36 @@ def is_wellformed(f):
 
         self.sort_formats({
             'formats': formats,
-            '_format_sort_fields': info_dict.get('_format_sort_fields')
+            '_format_sort_fields': info_dict.get('_format_sort_fields'),
         })
 
         # Sanitize and group by format_id
         formats_dict = {}
-        for i, format in enumerate(formats):
-            if not format.get('format_id'):
-                format['format_id'] = str(i)
+        for i, fmt in enumerate(formats):
+            if not fmt.get('format_id'):
+                fmt['format_id'] = str(i)
             else:
                 # Sanitize format_id from characters used in format selector expression
-                format['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', format['format_id'])
-            formats_dict.setdefault(format['format_id'], []).append(format)
+                fmt['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', fmt['format_id'])
+            formats_dict.setdefault(fmt['format_id'], []).append(fmt)
 
         # Make sure all formats have unique format_id
         common_exts = set(itertools.chain(*self._format_selection_exts.values()))
         for format_id, ambiguous_formats in formats_dict.items():
             ambigious_id = len(ambiguous_formats) > 1
-            for i, format in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
+            for i, fmt in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
                 if ambigious_id:
-                    format['format_id'] = '%s-%d' % (format_id, i)
+                    fmt['format_id'] = f'{format_id}-{i}'
                 # Ensure there is no conflict between id and ext in format selection
                 # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1282
-                if format['format_id'] != format['ext'] and format['format_id'] in common_exts:
-                    format['format_id'] = 'f%s' % format['format_id']
+                if fmt['format_id'] != fmt['ext'] and fmt['format_id'] in common_exts:
+                    fmt['format_id'] = 'f{}'.format(fmt['format_id'])
 
-                if format.get('format') is None:
-                    format['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
-                        id=format['format_id'],
-                        res=self.format_resolution(format),
-                        note=format_field(format, 'format_note', ' (%s)'),
+                if fmt.get('format') is None:
+                    fmt['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
+                        id=fmt['format_id'],
+                        res=self.format_resolution(fmt),
+                        note=format_field(fmt, 'format_note', ' (%s)'),
                     )
 
         if self.params.get('check_formats') is True:
@@ -2928,12 +2943,7 @@ def is_wellformed(f):
                 self.write_debug(f'Default format spec: {req_format}')
                 format_selector = self.build_format_selector(req_format)
 
-            formats_to_download = list(format_selector({
-                'formats': formats,
-                'has_merged_format': any('none' not in (f.get('acodec'), f.get('vcodec')) for f in formats),
-                'incomplete_formats': (all(f.get('vcodec') == 'none' for f in formats)  # No formats with video
-                                       or all(f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in formats)),  # OR, No formats with audio
-            }))
+            formats_to_download = self._select_formats(formats, format_selector)
             if interactive_format_selection and not formats_to_download:
                 self.report_error('Requested format is not available', tb=False, is_error=False)
                 continue
@@ -2998,7 +3008,7 @@ def to_screen(*msg):
             info_dict['requested_downloads'] = downloaded_formats
             info_dict = self.run_all_pps('after_video', info_dict)
             if max_downloads_reached:
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+                raise MaxDownloadsReached
 
         # We update the info dict with the selected best quality format (backwards compatibility)
         info_dict.update(best_format)
@@ -3059,8 +3069,8 @@ def process_subtitles(self, video_id, normal_subtitles, automatic_captions):
             else:
                 f = formats[-1]
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'No subtitle format found matching "%s" for language %s, '
-                    'using %s' % (formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
+                    'No subtitle format found matching "{}" for language {}, '
+                    'using {}. Use --list-subs for a list of available subtitles'.format(formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
             subs[lang] = f
         return subs
 
@@ -3215,7 +3225,7 @@ def replace_info_dict(new_info):
 
         def check_max_downloads():
             if self._num_downloads >= float(self.params.get('max_downloads') or 'inf'):
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+                raise MaxDownloadsReached
 
         if self.params.get('simulate'):
             info_dict['__write_download_archive'] = self.params.get('force_write_download_archive')
@@ -3389,7 +3399,7 @@ def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
                         for f in info_dict['requested_formats'] if fd != FFmpegFD else []:
                             f['filepath'] = fname = prepend_extension(
                                 correct_ext(temp_filename, info_dict['ext']),
-                                'f%s' % f['format_id'], info_dict['ext'])
+                                'f{}'.format(f['format_id']), info_dict['ext'])
                             downloaded.append(fname)
                         info_dict['url'] = '\n'.join(f['url'] for f in info_dict['requested_formats'])
                         success, real_download = self.dl(temp_filename, info_dict)
@@ -3422,7 +3432,7 @@ def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
                             if temp_filename != '-':
                                 fname = prepend_extension(
                                     correct_ext(temp_filename, new_info['ext']),
-                                    'f%s' % f['format_id'], new_info['ext'])
+                                    'f{}'.format(f['format_id']), new_info['ext'])
                                 if not self._ensure_dir_exists(fname):
                                     return
                                 f['filepath'] = fname
@@ -3454,11 +3464,11 @@ def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
                 info_dict['__finaldir'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(full_filename)))
 
             except network_exceptions as err:
-                self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+                self.report_error(f'unable to download video data: {err}')
                 return
             except OSError as err:
                 raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
-            except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
+            except ContentTooShortError as err:
                 self.report_error(f'content too short (expected {err.expected} bytes and served {err.downloaded})')
                 return
 
@@ -3525,13 +3535,13 @@ def ffmpeg_fixup(cndn, msg, cls):
                 try:
                     replace_info_dict(self.post_process(dl_filename, info_dict, files_to_move))
                 except PostProcessingError as err:
-                    self.report_error('Postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'Postprocessing: {err}')
                     return
                 try:
                     for ph in self._post_hooks:
                         ph(info_dict['filepath'])
                 except Exception as err:
-                    self.report_error('post hooks: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'post hooks: {err}')
                     return
                 info_dict['__write_download_archive'] = True
 
@@ -3598,7 +3608,7 @@ def download_with_info_file(self, info_filename):
 
     @staticmethod
     def sanitize_info(info_dict, remove_private_keys=False):
-        ''' Sanitize the infodict for converting to json '''
+        """ Sanitize the infodict for converting to json """
         if info_dict is None:
             return info_dict
         info_dict.setdefault('epoch', int(time.time()))
@@ -3633,7 +3643,7 @@ def filter_fn(obj):
 
     @staticmethod
     def filter_requested_info(info_dict, actually_filter=True):
-        ''' Alias of sanitize_info for backward compatibility '''
+        """ Alias of sanitize_info for backward compatibility """
         return YoutubeDL.sanitize_info(info_dict, actually_filter)
 
     def _delete_downloaded_files(self, *files_to_delete, info={}, msg=None):
@@ -3655,7 +3665,7 @@ def actual_post_extract(info_dict):
                     actual_post_extract(video_dict or {})
                 return
 
-            post_extractor = info_dict.pop('__post_extractor', None) or (lambda: {})
+            post_extractor = info_dict.pop('__post_extractor', None) or dict
             info_dict.update(post_extractor())
 
         actual_post_extract(info_dict or {})
@@ -3760,7 +3770,7 @@ def format_resolution(format, default='unknown'):
         if format.get('width') and format.get('height'):
             return '%dx%d' % (format['width'], format['height'])
         elif format.get('height'):
-            return '%sp' % format['height']
+            return '{}p'.format(format['height'])
         elif format.get('width'):
             return '%dx?' % format['width']
         return default
@@ -3777,7 +3787,7 @@ def _format_note(self, fdict):
         if fdict.get('language'):
             if res:
                 res += ' '
-            res += '[%s]' % fdict['language']
+            res += '[{}]'.format(fdict['language'])
         if fdict.get('format_note') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ' '
@@ -3789,7 +3799,7 @@ def _format_note(self, fdict):
         if fdict.get('container') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
-            res += '%s container' % fdict['container']
+            res += '{} container'.format(fdict['container'])
         if (fdict.get('vcodec') is not None
                 and fdict.get('vcodec') != 'none'):
             if res:
@@ -3804,7 +3814,7 @@ def _format_note(self, fdict):
         if fdict.get('fps') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
-            res += '%sfps' % fdict['fps']
+            res += '{}fps'.format(fdict['fps'])
         if fdict.get('acodec') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
@@ -3847,7 +3857,7 @@ def render_formats_table(self, info_dict):
                     format_field(f, 'format_id'),
                     format_field(f, 'ext'),
                     self.format_resolution(f),
-                    self._format_note(f)
+                    self._format_note(f),
                 ] for f in formats if (f.get('preference') or 0) >= -1000]
             return render_table(['format code', 'extension', 'resolution', 'note'], table, extra_gap=1)
 
@@ -3953,11 +3963,11 @@ def print_debug_header(self):
         from .extractor.extractors import _LAZY_LOADER
         from .extractor.extractors import (
             _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_ies,
-            _PLUGIN_OVERRIDES as plugin_ie_overrides
+            _PLUGIN_OVERRIDES as plugin_ie_overrides,
         )
 
         def get_encoding(stream):
-            ret = str(getattr(stream, 'encoding', 'missing (%s)' % type(stream).__name__))
+            ret = str(getattr(stream, 'encoding', f'missing ({type(stream).__name__})'))
             additional_info = []
             if os.environ.get('TERM', '').lower() == 'dumb':
                 additional_info.append('dumb')
@@ -3968,13 +3978,13 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
                 ret = f'{ret} ({",".join(additional_info)})'
             return ret
 
-        encoding_str = 'Encodings: locale %s, fs %s, pref %s, %s' % (
+        encoding_str = 'Encodings: locale {}, fs {}, pref {}, {}'.format(
             locale.getpreferredencoding(),
             sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
             self.get_encoding(),
             ', '.join(
                 f'{key} {get_encoding(stream)}' for key, stream in self._out_files.items_
-                if stream is not None and key != 'console')
+                if stream is not None and key != 'console'),
         )
 
         logger = self.params.get('logger')
@@ -4006,7 +4016,7 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
             else:
                 write_debug('Lazy loading extractors is disabled')
         if self.params['compat_opts']:
-            write_debug('Compatibility options: %s' % ', '.join(self.params['compat_opts']))
+            write_debug('Compatibility options: {}'.format(', '.join(self.params['compat_opts'])))
 
         if current_git_head():
             write_debug(f'Git HEAD: {current_git_head()}')
@@ -4015,14 +4025,14 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
         exe_versions, ffmpeg_features = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions_and_features(self)
         ffmpeg_features = {key for key, val in ffmpeg_features.items() if val}
         if ffmpeg_features:
-            exe_versions['ffmpeg'] += ' (%s)' % ','.join(sorted(ffmpeg_features))
+            exe_versions['ffmpeg'] += ' ({})'.format(','.join(sorted(ffmpeg_features)))
 
         exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
         exe_versions['phantomjs'] = PhantomJSwrapper._version()
         exe_str = ', '.join(
             f'{exe} {v}' for exe, v in sorted(exe_versions.items()) if v
         ) or 'none'
-        write_debug('exe versions: %s' % exe_str)
+        write_debug(f'exe versions: {exe_str}')
 
         from .compat.compat_utils import get_package_info
         from .dependencies import available_dependencies
@@ -4034,7 +4044,7 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
         write_debug(f'Proxy map: {self.proxies}')
         write_debug(f'Request Handlers: {", ".join(rh.RH_NAME for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values())}')
         for plugin_type, plugins in {'Extractor': plugin_ies, 'Post-Processor': plugin_pps}.items():
-            display_list = ['%s%s' % (
+            display_list = ['{}{}'.format(
                 klass.__name__, '' if klass.__name__ == name else f' as {name}')
                 for name, klass in plugins.items()]
             if plugin_type == 'Extractor':
@@ -4051,14 +4061,13 @@ def get_encoding(stream):
         # Not implemented
         if False and self.params.get('call_home'):
             ipaddr = self.urlopen('https://yt-dl.org/ip').read().decode()
-            write_debug('Public IP address: %s' % ipaddr)
+            write_debug(f'Public IP address: {ipaddr}')
             latest_version = self.urlopen(
                 'https://yt-dl.org/latest/version').read().decode()
             if version_tuple(latest_version) > version_tuple(__version__):
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'You are using an outdated version (newest version: %s)! '
-                    'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.' %
-                    latest_version)
+                    f'You are using an outdated version (newest version: {latest_version})! '
+                    'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.')
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def proxies(self):
@@ -4092,7 +4101,7 @@ def _opener(self):
         return handler._get_instance(cookiejar=self.cookiejar, proxies=self.proxies)
 
     def _get_available_impersonate_targets(self):
-        # todo(future): make available as public API
+        # TODO(future): make available as public API
         return [
             (target, rh.RH_NAME)
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
@@ -4101,7 +4110,7 @@ def _get_available_impersonate_targets(self):
         ]
 
     def _impersonate_target_available(self, target):
-        # todo(future): make available as public API
+        # TODO(future): make available as public API
         return any(
             rh.is_supported_target(target)
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
@@ -4227,7 +4236,7 @@ def get_encoding(self):
         return encoding
 
     def _write_info_json(self, label, ie_result, infofn, overwrite=None):
-        ''' Write infojson and returns True = written, 'exists' = Already exists, False = skip, None = error '''
+        """ Write infojson and returns True = written, 'exists' = Already exists, False = skip, None = error """
         if overwrite is None:
             overwrite = self.params.get('overwrites', True)
         if not self.params.get('writeinfojson'):
@@ -4250,7 +4259,7 @@ def _write_info_json(self, label, ie_result, infofn, overwrite=None):
             return None
 
     def _write_description(self, label, ie_result, descfn):
-        ''' Write description and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error '''
+        """ Write description and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error """
         if not self.params.get('writedescription'):
             return False
         elif not descfn:
@@ -4274,7 +4283,7 @@ def _write_description(self, label, ie_result, descfn):
         return True
 
     def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
-        ''' Write subtitles to file and return list of (sub_filename, final_sub_filename); or None if error'''
+        """ Write subtitles to file and return list of (sub_filename, final_sub_filename); or None if error"""
         ret = []
         subtitles = info_dict.get('requested_subtitles')
         if not (self.params.get('writesubtitles') or self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')):
@@ -4320,7 +4329,7 @@ def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
                 self.dl(sub_filename, sub_copy, subtitle=True)
                 sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                 ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
-            except (DownloadError, ExtractorError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions as err:
+            except (DownloadError, ExtractorError, OSError, ValueError, *network_exceptions) as err:
                 msg = f'Unable to download video subtitles for {sub_lang!r}: {err}'
                 if self.params.get('ignoreerrors') is not True:  # False or 'only_download'
                     if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors'):
@@ -4330,7 +4339,7 @@ def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
         return ret
 
     def _write_thumbnails(self, label, info_dict, filename, thumb_filename_base=None):
-        ''' Write thumbnails to file and return list of (thumb_filename, final_thumb_filename); or None if error '''
+        """ Write thumbnails to file and return list of (thumb_filename, final_thumb_filename); or None if error """
         write_all = self.params.get('write_all_thumbnails', False)
         thumbnails, ret = [], []
         if write_all or self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
@@ -4357,8 +4366,8 @@ def _write_thumbnails(self, label, info_dict, filename, thumb_filename_base=None
 
             existing_thumb = self.existing_file((thumb_filename_final, thumb_filename))
             if existing_thumb:
-                self.to_screen('[info] %s is already present' % (
-                    thumb_display_id if multiple else f'{label} thumbnail').capitalize())
+                self.to_screen('[info] {} is already present'.format((
+                    thumb_display_id if multiple else f'{label} thumbnail').capitalize()))
                 t['filepath'] = existing_thumb
                 ret.append((existing_thumb, thumb_filename_final))
             else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
index 3d606bcba..c18af7589 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 import re
 import traceback
 
-from .compat import compat_os_name, compat_shlex_quote
+from .compat import compat_os_name
 from .cookies import SUPPORTED_BROWSERS, SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS
 from .downloader.external import get_external_downloader
 from .extractor import list_extractor_classes
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
     read_stdin,
     render_table,
     setproctitle,
+    shell_quote,
     traverse_obj,
     variadic,
     write_string,
@@ -115,9 +116,9 @@ def print_extractor_information(opts, urls):
             ie.description(markdown=False, search_examples=_SEARCHES)
             for ie in list_extractor_classes(opts.age_limit) if ie.working() and ie.IE_DESC is not False)
     elif opts.ap_list_mso:
-        out = 'Supported TV Providers:\n%s\n' % render_table(
+        out = 'Supported TV Providers:\n{}\n'.format(render_table(
             ['mso', 'mso name'],
-            [[mso_id, mso_info['name']] for mso_id, mso_info in MSO_INFO.items()])
+            [[mso_id, mso_info['name']] for mso_id, mso_info in MSO_INFO.items()]))
     else:
         return False
     write_string(out, out=sys.stdout)
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ def _unused_compat_opt(name):
         if name not in opts.compat_opts:
             return False
         opts.compat_opts.discard(name)
-        opts.compat_opts.update(['*%s' % name])
+        opts.compat_opts.update([f'*{name}'])
         return True
 
     def set_default_compat(compat_name, opt_name, default=True, remove_compat=True):
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ def validate_minmax(min_val, max_val, min_name, max_name=None):
         validate_minmax(opts.sleep_interval, opts.max_sleep_interval, 'sleep interval')
 
     if opts.wait_for_video is not None:
-        min_wait, max_wait, *_ = map(parse_duration, opts.wait_for_video.split('-', 1) + [None])
+        min_wait, max_wait, *_ = map(parse_duration, [*opts.wait_for_video.split('-', 1), None])
         validate(min_wait is not None and not (max_wait is None and '-' in opts.wait_for_video),
                  'time range to wait for video', opts.wait_for_video)
         validate_minmax(min_wait, max_wait, 'time range to wait for video')
@@ -264,9 +265,9 @@ def parse_retries(name, value):
     # Retry sleep function
     def parse_sleep_func(expr):
         NUMBER_RE = r'\d+(?:\.\d+)?'
-        op, start, limit, step, *_ = tuple(re.fullmatch(
+        op, start, limit, step, *_ = (*tuple(re.fullmatch(
             rf'(?:(linear|exp)=)?({NUMBER_RE})(?::({NUMBER_RE})?)?(?::({NUMBER_RE}))?',
-            expr.strip()).groups()) + (None, None)
+            expr.strip()).groups()), None, None)
 
         if op == 'exp':
             return lambda n: min(float(start) * (float(step or 2) ** n), float(limit or 'inf'))
@@ -396,13 +397,13 @@ def parse_chapters(name, value, advanced=False):
     # MetadataParser
     def metadataparser_actions(f):
         if isinstance(f, str):
-            cmd = '--parse-metadata %s' % compat_shlex_quote(f)
+            cmd = f'--parse-metadata {shell_quote(f)}'
             try:
                 actions = [MetadataFromFieldPP.to_action(f)]
             except Exception as err:
                 raise ValueError(f'{cmd} is invalid; {err}')
         else:
-            cmd = '--replace-in-metadata %s' % ' '.join(map(compat_shlex_quote, f))
+            cmd = f'--replace-in-metadata {shell_quote(f)}'
             actions = ((MetadataParserPP.Actions.REPLACE, x, *f[1:]) for x in f[0].split(','))
 
         for action in actions:
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ def metadataparser_actions(f):
             yield action
 
     if opts.metafromtitle is not None:
-        opts.parse_metadata.setdefault('pre_process', []).append('title:%s' % opts.metafromtitle)
+        opts.parse_metadata.setdefault('pre_process', []).append(f'title:{opts.metafromtitle}')
     opts.parse_metadata = {
         k: list(itertools.chain(*map(metadataparser_actions, v)))
         for k, v in opts.parse_metadata.items()
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'MetadataParser',
             'actions': actions,
-            'when': when
+            'when': when,
         }
     sponsorblock_query = opts.sponsorblock_mark | opts.sponsorblock_remove
     if sponsorblock_query:
@@ -610,19 +611,19 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
             'key': 'SponsorBlock',
             'categories': sponsorblock_query,
             'api': opts.sponsorblock_api,
-            'when': 'after_filter'
+            'when': 'after_filter',
         }
     if opts.convertsubtitles:
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegSubtitlesConvertor',
             'format': opts.convertsubtitles,
-            'when': 'before_dl'
+            'when': 'before_dl',
         }
     if opts.convertthumbnails:
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegThumbnailsConvertor',
             'format': opts.convertthumbnails,
-            'when': 'before_dl'
+            'when': 'before_dl',
         }
     if opts.extractaudio:
         yield {
@@ -647,7 +648,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegEmbedSubtitle',
             # already_have_subtitle = True prevents the file from being deleted after embedding
-            'already_have_subtitle': opts.writesubtitles and keep_subs
+            'already_have_subtitle': opts.writesubtitles and keep_subs,
         }
         if not opts.writeautomaticsub and keep_subs:
             opts.writesubtitles = True
@@ -660,7 +661,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
             'remove_sponsor_segments': opts.sponsorblock_remove,
             'remove_ranges': opts.remove_ranges,
             'sponsorblock_chapter_title': opts.sponsorblock_chapter_title,
-            'force_keyframes': opts.force_keyframes_at_cuts
+            'force_keyframes': opts.force_keyframes_at_cuts,
         }
     # FFmpegMetadataPP should be run after FFmpegVideoConvertorPP and
     # FFmpegExtractAudioPP as containers before conversion may not support
@@ -694,7 +695,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'EmbedThumbnail',
             # already_have_thumbnail = True prevents the file from being deleted after embedding
-            'already_have_thumbnail': opts.writethumbnail
+            'already_have_thumbnail': opts.writethumbnail,
         }
         if not opts.writethumbnail:
             opts.writethumbnail = True
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
     print_only = bool(opts.forceprint) and all(k not in opts.forceprint for k in POSTPROCESS_WHEN[3:])
     any_getting = any(getattr(opts, k) for k in (
         'dumpjson', 'dump_single_json', 'getdescription', 'getduration', 'getfilename',
-        'getformat', 'getid', 'getthumbnail', 'gettitle', 'geturl'
+        'getformat', 'getid', 'getthumbnail', 'gettitle', 'geturl',
     ))
     if opts.quiet is None:
         opts.quiet = any_getting or opts.print_json or bool(opts.forceprint)
@@ -1002,7 +1003,7 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
             def make_row(target, handler):
                 return [
                     join_nonempty(target.client.title(), target.version, delim='-') or '-',
-                    join_nonempty((target.os or "").title(), target.os_version, delim='-') or '-',
+                    join_nonempty((target.os or '').title(), target.os_version, delim='-') or '-',
                     handler,
                 ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/aes.py b/yt_dlp/aes.py
index b3a383cd9..abf54a998 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/aes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/aes.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def pad_block(block, padding_mode):
         raise NotImplementedError(f'Padding mode {padding_mode} is not implemented')
 
     if padding_mode == 'iso7816' and padding_size:
-        block = block + [0x80]  # NB: += mutates list
+        block = [*block, 0x80]  # NB: += mutates list
         padding_size -= 1
 
     return block + [PADDING_BYTE[padding_mode]] * padding_size
@@ -110,9 +110,7 @@ def aes_ecb_decrypt(data, key, iv=None):
     for i in range(block_count):
         block = data[i * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES: (i + 1) * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES]
         encrypted_data += aes_decrypt(block, expanded_key)
-    encrypted_data = encrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return encrypted_data
+    return encrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_ctr_decrypt(data, key, iv):
@@ -148,9 +146,7 @@ def aes_ctr_encrypt(data, key, iv):
 
         cipher_counter_block = aes_encrypt(counter_block, expanded_key)
         encrypted_data += xor(block, cipher_counter_block)
-    encrypted_data = encrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return encrypted_data
+    return encrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_cbc_decrypt(data, key, iv):
@@ -174,9 +170,7 @@ def aes_cbc_decrypt(data, key, iv):
         decrypted_block = aes_decrypt(block, expanded_key)
         decrypted_data += xor(decrypted_block, previous_cipher_block)
         previous_cipher_block = block
-    decrypted_data = decrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return decrypted_data
+    return decrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_cbc_encrypt(data, key, iv, *, padding_mode='pkcs7'):
@@ -224,7 +218,7 @@ def aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify(data, key, tag, nonce):
     hash_subkey = aes_encrypt([0] * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES, key_expansion(key))
 
     if len(nonce) == 12:
-        j0 = nonce + [0, 0, 0, 1]
+        j0 = [*nonce, 0, 0, 0, 1]
     else:
         fill = (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - (len(nonce) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES + 8
         ghash_in = nonce + [0] * fill + bytes_to_intlist((8 * len(nonce)).to_bytes(8, 'big'))
@@ -242,11 +236,11 @@ def aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify(data, key, tag, nonce):
         data
         + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - len(data) + pad_len)        # pad
         + bytes_to_intlist((0 * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big')           # length of associated data
-                           + ((len(data) * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big')))  # length of data
+                           + ((len(data) * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big'))),  # length of data
     )
 
     if tag != aes_ctr_encrypt(s_tag, key, j0):
-        raise ValueError("Mismatching authentication tag")
+        raise ValueError('Mismatching authentication tag')
 
     return decrypted_data
 
@@ -288,9 +282,7 @@ def aes_decrypt(data, expanded_key):
             data = list(iter_mix_columns(data, MIX_COLUMN_MATRIX_INV))
         data = shift_rows_inv(data)
         data = sub_bytes_inv(data)
-    data = xor(data, expanded_key[:BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES])
-
-    return data
+    return xor(data, expanded_key[:BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES])
 
 
 def aes_decrypt_text(data, password, key_size_bytes):
@@ -318,9 +310,7 @@ def aes_decrypt_text(data, password, key_size_bytes):
     cipher = data[NONCE_LENGTH_BYTES:]
 
     decrypted_data = aes_ctr_decrypt(cipher, key, nonce + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - NONCE_LENGTH_BYTES))
-    plaintext = intlist_to_bytes(decrypted_data)
-
-    return plaintext
+    return intlist_to_bytes(decrypted_data)
 
 
 RCON = (0x8d, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36)
@@ -428,9 +418,7 @@ def key_expansion(data):
         for _ in range(3 if key_size_bytes == 32 else 2 if key_size_bytes == 24 else 0):
             temp = data[-4:]
             data += xor(temp, data[-key_size_bytes: 4 - key_size_bytes])
-    data = data[:expanded_key_size_bytes]
-
-    return data
+    return data[:expanded_key_size_bytes]
 
 
 def iter_vector(iv):
@@ -511,7 +499,7 @@ def block_product(block_x, block_y):
     # NIST SP 800-38D, Algorithm 1
 
     if len(block_x) != BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES or len(block_y) != BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES:
-        raise ValueError("Length of blocks need to be %d bytes" % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
+        raise ValueError(f'Length of blocks need to be {BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES} bytes')
 
     block_r = [0xE1] + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - 1)
     block_v = block_y[:]
@@ -534,7 +522,7 @@ def ghash(subkey, data):
     # NIST SP 800-38D, Algorithm 2
 
     if len(data) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES:
-        raise ValueError("Length of data should be %d bytes" % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
+        raise ValueError(f'Length of data should be {BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES} bytes')
 
     last_y = [0] * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES
     for i in range(0, len(data), BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cache.py b/yt_dlp/cache.py
index 9dd4f2f25..71dca82b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cache.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cache.py
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ def remove(self):
 
         cachedir = self._get_root_dir()
         if not any((term in cachedir) for term in ('cache', 'tmp')):
-            raise Exception('Not removing directory %s - this does not look like a cache dir' % cachedir)
+            raise Exception(f'Not removing directory {cachedir} - this does not look like a cache dir')
 
         self._ydl.to_screen(
-            'Removing cache dir %s .' % cachedir, skip_eol=True)
+            f'Removing cache dir {cachedir} .', skip_eol=True)
         if os.path.exists(cachedir):
             self._ydl.to_screen('.', skip_eol=True)
             shutil.rmtree(cachedir)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
index 7ea5d0812..dfc792eae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 from ..dependencies import brotli as compat_brotli  # noqa: F401
 from ..dependencies import websockets as compat_websockets  # noqa: F401
 from ..dependencies.Cryptodome import AES as compat_pycrypto_AES  # noqa: F401
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError  # noqa: F401
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
 
 passthrough_module(__name__, '...utils', ('WINDOWS_VT_MODE', 'windows_enable_vt_mode'))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py b/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
index 36c983642..96689575f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@
 del passthrough_module
 
 try:
-    cache  # >= 3.9
+    _ = cache  # >= 3.9
 except NameError:
     cache = lru_cache(maxsize=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
index 7b8d215f0..0850ad260 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 from .utils._utils import _YDLLogger
 from .utils.networking import normalize_url
 
-CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS = {'brave', 'chrome', 'chromium', 'edge', 'opera', 'vivaldi'}
+CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS = {'brave', 'chrome', 'chromium', 'edge', 'opera', 'vivaldi', 'whale'}
 SUPPORTED_BROWSERS = CHROMIUM_BASED_BROWSERS | {'firefox', 'safari'}
 
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
             identities = json.load(containers).get('identities', [])
         container_id = next((context.get('userContextId') for context in identities if container in (
             context.get('name'),
-            try_call(lambda: re.fullmatch(r'userContext([^\.]+)\.label', context['l10nID']).group())
+            try_call(lambda: re.fullmatch(r'userContext([^\.]+)\.label', context['l10nID']).group()),
         )), None)
         if not isinstance(container_id, int):
             raise ValueError(f'could not find firefox container "{container}" in containers.json')
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
             'edge': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Microsoft\Edge\User Data'),
             'opera': os.path.join(appdata_roaming, R'Opera Software\Opera Stable'),
             'vivaldi': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Vivaldi\User Data'),
+            'whale': os.path.join(appdata_local, R'Naver\Naver Whale\User Data'),
         }[browser_name]
 
     elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
             'edge': os.path.join(appdata, 'Microsoft Edge'),
             'opera': os.path.join(appdata, 'com.operasoftware.Opera'),
             'vivaldi': os.path.join(appdata, 'Vivaldi'),
+            'whale': os.path.join(appdata, 'Naver/Whale'),
         }[browser_name]
 
     else:
@@ -241,6 +243,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
             'edge': os.path.join(config, 'microsoft-edge'),
             'opera': os.path.join(config, 'opera'),
             'vivaldi': os.path.join(config, 'vivaldi'),
+            'whale': os.path.join(config, 'naver-whale'),
         }[browser_name]
 
     # Linux keyring names can be determined by snooping on dbus while opening the browser in KDE:
@@ -252,6 +255,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
         'edge': 'Microsoft Edge' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chromium',
         'opera': 'Opera' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chromium',
         'vivaldi': 'Vivaldi' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'Chrome',
+        'whale': 'Whale',
     }[browser_name]
 
     browsers_without_profiles = {'opera'}
@@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
     return {
         'browser_dir': browser_dir,
         'keyring_name': keyring_name,
-        'supports_profiles': browser_name not in browsers_without_profiles
+        'supports_profiles': browser_name not in browsers_without_profiles,
     }
 
 
@@ -347,6 +351,11 @@ def _process_chrome_cookie(decryptor, host_key, name, value, encrypted_value, pa
         if value is None:
             return is_encrypted, None
 
+    # In chrome, session cookies have expires_utc set to 0
+    # In our cookie-store, cookies that do not expire should have expires set to None
+    if not expires_utc:
+        expires_utc = None
+
     return is_encrypted, http.cookiejar.Cookie(
         version=0, name=name, value=value, port=None, port_specified=False,
         domain=host_key, domain_specified=bool(host_key), domain_initial_dot=host_key.startswith('.'),
@@ -817,7 +826,7 @@ def _choose_linux_keyring(logger):
     elif desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE6:
         linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET6
     elif desktop_environment in (
-        _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER
+        _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER,
     ):
         linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.BASICTEXT
     else:
@@ -852,7 +861,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_network_wallet(keyring, logger):
             'dbus-send', '--session', '--print-reply=literal',
             f'--dest={service_name}',
             wallet_path,
-            'org.kde.KWallet.networkWallet'
+            'org.kde.KWallet.networkWallet',
         ], text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
         if returncode:
@@ -882,7 +891,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
             'kwallet-query',
             '--read-password', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage',
             '--folder', f'{browser_keyring_name} Keys',
-            network_wallet
+            network_wallet,
         ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
         if returncode:
@@ -922,9 +931,8 @@ def _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
         for item in col.get_all_items():
             if item.get_label() == f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage':
                 return item.get_secret()
-        else:
-            logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
-            return b''
+        logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
+        return b''
 
 
 def _get_linux_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
@@ -1044,7 +1052,7 @@ class DATA_BLOB(ctypes.Structure):
         None,  # pvReserved: must be NULL
         None,  # pPromptStruct: information about prompts to display
         0,  # dwFlags
-        ctypes.byref(blob_out)  # pDataOut
+        ctypes.byref(blob_out),  # pDataOut
     )
     if not ret:
         logger.warning('failed to decrypt with DPAPI', only_once=True)
@@ -1120,24 +1128,24 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
     _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS = _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + re.escape('(),/<=>?@[]{}')
 
     _RESERVED = {
-        "expires",
-        "path",
-        "comment",
-        "domain",
-        "max-age",
-        "secure",
-        "httponly",
-        "version",
-        "samesite",
+        'expires',
+        'path',
+        'comment',
+        'domain',
+        'max-age',
+        'secure',
+        'httponly',
+        'version',
+        'samesite',
     }
 
-    _FLAGS = {"secure", "httponly"}
+    _FLAGS = {'secure', 'httponly'}
 
     # Added 'bad' group to catch the remaining value
-    _COOKIE_PATTERN = re.compile(r"""
+    _COOKIE_PATTERN = re.compile(r'''
         \s*                            # Optional whitespace at start of cookie
         (?P<key>                       # Start of group 'key'
-        [""" + _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + r"""]+?# Any word of at least one letter
+        [''' + _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + r''']+?# Any word of at least one letter
         )                              # End of group 'key'
         (                              # Optional group: there may not be a value.
         \s*=\s*                          # Equal Sign
@@ -1147,7 +1155,7 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
         |                                    # or
         \w{3},\s[\w\d\s-]{9,11}\s[\d:]{8}\sGMT # Special case for "expires" attr
         |                                    # or
-        [""" + _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS + r"""]*     # Any word or empty string
+        [''' + _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS + r''']*     # Any word or empty string
         )                                  # End of group 'val'
         |                                  # or
         (?P<bad>(?:\\;|[^;])*?)            # 'bad' group fallback for invalid values
@@ -1155,7 +1163,7 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
         )?                             # End of optional value group
         \s*                            # Any number of spaces.
         (\s+|;|$)                      # Ending either at space, semicolon, or EOS.
-        """, re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE)
+        ''', re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE)
 
     def load(self, data):
         # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4776
@@ -1251,14 +1259,14 @@ def _really_save(self, f, ignore_discard, ignore_expires):
                 # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
                 # cookie with no value.
                 name, value = '', name
-            f.write('%s\n' % '\t'.join((
+            f.write('{}\n'.format('\t'.join((
                 cookie.domain,
                 self._true_or_false(cookie.domain.startswith('.')),
                 cookie.path,
                 self._true_or_false(cookie.secure),
                 str_or_none(cookie.expires, default=''),
-                name, value
-            )))
+                name, value,
+            ))))
 
     def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True):
         """
@@ -1297,10 +1305,10 @@ def prepare_line(line):
                 return line
             cookie_list = line.split('\t')
             if len(cookie_list) != self._ENTRY_LEN:
-                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid length %d' % len(cookie_list))
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid length {len(cookie_list)}')
             cookie = self._CookieFileEntry(*cookie_list)
             if cookie.expires_at and not cookie.expires_at.isdigit():
-                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid expires at %s' % cookie.expires_at)
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid expires at {cookie.expires_at}')
             return line
 
         cf = io.StringIO()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
index 65a0d6f23..2e3ea2fc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ def with_fields(*tups, default=''):
 
     def report_resuming_byte(self, resume_len):
         """Report attempt to resume at given byte."""
-        self.to_screen('[download] Resuming download at byte %s' % resume_len)
+        self.to_screen(f'[download] Resuming download at byte {resume_len}')
 
     def report_retry(self, err, count, retries, frag_index=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
         """Report retry"""
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
index 8b0b94e72..8b45c671a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
             # correct and expected termination thus all postprocessing
             # should take place
             retval = 0
-            self.to_screen('[%s] Interrupted by user' % self.get_basename())
+            self.to_screen(f'[{self.get_basename()}] Interrupted by user')
         finally:
             if self._cookies_tempfile:
                 self.try_remove(self._cookies_tempfile)
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         decrypt_fragment = self.decrypter(info_dict)
         dest, _ = self.sanitize_open(tmpfilename, 'wb')
         for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(info_dict['fragments']):
-            fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (tmpfilename, frag_index)
+            fragment_filename = f'{tmpfilename}-Frag{frag_index}'
             try:
                 src, _ = self.sanitize_open(fragment_filename, 'rb')
             except OSError as err:
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
             if not self.params.get('keep_fragments', False):
                 self.try_remove(encodeFilename(fragment_filename))
         dest.close()
-        self.try_remove(encodeFilename('%s.frag.urls' % tmpfilename))
+        self.try_remove(encodeFilename(f'{tmpfilename}.frag.urls'))
         return 0
 
     def _call_process(self, cmd, info_dict):
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ def _make_cmd(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
 
         if 'fragments' in info_dict:
             cmd += ['--uri-selector=inorder']
-            url_list_file = '%s.frag.urls' % tmpfilename
+            url_list_file = f'{tmpfilename}.frag.urls'
             url_list = []
             for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(info_dict['fragments']):
-                fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (os.path.basename(tmpfilename), frag_index)
-                url_list.append('%s\n\tout=%s' % (fragment['url'], self._aria2c_filename(fragment_filename)))
+                fragment_filename = f'{os.path.basename(tmpfilename)}-Frag{frag_index}'
+                url_list.append('{}\n\tout={}'.format(fragment['url'], self._aria2c_filename(fragment_filename)))
             stream, _ = self.sanitize_open(url_list_file, 'wb')
             stream.write('\n'.join(url_list).encode())
             stream.close()
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def aria2c_rpc(self, rpc_port, rpc_secret, method, params=()):
             'id': sanitycheck,
             'method': method,
             'params': [f'token:{rpc_secret}', *params],
-        }).encode('utf-8')
+        }).encode()
         request = Request(
             f'http://localhost:{rpc_port}/jsonrpc',
             data=d, headers={
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ def get_stat(key, *obj, average=False):
                     'total_bytes_estimate': total,
                     'eta': (total - downloaded) / (speed or 1),
                     'fragment_index': min(frag_count, len(completed) + 1) if fragmented else None,
-                    'elapsed': time.time() - started
+                    'elapsed': time.time() - started,
                 })
                 self._hook_progress(status, info_dict)
 
@@ -509,12 +509,12 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
         proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
         if proxy:
             if not re.match(r'^[\da-zA-Z]+://', proxy):
-                proxy = 'http://%s' % proxy
+                proxy = f'http://{proxy}'
 
             if proxy.startswith('socks'):
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s does not support SOCKS proxies. Downloading is likely to fail. '
-                    'Consider adding --hls-prefer-native to your command.' % self.get_basename())
+                    f'{self.get_basename()} does not support SOCKS proxies. Downloading is likely to fail. '
+                    'Consider adding --hls-prefer-native to your command.')
 
             # Since December 2015 ffmpeg supports -http_proxy option (see
             # http://git.videolan.org/?p=ffmpeg.git;a=commit;h=b4eb1f29ebddd60c41a2eb39f5af701e38e0d3fd)
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ def _call_downloader(self, tmpfilename, info_dict):
             if end_time:
                 args += ['-t', str(end_time - start_time)]
 
-            args += self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')) + ['-i', fmt['url']]
+            args += [*self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')), '-i', fmt['url']]
 
         if not (start_time or end_time) or not self.params.get('force_keyframes_at_cuts'):
             args += ['-c', 'copy']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
index 28cbba016..22d0ebd26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ def read_asrt(self):
         self.read_bytes(3)
         quality_entry_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualityEntryCount
-        for i in range(quality_entry_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_entry_count):
             self.read_string()
 
         segment_run_count = self.read_unsigned_int()
         segments = []
-        for i in range(segment_run_count):
+        for _ in range(segment_run_count):
             first_segment = self.read_unsigned_int()
             fragments_per_segment = self.read_unsigned_int()
             segments.append((first_segment, fragments_per_segment))
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ def read_afrt(self):
 
         quality_entry_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualitySegmentUrlModifiers
-        for i in range(quality_entry_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_entry_count):
             self.read_string()
 
         fragments_count = self.read_unsigned_int()
         fragments = []
-        for i in range(fragments_count):
+        for _ in range(fragments_count):
             first = self.read_unsigned_int()
             first_ts = self.read_unsigned_long_long()
             duration = self.read_unsigned_int()
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ def read_abst(self):
         self.read_string()  # MovieIdentifier
         server_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # ServerEntryTable
-        for i in range(server_count):
+        for _ in range(server_count):
             self.read_string()
         quality_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualityEntryTable
-        for i in range(quality_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_count):
             self.read_string()
         # DrmData
         self.read_string()
@@ -148,14 +148,14 @@ def read_abst(self):
 
         segments_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         segments = []
-        for i in range(segments_count):
+        for _ in range(segments_count):
             box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'asrt'
             segment = FlvReader(box_data).read_asrt()
             segments.append(segment)
         fragments_run_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         fragments = []
-        for i in range(fragments_run_count):
+        for _ in range(fragments_run_count):
             box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'afrt'
             fragments.append(FlvReader(box_data).read_afrt())
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def _parse_bootstrap_node(self, node, base_url):
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         man_url = info_dict['url']
         requested_bitrate = info_dict.get('tbr')
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading f4m manifest' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading f4m manifest')
 
         urlh = self.ydl.urlopen(self._prepare_url(info_dict, man_url))
         man_url = urlh.url
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
             formats = sorted(formats, key=lambda f: f[0])
             rate, media = formats[-1]
         else:
-            rate, media = list(filter(
-                lambda f: int(f[0]) == requested_bitrate, formats))[0]
+            rate, media = next(filter(
+                lambda f: int(f[0]) == requested_bitrate, formats))
 
         # Prefer baseURL for relative URLs as per 11.2 of F4M 3.0 spec.
         man_base_url = get_base_url(doc) or man_url
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
index b4f003d37..0d00196e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def _prepare_frag_download(self, ctx):
                         '.ytdl file is corrupt' if is_corrupt else
                         'Inconsistent state of incomplete fragment download')
                     self.report_warning(
-                        '%s. Restarting from the beginning ...' % message)
+                        f'{message}. Restarting from the beginning ...')
                     ctx['fragment_index'] = resume_len = 0
                     if 'ytdl_corrupt' in ctx:
                         del ctx['ytdl_corrupt']
@@ -366,10 +366,10 @@ def decrypt_fragment(fragment, frag_content):
         return decrypt_fragment
 
     def download_and_append_fragments_multiple(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        '''
+        """
         @params (ctx1, fragments1, info_dict1), (ctx2, fragments2, info_dict2), ...
                 all args must be either tuple or list
-        '''
+        """
         interrupt_trigger = [True]
         max_progress = len(args)
         if max_progress == 1:
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ def interrupt_trigger_iter(fg):
             finally:
                 tpe.shutdown(wait=True)
         if not interrupt_trigger[0] and not is_live:
-            raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+            raise KeyboardInterrupt
         # we expect the user wants to stop and DO WANT the preceding postprocessors to run;
         # so returning a intermediate result here instead of KeyboardInterrupt on live
         return result
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
index 4ac5d99dc..9cb4f014c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def check_results():
 
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         man_url = info_dict['url']
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading m3u8 manifest' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading m3u8 manifest')
 
         urlh = self.ydl.urlopen(self._prepare_url(info_dict, man_url))
         man_url = urlh.url
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def is_ad_fragment_end(s):
                         'url': frag_url,
                         'decrypt_info': decrypt_info,
                         'byte_range': byte_range,
-                        'media_sequence': media_sequence
+                        'media_sequence': media_sequence,
                     })
                     media_sequence += 1
 
@@ -350,9 +350,8 @@ def pack_fragment(frag_content, frag_index):
                             # XXX: this should probably be silent as well
                             # or verify that all segments contain the same data
                             self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
-                                'Discarding a %s block found in the middle of the stream; '
-                                'if the subtitles display incorrectly,'
-                                % (type(block).__name__)))
+                                f'Discarding a {type(block).__name__} block found in the middle of the stream; '
+                                'if the subtitles display incorrectly,'))
                             continue
                     block.write_into(output)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
index 693828b6e..c0165790d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def establish_connection():
                                 'downloaded_bytes': ctx.resume_len,
                                 'total_bytes': ctx.resume_len,
                             }, info_dict)
-                            raise SucceedDownload()
+                            raise SucceedDownload
                         else:
                             # The length does not match, we start the download over
                             self.report_unable_to_resume()
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ def establish_connection():
 
         def close_stream():
             if ctx.stream is not None:
-                if not ctx.tmpfilename == '-':
+                if ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                     ctx.stream.close()
                 ctx.stream = None
 
@@ -268,20 +268,20 @@ def retry(e):
                         ctx.filename = self.undo_temp_name(ctx.tmpfilename)
                         self.report_destination(ctx.filename)
                     except OSError as err:
-                        self.report_error('unable to open for writing: %s' % str(err))
+                        self.report_error(f'unable to open for writing: {err}')
                         return False
 
                     if self.params.get('xattr_set_filesize', False) and data_len is not None:
                         try:
                             write_xattr(ctx.tmpfilename, 'user.ytdl.filesize', str(data_len).encode())
                         except (XAttrUnavailableError, XAttrMetadataError) as err:
-                            self.report_error('unable to set filesize xattr: %s' % str(err))
+                            self.report_error(f'unable to set filesize xattr: {err}')
 
                 try:
                     ctx.stream.write(data_block)
                 except OSError as err:
                     self.to_stderr('\n')
-                    self.report_error('unable to write data: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'unable to write data: {err}')
                     return False
 
                 # Apply rate limit
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def retry(e):
                     elif now - ctx.throttle_start > 3:
                         if ctx.stream is not None and ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                             ctx.stream.close()
-                        raise ThrottledDownload()
+                        raise ThrottledDownload
                 elif speed:
                     ctx.throttle_start = None
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ def retry(e):
 
             if not is_test and ctx.chunk_size and ctx.content_len is not None and byte_counter < ctx.content_len:
                 ctx.resume_len = byte_counter
-                raise NextFragment()
+                raise NextFragment
 
             if ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                 ctx.stream.close()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
index dd688f586..62c3a3b7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         skip_unavailable_fragments = self.params.get('skip_unavailable_fragments', True)
 
         frag_index = 0
-        for i, segment in enumerate(segments):
+        for segment in segments:
             frag_index += 1
             if frag_index <= ctx['fragment_index']:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
index d977dcec3..3d4f2d763 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 
 class MhtmlFD(FragmentFD):
-    _STYLESHEET = """\
+    _STYLESHEET = '''\
 html, body {
     margin: 0;
     padding: 0;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class MhtmlFD(FragmentFD):
     max-width: 100%;
     max-height: calc(100vh - 5em);
 }
-"""
+'''
     _STYLESHEET = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', _STYLESHEET)
     _STYLESHEET = re.sub(r'\B \B|(?<=[\w\-]) (?=[^\w\-])|(?<=[^\w\-]) (?=[\w\-])', '', _STYLESHEET)
 
@@ -57,24 +57,19 @@ def _escape_mime(s):
         )).decode('us-ascii') + '?='
 
     def _gen_cid(self, i, fragment, frag_boundary):
-        return '%u.%s@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid' % (i, frag_boundary)
+        return f'{i}.{frag_boundary}@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid'
 
     def _gen_stub(self, *, fragments, frag_boundary, title):
         output = io.StringIO()
 
-        output.write((
+        output.write(
             '<!DOCTYPE html>'
             '<html>'
             '<head>'
-            ''  '<meta name="generator" content="yt-dlp {version}">'
-            ''  '<title>{title}</title>'
-            ''  '<style>{styles}</style>'
-            '<body>'
-        ).format(
-            version=escapeHTML(YT_DLP_VERSION),
-            styles=self._STYLESHEET,
-            title=escapeHTML(title)
-        ))
+            f'<meta name="generator" content="yt-dlp {escapeHTML(YT_DLP_VERSION)}">'
+            f'<title>{escapeHTML(title)}</title>'
+            f'<style>{self._STYLESHEET}</style>'
+            '<body>')
 
         t0 = 0
         for i, frag in enumerate(fragments):
@@ -87,15 +82,12 @@ def _gen_stub(self, *, fragments, frag_boundary, title):
                     num=i + 1,
                     t0=srt_subtitles_timecode(t0),
                     t1=srt_subtitles_timecode(t1),
-                    duration=formatSeconds(frag['duration'], msec=True)
+                    duration=formatSeconds(frag['duration'], msec=True),
                 ))
             except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError):
                 t1 = None
-                output.write((
-                    '<figcaption>Slide #{num}</figcaption>'
-                ).format(num=i + 1))
-            output.write('<img src="cid:{cid}">'.format(
-                cid=self._gen_cid(i, frag, frag_boundary)))
+                output.write(f'<figcaption>Slide #{i + 1}</figcaption>')
+            output.write(f'<img src="cid:{self._gen_cid(i, frag, frag_boundary)}">')
             output.write('</figure>')
             t0 = t1
 
@@ -126,31 +118,24 @@ def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
             stub = self._gen_stub(
                 fragments=fragments,
                 frag_boundary=frag_boundary,
-                title=title
+                title=title,
             )
 
             ctx['dest_stream'].write((
                 'MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n'
                 'From: <nowhere@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid>\r\n'
                 'To: <nowhere@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid>\r\n'
-                'Subject: {title}\r\n'
+                f'Subject: {self._escape_mime(title)}\r\n'
                 'Content-type: multipart/related; '
-                ''  'boundary="{boundary}"; '
-                ''  'type="text/html"\r\n'
-                'X.yt-dlp.Origin: {origin}\r\n'
+                f'boundary="{frag_boundary}"; '
+                'type="text/html"\r\n'
+                f'X.yt-dlp.Origin: {origin}\r\n'
                 '\r\n'
-                '--{boundary}\r\n'
+                f'--{frag_boundary}\r\n'
                 'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n'
-                'Content-Length: {length}\r\n'
+                f'Content-Length: {len(stub)}\r\n'
                 '\r\n'
-                '{stub}\r\n'
-            ).format(
-                origin=origin,
-                boundary=frag_boundary,
-                length=len(stub),
-                title=self._escape_mime(title),
-                stub=stub
-            ).encode())
+                f'{stub}\r\n').encode())
             extra_state['header_written'] = True
 
         for i, fragment in enumerate(fragments):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
index fef8bff73..462c6e2d6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class NiconicoDmcFD(FileDownloader):
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         from ..extractor.niconico import NiconicoIE
 
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading from DMC' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading from DMC')
         ie = NiconicoIE(self.ydl)
         info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict = ie._get_heartbeat_info(info_dict)
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def heartbeat():
             try:
                 self.ydl.urlopen(request).read()
             except Exception:
-                self.to_screen('[%s] Heartbeat failed' % self.FD_NAME)
+                self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Heartbeat failed')
 
             with heartbeat_lock:
                 if not download_complete:
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ def communicate_ws(reconnect):
                             'quality': live_quality,
                             'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
                             'latency': live_latency,
-                            'chasePlay': False
+                            'chasePlay': False,
                         },
                         'room': {
                             'protocol': 'webSocket',
-                            'commentable': True
+                            'commentable': True,
                         },
                         'reconnect': True,
-                    }
+                    },
                 }))
             else:
                 ws = ws_extractor
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def communicate_ws(reconnect):
                     elif self.ydl.params.get('verbose', False):
                         if len(recv) > 100:
                             recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                        self.to_screen('[debug] Server said: %s' % recv)
+                        self.to_screen(f'[debug] Server said: {recv}')
 
         def ws_main():
             reconnect = False
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def ws_main():
                     if ret is True:
                         return
                 except BaseException as e:
-                    self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: %s' % ('niconico:live', video_id, str_or_none(e)))
+                    self.to_screen('[{}] {}: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: {}'.format('niconico:live', video_id, str_or_none(e)))
                     time.sleep(10)
                     continue
                 finally:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
index 0e0952599..d7ffb3b34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ def run_rtmpdump(args):
 
         while retval in (RD_INCOMPLETE, RD_FAILED) and not test and not live:
             prevsize = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-            self.to_screen('[rtmpdump] Downloaded %s bytes' % prevsize)
+            self.to_screen(f'[rtmpdump] Downloaded {prevsize} bytes')
             time.sleep(5.0)  # This seems to be needed
-            args = basic_args + ['--resume']
+            args = [*basic_args, '--resume']
             if retval == RD_FAILED:
                 args += ['--skip', '1']
             args = [encodeArgument(a) for a in args]
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ def run_rtmpdump(args):
                 break
         if retval == RD_SUCCESS or (test and retval == RD_INCOMPLETE):
             fsize = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-            self.to_screen('[rtmpdump] Downloaded %s bytes' % fsize)
+            self.to_screen(f'[rtmpdump] Downloaded {fsize} bytes')
             self.try_rename(tmpfilename, filename)
             self._hook_progress({
                 'downloaded_bytes': fsize,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
index c7a86374a..961938d44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class YoutubeLiveChatFD(FragmentFD):
 
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         video_id = info_dict['video_id']
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading live chat' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading live chat')
         if not self.params.get('skip_download') and info_dict['protocol'] == 'youtube_live_chat':
             self.report_warning('Live chat download runs until the livestream ends. '
                                 'If you wish to download the video simultaneously, run a separate yt-dlp instance')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
index 42034275b..e9cd38a65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/_extractors.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # flake8: noqa: F401
+# isort: off
 
 from .youtube import (  # Youtube is moved to the top to improve performance
     YoutubeIE,
@@ -24,6 +25,8 @@
     YoutubeConsentRedirectIE,
 )
 
+# isort: on
+
 from .abc import (
     ABCIE,
     ABCIViewIE,
@@ -43,27 +46,33 @@
 )
 from .academicearth import AcademicEarthCourseIE
 from .acast import (
-    ACastIE,
     ACastChannelIE,
+    ACastIE,
+)
+from .acfun import (
+    AcFunBangumiIE,
+    AcFunVideoIE,
+)
+from .adn import (
+    ADNIE,
+    ADNSeasonIE,
 )
-from .acfun import AcFunVideoIE, AcFunBangumiIE
-from .adn import ADNIE, ADNSeasonIE
 from .adobeconnect import AdobeConnectIE
 from .adobetv import (
+    AdobeTVChannelIE,
     AdobeTVEmbedIE,
     AdobeTVIE,
     AdobeTVShowIE,
-    AdobeTVChannelIE,
     AdobeTVVideoIE,
 )
 from .adultswim import AdultSwimIE
 from .aenetworks import (
-    AENetworksIE,
     AENetworksCollectionIE,
+    AENetworksIE,
     AENetworksShowIE,
-    HistoryTopicIE,
-    HistoryPlayerIE,
     BiographyIE,
+    HistoryPlayerIE,
+    HistoryTopicIE,
 )
 from .aeonco import AeonCoIE
 from .afreecatv import (
@@ -79,77 +88,85 @@
 )
 from .airtv import AirTVIE
 from .aitube import AitubeKZVideoIE
+from .aliexpress import AliExpressLiveIE
 from .aljazeera import AlJazeeraIE
+from .allocine import AllocineIE
 from .allstar import (
     AllstarIE,
     AllstarProfileIE,
 )
 from .alphaporno import AlphaPornoIE
+from .alsace20tv import (
+    Alsace20TVEmbedIE,
+    Alsace20TVIE,
+)
 from .altcensored import (
-    AltCensoredIE,
     AltCensoredChannelIE,
+    AltCensoredIE,
 )
 from .alura import (
+    AluraCourseIE,
     AluraIE,
-    AluraCourseIE
 )
 from .amadeustv import AmadeusTVIE
 from .amara import AmaraIE
-from .amcnetworks import AMCNetworksIE
 from .amazon import (
-    AmazonStoreIE,
     AmazonReviewsIE,
+    AmazonStoreIE,
 )
 from .amazonminitv import (
     AmazonMiniTVIE,
     AmazonMiniTVSeasonIE,
     AmazonMiniTVSeriesIE,
 )
+from .amcnetworks import AMCNetworksIE
 from .americastestkitchen import (
     AmericasTestKitchenIE,
     AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE,
 )
 from .anchorfm import AnchorFMEpisodeIE
 from .angel import AngelIE
+from .antenna import (
+    Ant1NewsGrArticleIE,
+    Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE,
+    AntennaGrWatchIE,
+)
 from .anvato import AnvatoIE
 from .aol import AolIE
-from .allocine import AllocineIE
-from .aliexpress import AliExpressLiveIE
-from .alsace20tv import (
-    Alsace20TVIE,
-    Alsace20TVEmbedIE,
-)
 from .apa import APAIE
 from .aparat import AparatIE
 from .appleconnect import AppleConnectIE
+from .applepodcasts import ApplePodcastsIE
 from .appletrailers import (
     AppleTrailersIE,
     AppleTrailersSectionIE,
 )
-from .applepodcasts import ApplePodcastsIE
 from .archiveorg import (
     ArchiveOrgIE,
     YoutubeWebArchiveIE,
 )
 from .arcpublishing import ArcPublishingIE
-from .arkena import ArkenaIE
 from .ard import (
+    ARDIE,
     ARDBetaMediathekIE,
     ARDMediathekCollectionIE,
-    ARDIE,
 )
+from .arkena import ArkenaIE
+from .arnes import ArnesIE
 from .art19 import (
     Art19IE,
     Art19ShowIE,
 )
 from .arte import (
-    ArteTVIE,
-    ArteTVEmbedIE,
-    ArteTVPlaylistIE,
     ArteTVCategoryIE,
+    ArteTVEmbedIE,
+    ArteTVIE,
+    ArteTVPlaylistIE,
+)
+from .asobichannel import (
+    AsobiChannelIE,
+    AsobiChannelTagURLIE,
 )
-from .arnes import ArnesIE
-from .asobichannel import AsobiChannelIE, AsobiChannelTagURLIE
 from .asobistage import AsobiStageIE
 from .atresplayer import AtresPlayerIE
 from .atscaleconf import AtScaleConfEventIE
@@ -160,57 +177,60 @@
     AudiodraftCustomIE,
     AudiodraftGenericIE,
 )
-from .audiomack import AudiomackIE, AudiomackAlbumIE
+from .audiomack import (
+    AudiomackAlbumIE,
+    AudiomackIE,
+)
 from .audius import (
     AudiusIE,
-    AudiusTrackIE,
     AudiusPlaylistIE,
     AudiusProfileIE,
+    AudiusTrackIE,
 )
 from .awaan import (
     AWAANIE,
-    AWAANVideoIE,
     AWAANLiveIE,
     AWAANSeasonIE,
+    AWAANVideoIE,
 )
 from .axs import AxsIE
 from .azmedien import AZMedienIE
 from .baidu import BaiduVideoIE
 from .banbye import (
-    BanByeIE,
     BanByeChannelIE,
+    BanByeIE,
 )
 from .bandaichannel import BandaiChannelIE
 from .bandcamp import (
-    BandcampIE,
     BandcampAlbumIE,
-    BandcampWeeklyIE,
+    BandcampIE,
     BandcampUserIE,
+    BandcampWeeklyIE,
 )
 from .bannedvideo import BannedVideoIE
 from .bbc import (
-    BBCCoUkIE,
+    BBCIE,
     BBCCoUkArticleIE,
+    BBCCoUkIE,
     BBCCoUkIPlayerEpisodesIE,
     BBCCoUkIPlayerGroupIE,
     BBCCoUkPlaylistIE,
-    BBCIE,
 )
+from .beatbump import (
+    BeatBumpPlaylistIE,
+    BeatBumpVideoIE,
+)
+from .beatport import BeatportIE
 from .beeg import BeegIE
 from .behindkink import BehindKinkIE
 from .bellmedia import BellMediaIE
-from .beatbump import (
-    BeatBumpVideoIE,
-    BeatBumpPlaylistIE,
-)
-from .beatport import BeatportIE
 from .berufetv import BerufeTVIE
 from .bet import BetIE
 from .bfi import BFIPlayerIE
 from .bfmtv import (
     BFMTVIE,
-    BFMTVLiveIE,
     BFMTVArticleIE,
+    BFMTVLiveIE,
 )
 from .bibeltv import (
     BibelTVLiveIE,
@@ -221,37 +241,37 @@
 from .bigo import BigoIE
 from .bild import BildIE
 from .bilibili import (
-    BiliBiliIE,
+    BilibiliAudioAlbumIE,
+    BilibiliAudioIE,
     BiliBiliBangumiIE,
-    BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE,
     BiliBiliBangumiMediaIE,
+    BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE,
+    BilibiliCategoryIE,
     BilibiliCheeseIE,
     BilibiliCheeseSeasonIE,
-    BiliBiliSearchIE,
-    BilibiliCategoryIE,
-    BilibiliAudioIE,
-    BilibiliAudioAlbumIE,
-    BiliBiliPlayerIE,
-    BilibiliSpaceVideoIE,
-    BilibiliSpaceAudioIE,
     BilibiliCollectionListIE,
-    BilibiliSeriesListIE,
     BilibiliFavoritesListIE,
-    BilibiliWatchlaterIE,
+    BiliBiliIE,
+    BiliBiliPlayerIE,
     BilibiliPlaylistIE,
+    BiliBiliSearchIE,
+    BilibiliSeriesListIE,
+    BilibiliSpaceAudioIE,
+    BilibiliSpaceVideoIE,
+    BilibiliWatchlaterIE,
     BiliIntlIE,
     BiliIntlSeriesIE,
     BiliLiveIE,
 )
 from .biobiochiletv import BioBioChileTVIE
 from .bitchute import (
-    BitChuteIE,
     BitChuteChannelIE,
+    BitChuteIE,
 )
 from .blackboardcollaborate import BlackboardCollaborateIE
 from .bleacherreport import (
-    BleacherReportIE,
     BleacherReportCMSIE,
+    BleacherReportIE,
 )
 from .blerp import BlerpIE
 from .blogger import BloggerIE
@@ -264,69 +284,69 @@
 from .boxcast import BoxCastVideoIE
 from .bpb import BpbIE
 from .br import BRIE
-from .bravotv import BravoTVIE
 from .brainpop import (
-    BrainPOPIE,
-    BrainPOPJrIE,
     BrainPOPELLIE,
     BrainPOPEspIE,
     BrainPOPFrIE,
+    BrainPOPIE,
     BrainPOPIlIE,
+    BrainPOPJrIE,
 )
+from .bravotv import BravoTVIE
 from .breitbart import BreitBartIE
 from .brightcove import (
     BrightcoveLegacyIE,
     BrightcoveNewIE,
 )
 from .brilliantpala import (
-    BrilliantpalaElearnIE,
     BrilliantpalaClassesIE,
+    BrilliantpalaElearnIE,
 )
-from .businessinsider import BusinessInsiderIE
 from .bundesliga import BundesligaIE
 from .bundestag import BundestagIE
+from .businessinsider import BusinessInsiderIE
 from .buzzfeed import BuzzFeedIE
 from .byutv import BYUtvIE
 from .c56 import C56IE
-from .cableav import CableAVIE
+from .caffeinetv import CaffeineTVIE
 from .callin import CallinIE
 from .caltrans import CaltransIE
 from .cam4 import CAM4IE
 from .camdemy import (
+    CamdemyFolderIE,
     CamdemyIE,
-    CamdemyFolderIE
 )
 from .camfm import (
     CamFMEpisodeIE,
-    CamFMShowIE
+    CamFMShowIE,
 )
 from .cammodels import CamModelsIE
 from .camsoda import CamsodaIE
 from .camtasia import CamtasiaEmbedIE
 from .canal1 import Canal1IE
 from .canalalpha import CanalAlphaIE
-from .canalplus import CanalplusIE
 from .canalc2 import Canalc2IE
+from .canalplus import CanalplusIE
 from .caracoltv import CaracolTvPlayIE
 from .cartoonnetwork import CartoonNetworkIE
 from .cbc import (
     CBCIE,
+    CBCGemIE,
+    CBCGemLiveIE,
+    CBCGemPlaylistIE,
     CBCPlayerIE,
     CBCPlayerPlaylistIE,
-    CBCGemIE,
-    CBCGemPlaylistIE,
-    CBCGemLiveIE,
 )
 from .cbs import (
     CBSIE,
     ParamountPressExpressIE,
 )
 from .cbsnews import (
+    CBSLocalArticleIE,
+    CBSLocalIE,
+    CBSLocalLiveIE,
     CBSNewsEmbedIE,
     CBSNewsIE,
-    CBSLocalIE,
-    CBSLocalArticleIE,
-    CBSLocalLiveIE,
     CBSNewsLiveIE,
     CBSNewsLiveVideoIE,
 )
@@ -355,12 +375,12 @@
 from .cinemax import CinemaxIE
 from .cinetecamilano import CinetecaMilanoIE
 from .cineverse import (
-    CineverseIE,
     CineverseDetailsIE,
+    CineverseIE,
 )
 from .ciscolive import (
-    CiscoLiveSessionIE,
     CiscoLiveSearchIE,
+    CiscoLiveSessionIE,
 )
 from .ciscowebex import CiscoWebexIE
 from .cjsw import CJSWIE
@@ -373,21 +393,22 @@
 from .clubic import ClubicIE
 from .clyp import ClypIE
 from .cmt import CMTIE
-from .cnbc import (
-    CNBCVideoIE,
-)
+from .cnbc import CNBCVideoIE
 from .cnn import (
     CNNIE,
-    CNNBlogsIE,
     CNNArticleIE,
+    CNNBlogsIE,
     CNNIndonesiaIE,
 )
-from .coub import CoubIE
 from .comedycentral import (
     ComedyCentralIE,
     ComedyCentralTVIE,
 )
-from .commonmistakes import CommonMistakesIE, UnicodeBOMIE
+from .commonmistakes import (
+    BlobIE,
+    CommonMistakesIE,
+    UnicodeBOMIE,
+)
 from .commonprotocols import (
     MmsIE,
     RtmpIE,
@@ -396,44 +417,48 @@
 from .condenast import CondeNastIE
 from .contv import CONtvIE
 from .corus import CorusIE
+from .coub import CoubIE
+from .cozytv import CozyTVIE
 from .cpac import (
     CPACIE,
     CPACPlaylistIE,
 )
-from .cozytv import CozyTVIE
 from .cracked import CrackedIE
 from .crackle import CrackleIE
 from .craftsy import CraftsyIE
 from .crooksandliars import CrooksAndLiarsIE
 from .crowdbunker import (
-    CrowdBunkerIE,
     CrowdBunkerChannelIE,
+    CrowdBunkerIE,
 )
 from .crtvg import CrtvgIE
 from .crunchyroll import (
+    CrunchyrollArtistIE,
     CrunchyrollBetaIE,
     CrunchyrollBetaShowIE,
     CrunchyrollMusicIE,
-    CrunchyrollArtistIE,
 )
-from .cspan import CSpanIE, CSpanCongressIE
+from .cspan import (
+    CSpanCongressIE,
+    CSpanIE,
+)
 from .ctsnews import CtsNewsIE
 from .ctv import CTVIE
 from .ctvnews import CTVNewsIE
 from .cultureunplugged import CultureUnpluggedIE
 from .curiositystream import (
-    CuriosityStreamIE,
     CuriosityStreamCollectionsIE,
+    CuriosityStreamIE,
     CuriosityStreamSeriesIE,
 )
 from .cwtv import CWTVIE
 from .cybrary import (
+    CybraryCourseIE,
     CybraryIE,
-    CybraryCourseIE
 )
 from .dacast import (
-    DacastVODIE,
     DacastPlaylistIE,
+    DacastVODIE,
 )
 from .dailymail import DailyMailIE
 from .dailymotion import (
@@ -450,9 +475,13 @@
     DamtomoRecordIE,
     DamtomoVideoIE,
 )
+from .dangalplay import (
+    DangalPlayIE,
+    DangalPlaySeasonIE,
+)
 from .daum import (
-    DaumIE,
     DaumClipIE,
+    DaumIE,
     DaumPlaylistIE,
     DaumUserIE,
 )
@@ -460,49 +489,69 @@
 from .dbtv import DBTVIE
 from .dctp import DctpTvIE
 from .deezer import (
-    DeezerPlaylistIE,
     DeezerAlbumIE,
+    DeezerPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .democracynow import DemocracynowIE
 from .detik import DetikEmbedIE
+from .deuxm import (
+    DeuxMIE,
+    DeuxMNewsIE,
+)
+from .dfb import DFBIE
+from .dhm import DHMIE
+from .digitalconcerthall import DigitalConcertHallIE
+from .digiteka import DigitekaIE
+from .discogs import DiscogsReleasePlaylistIE
+from .discovery import DiscoveryIE
+from .disney import DisneyIE
+from .dispeak import DigitallySpeakingIE
 from .dlf import (
     DLFIE,
     DLFCorpusIE,
 )
-from .dfb import DFBIE
-from .dhm import DHMIE
+from .dlive import (
+    DLiveStreamIE,
+    DLiveVODIE,
+)
 from .douyutv import (
     DouyuShowIE,
     DouyuTVIE,
 )
 from .dplay import (
-    DPlayIE,
-    DiscoveryPlusIE,
-    HGTVDeIE,
-    GoDiscoveryIE,
-    TravelChannelIE,
-    CookingChannelIE,
-    HGTVUsaIE,
-    FoodNetworkIE,
-    InvestigationDiscoveryIE,
-    DestinationAmericaIE,
-    AmHistoryChannelIE,
-    ScienceChannelIE,
-    DIYNetworkIE,
-    DiscoveryLifeIE,
-    AnimalPlanetIE,
     TLCIE,
-    MotorTrendIE,
-    MotorTrendOnDemandIE,
-    DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE,
+    AmHistoryChannelIE,
+    AnimalPlanetIE,
+    CookingChannelIE,
+    DestinationAmericaIE,
+    DiscoveryLifeIE,
     DiscoveryNetworksDeIE,
+    DiscoveryPlusIE,
+    DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE,
+    DiscoveryPlusIndiaShowIE,
     DiscoveryPlusItalyIE,
     DiscoveryPlusItalyShowIE,
-    DiscoveryPlusIndiaShowIE,
+    DIYNetworkIE,
+    DPlayIE,
+    FoodNetworkIE,
     GlobalCyclingNetworkPlusIE,
+    GoDiscoveryIE,
+    HGTVDeIE,
+    HGTVUsaIE,
+    InvestigationDiscoveryIE,
+    MotorTrendIE,
+    MotorTrendOnDemandIE,
+    ScienceChannelIE,
+    TravelChannelIE,
 )
-from .dreisat import DreiSatIE
 from .drbonanza import DRBonanzaIE
+from .dreisat import DreiSatIE
+from .drooble import DroobleIE
+from .dropbox import DropboxIE
+from .dropout import (
+    DropoutIE,
+    DropoutSeasonIE,
+)
 from .drtuber import DrTuberIE
 from .drtv import (
     DRTVIE,
@@ -511,32 +560,21 @@
     DRTVSeriesIE,
 )
 from .dtube import DTubeIE
-from .dvtv import DVTVIE
 from .duboku import (
     DubokuIE,
-    DubokuPlaylistIE
+    DubokuPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .dumpert import DumpertIE
-from .deuxm import (
-    DeuxMIE,
-    DeuxMNewsIE
-)
-from .digitalconcerthall import DigitalConcertHallIE
-from .discogs import DiscogsReleasePlaylistIE
-from .discovery import DiscoveryIE
-from .disney import DisneyIE
-from .dispeak import DigitallySpeakingIE
-from .dropbox import DropboxIE
-from .dropout import (
-    DropoutSeasonIE,
-    DropoutIE
-)
 from .duoplay import DuoplayIE
+from .dvtv import DVTVIE
 from .dw import (
     DWIE,
     DWArticleIE,
 )
-from .eagleplatform import EaglePlatformIE, ClipYouEmbedIE
+from .eagleplatform import (
+    ClipYouEmbedIE,
+    EaglePlatformIE,
+)
 from .ebaumsworld import EbaumsWorldIE
 from .ebay import EbayIE
 from .egghead import (
@@ -544,7 +582,6 @@
     EggheadLessonIE,
 )
 from .eighttracks import EightTracksIE
-from .einthusan import EinthusanIE
 from .eitb import EitbIE
 from .elementorembed import ElementorEmbedIE
 from .elonet import ElonetIE
@@ -561,8 +598,8 @@
 from .eporner import EpornerIE
 from .erocast import ErocastIE
 from .eroprofile import (
-    EroProfileIE,
     EroProfileAlbumIE,
+    EroProfileIE,
 )
 from .err import ERRJupiterIE
 from .ertgr import (
@@ -572,31 +609,33 @@
 )
 from .espn import (
     ESPNIE,
-    WatchESPNIE,
     ESPNArticleIE,
-    FiveThirtyEightIE,
     ESPNCricInfoIE,
+    FiveThirtyEightIE,
+    WatchESPNIE,
 )
 from .ettutv import EttuTvIE
-from .europa import EuropaIE, EuroParlWebstreamIE
+from .europa import (
+    EuropaIE,
+    EuroParlWebstreamIE,
+)
 from .europeantour import EuropeanTourIE
 from .eurosport import EurosportIE
 from .euscreen import EUScreenIE
 from .expressen import ExpressenIE
 from .eyedotv import EyedoTVIE
 from .facebook import (
+    FacebookAdsIE,
     FacebookIE,
     FacebookPluginsVideoIE,
     FacebookRedirectURLIE,
     FacebookReelIE,
-    FacebookAdsIE,
+)
+from .fancode import (
+    FancodeLiveIE,
+    FancodeVodIE,
 )
 from .fathom import FathomIE
-from .fancode import (
-    FancodeVodIE,
-    FancodeLiveIE
-)
-
 from .faz import FazIE
 from .fc2 import (
     FC2IE,
@@ -606,8 +645,8 @@
 from .fczenit import FczenitIE
 from .fifa import FifaIE
 from .filmon import (
-    FilmOnIE,
     FilmOnChannelIE,
+    FilmOnIE,
 )
 from .filmweb import FilmwebIE
 from .firsttv import FirstTVIE
@@ -615,17 +654,17 @@
 from .flextv import FlexTVIE
 from .flickr import FlickrIE
 from .floatplane import (
-    FloatplaneIE,
     FloatplaneChannelIE,
+    FloatplaneIE,
 )
 from .folketinget import FolketingetIE
 from .footyroom import FootyRoomIE
 from .formula1 import Formula1IE
 from .fourtube import (
     FourTubeIE,
-    PornTubeIE,
-    PornerBrosIE,
     FuxIE,
+    PornerBrosIE,
+    PornTubeIE,
 )
 from .fox import FOXIE
 from .fox9 import (
@@ -633,8 +672,8 @@
     FOX9NewsIE,
 )
 from .foxnews import (
-    FoxNewsIE,
     FoxNewsArticleIE,
+    FoxNewsIE,
     FoxNewsVideoIE,
 )
 from .foxsports import FoxSportsIE
@@ -642,20 +681,20 @@
 from .franceinter import FranceInterIE
 from .francetv import (
     FranceTVIE,
-    FranceTVSiteIE,
     FranceTVInfoIE,
+    FranceTVSiteIE,
 )
 from .freesound import FreesoundIE
 from .freespeech import FreespeechIE
-from .frontendmasters import (
-    FrontendMastersIE,
-    FrontendMastersLessonIE,
-    FrontendMastersCourseIE
-)
 from .freetv import (
     FreeTvIE,
     FreeTvMoviesIE,
 )
+from .frontendmasters import (
+    FrontendMastersCourseIE,
+    FrontendMastersIE,
+    FrontendMastersLessonIE,
+)
 from .fujitv import FujiTVFODPlus7IE
 from .funimation import (
     FunimationIE,
@@ -666,32 +705,37 @@
 from .funker530 import Funker530IE
 from .fuyintv import FuyinTVIE
 from .gab import (
-    GabTVIE,
     GabIE,
+    GabTVIE,
 )
 from .gaia import GaiaIE
 from .gamejolt import (
-    GameJoltIE,
-    GameJoltUserIE,
+    GameJoltCommunityIE,
     GameJoltGameIE,
     GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE,
-    GameJoltCommunityIE,
+    GameJoltIE,
     GameJoltSearchIE,
+    GameJoltUserIE,
 )
 from .gamespot import GameSpotIE
 from .gamestar import GameStarIE
 from .gaskrank import GaskrankIE
 from .gazeta import GazetaIE
+from .gbnews import GBNewsIE
 from .gdcvault import GDCVaultIE
 from .gedidigital import GediDigitalIE
 from .generic import GenericIE
+from .genericembeds import (
+    HTML5MediaEmbedIE,
+    QuotedHTMLIE,
+)
 from .genius import (
     GeniusIE,
     GeniusLyricsIE,
 )
 from .getcourseru import (
+    GetCourseRuIE,
     GetCourseRuPlayerIE,
-    GetCourseRuIE
 )
 from .gettr import (
     GettrIE,
@@ -700,40 +744,45 @@
 from .giantbomb import GiantBombIE
 from .glide import GlideIE
 from .globalplayer import (
+    GlobalPlayerAudioEpisodeIE,
+    GlobalPlayerAudioIE,
     GlobalPlayerLiveIE,
     GlobalPlayerLivePlaylistIE,
-    GlobalPlayerAudioIE,
-    GlobalPlayerAudioEpisodeIE,
-    GlobalPlayerVideoIE
+    GlobalPlayerVideoIE,
 )
 from .globo import (
-    GloboIE,
     GloboArticleIE,
+    GloboIE,
+)
+from .glomex import (
+    GlomexEmbedIE,
+    GlomexIE,
 )
 from .gmanetwork import GMANetworkVideoIE
 from .go import GoIE
+from .godresource import GodResourceIE
 from .godtube import GodTubeIE
 from .gofile import GofileIE
 from .golem import GolemIE
 from .goodgame import GoodGameIE
 from .googledrive import (
-    GoogleDriveIE,
     GoogleDriveFolderIE,
+    GoogleDriveIE,
 )
 from .googlepodcasts import (
-    GooglePodcastsIE,
     GooglePodcastsFeedIE,
+    GooglePodcastsIE,
 )
 from .googlesearch import GoogleSearchIE
-from .gopro import GoProIE
 from .goplay import GoPlayIE
+from .gopro import GoProIE
 from .goshgay import GoshgayIE
 from .gotostage import GoToStageIE
 from .gputechconf import GPUTechConfIE
 from .gronkh import (
-    GronkhIE,
     GronkhFeedIE,
-    GronkhVodsIE
+    GronkhIE,
+    GronkhVodsIE,
 )
 from .groupon import GrouponIE
 from .harpodeon import HarpodeonIE
@@ -742,10 +791,10 @@
 from .heise import HeiseIE
 from .hellporno import HellPornoIE
 from .hgtv import HGTVComShowIE
-from .hketv import HKETVIE
 from .hidive import HiDiveIE
 from .historicfilms import HistoricFilmsIE
 from .hitrecord import HitRecordIE
+from .hketv import HKETVIE
 from .hollywoodreporter import (
     HollywoodReporterIE,
     HollywoodReporterPlaylistIE,
@@ -754,8 +803,8 @@
 from .hotnewhiphop import HotNewHipHopIE
 from .hotstar import (
     HotStarIE,
-    HotStarPrefixIE,
     HotStarPlaylistIE,
+    HotStarPrefixIE,
     HotStarSeasonIE,
     HotStarSeriesIE,
 )
@@ -766,34 +815,30 @@
     HRTiPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .hse import (
-    HSEShowIE,
     HSEProductIE,
-)
-from .genericembeds import (
-    HTML5MediaEmbedIE,
-    QuotedHTMLIE,
+    HSEShowIE,
 )
 from .huajiao import HuajiaoIE
-from .huya import HuyaLiveIE
 from .huffpost import HuffPostIE
 from .hungama import (
+    HungamaAlbumPlaylistIE,
     HungamaIE,
     HungamaSongIE,
-    HungamaAlbumPlaylistIE,
 )
+from .huya import HuyaLiveIE
 from .hypem import HypemIE
 from .hypergryph import MonsterSirenHypergryphMusicIE
 from .hytale import HytaleIE
 from .icareus import IcareusIE
 from .ichinanalive import (
-    IchinanaLiveIE,
     IchinanaLiveClipIE,
+    IchinanaLiveIE,
 )
 from .idolplus import IdolPlusIE
 from .ign import (
     IGNIE,
-    IGNVideoIE,
     IGNArticleIE,
+    IGNVideoIE,
 )
 from .iheart import (
     IHeartRadioIE,
@@ -803,12 +848,12 @@
 from .iltalehti import IltalehtiIE
 from .imdb import (
     ImdbIE,
-    ImdbListIE
+    ImdbListIE,
 )
 from .imgur import (
-    ImgurIE,
     ImgurAlbumIE,
     ImgurGalleryIE,
+    ImgurIE,
 )
 from .ina import InaIE
 from .inc import IncIE
@@ -817,20 +862,20 @@
 from .instagram import (
     InstagramIE,
     InstagramIOSIE,
-    InstagramUserIE,
-    InstagramTagIE,
     InstagramStoryIE,
+    InstagramTagIE,
+    InstagramUserIE,
 )
 from .internazionale import InternazionaleIE
 from .internetvideoarchive import InternetVideoArchiveIE
 from .iprima import (
+    IPrimaCNNIE,
     IPrimaIE,
-    IPrimaCNNIE
 )
 from .iqiyi import (
-    IqiyiIE,
+    IqAlbumIE,
     IqIE,
-    IqAlbumIE
+    IqiyiIE,
 )
 from .islamchannel import (
     IslamChannelIE,
@@ -838,16 +883,16 @@
 )
 from .israelnationalnews import IsraelNationalNewsIE
 from .itprotv import (
+    ITProTVCourseIE,
     ITProTVIE,
-    ITProTVCourseIE
 )
 from .itv import (
-    ITVIE,
     ITVBTCCIE,
+    ITVIE,
 )
 from .ivi import (
+    IviCompilationIE,
     IviIE,
-    IviCompilationIE
 )
 from .ivideon import IvideonIE
 from .iwara import (
@@ -857,30 +902,30 @@
 )
 from .ixigua import IxiguaIE
 from .izlesene import IzleseneIE
-from .jable import (
-    JableIE,
-    JablePlaylistIE,
-)
 from .jamendo import (
-    JamendoIE,
     JamendoAlbumIE,
+    JamendoIE,
 )
 from .japandiet import (
+    SangiinIE,
+    SangiinInstructionIE,
     ShugiinItvLiveIE,
     ShugiinItvLiveRoomIE,
     ShugiinItvVodIE,
-    SangiinInstructionIE,
-    SangiinIE,
 )
 from .jeuxvideo import JeuxVideoIE
+from .jiocinema import (
+    JioCinemaIE,
+    JioCinemaSeriesIE,
+)
 from .jiosaavn import (
-    JioSaavnSongIE,
     JioSaavnAlbumIE,
     JioSaavnPlaylistIE,
+    JioSaavnSongIE,
 )
-from .jove import JoveIE
 from .joj import JojIE
 from .joqrag import JoqrAgIE
+from .jove import JoveIE
 from .jstream import JStreamIE
 from .jtbc import (
     JTBCIE,
@@ -907,17 +952,17 @@
 from .kommunetv import KommunetvIE
 from .kompas import KompasVideoIE
 from .koo import KooIE
-from .kth import KTHIE
 from .krasview import KrasViewIE
+from .kth import KTHIE
 from .ku6 import Ku6IE
 from .kukululive import KukuluLiveIE
 from .kuwo import (
-    KuwoIE,
     KuwoAlbumIE,
-    KuwoChartIE,
-    KuwoSingerIE,
     KuwoCategoryIE,
+    KuwoChartIE,
+    KuwoIE,
     KuwoMvIE,
+    KuwoSingerIE,
 )
 from .la7 import (
     LA7IE,
@@ -937,14 +982,14 @@
 )
 from .lci import LCIIE
 from .lcp import (
-    LcpPlayIE,
     LcpIE,
+    LcpPlayIE,
 )
 from .lecture2go import Lecture2GoIE
 from .lecturio import (
-    LecturioIE,
     LecturioCourseIE,
     LecturioDeCourseIE,
+    LecturioIE,
 )
 from .leeco import (
     LeIE,
@@ -961,22 +1006,22 @@
 from .libraryofcongress import LibraryOfCongressIE
 from .libsyn import LibsynIE
 from .lifenews import (
-    LifeNewsIE,
     LifeEmbedIE,
+    LifeNewsIE,
 )
 from .likee import (
     LikeeIE,
-    LikeeUserIE
+    LikeeUserIE,
 )
 from .limelight import (
-    LimelightMediaIE,
     LimelightChannelIE,
     LimelightChannelListIE,
+    LimelightMediaIE,
 )
 from .linkedin import (
     LinkedInIE,
-    LinkedInLearningIE,
     LinkedInLearningCourseIE,
+    LinkedInLearningIE,
 )
 from .liputan6 import Liputan6IE
 from .listennotes import ListenNotesIE
@@ -993,25 +1038,23 @@
     LnkIE,
 )
 from .loom import (
-    LoomIE,
     LoomFolderIE,
+    LoomIE,
 )
 from .lovehomeporn import LoveHomePornIE
 from .lrt import (
     LRTVODIE,
-    LRTStreamIE
+    LRTStreamIE,
 )
 from .lsm import (
     LSMLREmbedIE,
     LSMLTVEmbedIE,
-    LSMReplayIE
-)
-from .lumni import (
-    LumniIE
+    LSMReplayIE,
 )
+from .lumni import LumniIE
 from .lynda import (
+    LyndaCourseIE,
     LyndaIE,
-    LyndaCourseIE
 )
 from .maariv import MaarivIE
 from .magellantv import MagellanTVIE
@@ -1023,13 +1066,13 @@
 )
 from .mainstreaming import MainStreamingIE
 from .mangomolo import (
-    MangomoloVideoIE,
     MangomoloLiveIE,
+    MangomoloVideoIE,
 )
 from .manoto import (
     ManotoTVIE,
-    ManotoTVShowIE,
     ManotoTVLiveIE,
+    ManotoTVShowIE,
 )
 from .manyvids import ManyVidsIE
 from .maoritv import MaoriTVIE
@@ -1045,13 +1088,14 @@
 from .medaltv import MedalTVIE
 from .mediaite import MediaiteIE
 from .mediaklikk import MediaKlikkIE
+from .medialaan import MedialaanIE
 from .mediaset import (
     MediasetIE,
     MediasetShowIE,
 )
 from .mediasite import (
-    MediasiteIE,
     MediasiteCatalogIE,
+    MediasiteIE,
     MediasiteNamedCatalogIE,
 )
 from .mediastream import (
@@ -1061,26 +1105,30 @@
 from .mediaworksnz import MediaWorksNZVODIE
 from .medici import MediciIE
 from .megaphone import MegaphoneIE
+from .megatvcom import (
+    MegaTVComEmbedIE,
+    MegaTVComIE,
+)
 from .meipai import MeipaiIE
 from .melonvod import MelonVODIE
 from .metacritic import MetacriticIE
 from .mgtv import MGTVIE
+from .microsoftembed import MicrosoftEmbedIE
 from .microsoftstream import MicrosoftStreamIE
 from .microsoftvirtualacademy import (
-    MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE,
     MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE,
+    MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE,
 )
-from .microsoftembed import MicrosoftEmbedIE
 from .mildom import (
-    MildomIE,
-    MildomVodIE,
     MildomClipIE,
+    MildomIE,
     MildomUserVodIE,
+    MildomVodIE,
 )
 from .minds import (
-    MindsIE,
     MindsChannelIE,
     MindsGroupIE,
+    MindsIE,
 )
 from .minoto import MinotoIE
 from .mirrativ import (
@@ -1088,31 +1136,34 @@
     MirrativUserIE,
 )
 from .mirrorcouk import MirrorCoUKIE
-from .mit import TechTVMITIE, OCWMITIE
+from .mit import (
+    OCWMITIE,
+    TechTVMITIE,
+)
 from .mitele import MiTeleIE
 from .mixch import (
-    MixchIE,
     MixchArchiveIE,
+    MixchIE,
 )
 from .mixcloud import (
     MixcloudIE,
-    MixcloudUserIE,
     MixcloudPlaylistIE,
+    MixcloudUserIE,
 )
 from .mlb import (
     MLBIE,
-    MLBVideoIE,
     MLBTVIE,
     MLBArticleIE,
+    MLBVideoIE,
 )
 from .mlssoccer import MLSSoccerIE
 from .mocha import MochaVideoIE
 from .mojvideo import MojvideoIE
 from .monstercat import MonstercatIE
 from .motherless import (
-    MotherlessIE,
-    MotherlessGroupIE,
     MotherlessGalleryIE,
+    MotherlessGroupIE,
+    MotherlessIE,
     MotherlessUploaderIE,
 )
 from .motorsport import MotorsportIE
@@ -1122,23 +1173,26 @@
 from .movingimage import MovingImageIE
 from .msn import MSNIE
 from .mtv import (
-    MTVIE,
-    MTVVideoIE,
-    MTVServicesEmbeddedIE,
     MTVDEIE,
-    MTVJapanIE,
+    MTVIE,
     MTVItaliaIE,
     MTVItaliaProgrammaIE,
+    MTVJapanIE,
+    MTVServicesEmbeddedIE,
+    MTVVideoIE,
 )
 from .muenchentv import MuenchenTVIE
-from .murrtube import MurrtubeIE, MurrtubeUserIE
+from .murrtube import (
+    MurrtubeIE,
+    MurrtubeUserIE,
+)
 from .museai import MuseAIIE
 from .musescore import MuseScoreIE
 from .musicdex import (
-    MusicdexSongIE,
     MusicdexAlbumIE,
     MusicdexArtistIE,
     MusicdexPlaylistIE,
+    MusicdexSongIE,
 )
 from .mx3 import (
     Mx3IE,
@@ -1149,7 +1203,10 @@
     MxplayerIE,
     MxplayerShowIE,
 )
-from .myspace import MySpaceIE, MySpaceAlbumIE
+from .myspace import (
+    MySpaceAlbumIE,
+    MySpaceIE,
+)
 from .myspass import MySpassIE
 from .myvideoge import MyVideoGeIE
 from .myvidster import MyVidsterIE
@@ -1163,8 +1220,8 @@
     NateProgramIE,
 )
 from .nationalgeographic import (
-    NationalGeographicVideoIE,
     NationalGeographicTVIE,
+    NationalGeographicVideoIE,
 )
 from .naver import (
     NaverIE,
@@ -1172,12 +1229,12 @@
     NaverNowIE,
 )
 from .nba import (
-    NBAWatchEmbedIE,
-    NBAWatchIE,
-    NBAWatchCollectionIE,
-    NBAEmbedIE,
     NBAIE,
     NBAChannelIE,
+    NBAEmbedIE,
+    NBAWatchCollectionIE,
+    NBAWatchEmbedIE,
+    NBAWatchIE,
 )
 from .nbc import (
     NBCIE,
@@ -1191,35 +1248,35 @@
 )
 from .ndr import (
     NDRIE,
-    NJoyIE,
     NDREmbedBaseIE,
     NDREmbedIE,
     NJoyEmbedIE,
+    NJoyIE,
 )
 from .ndtv import NDTVIE
 from .nebula import (
-    NebulaIE,
-    NebulaClassIE,
-    NebulaSubscriptionsIE,
     NebulaChannelIE,
+    NebulaClassIE,
+    NebulaIE,
+    NebulaSubscriptionsIE,
 )
 from .nekohacker import NekoHackerIE
 from .nerdcubed import NerdCubedFeedIE
-from .netzkino import NetzkinoIE
 from .neteasemusic import (
-    NetEaseMusicIE,
     NetEaseMusicAlbumIE,
-    NetEaseMusicSingerIE,
+    NetEaseMusicDjRadioIE,
+    NetEaseMusicIE,
     NetEaseMusicListIE,
     NetEaseMusicMvIE,
     NetEaseMusicProgramIE,
-    NetEaseMusicDjRadioIE,
+    NetEaseMusicSingerIE,
 )
 from .netverse import (
     NetverseIE,
     NetversePlaylistIE,
     NetverseSearchIE,
 )
+from .netzkino import NetzkinoIE
 from .newgrounds import (
     NewgroundsIE,
     NewgroundsPlaylistIE,
@@ -1228,14 +1285,14 @@
 from .newspicks import NewsPicksIE
 from .newsy import NewsyIE
 from .nextmedia import (
-    NextMediaIE,
-    NextMediaActionNewsIE,
     AppleDailyIE,
+    NextMediaActionNewsIE,
+    NextMediaIE,
     NextTVIE,
 )
 from .nexx import (
-    NexxIE,
     NexxEmbedIE,
+    NexxIE,
 )
 from .nfb import (
     NFBIE,
@@ -1249,43 +1306,43 @@
     NFLPlusReplayIE,
 )
 from .nhk import (
-    NhkVodIE,
-    NhkVodProgramIE,
     NhkForSchoolBangumiIE,
-    NhkForSchoolSubjectIE,
     NhkForSchoolProgramListIE,
+    NhkForSchoolSubjectIE,
     NhkRadioNewsPageIE,
     NhkRadiruIE,
     NhkRadiruLiveIE,
+    NhkVodIE,
+    NhkVodProgramIE,
 )
 from .nhl import NHLIE
 from .nick import (
-    NickIE,
     NickBrIE,
     NickDeIE,
+    NickIE,
     NickRuIE,
 )
 from .niconico import (
-    NiconicoIE,
-    NiconicoPlaylistIE,
-    NiconicoUserIE,
-    NiconicoSeriesIE,
     NiconicoHistoryIE,
+    NiconicoIE,
+    NiconicoLiveIE,
+    NiconicoPlaylistIE,
+    NiconicoSeriesIE,
+    NiconicoUserIE,
     NicovideoSearchDateIE,
     NicovideoSearchIE,
     NicovideoSearchURLIE,
     NicovideoTagURLIE,
-    NiconicoLiveIE,
+)
+from .niconicochannelplus import (
+    NiconicoChannelPlusChannelLivesIE,
+    NiconicoChannelPlusChannelVideosIE,
+    NiconicoChannelPlusIE,
 )
 from .ninaprotocol import NinaProtocolIE
 from .ninecninemedia import (
-    NineCNineMediaIE,
     CPTwentyFourIE,
-)
-from .niconicochannelplus import (
-    NiconicoChannelPlusIE,
-    NiconicoChannelPlusChannelVideosIE,
-    NiconicoChannelPlusChannelLivesIE,
+    NineCNineMediaIE,
 )
 from .ninegag import NineGagIE
 from .ninenews import NineNewsIE
@@ -1310,46 +1367,47 @@
 )
 from .noz import NozIE
 from .npo import (
-    AndereTijdenIE,
     NPOIE,
-    NPOLiveIE,
-    NPORadioIE,
-    NPORadioFragmentIE,
-    SchoolTVIE,
-    HetKlokhuisIE,
     VPROIE,
     WNLIE,
+    AndereTijdenIE,
+    HetKlokhuisIE,
+    NPOLiveIE,
+    NPORadioFragmentIE,
+    NPORadioIE,
+    SchoolTVIE,
 )
 from .npr import NprIE
 from .nrk import (
     NRKIE,
-    NRKPlaylistIE,
-    NRKSkoleIE,
     NRKTVIE,
-    NRKTVDirekteIE,
+    NRKPlaylistIE,
     NRKRadioPodkastIE,
+    NRKSkoleIE,
+    NRKTVDirekteIE,
     NRKTVEpisodeIE,
     NRKTVEpisodesIE,
     NRKTVSeasonIE,
     NRKTVSeriesIE,
 )
 from .nrl import NRLTVIE
+from .nts import NTSLiveIE
 from .ntvcojp import NTVCoJpCUIE
 from .ntvde import NTVDeIE
 from .ntvru import NTVRuIE
 from .nubilesporn import NubilesPornIE
+from .nuum import (
+    NuumLiveIE,
+    NuumMediaIE,
+    NuumTabIE,
+)
+from .nuvid import NuvidIE
 from .nytimes import (
-    NYTimesIE,
     NYTimesArticleIE,
     NYTimesCookingIE,
     NYTimesCookingRecipeIE,
+    NYTimesIE,
 )
-from .nuum import (
-    NuumLiveIE,
-    NuumTabIE,
-    NuumMediaIE,
-)
-from .nuvid import NuvidIE
 from .nzherald import NZHeraldIE
 from .nzonscreen import NZOnScreenIE
 from .nzz import NZZIE
@@ -1357,7 +1415,7 @@
 from .odnoklassniki import OdnoklassnikiIE
 from .oftv import (
     OfTVIE,
-    OfTVPlaylistIE
+    OfTVPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .oktoberfesttv import OktoberfestTVIE
 from .olympics import OlympicsReplayIE
@@ -1370,8 +1428,8 @@
 from .onenewsnz import OneNewsNZIE
 from .oneplace import OnePlacePodcastIE
 from .onet import (
-    OnetIE,
     OnetChannelIE,
+    OnetIE,
     OnetMVPIE,
     OnetPlIE,
 )
@@ -1381,34 +1439,33 @@
     OpencastPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .openrec import (
-    OpenRecIE,
     OpenRecCaptureIE,
+    OpenRecIE,
     OpenRecMovieIE,
 )
 from .ora import OraTVIE
 from .orf import (
-    ORFTVthekIE,
-    ORFFM4StoryIE,
-    ORFONIE,
-    ORFRadioIE,
-    ORFPodcastIE,
     ORFIPTVIE,
+    ORFONIE,
+    ORFFM4StoryIE,
+    ORFPodcastIE,
+    ORFRadioIE,
 )
 from .outsidetv import OutsideTVIE
 from .owncloud import OwnCloudIE
 from .packtpub import (
-    PacktPubIE,
     PacktPubCourseIE,
+    PacktPubIE,
 )
 from .palcomp3 import (
-    PalcoMP3IE,
     PalcoMP3ArtistIE,
+    PalcoMP3IE,
     PalcoMP3VideoIE,
 )
 from .panopto import (
     PanoptoIE,
     PanoptoListIE,
-    PanoptoPlaylistIE
+    PanoptoPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .paramountplus import (
     ParamountPlusIE,
@@ -1417,12 +1474,18 @@
 from .parler import ParlerIE
 from .parlview import ParlviewIE
 from .patreon import (
+    PatreonCampaignIE,
     PatreonIE,
-    PatreonCampaignIE
 )
-from .pbs import PBSIE, PBSKidsIE
+from .pbs import (
+    PBSIE,
+    PBSKidsIE,
+)
 from .pearvideo import PearVideoIE
-from .peekvids import PeekVidsIE, PlayVidsIE
+from .peekvids import (
+    PeekVidsIE,
+    PlayVidsIE,
+)
 from .peertube import (
     PeerTubeIE,
     PeerTubePlaylistIE,
@@ -1430,7 +1493,7 @@
 from .peertv import PeerTVIE
 from .peloton import (
     PelotonIE,
-    PelotonLiveIE
+    PelotonLiveIE,
 )
 from .performgroup import PerformGroupIE
 from .periscope import (
@@ -1450,8 +1513,8 @@
 from .piksel import PikselIE
 from .pinkbike import PinkbikeIE
 from .pinterest import (
-    PinterestIE,
     PinterestCollectionIE,
+    PinterestIE,
 )
 from .pixivsketch import (
     PixivSketchIE,
@@ -1460,19 +1523,22 @@
 from .pladform import PladformIE
 from .planetmarathi import PlanetMarathiIE
 from .platzi import (
-    PlatziIE,
     PlatziCourseIE,
+    PlatziIE,
 )
 from .playplustv import PlayPlusTVIE
 from .playsuisse import PlaySuisseIE
 from .playtvak import PlaytvakIE
 from .playwire import PlaywireIE
-from .plutotv import PlutoTVIE
 from .pluralsight import (
-    PluralsightIE,
     PluralsightCourseIE,
+    PluralsightIE,
+)
+from .plutotv import PlutoTVIE
+from .podbayfm import (
+    PodbayFMChannelIE,
+    PodbayFMIE,
 )
-from .podbayfm import PodbayFMIE, PodbayFMChannelIE
 from .podchaser import PodchaserIE
 from .podomatic import PodomaticIE
 from .pokemon import (
@@ -1480,77 +1546,81 @@
     PokemonWatchIE,
 )
 from .pokergo import (
-    PokerGoIE,
     PokerGoCollectionIE,
+    PokerGoIE,
 )
 from .polsatgo import PolsatGoIE
 from .polskieradio import (
-    PolskieRadioIE,
-    PolskieRadioLegacyIE,
     PolskieRadioAuditionIE,
     PolskieRadioCategoryIE,
+    PolskieRadioIE,
+    PolskieRadioLegacyIE,
     PolskieRadioPlayerIE,
     PolskieRadioPodcastIE,
     PolskieRadioPodcastListIE,
 )
 from .popcorntimes import PopcorntimesIE
 from .popcorntv import PopcornTVIE
-from .porn91 import Porn91IE
 from .pornbox import PornboxIE
 from .pornflip import PornFlipIE
 from .pornhub import (
     PornHubIE,
-    PornHubUserIE,
-    PornHubPlaylistIE,
     PornHubPagedVideoListIE,
+    PornHubPlaylistIE,
+    PornHubUserIE,
     PornHubUserVideosUploadIE,
 )
 from .pornotube import PornotubeIE
 from .pornovoisines import PornoVoisinesIE
 from .pornoxo import PornoXOIE
-from .puhutv import (
-    PuhuTVIE,
-    PuhuTVSerieIE,
-)
 from .pr0gramm import Pr0grammIE
-from .prankcast import PrankCastIE, PrankCastPostIE
+from .prankcast import (
+    PrankCastIE,
+    PrankCastPostIE,
+)
 from .premiershiprugby import PremiershipRugbyIE
 from .presstv import PressTVIE
 from .projectveritas import ProjectVeritasIE
 from .prosiebensat1 import ProSiebenSat1IE
 from .prx import (
-    PRXStoryIE,
-    PRXSeriesIE,
     PRXAccountIE,
+    PRXSeriesIE,
+    PRXSeriesSearchIE,
     PRXStoriesSearchIE,
-    PRXSeriesSearchIE
+    PRXStoryIE,
+)
+from .puhutv import (
+    PuhuTVIE,
+    PuhuTVSerieIE,
 )
 from .puls4 import Puls4IE
 from .pyvideo import PyvideoIE
 from .qdance import QDanceIE
 from .qingting import QingTingIE
 from .qqmusic import (
-    QQMusicIE,
-    QQMusicSingerIE,
     QQMusicAlbumIE,
-    QQMusicToplistIE,
+    QQMusicIE,
     QQMusicPlaylistIE,
+    QQMusicSingerIE,
+    QQMusicToplistIE,
 )
 from .r7 import (
     R7IE,
     R7ArticleIE,
 )
-from .radiko import RadikoIE, RadikoRadioIE
+from .radiko import (
+    RadikoIE,
+    RadikoRadioIE,
+)
 from .radiocanada import (
-    RadioCanadaIE,
     RadioCanadaAudioVideoIE,
+    RadioCanadaIE,
 )
 from .radiocomercial import (
     RadioComercialIE,
     RadioComercialPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .radiode import RadioDeIE
-from .radiojavan import RadioJavanIE
 from .radiofrance import (
     FranceCultureIE,
     RadioFranceIE,
@@ -1559,35 +1629,36 @@
     RadioFranceProfileIE,
     RadioFranceProgramScheduleIE,
 )
-from .radiozet import RadioZetPodcastIE
+from .radiojavan import RadioJavanIE
 from .radiokapital import (
     RadioKapitalIE,
     RadioKapitalShowIE,
 )
+from .radiozet import RadioZetPodcastIE
 from .radlive import (
-    RadLiveIE,
     RadLiveChannelIE,
+    RadLiveIE,
     RadLiveSeasonIE,
 )
 from .rai import (
-    RaiIE,
     RaiCulturaIE,
+    RaiIE,
+    RaiNewsIE,
     RaiPlayIE,
     RaiPlayLiveIE,
     RaiPlayPlaylistIE,
     RaiPlaySoundIE,
     RaiPlaySoundLiveIE,
     RaiPlaySoundPlaylistIE,
-    RaiNewsIE,
     RaiSudtirolIE,
 )
 from .raywenderlich import (
-    RayWenderlichIE,
     RayWenderlichCourseIE,
+    RayWenderlichIE,
 )
 from .rbgtum import (
-    RbgTumIE,
     RbgTumCourseIE,
+    RbgTumIE,
     RbgTumNewCourseIE,
 )
 from .rcs import (
@@ -1601,12 +1672,15 @@
     RCTIPlusTVIE,
 )
 from .rds import RDSIE
-from .redbee import ParliamentLiveUKIE, RTBFIE
+from .redbee import (
+    RTBFIE,
+    ParliamentLiveUKIE,
+)
 from .redbulltv import (
-    RedBullTVIE,
     RedBullEmbedIE,
-    RedBullTVRrnContentIE,
     RedBullIE,
+    RedBullTVIE,
+    RedBullTVRrnContentIE,
 )
 from .reddit import RedditIE
 from .redge import RedCDNLivxIE
@@ -1626,107 +1700,100 @@
 from .rheinmaintv import RheinMainTVIE
 from .ridehome import RideHomeIE
 from .rinsefm import (
-    RinseFMIE,
     RinseFMArtistPlaylistIE,
+    RinseFMIE,
 )
 from .rmcdecouverte import RMCDecouverteIE
 from .rockstargames import RockstarGamesIE
 from .rokfin import (
-    RokfinIE,
-    RokfinStackIE,
     RokfinChannelIE,
+    RokfinIE,
     RokfinSearchIE,
+    RokfinStackIE,
+)
+from .roosterteeth import (
+    RoosterTeethIE,
+    RoosterTeethSeriesIE,
 )
-from .roosterteeth import RoosterTeethIE, RoosterTeethSeriesIE
 from .rottentomatoes import RottenTomatoesIE
 from .rozhlas import (
+    MujRozhlasIE,
     RozhlasIE,
     RozhlasVltavaIE,
-    MujRozhlasIE,
 )
-from .rte import RteIE, RteRadioIE
+from .rte import (
+    RteIE,
+    RteRadioIE,
+)
+from .rtl2 import RTL2IE
 from .rtlnl import (
-    RtlNlIE,
-    RTLLuTeleVODIE,
     RTLLuArticleIE,
     RTLLuLiveIE,
     RTLLuRadioIE,
+    RTLLuTeleVODIE,
+    RtlNlIE,
 )
-from .rtl2 import RTL2IE
 from .rtnews import (
-    RTNewsIE,
     RTDocumentryIE,
     RTDocumentryPlaylistIE,
+    RTNewsIE,
     RuptlyIE,
 )
 from .rtp import RTPIE
 from .rtrfm import RTRFMIE
 from .rts import RTSIE
 from .rtvcplay import (
-    RTVCPlayIE,
-    RTVCPlayEmbedIE,
     RTVCKalturaIE,
+    RTVCPlayEmbedIE,
+    RTVCPlayIE,
 )
 from .rtve import (
     RTVEALaCartaIE,
     RTVEAudioIE,
-    RTVELiveIE,
     RTVEInfantilIE,
+    RTVELiveIE,
     RTVETelevisionIE,
 )
 from .rtvs import RTVSIE
 from .rtvslo import RTVSLOIE
+from .rudovideo import RudoVideoIE
 from .rule34video import Rule34VideoIE
 from .rumble import (
+    RumbleChannelIE,
     RumbleEmbedIE,
     RumbleIE,
-    RumbleChannelIE,
 )
-from .rudovideo import RudoVideoIE
 from .rutube import (
-    RutubeIE,
     RutubeChannelIE,
     RutubeEmbedIE,
+    RutubeIE,
     RutubeMovieIE,
     RutubePersonIE,
     RutubePlaylistIE,
     RutubeTagsIE,
 )
-from .glomex import (
-    GlomexIE,
-    GlomexEmbedIE,
-)
-from .megatvcom import (
-    MegaTVComIE,
-    MegaTVComEmbedIE,
-)
-from .antenna import (
-    AntennaGrWatchIE,
-    Ant1NewsGrArticleIE,
-    Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE,
-)
 from .rutv import RUTVIE
 from .ruutu import RuutuIE
 from .ruv import (
     RuvIE,
-    RuvSpilaIE
+    RuvSpilaIE,
 )
 from .s4c import (
     S4CIE,
-    S4CSeriesIE
+    S4CSeriesIE,
 )
 from .safari import (
-    SafariIE,
     SafariApiIE,
     SafariCourseIE,
+    SafariIE,
 )
 from .saitosan import SaitosanIE
 from .samplefocus import SampleFocusIE
 from .sapo import SapoIE
 from .sbs import SBSIE
 from .sbscokr import (
-    SBSCoKrIE,
     SBSCoKrAllvodProgramIE,
+    SBSCoKrIE,
     SBSCoKrProgramsVodIE,
 )
 from .screen9 import Screen9IE
@@ -1734,24 +1801,27 @@
 from .screencastify import ScreencastifyIE
 from .screencastomatic import ScreencastOMaticIE
 from .scrippsnetworks import (
-    ScrippsNetworksWatchIE,
     ScrippsNetworksIE,
+    ScrippsNetworksWatchIE,
 )
+from .scrolller import ScrolllerIE
 from .scte import (
     SCTEIE,
     SCTECourseIE,
 )
-from .scrolller import ScrolllerIE
 from .sejmpl import SejmIE
 from .senalcolombia import SenalColombiaLiveIE
-from .senategov import SenateISVPIE, SenateGovIE
+from .senategov import (
+    SenateGovIE,
+    SenateISVPIE,
+)
 from .sendtonews import SendtoNewsIE
 from .servus import ServusIE
 from .sevenplus import SevenPlusIE
 from .sexu import SexuIE
 from .seznamzpravy import (
-    SeznamZpravyIE,
     SeznamZpravyArticleIE,
+    SeznamZpravyIE,
 )
 from .shahid import (
     ShahidIE,
@@ -1759,38 +1829,38 @@
 )
 from .sharepoint import SharePointIE
 from .sharevideos import ShareVideosEmbedIE
-from .sibnet import SibnetEmbedIE
 from .shemaroome import ShemarooMeIE
 from .showroomlive import ShowRoomLiveIE
+from .sibnet import SibnetEmbedIE
 from .simplecast import (
-    SimplecastIE,
     SimplecastEpisodeIE,
+    SimplecastIE,
     SimplecastPodcastIE,
 )
 from .sina import SinaIE
 from .sixplay import SixPlayIE
 from .skeb import SkebIE
-from .skyit import (
-    SkyItPlayerIE,
-    SkyItVideoIE,
-    SkyItVideoLiveIE,
-    SkyItIE,
-    SkyItArteIE,
-    CieloTVItIE,
-    TV8ItIE,
-)
-from .skylinewebcams import SkylineWebcamsIE
-from .skynewsarabia import (
-    SkyNewsArabiaIE,
-    SkyNewsArabiaArticleIE,
-)
-from .skynewsau import SkyNewsAUIE
 from .sky import (
     SkyNewsIE,
     SkyNewsStoryIE,
     SkySportsIE,
     SkySportsNewsIE,
 )
+from .skyit import (
+    CieloTVItIE,
+    SkyItArteIE,
+    SkyItIE,
+    SkyItPlayerIE,
+    SkyItVideoIE,
+    SkyItVideoLiveIE,
+    TV8ItIE,
+)
+from .skylinewebcams import SkylineWebcamsIE
+from .skynewsarabia import (
+    SkyNewsArabiaArticleIE,
+    SkyNewsArabiaIE,
+)
+from .skynewsau import SkyNewsAUIE
 from .slideshare import SlideshareIE
 from .slideslive import SlidesLiveIE
 from .slutload import SlutloadIE
@@ -1807,29 +1877,29 @@
 from .soundcloud import (
     SoundcloudEmbedIE,
     SoundcloudIE,
-    SoundcloudSetIE,
+    SoundcloudPlaylistIE,
     SoundcloudRelatedIE,
+    SoundcloudSearchIE,
+    SoundcloudSetIE,
+    SoundcloudTrackStationIE,
     SoundcloudUserIE,
     SoundcloudUserPermalinkIE,
-    SoundcloudTrackStationIE,
-    SoundcloudPlaylistIE,
-    SoundcloudSearchIE,
 )
 from .soundgasm import (
     SoundgasmIE,
-    SoundgasmProfileIE
+    SoundgasmProfileIE,
 )
 from .southpark import (
-    SouthParkIE,
     SouthParkDeIE,
     SouthParkDkIE,
     SouthParkEsIE,
+    SouthParkIE,
     SouthParkLatIE,
-    SouthParkNlIE
+    SouthParkNlIE,
 )
 from .sovietscloset import (
     SovietsClosetIE,
-    SovietsClosetPlaylistIE
+    SovietsClosetPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .spankbang import (
     SpankBangIE,
@@ -1840,12 +1910,6 @@
     BellatorIE,
     ParamountNetworkIE,
 )
-from .stageplus import StagePlusVODConcertIE
-from .startrek import StarTrekIE
-from .stitcher import (
-    StitcherIE,
-    StitcherShowIE,
-)
 from .sport5 import Sport5IE
 from .sportbox import SportBoxIE
 from .sportdeutschland import SportDeutschlandIE
@@ -1869,19 +1933,25 @@
 from .stacommu import (
     StacommuLiveIE,
     StacommuVODIE,
-    TheaterComplexTownVODIE,
     TheaterComplexTownPPVIE,
+    TheaterComplexTownVODIE,
 )
+from .stageplus import StagePlusVODConcertIE
 from .stanfordoc import StanfordOpenClassroomIE
+from .startrek import StarTrekIE
 from .startv import StarTVIE
 from .steam import (
-    SteamIE,
     SteamCommunityBroadcastIE,
+    SteamIE,
+)
+from .stitcher import (
+    StitcherIE,
+    StitcherShowIE,
 )
 from .storyfire import (
     StoryFireIE,
-    StoryFireUserIE,
     StoryFireSeriesIE,
+    StoryFireUserIE,
 )
 from .streamable import StreamableIE
 from .streamcz import StreamCZIE
@@ -1902,20 +1972,26 @@
     SVTSeriesIE,
 )
 from .swearnet import SwearnetEpisodeIE
-from .syvdk import SYVDKIE
 from .syfy import SyfyIE
+from .syvdk import SYVDKIE
 from .sztvhu import SztvHuIE
 from .tagesschau import TagesschauIE
+from .taptap import (
+    TapTapAppIE,
+    TapTapAppIntlIE,
+    TapTapMomentIE,
+    TapTapPostIntlIE,
+)
 from .tass import TassIE
 from .tbs import TBSIE
 from .tbsjp import (
     TBSJPEpisodeIE,
-    TBSJPProgramIE,
     TBSJPPlaylistIE,
+    TBSJPProgramIE,
 )
 from .teachable import (
-    TeachableIE,
     TeachableCourseIE,
+    TeachableIE,
 )
 from .teachertube import (
     TeacherTubeIE,
@@ -1923,8 +1999,8 @@
 )
 from .teachingchannel import TeachingChannelIE
 from .teamcoco import (
-    TeamcocoIE,
     ConanClassicIE,
+    TeamcocoIE,
 )
 from .teamtreehouse import TeamTreeHouseIE
 from .ted import (
@@ -1943,15 +2019,18 @@
 from .telemb import TeleMBIE
 from .telemundo import TelemundoIE
 from .telequebec import (
-    TeleQuebecIE,
-    TeleQuebecSquatIE,
     TeleQuebecEmissionIE,
+    TeleQuebecIE,
     TeleQuebecLiveIE,
+    TeleQuebecSquatIE,
     TeleQuebecVideoIE,
 )
 from .teletask import TeleTaskIE
 from .telewebion import TelewebionIE
-from .tempo import TempoIE, IVXPlayerIE
+from .tempo import (
+    IVXPlayerIE,
+    TempoIE,
+)
 from .tencent import (
     IflixEpisodeIE,
     IflixSeriesIE,
@@ -1975,8 +2054,8 @@
 from .theholetv import TheHoleTvIE
 from .theintercept import TheInterceptIE
 from .theplatform import (
-    ThePlatformIE,
     ThePlatformFeedIE,
+    ThePlatformIE,
 )
 from .thestar import TheStarIE
 from .thesun import TheSunIE
@@ -1988,50 +2067,52 @@
     ThisVidMemberIE,
     ThisVidPlaylistIE,
 )
+from .threeqsdn import ThreeQSDNIE
 from .threespeak import (
     ThreeSpeakIE,
     ThreeSpeakUserIE,
 )
-from .threeqsdn import ThreeQSDNIE
 from .tiktok import (
-    TikTokIE,
-    TikTokUserIE,
-    TikTokSoundIE,
-    TikTokEffectIE,
-    TikTokTagIE,
-    TikTokVMIE,
-    TikTokLiveIE,
     DouyinIE,
+    TikTokCollectionIE,
+    TikTokEffectIE,
+    TikTokIE,
+    TikTokLiveIE,
+    TikTokSoundIE,
+    TikTokTagIE,
+    TikTokUserIE,
+    TikTokVMIE,
 )
 from .tmz import TMZIE
 from .tnaflix import (
-    TNAFlixNetworkEmbedIE,
-    TNAFlixIE,
     EMPFlixIE,
     MovieFapIE,
+    TNAFlixIE,
+    TNAFlixNetworkEmbedIE,
 )
 from .toggle import (
-    ToggleIE,
     MeWatchIE,
+    ToggleIE,
 )
-from .toggo import (
-    ToggoIE,
-)
+from .toggo import ToggoIE
 from .tonline import TOnlineIE
 from .toongoggles import ToonGogglesIE
 from .toutv import TouTvIE
-from .toypics import ToypicsUserIE, ToypicsIE
+from .toypics import (
+    ToypicsIE,
+    ToypicsUserIE,
+)
 from .traileraddict import TrailerAddictIE
 from .triller import (
     TrillerIE,
-    TrillerUserIE,
     TrillerShortIE,
+    TrillerUserIE,
 )
 from .trovo import (
+    TrovoChannelClipIE,
+    TrovoChannelVodIE,
     TrovoIE,
     TrovoVodIE,
-    TrovoChannelVodIE,
-    TrovoChannelClipIE,
 )
 from .trtcocuk import TrtCocukVideoIE
 from .trtworld import TrtWorldIE
@@ -2040,26 +2121,26 @@
 from .truth import TruthIE
 from .trutv import TruTVIE
 from .tube8 import Tube8IE
-from .tubetugraz import TubeTuGrazIE, TubeTuGrazSeriesIE
+from .tubetugraz import (
+    TubeTuGrazIE,
+    TubeTuGrazSeriesIE,
+)
 from .tubitv import (
     TubiTvIE,
     TubiTvShowIE,
 )
 from .tumblr import TumblrIE
 from .tunein import (
-    TuneInStationIE,
-    TuneInPodcastIE,
     TuneInPodcastEpisodeIE,
+    TuneInPodcastIE,
     TuneInShortenerIE,
+    TuneInStationIE,
 )
 from .tv2 import (
     TV2IE,
-    TV2ArticleIE,
     KatsomoIE,
     MTVUutisetArticleIE,
-)
-from .tv24ua import (
-    TV24UAVideoIE,
+    TV2ArticleIE,
 )
 from .tv2dk import (
     TV2DKIE,
@@ -2072,16 +2153,17 @@
 from .tv4 import TV4IE
 from .tv5mondeplus import TV5MondePlusIE
 from .tv5unis import (
-    TV5UnisVideoIE,
     TV5UnisIE,
+    TV5UnisVideoIE,
 )
+from .tv24ua import TV24UAVideoIE
 from .tva import (
     TVAIE,
     QubIE,
 )
 from .tvanouvelles import (
-    TVANouvellesIE,
     TVANouvellesArticleIE,
+    TVANouvellesIE,
 )
 from .tvc import (
     TVCIE,
@@ -2094,19 +2176,19 @@
 from .tvn24 import TVN24IE
 from .tvnoe import TVNoeIE
 from .tvopengr import (
-    TVOpenGrWatchIE,
     TVOpenGrEmbedIE,
+    TVOpenGrWatchIE,
 )
 from .tvp import (
-    TVPEmbedIE,
     TVPIE,
+    TVPEmbedIE,
     TVPStreamIE,
     TVPVODSeriesIE,
     TVPVODVideoIE,
 )
 from .tvplay import (
-    TVPlayIE,
     TVPlayHomeIE,
+    TVPlayIE,
 )
 from .tvplayer import TVPlayerIE
 from .tweakers import TweakersIE
@@ -2118,29 +2200,29 @@
     TwitCastingUserIE,
 )
 from .twitch import (
-    TwitchVodIE,
+    TwitchClipsIE,
     TwitchCollectionIE,
-    TwitchVideosIE,
+    TwitchStreamIE,
     TwitchVideosClipsIE,
     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE,
-    TwitchStreamIE,
-    TwitchClipsIE,
+    TwitchVideosIE,
+    TwitchVodIE,
 )
 from .twitter import (
-    TwitterCardIE,
-    TwitterIE,
     TwitterAmplifyIE,
     TwitterBroadcastIE,
-    TwitterSpacesIE,
+    TwitterCardIE,
+    TwitterIE,
     TwitterShortenerIE,
+    TwitterSpacesIE,
 )
 from .txxx import (
-    TxxxIE,
     PornTopIE,
+    TxxxIE,
 )
 from .udemy import (
+    UdemyCourseIE,
     UdemyIE,
-    UdemyCourseIE
 )
 from .udn import UDNEmbedIE
 from .ufctv import (
@@ -2149,16 +2231,13 @@
 )
 from .ukcolumn import UkColumnIE
 from .uktvplay import UKTVPlayIE
-from .digiteka import DigitekaIE
-from .dlive import (
-    DLiveVODIE,
-    DLiveStreamIE,
-)
-from .drooble import DroobleIE
 from .umg import UMGDeIE
 from .unistra import UnistraIE
 from .unity import UnityIE
-from .unsupported import KnownDRMIE, KnownPiracyIE
+from .unsupported import (
+    KnownDRMIE,
+    KnownPiracyIE,
+)
 from .uol import UOLIE
 from .uplynk import (
     UplynkIE,
@@ -2168,10 +2247,13 @@
 from .urplay import URPlayIE
 from .usanetwork import USANetworkIE
 from .usatoday import USATodayIE
-from .ustream import UstreamIE, UstreamChannelIE
+from .ustream import (
+    UstreamChannelIE,
+    UstreamIE,
+)
 from .ustudio import (
-    UstudioIE,
     UstudioEmbedIE,
+    UstudioIE,
 )
 from .utreon import UtreonIE
 from .varzesh3 import Varzesh3IE
@@ -2179,7 +2261,7 @@
 from .veo import VeoIE
 from .veoh import (
     VeohIE,
-    VeohUserIE
+    VeohUserIE,
 )
 from .vesti import VestiIE
 from .vevo import (
@@ -2187,14 +2269,14 @@
     VevoPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .vgtv import (
+    VGTVIE,
     BTArticleIE,
     BTVestlendingenIE,
-    VGTVIE,
 )
 from .vh1 import VH1IE
 from .vice import (
-    ViceIE,
     ViceArticleIE,
+    ViceIE,
     ViceShowIE,
 )
 from .viddler import ViddlerIE
@@ -2206,42 +2288,46 @@
 from .videodetective import VideoDetectiveIE
 from .videofyme import VideofyMeIE
 from .videoken import (
+    VideoKenCategoryIE,
     VideoKenIE,
     VideoKenPlayerIE,
     VideoKenPlaylistIE,
-    VideoKenCategoryIE,
     VideoKenTopicIE,
 )
 from .videomore import (
     VideomoreIE,
-    VideomoreVideoIE,
     VideomoreSeasonIE,
+    VideomoreVideoIE,
 )
 from .videopress import VideoPressIE
 from .vidio import (
     VidioIE,
+    VidioLiveIE,
     VidioPremierIE,
-    VidioLiveIE
 )
 from .vidlii import VidLiiIE
 from .vidly import VidlyIE
 from .viewlift import (
-    ViewLiftIE,
     ViewLiftEmbedIE,
+    ViewLiftIE,
 )
 from .viidea import ViideaIE
+from .viki import (
+    VikiChannelIE,
+    VikiIE,
+)
 from .vimeo import (
-    VimeoIE,
+    VHXEmbedIE,
     VimeoAlbumIE,
     VimeoChannelIE,
     VimeoGroupsIE,
+    VimeoIE,
     VimeoLikesIE,
     VimeoOndemandIE,
     VimeoProIE,
     VimeoReviewIE,
     VimeoUserIE,
     VimeoWatchLaterIE,
-    VHXEmbedIE,
 )
 from .vimm import (
     VimmIE,
@@ -2251,50 +2337,41 @@
     VineIE,
     VineUserIE,
 )
-from .viki import (
-    VikiIE,
-    VikiChannelIE,
-)
 from .viously import ViouslyIE
 from .viqeo import ViqeoIE
 from .viu import (
     ViuIE,
-    ViuPlaylistIE,
     ViuOTTIE,
     ViuOTTIndonesiaIE,
+    ViuPlaylistIE,
 )
 from .vk import (
     VKIE,
-    VKUserVideosIE,
-    VKWallPostIE,
     VKPlayIE,
     VKPlayLiveIE,
+    VKUserVideosIE,
+    VKWallPostIE,
 )
 from .vocaroo import VocarooIE
 from .vodpl import VODPlIE
 from .vodplatform import VODPlatformIE
 from .voicy import (
-    VoicyIE,
     VoicyChannelIE,
+    VoicyIE,
 )
 from .volejtv import VolejTVIE
-from .voot import (
-    VootIE,
-    VootSeriesIE,
-)
 from .voxmedia import (
-    VoxMediaVolumeIE,
     VoxMediaIE,
+    VoxMediaVolumeIE,
 )
 from .vrt import (
     VRTIE,
-    VrtNUIE,
-    KetnetIE,
     DagelijkseKostIE,
+    KetnetIE,
     Radio1BeIE,
+    VrtNUIE,
 )
 from .vtm import VTMIE
-from .medialaan import MedialaanIE
 from .vuclip import VuClipIE
 from .vvvvid import (
     VVVVIDIE,
@@ -2302,20 +2379,20 @@
 )
 from .walla import WallaIE
 from .washingtonpost import (
-    WashingtonPostIE,
     WashingtonPostArticleIE,
+    WashingtonPostIE,
 )
 from .wat import WatIE
 from .wdr import (
     WDRIE,
-    WDRPageIE,
     WDRElefantIE,
     WDRMobileIE,
+    WDRPageIE,
 )
 from .webcamerapl import WebcameraplIE
 from .webcaster import (
-    WebcasterIE,
     WebcasterFeedIE,
+    WebcasterIE,
 )
 from .webofstories import (
     WebOfStoriesIE,
@@ -2323,42 +2400,42 @@
 )
 from .weibo import (
     WeiboIE,
-    WeiboVideoIE,
     WeiboUserIE,
+    WeiboVideoIE,
 )
 from .weiqitv import WeiqiTVIE
 from .weverse import (
     WeverseIE,
-    WeverseMediaIE,
-    WeverseMomentIE,
-    WeverseLiveTabIE,
-    WeverseMediaTabIE,
     WeverseLiveIE,
+    WeverseLiveTabIE,
+    WeverseMediaIE,
+    WeverseMediaTabIE,
+    WeverseMomentIE,
 )
 from .wevidi import WeVidiIE
 from .weyyak import WeyyakIE
+from .whowatch import WhoWatchIE
 from .whyp import WhypIE
 from .wikimedia import WikimediaIE
 from .wimbledon import WimbledonIE
 from .wimtv import WimTVIE
-from .whowatch import WhoWatchIE
 from .wistia import (
+    WistiaChannelIE,
     WistiaIE,
     WistiaPlaylistIE,
-    WistiaChannelIE,
 )
 from .wordpress import (
-    WordpressPlaylistEmbedIE,
     WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE,
+    WordpressPlaylistEmbedIE,
 )
 from .worldstarhiphop import WorldStarHipHopIE
 from .wppilot import (
-    WPPilotIE,
     WPPilotChannelsIE,
+    WPPilotIE,
 )
 from .wrestleuniverse import (
-    WrestleUniverseVODIE,
     WrestleUniversePPVIE,
+    WrestleUniverseVODIE,
 )
 from .wsj import (
     WSJIE,
@@ -2366,22 +2443,22 @@
 )
 from .wwe import WWEIE
 from .wykop import (
-    WykopDigIE,
     WykopDigCommentIE,
-    WykopPostIE,
+    WykopDigIE,
     WykopPostCommentIE,
+    WykopPostIE,
 )
 from .xanimu import XanimuIE
 from .xboxclips import XboxClipsIE
-from .xfileshare import XFileShareIE
 from .xhamster import (
-    XHamsterIE,
     XHamsterEmbedIE,
+    XHamsterIE,
     XHamsterUserIE,
 )
+from .xiaohongshu import XiaoHongShuIE
 from .ximalaya import (
+    XimalayaAlbumIE,
     XimalayaIE,
-    XimalayaAlbumIE
 )
 from .xinpianchang import XinpianchangIE
 from .xminus import XMinusIE
@@ -2389,27 +2466,27 @@
 from .xstream import XstreamIE
 from .xvideos import (
     XVideosIE,
-    XVideosQuickiesIE
+    XVideosQuickiesIE,
 )
 from .xxxymovies import XXXYMoviesIE
 from .yahoo import (
     YahooIE,
-    YahooSearchIE,
     YahooJapanNewsIE,
+    YahooSearchIE,
 )
 from .yandexdisk import YandexDiskIE
 from .yandexmusic import (
-    YandexMusicTrackIE,
     YandexMusicAlbumIE,
-    YandexMusicPlaylistIE,
-    YandexMusicArtistTracksIE,
     YandexMusicArtistAlbumsIE,
+    YandexMusicArtistTracksIE,
+    YandexMusicPlaylistIE,
+    YandexMusicTrackIE,
 )
 from .yandexvideo import (
     YandexVideoIE,
     YandexVideoPreviewIE,
-    ZenYandexIE,
     ZenYandexChannelIE,
+    ZenYandexIE,
 )
 from .yapfiles import YapFilesIE
 from .yappy import (
@@ -2423,26 +2500,34 @@
     YoukuShowIE,
 )
 from .younow import (
-    YouNowLiveIE,
     YouNowChannelIE,
+    YouNowLiveIE,
     YouNowMomentIE,
 )
-from .youporn import YouPornIE
-from .yourporn import YourPornIE
-from .yourupload import YourUploadIE
+from .youporn import (
+    YouPornCategoryIE,
+    YouPornChannelIE,
+    YouPornCollectionIE,
+    YouPornIE,
+    YouPornStarIE,
+    YouPornTagIE,
+    YouPornVideosIE,
+)
 from .zaiko import (
-    ZaikoIE,
     ZaikoETicketIE,
+    ZaikoIE,
 )
 from .zapiks import ZapiksIE
 from .zattoo import (
     BBVTVIE,
+    EWETVIE,
+    SAKTVIE,
+    VTXTVIE,
     BBVTVLiveIE,
     BBVTVRecordingsIE,
     EinsUndEinsTVIE,
     EinsUndEinsTVLiveIE,
     EinsUndEinsTVRecordingsIE,
-    EWETVIE,
     EWETVLiveIE,
     EWETVRecordingsIE,
     GlattvisionTVIE,
@@ -2460,13 +2545,11 @@
     QuantumTVIE,
     QuantumTVLiveIE,
     QuantumTVRecordingsIE,
+    SAKTVLiveIE,
+    SAKTVRecordingsIE,
     SaltTVIE,
     SaltTVLiveIE,
     SaltTVRecordingsIE,
-    SAKTVIE,
-    SAKTVLiveIE,
-    SAKTVRecordingsIE,
-    VTXTVIE,
     VTXTVLiveIE,
     VTXTVRecordingsIE,
     WalyTVIE,
@@ -2477,7 +2560,10 @@
     ZattooMoviesIE,
     ZattooRecordingsIE,
 )
-from .zdf import ZDFIE, ZDFChannelIE
+from .zdf import (
+    ZDFIE,
+    ZDFChannelIE,
+)
 from .zee5 import (
     Zee5IE,
     Zee5SeriesIE,
@@ -2487,16 +2573,16 @@
 from .zetland import ZetlandDKArticleIE
 from .zhihu import ZhihuIE
 from .zingmp3 import (
-    ZingMp3IE,
     ZingMp3AlbumIE,
     ZingMp3ChartHomeIE,
-    ZingMp3WeekChartIE,
     ZingMp3ChartMusicVideoIE,
-    ZingMp3UserIE,
     ZingMp3HubIE,
+    ZingMp3IE,
     ZingMp3LiveRadioIE,
     ZingMp3PodcastEpisodeIE,
     ZingMp3PodcastIE,
+    ZingMp3UserIE,
+    ZingMp3WeekChartIE,
 )
 from .zoom import ZoomIE
 from .zype import ZypeIE
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
index b21742281..7518ba6f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
-    js_to_json,
+    dict_get,
     int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'WWI Centenary',
             'description': 'md5:c2379ec0ca84072e86b446e536954546',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/the-world/2020-06-10/black-lives-matter-protests-spawn-support-for/12342074',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Black Lives Matter protests spawn support for Papuans in Indonesia',
             'description': 'md5:2961a17dc53abc558589ccd0fb8edd6f',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/btn/newsbreak/btn-newsbreak-20200814/12560476',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200813',
             'uploader': 'Behind the News',
             'uploader_id': 'behindthenews',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-25/wagner-boss-orders-troops-back-to-bases-to-avoid-bloodshed/102520540',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'description': 'Wagner troops leave Rostov-on-Don and\xa0Yevgeny Prigozhin will move to Belarus under a deal brokered by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to end the mutiny.',
             'thumbnail': 'https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0c170f5b57f0105c432f366c0e8e267b?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2813&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=249&width=862&height=485',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if mobj is None:
                     expired = self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)class="expired-(?:video|audio)".+?<span>(.+?)</span>', webpage, 'expired', None)
                     if expired:
-                        raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, expired), expected=True)
+                        raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {expired}', expected=True)
                     raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract video urls')
 
             urls_info = self._parse_json(
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'height': height,
                 'tbr': bitrate,
                 'filesize': int_or_none(url_info.get('filesize')),
-                'format_id': format_id
+                'format_id': format_id,
             })
 
         return {
@@ -288,13 +287,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         stream = next(s for s in video_params['playlist'] if s.get('type') in ('program', 'livestream'))
 
         house_number = video_params.get('episodeHouseNumber') or video_id
-        path = '/auth/hls/sign?ts={0}&hn={1}&d=android-tablet'.format(
-            int(time.time()), house_number)
+        path = f'/auth/hls/sign?ts={int(time.time())}&hn={house_number}&d=android-tablet'
         sig = hmac.new(
             b'android.content.res.Resources',
-            path.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
+            path.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
         token = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://iview.abc.net.au{0}&sig={1}'.format(path, sig), video_id)
+            f'http://iview.abc.net.au{path}&sig={sig}', video_id)
 
         def tokenize_url(url, token):
             return update_url_query(url, {
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ def tokenize_url(url, token):
 
         for sd in ('1080', '720', 'sd', 'sd-low'):
             sd_url = try_get(
-                stream, lambda x: x['streams']['hls'][sd], compat_str)
+                stream, lambda x: x['streams']['hls'][sd], str)
             if not sd_url:
                 continue
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -358,7 +356,7 @@ class ABCIViewShowSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:93119346c24a7c322d446d8eece430ff',
             'series': 'Upper Middle Bogan',
             'season': 'Series 1',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'playlist_count': 8,
     }, {
@@ -386,7 +384,7 @@ class ABCIViewShowSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Satirist Mark Humphries brings his unique perspective on current political events for 7.30.',
             'series': '7.30 Mark Humphries Satire',
             'season': 'Episodes',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'playlist_count': 15,
     }]
@@ -398,7 +396,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=\s*[\'"](.+?)[\'"]\s*;',
             webpage, 'initial state')
         video_data = self._parse_json(
-            unescapeHTML(webpage_data).encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape'), show_id)
+            unescapeHTML(webpage_data).encode().decode('unicode_escape'), show_id)
         video_data = video_data['route']['pageData']['_embedded']
 
         highlight = try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['highlightVideo']['shareUrl'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
index a57295b13..7215500b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         info_dict = self._extract_feed_info(
-            'http://abcnews.go.com/video/itemfeed?id=%s' % video_id)
+            f'http://abcnews.go.com/video/itemfeed?id={video_id}')
         info_dict.update({
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
index 6dca19de4..ea5882b26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
@@ -57,11 +56,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         data = self._download_json(
             'https://api.abcotvs.com/v2/content', display_id, query={
                 'id': video_id,
-                'key': 'otv.web.%s.story' % station,
+                'key': f'otv.web.{station}.story',
                 'station': station,
             })['data']
         video = try_get(data, lambda x: x['featuredMedia']['video'], dict) or data
-        video_id = compat_str(dict_get(video, ('id', 'publishedKey'), video_id))
+        video_id = str(dict_get(video, ('id', 'publishedKey'), video_id))
         title = video.get('title') or video['linkText']
 
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
index fee7375ea..293a6c40e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
@@ -12,20 +12,21 @@
 import urllib.request
 import urllib.response
 import uuid
-from ..utils.networking import clean_proxies
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_ecb_decrypt
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     bytes_to_intlist,
     decode_base_n,
     int_or_none,
     intlist_to_bytes,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     time_seconds,
     traverse_obj,
     update_url_query,
 )
+from ..utils.networking import clean_proxies
 
 
 def add_opener(ydl, handler):  # FIXME: Create proper API in .networking
@@ -65,8 +66,8 @@ def _get_videokey_from_ticket(self, ticket):
             query={'t': media_token},
             data=json.dumps({
                 'kv': 'a',
-                'lt': ticket
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+                'lt': ticket,
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ def _get_videokey_from_ticket(self, ticket):
 
         h = hmac.new(
             binascii.unhexlify(self.HKEY),
-            (license_response['cid'] + self.ie._DEVICE_ID).encode('utf-8'),
+            (license_response['cid'] + self.ie._DEVICE_ID).encode(),
             digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
         enckey = bytes_to_intlist(h.digest())
 
@@ -102,11 +103,11 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def _generate_aks(cls, deviceid):
-        deviceid = deviceid.encode('utf-8')
+        deviceid = deviceid.encode()
         # add 1 hour and then drop minute and secs
         ts_1hour = int((time_seconds() // 3600 + 1) * 3600)
         time_struct = time.gmtime(ts_1hour)
-        ts_1hour_str = str(ts_1hour).encode('utf-8')
+        ts_1hour_str = str(ts_1hour).encode()
 
         tmp = None
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def mix_once(nonce):
 
         def mix_tmp(count):
             nonlocal tmp
-            for i in range(count):
+            for _ in range(count):
                 mix_once(tmp)
 
         def mix_twist(nonce):
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ def _get_device_token(self):
             data=json.dumps({
                 'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
                 'applicationKeySecret': aks,
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ def _get_media_token(self, invalidate=False, to_show=True):
                 'osLang': 'ja_JP',
                 'osTimezone': 'Asia/Tokyo',
                 'appId': 'tv.abema',
-                'appVersion': '3.27.1'
+                'appVersion': '3.27.1',
             }, headers={
                 'Authorization': f'bearer {self._get_device_token()}',
             })['token']
@@ -201,8 +202,8 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             f'https://api.abema.io/v1/auth/{ep}', None, note='Logging in',
             data=json.dumps({
                 method: username,
-                'password': password
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+                'password': password,
+            }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': f'bearer {self._get_device_token()}',
                 'Origin': 'https://abema.tv',
                 'Referer': 'https://abema.tv/',
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         description = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'<p\s+class="com-video-EpisodeDetailsBlock__content"><span\s+class=".+?">(.+?)</span></p><div',
-             r'<span\s+class=".+?SlotSummary.+?">(.+?)</span></div><div',),
+             r'<span\s+class=".+?SlotSummary.+?">(.+?)</span></div><div'),
             webpage, 'description', default=None, group=1)
         if not description:
             og_desc = self._html_search_meta(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
index 427d04c31..8f4a2cf0f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class ACastIE(ACastBaseIE):
             'display_id': '2.raggarmordet-rosterurdetforflutna',
             'season_number': 4,
             'season': 'Season 4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.acast.com/adambuxton/ep.12-adam-joeschristmaspodcast2015',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -93,13 +93,13 @@ class ACastIE(ACastBaseIE):
             'series': 'Democracy Sausage with Mark Kenny',
             'timestamp': 1684826362,
             'description': 'md5:feabe1fc5004c78ee59c84a46bf4ba16',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         episode = self._call_api(
-            '%s/episodes/%s' % (channel, display_id),
+            f'{channel}/episodes/{display_id}',
             display_id, {'showInfo': 'true'})
         return self._extract_episode(
             episode, self._extract_show_info(episode.get('show') or {}))
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class ACastChannelIE(ACastBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ACastIE.suitable(url) else super(ACastChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ACastIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_slug = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
index c3b4f432e..28559baec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
-    str_or_none,
-    traverse_obj,
     parse_codecs,
     parse_qs,
+    str_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def _extract_metadata(self, video_id, video_info):
                     'width': int_or_none(video.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(video.get('height')),
                     'tbr': float_or_none(video.get('avgBitrate')),
-                    **parse_codecs(video.get('codecs', ''))
+                    **parse_codecs(video.get('codecs', '')),
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class AcFunVideoIE(AcFunVideoBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg)',
             'description': 'md5:67583aaf3a0f933bd606bc8a2d3ebb17',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
index 898d37298..7be990b9c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
@@ -7,21 +7,20 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes, unpad_pkcs7
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     ass_subtitles_timecode,
     bytes_to_intlist,
     bytes_to_long,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     intlist_to_bytes,
     long_to_bytes,
     parse_iso8601,
     pkcs1pad,
-    strip_or_none,
     str_or_none,
+    strip_or_none,
     try_get,
     unified_strdate,
     urlencode_postdata,
@@ -111,9 +110,9 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, sub_url, video_id):
 
         # http://animationdigitalnetwork.fr/components/com_vodvideo/videojs/adn-vjs.min.js
         dec_subtitles = unpad_pkcs7(aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes(
-            compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[24:]),
+            base64.b64decode(enc_subtitles[24:]),
             binascii.unhexlify(self._K + '7fac1178830cfe0c'),
-            compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[:24])))
+            base64.b64decode(enc_subtitles[:24])))
         subtitles_json = self._parse_json(dec_subtitles.decode(), None, fatal=False)
         if not subtitles_json:
             return None
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, sub_url, video_id):
                 if start is None or end is None or text is None:
                     continue
                 alignment = self._POS_ALIGN_MAP.get(position_align, 2) + self._LINE_ALIGN_MAP.get(line_align, 0)
-                ssa += os.linesep + 'Dialogue: Marked=0,%s,%s,Default,,0,0,0,,%s%s' % (
+                ssa += os.linesep + 'Dialogue: Marked=0,{},{},Default,,0,0,0,,{}{}'.format(
                     ass_subtitles_timecode(start),
                     ass_subtitles_timecode(end),
                     '{\\a%d}' % alignment if alignment != 2 else '',
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         lang, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('lang', 'id')
-        video_base_url = self._PLAYER_BASE_URL + 'video/%s/' % video_id
+        video_base_url = self._PLAYER_BASE_URL + f'video/{video_id}/'
         player = self._download_json(
             video_base_url + 'configuration', video_id,
             'Downloading player config JSON metadata',
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     links_url, video_id, 'Downloading links JSON metadata', headers={
                         'X-Player-Token': authorization,
                         'X-Target-Distribution': lang,
-                        **self._HEADERS
+                        **self._HEADERS,
                     }, query={
                         'freeWithAds': 'true',
                         'adaptive': 'false',
                         'withMetadata': 'true',
-                        'source': 'Web'
+                        'source': 'Web',
                     })
                 break
             except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             for quality, load_balancer_url in qualities.items():
                 load_balancer_data = self._download_json(
                     load_balancer_url, video_id,
-                    'Downloading %s %s JSON metadata' % (format_id, quality),
+                    f'Downloading {format_id} {quality} JSON metadata',
                     fatal=False) or {}
                 m3u8_url = load_balancer_data.get('location')
                 if not m3u8_url:
@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.raise_login_required('This video requires a subscription', method='password')
 
         video = (self._download_json(
-            self._API_BASE_URL + 'video/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            self._API_BASE_URL + f'video/{video_id}', video_id,
             'Downloading additional video metadata', fatal=False) or {}).get('video') or {}
         show = video.get('show') or {}
 
@@ -320,7 +319,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             f'{self._API_BASE_URL}video/show/{show_id}', video_show_slug,
             'Downloading episode list', headers={
                 'X-Target-Distribution': lang,
-                **self._HEADERS
+                **self._HEADERS,
             }, query={
                 'order': 'asc',
                 'limit': '-1',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
index 8963b128a..b2934d6f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 
 
 class AdobeConnectIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -12,13 +10,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         title = self._html_extract_title(webpage)
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._search_regex(r"swfUrl\s*=\s*'([^']+)'", webpage, 'swf url').split('?')[1])
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._search_regex(r"swfUrl\s*=\s*'([^']+)'", webpage, 'swf url').split('?')[1])
         is_live = qs.get('isLive', ['false'])[0] == 'true'
         formats = []
         for con_string in qs['conStrings'][0].split(','):
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': con_string.split('://')[0],
-                'app': compat_urlparse.quote('?' + con_string.split('?')[1] + 'flvplayerapp/' + qs['appInstance'][0]),
+                'app': urllib.parse.quote('?' + con_string.split('?')[1] + 'flvplayerapp/' + qs['appInstance'][0]),
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'play_path': 'mp4:' + qs['streamName'][0],
                 'rtmp_conn': 'S:' + qs['ticket'][0],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
index 5eed0ca22..eb7e597e5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 import json
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
     },
     'Philo': {
         'name': 'Philo',
-        'username_field': 'ident'
+        'username_field': 'ident',
     },
     'Verizon': {
         'name': 'Verizon FiOS',
@@ -81,1258 +81,1258 @@
         'password_field': 'j_password',
     },
     'thr030': {
-        'name': '3 Rivers Communications'
+        'name': '3 Rivers Communications',
     },
     'com140': {
-        'name': 'Access Montana'
+        'name': 'Access Montana',
     },
     'acecommunications': {
-        'name': 'AcenTek'
+        'name': 'AcenTek',
     },
     'acm010': {
-        'name': 'Acme Communications'
+        'name': 'Acme Communications',
     },
     'ada020': {
-        'name': 'Adams Cable Service'
+        'name': 'Adams Cable Service',
     },
     'alb020': {
-        'name': 'Albany Mutual Telephone'
+        'name': 'Albany Mutual Telephone',
     },
     'algona': {
-        'name': 'Algona Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Algona Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'allwest': {
-        'name': 'All West Communications'
+        'name': 'All West Communications',
     },
     'all025': {
-        'name': 'Allen\'s Communications'
+        'name': 'Allen\'s Communications',
     },
     'spl010': {
-        'name': 'Alliance Communications'
+        'name': 'Alliance Communications',
     },
     'all070': {
-        'name': 'ALLO Communications'
+        'name': 'ALLO Communications',
     },
     'alpine': {
-        'name': 'Alpine Communications'
+        'name': 'Alpine Communications',
     },
     'hun015': {
-        'name': 'American Broadband'
+        'name': 'American Broadband',
     },
     'nwc010': {
-        'name': 'American Broadband Missouri'
+        'name': 'American Broadband Missouri',
     },
     'com130-02': {
-        'name': 'American Community Networks'
+        'name': 'American Community Networks',
     },
     'com130-01': {
-        'name': 'American Warrior Networks'
+        'name': 'American Warrior Networks',
     },
     'tom020': {
-        'name': 'Amherst Telephone/Tomorrow Valley'
+        'name': 'Amherst Telephone/Tomorrow Valley',
     },
     'tvc020': {
-        'name': 'Andycable'
+        'name': 'Andycable',
     },
     'arkwest': {
-        'name': 'Arkwest Communications'
+        'name': 'Arkwest Communications',
     },
     'art030': {
-        'name': 'Arthur Mutual Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Arthur Mutual Telephone Company',
     },
     'arvig': {
-        'name': 'Arvig'
+        'name': 'Arvig',
     },
     'nttcash010': {
-        'name': 'Ashland Home Net'
+        'name': 'Ashland Home Net',
     },
     'astound': {
-        'name': 'Astound (now Wave)'
+        'name': 'Astound (now Wave)',
     },
     'dix030': {
-        'name': 'ATC Broadband'
+        'name': 'ATC Broadband',
     },
     'ara010': {
-        'name': 'ATC Communications'
+        'name': 'ATC Communications',
     },
     'she030-02': {
-        'name': 'Ayersville Communications'
+        'name': 'Ayersville Communications',
     },
     'baldwin': {
-        'name': 'Baldwin Lightstream'
+        'name': 'Baldwin Lightstream',
     },
     'bal040': {
-        'name': 'Ballard TV'
+        'name': 'Ballard TV',
     },
     'cit025': {
-        'name': 'Bardstown Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Bardstown Cable TV',
     },
     'bay030': {
-        'name': 'Bay Country Communications'
+        'name': 'Bay Country Communications',
     },
     'tel095': {
-        'name': 'Beaver Creek Cooperative Telephone'
+        'name': 'Beaver Creek Cooperative Telephone',
     },
     'bea020': {
-        'name': 'Beaver Valley Cable'
+        'name': 'Beaver Valley Cable',
     },
     'bee010': {
-        'name': 'Bee Line Cable'
+        'name': 'Bee Line Cable',
     },
     'wir030': {
-        'name': 'Beehive Broadband'
+        'name': 'Beehive Broadband',
     },
     'bra020': {
-        'name': 'BELD'
+        'name': 'BELD',
     },
     'bel020': {
-        'name': 'Bellevue Municipal Cable'
+        'name': 'Bellevue Municipal Cable',
     },
     'vol040-01': {
-        'name': 'Ben Lomand Connect / BLTV'
+        'name': 'Ben Lomand Connect / BLTV',
     },
     'bev010': {
-        'name': 'BEVCOMM'
+        'name': 'BEVCOMM',
     },
     'big020': {
-        'name': 'Big Sandy Broadband'
+        'name': 'Big Sandy Broadband',
     },
     'ble020': {
-        'name': 'Bledsoe Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Bledsoe Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'bvt010': {
-        'name': 'Blue Valley Tele-Communications'
+        'name': 'Blue Valley Tele-Communications',
     },
     'bra050': {
-        'name': 'Brandenburg Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Brandenburg Telephone Co.',
     },
     'bte010': {
-        'name': 'Bristol Tennessee Essential Services'
+        'name': 'Bristol Tennessee Essential Services',
     },
     'annearundel': {
-        'name': 'Broadstripe'
+        'name': 'Broadstripe',
     },
     'btc010': {
-        'name': 'BTC Communications'
+        'name': 'BTC Communications',
     },
     'btc040': {
-        'name': 'BTC Vision - Nahunta'
+        'name': 'BTC Vision - Nahunta',
     },
     'bul010': {
-        'name': 'Bulloch Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Bulloch Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'but010': {
-        'name': 'Butler-Bremer Communications'
+        'name': 'Butler-Bremer Communications',
     },
     'tel160-csp': {
-        'name': 'C Spire SNAP'
+        'name': 'C Spire SNAP',
     },
     'csicable': {
-        'name': 'Cable Services Inc.'
+        'name': 'Cable Services Inc.',
     },
     'cableamerica': {
-        'name': 'CableAmerica'
+        'name': 'CableAmerica',
     },
     'cab038': {
-        'name': 'CableSouth Media 3'
+        'name': 'CableSouth Media 3',
     },
     'weh010-camtel': {
-        'name': 'Cam-Tel Company'
+        'name': 'Cam-Tel Company',
     },
     'car030': {
-        'name': 'Cameron Communications'
+        'name': 'Cameron Communications',
     },
     'canbytel': {
-        'name': 'Canby Telcom'
+        'name': 'Canby Telcom',
     },
     'crt020': {
-        'name': 'CapRock Tv'
+        'name': 'CapRock Tv',
     },
     'car050': {
-        'name': 'Carnegie Cable'
+        'name': 'Carnegie Cable',
     },
     'cas': {
-        'name': 'CAS Cable'
+        'name': 'CAS Cable',
     },
     'casscomm': {
-        'name': 'CASSCOMM'
+        'name': 'CASSCOMM',
     },
     'mid180-02': {
-        'name': 'Catalina Broadband Solutions'
+        'name': 'Catalina Broadband Solutions',
     },
     'cccomm': {
-        'name': 'CC Communications'
+        'name': 'CC Communications',
     },
     'nttccde010': {
-        'name': 'CDE Lightband'
+        'name': 'CDE Lightband',
     },
     'cfunet': {
-        'name': 'Cedar Falls Utilities'
+        'name': 'Cedar Falls Utilities',
     },
     'dem010-01': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Bloomer Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Bloomer Telephone Area',
     },
     'dem010-02': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Bruce Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Bruce Telephone Area',
     },
     'dem010-03': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Citizens Connected Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Citizens Connected Area',
     },
     'dem010-04': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Elmwood/Spring Valley Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Elmwood/Spring Valley Area',
     },
     'dem010-06': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Mosaic Telecom'
+        'name': 'Celect-Mosaic Telecom',
     },
     'dem010-05': {
-        'name': 'Celect-West WI Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-West WI Telephone Area',
     },
     'net010-02': {
-        'name': 'Cellcom/Nsight Telservices'
+        'name': 'Cellcom/Nsight Telservices',
     },
     'cen100': {
-        'name': 'CentraCom'
+        'name': 'CentraCom',
     },
     'nttccst010': {
-        'name': 'Central Scott / CSTV'
+        'name': 'Central Scott / CSTV',
     },
     'cha035': {
-        'name': 'Chaparral CableVision'
+        'name': 'Chaparral CableVision',
     },
     'cha050': {
-        'name': 'Chariton Valley Communication Corporation, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Chariton Valley Communication Corporation, Inc.',
     },
     'cha060': {
-        'name': 'Chatmoss Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Chatmoss Cablevision',
     },
     'nttcche010': {
-        'name': 'Cherokee Communications'
+        'name': 'Cherokee Communications',
     },
     'che050': {
-        'name': 'Chesapeake Bay Communications'
+        'name': 'Chesapeake Bay Communications',
     },
     'cimtel': {
-        'name': 'Cim-Tel Cable, LLC.'
+        'name': 'Cim-Tel Cable, LLC.',
     },
     'cit180': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision - Floyd, VA'
+        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision - Floyd, VA',
     },
     'cit210': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'cit040': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Fiber'
+        'name': 'Citizens Fiber',
     },
     'cit250': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Mutual'
+        'name': 'Citizens Mutual',
     },
     'war040': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Telephone Corporation'
+        'name': 'Citizens Telephone Corporation',
     },
     'wat025': {
-        'name': 'City Of Monroe'
+        'name': 'City Of Monroe',
     },
     'wadsworth': {
-        'name': 'CityLink'
+        'name': 'CityLink',
     },
     'nor100': {
-        'name': 'CL Tel'
+        'name': 'CL Tel',
     },
     'cla010': {
-        'name': 'Clarence Telephone and Cedar Communications'
+        'name': 'Clarence Telephone and Cedar Communications',
     },
     'ser060': {
-        'name': 'Clear Choice Communications'
+        'name': 'Clear Choice Communications',
     },
     'tac020': {
-        'name': 'Click! Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Click! Cable TV',
     },
     'war020': {
-        'name': 'CLICK1.NET'
+        'name': 'CLICK1.NET',
     },
     'cml010': {
-        'name': 'CML Telephone Cooperative Association'
+        'name': 'CML Telephone Cooperative Association',
     },
     'cns': {
-        'name': 'CNS'
+        'name': 'CNS',
     },
     'com160': {
-        'name': 'Co-Mo Connect'
+        'name': 'Co-Mo Connect',
     },
     'coa020': {
-        'name': 'Coast Communications'
+        'name': 'Coast Communications',
     },
     'coa030': {
-        'name': 'Coaxial Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Coaxial Cable TV',
     },
     'mid055': {
-        'name': 'Cobalt TV (Mid-State Community TV)'
+        'name': 'Cobalt TV (Mid-State Community TV)',
     },
     'col070': {
-        'name': 'Columbia Power & Water Systems'
+        'name': 'Columbia Power & Water Systems',
     },
     'col080': {
-        'name': 'Columbus Telephone'
+        'name': 'Columbus Telephone',
     },
     'nor105': {
-        'name': 'Communications 1 Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Communications 1 Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'com150': {
-        'name': 'Community Cable & Broadband'
+        'name': 'Community Cable & Broadband',
     },
     'com020': {
-        'name': 'Community Communications Company'
+        'name': 'Community Communications Company',
     },
     'coy010': {
-        'name': 'commZoom'
+        'name': 'commZoom',
     },
     'com025': {
-        'name': 'Complete Communication Services'
+        'name': 'Complete Communication Services',
     },
     'cat020': {
-        'name': 'Comporium'
+        'name': 'Comporium',
     },
     'com071': {
-        'name': 'ComSouth Telesys'
+        'name': 'ComSouth Telesys',
     },
     'consolidatedcable': {
-        'name': 'Consolidated'
+        'name': 'Consolidated',
     },
     'conwaycorp': {
-        'name': 'Conway Corporation'
+        'name': 'Conway Corporation',
     },
     'coo050': {
-        'name': 'Coon Valley Telecommunications Inc'
+        'name': 'Coon Valley Telecommunications Inc',
     },
     'coo080': {
-        'name': 'Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'cpt010': {
-        'name': 'CP-TEL'
+        'name': 'CP-TEL',
     },
     'cra010': {
-        'name': 'Craw-Kan Telephone'
+        'name': 'Craw-Kan Telephone',
     },
     'crestview': {
-        'name': 'Crestview Cable Communications'
+        'name': 'Crestview Cable Communications',
     },
     'cross': {
-        'name': 'Cross TV'
+        'name': 'Cross TV',
     },
     'cro030': {
-        'name': 'Crosslake Communications'
+        'name': 'Crosslake Communications',
     },
     'ctc040': {
-        'name': 'CTC - Brainerd MN'
+        'name': 'CTC - Brainerd MN',
     },
     'phe030': {
-        'name': 'CTV-Beam - East Alabama'
+        'name': 'CTV-Beam - East Alabama',
     },
     'cun010': {
-        'name': 'Cunningham Telephone & Cable'
+        'name': 'Cunningham Telephone & Cable',
     },
     'dpc010': {
-        'name': 'D & P Communications'
+        'name': 'D & P Communications',
     },
     'dak030': {
-        'name': 'Dakota Central Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Dakota Central Telecommunications',
     },
     'nttcdel010': {
-        'name': 'Delcambre Telephone LLC'
+        'name': 'Delcambre Telephone LLC',
     },
     'tel160-del': {
-        'name': 'Delta Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Delta Telephone Company',
     },
     'sal040': {
-        'name': 'DiamondNet'
+        'name': 'DiamondNet',
     },
     'ind060-dc': {
-        'name': 'Direct Communications'
+        'name': 'Direct Communications',
     },
     'doy010': {
-        'name': 'Doylestown Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Doylestown Cable TV',
     },
     'dic010': {
-        'name': 'DRN'
+        'name': 'DRN',
     },
     'dtc020': {
-        'name': 'DTC'
+        'name': 'DTC',
     },
     'dtc010': {
-        'name': 'DTC Cable (Delhi)'
+        'name': 'DTC Cable (Delhi)',
     },
     'dum010': {
-        'name': 'Dumont Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Dumont Telephone Company',
     },
     'dun010': {
-        'name': 'Dunkerton Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Dunkerton Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'cci010': {
-        'name': 'Duo County Telecom'
+        'name': 'Duo County Telecom',
     },
     'eagle': {
-        'name': 'Eagle Communications'
+        'name': 'Eagle Communications',
     },
     'weh010-east': {
-        'name': 'East Arkansas Cable TV'
+        'name': 'East Arkansas Cable TV',
     },
     'eatel': {
-        'name': 'EATEL Video, LLC'
+        'name': 'EATEL Video, LLC',
     },
     'ell010': {
-        'name': 'ECTA'
+        'name': 'ECTA',
     },
     'emerytelcom': {
-        'name': 'Emery Telcom Video LLC'
+        'name': 'Emery Telcom Video LLC',
     },
     'nor200': {
-        'name': 'Empire Access'
+        'name': 'Empire Access',
     },
     'endeavor': {
-        'name': 'Endeavor Communications'
+        'name': 'Endeavor Communications',
     },
     'sun045': {
-        'name': 'Enhanced Telecommunications Corporation'
+        'name': 'Enhanced Telecommunications Corporation',
     },
     'mid030': {
-        'name': 'enTouch'
+        'name': 'enTouch',
     },
     'epb020': {
-        'name': 'EPB Smartnet'
+        'name': 'EPB Smartnet',
     },
     'jea010': {
-        'name': 'EPlus Broadband'
+        'name': 'EPlus Broadband',
     },
     'com065': {
-        'name': 'ETC'
+        'name': 'ETC',
     },
     'ete010': {
-        'name': 'Etex Communications'
+        'name': 'Etex Communications',
     },
     'fbc-tele': {
-        'name': 'F&B Communications'
+        'name': 'F&B Communications',
     },
     'fal010': {
-        'name': 'Falcon Broadband'
+        'name': 'Falcon Broadband',
     },
     'fam010': {
-        'name': 'FamilyView CableVision'
+        'name': 'FamilyView CableVision',
     },
     'far020': {
-        'name': 'Farmers Mutual Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Farmers Mutual Telephone Company',
     },
     'fay010': {
-        'name': 'Fayetteville Public Utilities'
+        'name': 'Fayetteville Public Utilities',
     },
     'sal060': {
-        'name': 'fibrant'
+        'name': 'fibrant',
     },
     'fid010': {
-        'name': 'Fidelity Communications'
+        'name': 'Fidelity Communications',
     },
     'for030': {
-        'name': 'FJ Communications'
+        'name': 'FJ Communications',
     },
     'fli020': {
-        'name': 'Flint River Communications'
+        'name': 'Flint River Communications',
     },
     'far030': {
-        'name': 'FMT - Jesup'
+        'name': 'FMT - Jesup',
     },
     'foo010': {
-        'name': 'Foothills Communications'
+        'name': 'Foothills Communications',
     },
     'for080': {
-        'name': 'Forsyth CableNet'
+        'name': 'Forsyth CableNet',
     },
     'fbcomm': {
-        'name': 'Frankfort Plant Board'
+        'name': 'Frankfort Plant Board',
     },
     'tel160-fra': {
-        'name': 'Franklin Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Franklin Telephone Company',
     },
     'nttcftc010': {
-        'name': 'FTC'
+        'name': 'FTC',
     },
     'fullchannel': {
-        'name': 'Full Channel, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Full Channel, Inc.',
     },
     'gar040': {
-        'name': 'Gardonville Cooperative Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'Gardonville Cooperative Telephone Association',
     },
     'gbt010': {
-        'name': 'GBT Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'GBT Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'tec010': {
-        'name': 'Genuine Telecom'
+        'name': 'Genuine Telecom',
     },
     'clr010': {
-        'name': 'Giant Communications'
+        'name': 'Giant Communications',
     },
     'gla010': {
-        'name': 'Glasgow EPB'
+        'name': 'Glasgow EPB',
     },
     'gle010': {
-        'name': 'Glenwood Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Glenwood Telecommunications',
     },
     'gra060': {
-        'name': 'GLW Broadband Inc.'
+        'name': 'GLW Broadband Inc.',
     },
     'goldenwest': {
-        'name': 'Golden West Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Golden West Cablevision',
     },
     'vis030': {
-        'name': 'Grantsburg Telcom'
+        'name': 'Grantsburg Telcom',
     },
     'gpcom': {
-        'name': 'Great Plains Communications'
+        'name': 'Great Plains Communications',
     },
     'gri010': {
-        'name': 'Gridley Cable Inc'
+        'name': 'Gridley Cable Inc',
     },
     'hbc010': {
-        'name': 'H&B Cable Services'
+        'name': 'H&B Cable Services',
     },
     'hae010': {
-        'name': 'Haefele TV Inc.'
+        'name': 'Haefele TV Inc.',
     },
     'htc010': {
-        'name': 'Halstad Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Halstad Telephone Company',
     },
     'har005': {
-        'name': 'Harlan Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Harlan Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'har020': {
-        'name': 'Hart Communications'
+        'name': 'Hart Communications',
     },
     'ced010': {
-        'name': 'Hartelco TV'
+        'name': 'Hartelco TV',
     },
     'hea040': {
-        'name': 'Heart of Iowa Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Heart of Iowa Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'htc020': {
-        'name': 'Hickory Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Hickory Telephone Company',
     },
     'nttchig010': {
-        'name': 'Highland Communication Services'
+        'name': 'Highland Communication Services',
     },
     'hig030': {
-        'name': 'Highland Media'
+        'name': 'Highland Media',
     },
     'spc010': {
-        'name': 'Hilliary Communications'
+        'name': 'Hilliary Communications',
     },
     'hin020': {
-        'name': 'Hinton CATV Co.'
+        'name': 'Hinton CATV Co.',
     },
     'hometel': {
-        'name': 'HomeTel Entertainment, Inc.'
+        'name': 'HomeTel Entertainment, Inc.',
     },
     'hoodcanal': {
-        'name': 'Hood Canal Communications'
+        'name': 'Hood Canal Communications',
     },
     'weh010-hope': {
-        'name': 'Hope - Prescott Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Hope - Prescott Cable TV',
     },
     'horizoncable': {
-        'name': 'Horizon Cable TV, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Horizon Cable TV, Inc.',
     },
     'hor040': {
-        'name': 'Horizon Chillicothe Telephone'
+        'name': 'Horizon Chillicothe Telephone',
     },
     'htc030': {
-        'name': 'HTC Communications Co. - IL'
+        'name': 'HTC Communications Co. - IL',
     },
     'htccomm': {
-        'name': 'HTC Communications, Inc. - IA'
+        'name': 'HTC Communications, Inc. - IA',
     },
     'wal005': {
-        'name': 'Huxley Communications'
+        'name': 'Huxley Communications',
     },
     'imon': {
-        'name': 'ImOn Communications'
+        'name': 'ImOn Communications',
     },
     'ind040': {
-        'name': 'Independence Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Independence Telecommunications',
     },
     'rrc010': {
-        'name': 'Inland Networks'
+        'name': 'Inland Networks',
     },
     'stc020': {
-        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Croix'
+        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Croix',
     },
     'car100': {
-        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Thomas-St John'
+        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Thomas-St John',
     },
     'icc010': {
-        'name': 'Inside Connect Cable'
+        'name': 'Inside Connect Cable',
     },
     'int100': {
-        'name': 'Integra Telecom'
+        'name': 'Integra Telecom',
     },
     'int050': {
-        'name': 'Interstate Telecommunications Coop'
+        'name': 'Interstate Telecommunications Coop',
     },
     'irv010': {
-        'name': 'Irvine Cable'
+        'name': 'Irvine Cable',
     },
     'k2c010': {
-        'name': 'K2 Communications'
+        'name': 'K2 Communications',
     },
     'kal010': {
-        'name': 'Kalida Telephone Company, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Kalida Telephone Company, Inc.',
     },
     'kal030': {
-        'name': 'Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'kmt010': {
-        'name': 'KMTelecom'
+        'name': 'KMTelecom',
     },
     'kpu010': {
-        'name': 'KPU Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'KPU Telecommunications',
     },
     'kuh010': {
-        'name': 'Kuhn Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Kuhn Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'lak130': {
-        'name': 'Lakeland Communications'
+        'name': 'Lakeland Communications',
     },
     'lan010': {
-        'name': 'Langco'
+        'name': 'Langco',
     },
     'lau020': {
-        'name': 'Laurel Highland Total Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Laurel Highland Total Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'leh010': {
-        'name': 'Lehigh Valley Cooperative Telephone'
+        'name': 'Lehigh Valley Cooperative Telephone',
     },
     'bra010': {
-        'name': 'Limestone Cable/Bracken Cable'
+        'name': 'Limestone Cable/Bracken Cable',
     },
     'loc020': {
-        'name': 'LISCO'
+        'name': 'LISCO',
     },
     'lit020': {
-        'name': 'Litestream'
+        'name': 'Litestream',
     },
     'tel140': {
-        'name': 'LivCom'
+        'name': 'LivCom',
     },
     'loc010': {
-        'name': 'LocalTel Communications'
+        'name': 'LocalTel Communications',
     },
     'weh010-longview': {
-        'name': 'Longview - Kilgore Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Longview - Kilgore Cable TV',
     },
     'lon030': {
-        'name': 'Lonsdale Video Ventures, LLC'
+        'name': 'Lonsdale Video Ventures, LLC',
     },
     'lns010': {
-        'name': 'Lost Nation-Elwood Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Lost Nation-Elwood Telephone Co.',
     },
     'nttclpc010': {
-        'name': 'LPC Connect'
+        'name': 'LPC Connect',
     },
     'lumos': {
-        'name': 'Lumos Networks'
+        'name': 'Lumos Networks',
     },
     'madison': {
-        'name': 'Madison Communications'
+        'name': 'Madison Communications',
     },
     'mad030': {
-        'name': 'Madison County Cable Inc.'
+        'name': 'Madison County Cable Inc.',
     },
     'nttcmah010': {
-        'name': 'Mahaska Communication Group'
+        'name': 'Mahaska Communication Group',
     },
     'mar010': {
-        'name': 'Marne & Elk Horn Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Marne & Elk Horn Telephone Company',
     },
     'mcc040': {
-        'name': 'McClure Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'McClure Telephone Co.',
     },
     'mctv': {
-        'name': 'MCTV'
+        'name': 'MCTV',
     },
     'merrimac': {
-        'name': 'Merrimac Communications Ltd.'
+        'name': 'Merrimac Communications Ltd.',
     },
     'metronet': {
-        'name': 'Metronet'
+        'name': 'Metronet',
     },
     'mhtc': {
-        'name': 'MHTC'
+        'name': 'MHTC',
     },
     'midhudson': {
-        'name': 'Mid-Hudson Cable'
+        'name': 'Mid-Hudson Cable',
     },
     'midrivers': {
-        'name': 'Mid-Rivers Communications'
+        'name': 'Mid-Rivers Communications',
     },
     'mid045': {
-        'name': 'Midstate Communications'
+        'name': 'Midstate Communications',
     },
     'mil080': {
-        'name': 'Milford Communications'
+        'name': 'Milford Communications',
     },
     'min030': {
-        'name': 'MINET'
+        'name': 'MINET',
     },
     'nttcmin010': {
-        'name': 'Minford TV'
+        'name': 'Minford TV',
     },
     'san040-02': {
-        'name': 'Mitchell Telecom'
+        'name': 'Mitchell Telecom',
     },
     'mlg010': {
-        'name': 'MLGC'
+        'name': 'MLGC',
     },
     'mon060': {
-        'name': 'Mon-Cre TVE'
+        'name': 'Mon-Cre TVE',
     },
     'mou110': {
-        'name': 'Mountain Telephone'
+        'name': 'Mountain Telephone',
     },
     'mou050': {
-        'name': 'Mountain Village Cable'
+        'name': 'Mountain Village Cable',
     },
     'mtacomm': {
-        'name': 'MTA Communications, LLC'
+        'name': 'MTA Communications, LLC',
     },
     'mtc010': {
-        'name': 'MTC Cable'
+        'name': 'MTC Cable',
     },
     'med040': {
-        'name': 'MTC Technologies'
+        'name': 'MTC Technologies',
     },
     'man060': {
-        'name': 'MTCC'
+        'name': 'MTCC',
     },
     'mtc030': {
-        'name': 'MTCO Communications'
+        'name': 'MTCO Communications',
     },
     'mul050': {
-        'name': 'Mulberry Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Mulberry Telecommunications',
     },
     'mur010': {
-        'name': 'Murray Electric System'
+        'name': 'Murray Electric System',
     },
     'musfiber': {
-        'name': 'MUS FiberNET'
+        'name': 'MUS FiberNET',
     },
     'mpw': {
-        'name': 'Muscatine Power & Water'
+        'name': 'Muscatine Power & Water',
     },
     'nttcsli010': {
-        'name': 'myEVTV.com'
+        'name': 'myEVTV.com',
     },
     'nor115': {
-        'name': 'NCC'
+        'name': 'NCC',
     },
     'nor260': {
-        'name': 'NDTC'
+        'name': 'NDTC',
     },
     'nctc': {
-        'name': 'Nebraska Central Telecom, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Nebraska Central Telecom, Inc.',
     },
     'nel020': {
-        'name': 'Nelsonville TV Cable'
+        'name': 'Nelsonville TV Cable',
     },
     'nem010': {
-        'name': 'Nemont'
+        'name': 'Nemont',
     },
     'new075': {
-        'name': 'New Hope Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'New Hope Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'nor240': {
-        'name': 'NICP'
+        'name': 'NICP',
     },
     'cic010': {
-        'name': 'NineStar Connect'
+        'name': 'NineStar Connect',
     },
     'nktelco': {
-        'name': 'NKTelco'
+        'name': 'NKTelco',
     },
     'nortex': {
-        'name': 'Nortex Communications'
+        'name': 'Nortex Communications',
     },
     'nor140': {
-        'name': 'North Central Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'North Central Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'nor030': {
-        'name': 'Northland Communications'
+        'name': 'Northland Communications',
     },
     'nor075': {
-        'name': 'Northwest Communications'
+        'name': 'Northwest Communications',
     },
     'nor125': {
-        'name': 'Norwood Light Broadband'
+        'name': 'Norwood Light Broadband',
     },
     'net010': {
-        'name': 'Nsight Telservices'
+        'name': 'Nsight Telservices',
     },
     'dur010': {
-        'name': 'Ntec'
+        'name': 'Ntec',
     },
     'nts010': {
-        'name': 'NTS Communications'
+        'name': 'NTS Communications',
     },
     'new045': {
-        'name': 'NU-Telecom'
+        'name': 'NU-Telecom',
     },
     'nulink': {
-        'name': 'NuLink'
+        'name': 'NuLink',
     },
     'jam030': {
-        'name': 'NVC'
+        'name': 'NVC',
     },
     'far035': {
-        'name': 'OmniTel Communications'
+        'name': 'OmniTel Communications',
     },
     'onesource': {
-        'name': 'OneSource Communications'
+        'name': 'OneSource Communications',
     },
     'cit230': {
-        'name': 'Opelika Power Services'
+        'name': 'Opelika Power Services',
     },
     'daltonutilities': {
-        'name': 'OptiLink'
+        'name': 'OptiLink',
     },
     'mid140': {
-        'name': 'OPTURA'
+        'name': 'OPTURA',
     },
     'ote010': {
-        'name': 'OTEC Communication Company'
+        'name': 'OTEC Communication Company',
     },
     'cci020': {
-        'name': 'Packerland Broadband'
+        'name': 'Packerland Broadband',
     },
     'pan010': {
-        'name': 'Panora Telco/Guthrie Center Communications'
+        'name': 'Panora Telco/Guthrie Center Communications',
     },
     'otter': {
-        'name': 'Park Region Telephone & Otter Tail Telcom'
+        'name': 'Park Region Telephone & Otter Tail Telcom',
     },
     'mid050': {
-        'name': 'Partner Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Partner Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'fib010': {
-        'name': 'Pathway'
+        'name': 'Pathway',
     },
     'paulbunyan': {
-        'name': 'Paul Bunyan Communications'
+        'name': 'Paul Bunyan Communications',
     },
     'pem020': {
-        'name': 'Pembroke Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Pembroke Telephone Company',
     },
     'mck010': {
-        'name': 'Peoples Rural Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Peoples Rural Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'pul010': {
-        'name': 'PES Energize'
+        'name': 'PES Energize',
     },
     'phi010': {
-        'name': 'Philippi Communications System'
+        'name': 'Philippi Communications System',
     },
     'phonoscope': {
-        'name': 'Phonoscope Cable'
+        'name': 'Phonoscope Cable',
     },
     'pin070': {
-        'name': 'Pine Belt Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Pine Belt Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'weh010-pine': {
-        'name': 'Pine Bluff Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Pine Bluff Cable TV',
     },
     'pin060': {
-        'name': 'Pineland Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Pineland Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'cam010': {
-        'name': 'Pinpoint Communications'
+        'name': 'Pinpoint Communications',
     },
     'pio060': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer Broadband'
+        'name': 'Pioneer Broadband',
     },
     'pioncomm': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer Communications'
+        'name': 'Pioneer Communications',
     },
     'pioneer': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer DTV'
+        'name': 'Pioneer DTV',
     },
     'pla020': {
-        'name': 'Plant TiftNet, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Plant TiftNet, Inc.',
     },
     'par010': {
-        'name': 'PLWC'
+        'name': 'PLWC',
     },
     'pro035': {
-        'name': 'PMT'
+        'name': 'PMT',
     },
     'vik011': {
-        'name': 'Polar Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Polar Cablevision',
     },
     'pottawatomie': {
-        'name': 'Pottawatomie Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Pottawatomie Telephone Co.',
     },
     'premiercomm': {
-        'name': 'Premier Communications'
+        'name': 'Premier Communications',
     },
     'psc010': {
-        'name': 'PSC'
+        'name': 'PSC',
     },
     'pan020': {
-        'name': 'PTCI'
+        'name': 'PTCI',
     },
     'qco010': {
-        'name': 'QCOL'
+        'name': 'QCOL',
     },
     'qua010': {
-        'name': 'Quality Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Quality Cablevision',
     },
     'rad010': {
-        'name': 'Radcliffe Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Radcliffe Telephone Company',
     },
     'car040': {
-        'name': 'Rainbow Communications'
+        'name': 'Rainbow Communications',
     },
     'rai030': {
-        'name': 'Rainier Connect'
+        'name': 'Rainier Connect',
     },
     'ral010': {
-        'name': 'Ralls Technologies'
+        'name': 'Ralls Technologies',
     },
     'rct010': {
-        'name': 'RC Technologies'
+        'name': 'RC Technologies',
     },
     'red040': {
-        'name': 'Red River Communications'
+        'name': 'Red River Communications',
     },
     'ree010': {
-        'name': 'Reedsburg Utility Commission'
+        'name': 'Reedsburg Utility Commission',
     },
     'mol010': {
-        'name': 'Reliance Connects- Oregon'
+        'name': 'Reliance Connects- Oregon',
     },
     'res020': {
-        'name': 'Reserve Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Reserve Telecommunications',
     },
     'weh010-resort': {
-        'name': 'Resort TV Cable'
+        'name': 'Resort TV Cable',
     },
     'rld010': {
-        'name': 'Richland Grant Telephone Cooperative, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Richland Grant Telephone Cooperative, Inc.',
     },
     'riv030': {
-        'name': 'River Valley Telecommunications Coop'
+        'name': 'River Valley Telecommunications Coop',
     },
     'rockportcable': {
-        'name': 'Rock Port Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Rock Port Cablevision',
     },
     'rsf010': {
-        'name': 'RS Fiber'
+        'name': 'RS Fiber',
     },
     'rtc': {
-        'name': 'RTC Communication Corp'
+        'name': 'RTC Communication Corp',
     },
     'res040': {
-        'name': 'RTC-Reservation Telephone Coop.'
+        'name': 'RTC-Reservation Telephone Coop.',
     },
     'rte010': {
-        'name': 'RTEC Communications'
+        'name': 'RTEC Communications',
     },
     'stc010': {
-        'name': 'S&T'
+        'name': 'S&T',
     },
     'san020': {
-        'name': 'San Bruno Cable TV'
+        'name': 'San Bruno Cable TV',
     },
     'san040-01': {
-        'name': 'Santel'
+        'name': 'Santel',
     },
     'sav010': {
-        'name': 'SCI Broadband-Savage Communications Inc.'
+        'name': 'SCI Broadband-Savage Communications Inc.',
     },
     'sco050': {
-        'name': 'Scottsboro Electric Power Board'
+        'name': 'Scottsboro Electric Power Board',
     },
     'scr010': {
-        'name': 'Scranton Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Scranton Telephone Company',
     },
     'selco': {
-        'name': 'SELCO'
+        'name': 'SELCO',
     },
     'she010': {
-        'name': 'Shentel'
+        'name': 'Shentel',
     },
     'she030': {
-        'name': 'Sherwood Mutual Telephone Association, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Sherwood Mutual Telephone Association, Inc.',
     },
     'ind060-ssc': {
-        'name': 'Silver Star Communications'
+        'name': 'Silver Star Communications',
     },
     'sjoberg': {
-        'name': 'Sjoberg\'s Inc.'
+        'name': 'Sjoberg\'s Inc.',
     },
     'sou025': {
-        'name': 'SKT'
+        'name': 'SKT',
     },
     'sky050': {
-        'name': 'SkyBest TV'
+        'name': 'SkyBest TV',
     },
     'nttcsmi010': {
-        'name': 'Smithville Communications'
+        'name': 'Smithville Communications',
     },
     'woo010': {
-        'name': 'Solarus'
+        'name': 'Solarus',
     },
     'sou075': {
-        'name': 'South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'sou065': {
-        'name': 'South Holt Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'South Holt Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'sou035': {
-        'name': 'South Slope Cooperative Communications'
+        'name': 'South Slope Cooperative Communications',
     },
     'spa020': {
-        'name': 'Spanish Fork Community Network'
+        'name': 'Spanish Fork Community Network',
     },
     'spe010': {
-        'name': 'Spencer Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Spencer Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'spi005': {
-        'name': 'Spillway Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Spillway Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'srt010': {
-        'name': 'SRT'
+        'name': 'SRT',
     },
     'cccsmc010': {
-        'name': 'St. Maarten Cable TV'
+        'name': 'St. Maarten Cable TV',
     },
     'sta025': {
-        'name': 'Star Communications'
+        'name': 'Star Communications',
     },
     'sco020': {
-        'name': 'STE'
+        'name': 'STE',
     },
     'uin010': {
-        'name': 'STRATA Networks'
+        'name': 'STRATA Networks',
     },
     'sum010': {
-        'name': 'Sumner Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Sumner Cable TV',
     },
     'pie010': {
-        'name': 'Surry TV/PCSI TV'
+        'name': 'Surry TV/PCSI TV',
     },
     'swa010': {
-        'name': 'Swayzee Communications'
+        'name': 'Swayzee Communications',
     },
     'sweetwater': {
-        'name': 'Sweetwater Cable Television Co'
+        'name': 'Sweetwater Cable Television Co',
     },
     'weh010-talequah': {
-        'name': 'Tahlequah Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Tahlequah Cable TV',
     },
     'tct': {
-        'name': 'TCT'
+        'name': 'TCT',
     },
     'tel050': {
-        'name': 'Tele-Media Company'
+        'name': 'Tele-Media Company',
     },
     'com050': {
-        'name': 'The Community Agency'
+        'name': 'The Community Agency',
     },
     'thr020': {
-        'name': 'Three River'
+        'name': 'Three River',
     },
     'cab140': {
-        'name': 'Town & Country Technologies'
+        'name': 'Town & Country Technologies',
     },
     'tra010': {
-        'name': 'Trans-Video'
+        'name': 'Trans-Video',
     },
     'tre010': {
-        'name': 'Trenton TV Cable Company'
+        'name': 'Trenton TV Cable Company',
     },
     'tcc': {
-        'name': 'Tri County Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Tri County Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'tri025': {
-        'name': 'TriCounty Telecom'
+        'name': 'TriCounty Telecom',
     },
     'tri110': {
-        'name': 'TrioTel Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'TrioTel Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'tro010': {
-        'name': 'Troy Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Troy Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'tsc': {
-        'name': 'TSC'
+        'name': 'TSC',
     },
     'cit220': {
-        'name': 'Tullahoma Utilities Board'
+        'name': 'Tullahoma Utilities Board',
     },
     'tvc030': {
-        'name': 'TV Cable of Rensselaer'
+        'name': 'TV Cable of Rensselaer',
     },
     'tvc015': {
-        'name': 'TVC Cable'
+        'name': 'TVC Cable',
     },
     'cab180': {
-        'name': 'TVision'
+        'name': 'TVision',
     },
     'twi040': {
-        'name': 'Twin Lakes'
+        'name': 'Twin Lakes',
     },
     'tvtinc': {
-        'name': 'Twin Valley'
+        'name': 'Twin Valley',
     },
     'uis010': {
-        'name': 'Union Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Union Telephone Company',
     },
     'uni110': {
-        'name': 'United Communications - TN'
+        'name': 'United Communications - TN',
     },
     'uni120': {
-        'name': 'United Services'
+        'name': 'United Services',
     },
     'uss020': {
-        'name': 'US Sonet'
+        'name': 'US Sonet',
     },
     'cab060': {
-        'name': 'USA Communications'
+        'name': 'USA Communications',
     },
     'she005': {
-        'name': 'USA Communications/Shellsburg, IA'
+        'name': 'USA Communications/Shellsburg, IA',
     },
     'val040': {
-        'name': 'Valley TeleCom Group'
+        'name': 'Valley TeleCom Group',
     },
     'val025': {
-        'name': 'Valley Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Valley Telecommunications',
     },
     'val030': {
-        'name': 'Valparaiso Broadband'
+        'name': 'Valparaiso Broadband',
     },
     'cla050': {
-        'name': 'Vast Broadband'
+        'name': 'Vast Broadband',
     },
     'sul015': {
-        'name': 'Venture Communications Cooperative, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Venture Communications Cooperative, Inc.',
     },
     'ver025': {
-        'name': 'Vernon Communications Co-op'
+        'name': 'Vernon Communications Co-op',
     },
     'weh010-vicksburg': {
-        'name': 'Vicksburg Video'
+        'name': 'Vicksburg Video',
     },
     'vis070': {
-        'name': 'Vision Communications'
+        'name': 'Vision Communications',
     },
     'volcanotel': {
-        'name': 'Volcano Vision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Volcano Vision, Inc.',
     },
     'vol040-02': {
-        'name': 'VolFirst / BLTV'
+        'name': 'VolFirst / BLTV',
     },
     'ver070': {
-        'name': 'VTel'
+        'name': 'VTel',
     },
     'nttcvtx010': {
-        'name': 'VTX1'
+        'name': 'VTX1',
     },
     'bci010-02': {
-        'name': 'Vyve Broadband'
+        'name': 'Vyve Broadband',
     },
     'wab020': {
-        'name': 'Wabash Mutual Telephone'
+        'name': 'Wabash Mutual Telephone',
     },
     'waitsfield': {
-        'name': 'Waitsfield Cable'
+        'name': 'Waitsfield Cable',
     },
     'wal010': {
-        'name': 'Walnut Communications'
+        'name': 'Walnut Communications',
     },
     'wavebroadband': {
-        'name': 'Wave'
+        'name': 'Wave',
     },
     'wav030': {
-        'name': 'Waverly Communications Utility'
+        'name': 'Waverly Communications Utility',
     },
     'wbi010': {
-        'name': 'WBI'
+        'name': 'WBI',
     },
     'web020': {
-        'name': 'Webster-Calhoun Cooperative Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'Webster-Calhoun Cooperative Telephone Association',
     },
     'wes005': {
-        'name': 'West Alabama TV Cable'
+        'name': 'West Alabama TV Cable',
     },
     'carolinata': {
-        'name': 'West Carolina Communications'
+        'name': 'West Carolina Communications',
     },
     'wct010': {
-        'name': 'West Central Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'West Central Telephone Association',
     },
     'wes110': {
-        'name': 'West River Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'West River Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'ani030': {
-        'name': 'WesTel Systems'
+        'name': 'WesTel Systems',
     },
     'westianet': {
-        'name': 'Western Iowa Networks'
+        'name': 'Western Iowa Networks',
     },
     'nttcwhi010': {
-        'name': 'Whidbey Telecom'
+        'name': 'Whidbey Telecom',
     },
     'weh010-white': {
-        'name': 'White County Cable TV'
+        'name': 'White County Cable TV',
     },
     'wes130': {
-        'name': 'Wiatel'
+        'name': 'Wiatel',
     },
     'wik010': {
-        'name': 'Wiktel'
+        'name': 'Wiktel',
     },
     'wil070': {
-        'name': 'Wilkes Communications, Inc./RiverStreet Networks'
+        'name': 'Wilkes Communications, Inc./RiverStreet Networks',
     },
     'wil015': {
-        'name': 'Wilson Communications'
+        'name': 'Wilson Communications',
     },
     'win010': {
-        'name': 'Windomnet/SMBS'
+        'name': 'Windomnet/SMBS',
     },
     'win090': {
-        'name': 'Windstream Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Windstream Cable TV',
     },
     'wcta': {
-        'name': 'Winnebago Cooperative Telecom Association'
+        'name': 'Winnebago Cooperative Telecom Association',
     },
     'wtc010': {
-        'name': 'WTC'
+        'name': 'WTC',
     },
     'wil040': {
-        'name': 'WTC Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'WTC Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'wya010': {
-        'name': 'Wyandotte Cable'
+        'name': 'Wyandotte Cable',
     },
     'hin020-02': {
-        'name': 'X-Stream Services'
+        'name': 'X-Stream Services',
     },
     'xit010': {
-        'name': 'XIT Communications'
+        'name': 'XIT Communications',
     },
     'yel010': {
-        'name': 'Yelcot Communications'
+        'name': 'Yelcot Communications',
     },
     'mid180-01': {
-        'name': 'yondoo'
+        'name': 'yondoo',
     },
     'cou060': {
-        'name': 'Zito Media'
+        'name': 'Zito Media',
     },
     'slingtv': {
         'name': 'Sling TV',
@@ -1363,7 +1363,7 @@ def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
         headers.update(kwargs.get('headers', {}))
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
-        return super(AdobePassIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
+        return super()._download_webpage_handle(
             *args, **kwargs)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1384,7 +1384,7 @@ def _get_mvpd_resource(provider_id, title, guid, rating):
     def _extract_mvpd_auth(self, url, video_id, requestor_id, resource):
         def xml_text(xml_str, tag):
             return self._search_regex(
-                '<%s>(.+?)</%s>' % (tag, tag), xml_str, tag)
+                f'<{tag}>(.+?)</{tag}>', xml_str, tag)
 
         def is_expired(token, date_ele):
             token_expires = unified_timestamp(re.sub(r'[_ ]GMT', '', xml_text(token, date_ele)))
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ def post_form(form_page_res, note, data={}):
             form_page, urlh = form_page_res
             post_url = self._html_search_regex(r'<form[^>]+action=(["\'])(?P<url>.+?)\1', form_page, 'post url', group='url')
             if not re.match(r'https?://', post_url):
-                post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(urlh.url, post_url)
+                post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(urlh.url, post_url)
             form_data = self._hidden_inputs(form_page)
             form_data.update(data)
             return self._download_webpage_handle(
@@ -1414,13 +1414,13 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
             REDIRECT_REGEX = r'[0-9]{,2};\s*(?:URL|url)=\'?([^\'"]+)'
             redirect_url = self._search_regex(
                 r'(?i)<meta\s+(?=(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*http-equiv="refresh")'
-                r'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="%s' % REDIRECT_REGEX,
+                rf'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="{REDIRECT_REGEX}',
                 html, 'meta refresh redirect',
                 default=NO_DEFAULT if fatal else None, fatal=fatal)
             if not redirect_url:
                 return None
             if url:
-                redirect_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(redirect_url))
+                redirect_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(redirect_url))
             return redirect_url
 
         mvpd_headers = {
@@ -1506,12 +1506,12 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                             'ident': username,
                             'device': 'web',
                             'send_confirm_link': False,
-                            'send_token': True
+                            'send_token': True,
                         }))
                     philo_code = getpass.getpass('Type auth code you have received [Return]: ')
                     self._download_webpage(
                         'https://idp.philo.com/auth/update/login_code', video_id, 'Submitting token', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                            'token': philo_code
+                            'token': philo_code,
                         }))
                     mvpd_confirm_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle('https://idp.philo.com/idp/submit', video_id, 'Confirming Philo Login')
                     post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
@@ -1569,9 +1569,9 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                         saml_response_json['targetValue'], video_id,
                         'Confirming Login', data=urlencode_postdata({
                             'SAMLResponse': saml_response_json['SAMLResponse'],
-                            'RelayState': saml_response_json['RelayState']
+                            'RelayState': saml_response_json['RelayState'],
                         }), headers={
-                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                         })
                 elif mso_id in ('Spectrum', 'Charter_Direct'):
                     # Spectrum's login for is dynamically loaded via JS so we need to hardcode the flow
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                             'SAMLResponse': saml_response_json['SAMLResponse'],
                             'RelayState': relay_state,
                         }), headers={
-                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                         })
                 elif mso_id == 'slingtv':
                     # SlingTV has a meta-refresh based authentication, but also
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                     provider_association_redirect, urlh = post_form(
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
-                            mso_info['password_field']: password
+                            mso_info['password_field']: password,
                         })
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
@@ -1676,7 +1676,7 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                     provider_association_redirect, urlh = post_form(
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
-                            mso_info['password_field']: password
+                            mso_info['password_field']: password,
                         })
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ def extract_redirect_url(html, url=None, fatal=False):
                         provider_redirect_page_res, self._DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE)
                     form_data = {
                         mso_info.get('username_field', 'username'): username,
-                        mso_info.get('password_field', 'password'): password
+                        mso_info.get('password_field', 'password'): password,
                     }
                     if mso_id in ('Cablevision', 'AlticeOne'):
                         form_data['_eventId_proceed'] = ''
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
index d1525a1af..4608e5c13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    ISO639Utils,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    ISO639Utils,
     join_nonempty,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     parse_duration,
     str_or_none,
     str_to_int,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def _parse_subtitles(self, video_data, url_key):
         return subtitles
 
     def _parse_video_data(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         title = video_data['title']
 
         s3_extracted = False
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, display_id, query, page):
         page += 1
         query['page'] = page
         for element_data in self._call_api(
-                self._RESOURCE, display_id, query, 'Download Page %d' % page):
+                self._RESOURCE, display_id, query, f'Download Page {page}'):
             yield self._process_data(element_data)
 
     def _extract_playlist_entries(self, display_id, query):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
index d807c4181..2c83701e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
   getShowBySlug(slug:"%s") {
     %%s
   }
-}''' % show_path
+}''' % show_path  # noqa: UP031
         if episode_path:
             query = query % '''title
     getVideoBySlug(slug:"%s") {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             episode_title = title = video_data['title']
             series = show_data.get('title')
             if series:
-                title = '%s - %s' % (series, title)
+                title = f'{series} - {title}'
             info = {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': title,
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if not slug:
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    'http://adultswim.com/videos/%s/%s' % (show_path, slug),
+                    f'http://adultswim.com/videos/{show_path}/{slug}',
                     'AdultSwim', video.get('_id')))
             return self.playlist_result(
                 entries, show_path, show_data.get('title'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
index ab4b6c0eb..8e257865f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ def _extract_aen_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, auth=None):
     def _extract_aetn_info(self, domain, filter_key, filter_value, url):
         requestor_id, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         result = self._download_json(
-            'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/%s/videos' % brand,
-            filter_value, query={'filter[%s]' % filter_key: filter_value})
+            f'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/{brand}/videos',
+            filter_value, query={f'filter[{filter_key}]': filter_value})
         result = traverse_obj(
             result, ('results',
                      lambda k, v: k == 0 and v[filter_key] == filter_value),
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
         'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
-        'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.'
+        'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.aetv.com/shows/duck-dynasty/season-9/episode-1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -171,28 +171,28 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
         'skip': 'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.fyi.tv/shows/tiny-house-nation/season-1/episode-8',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway-junior/season-1/episode-6',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/center-stage-on-pointe/full-movie',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.lifetimemovieclub.com/movies/10-year-reunion/full-movie',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.history.com/specials/sniper-into-the-kill-zone/full-special',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.aetv.com/specials/hunting-jonbenets-killer-the-untold-story/preview-hunting-jonbenets-killer-the-untold-story',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.history.com/videos/history-of-valentines-day',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://play.aetv.com/shows/duck-dynasty/videos/best-of-duck-dynasty-getting-quack-in-shape',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -209,14 +209,14 @@ def _call_api(self, resource, slug, brand, fields):
   %s(slug: "%s") {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (resource, slug, fields),
+}''' % (resource, slug, fields),  # noqa: UP031
             }))['data'][resource]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         _, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         playlist = self._call_api(self._RESOURCE, slug, brand, self._FIELDS)
-        base_url = 'http://watch.%s' % domain
+        base_url = f'http://watch.{domain}'
 
         entries = []
         for item in (playlist.get(self._ITEMS_KEY) or []):
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ class AENetworksCollectionIE(AENetworksListBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 12,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.historyvault.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us-2/season-1/list/america-the-story-of-us',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.historyvault.com/collections/mysteryquest',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _RESOURCE = 'list'
     _ITEMS_KEY = 'items'
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class HistoryTopicIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '40700995724',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "History of Valentine’s Day",
+            'title': 'History of Valentine’s Day',
             'description': 'md5:7b57ea4829b391995b405fa60bd7b5f7',
             'timestamp': 1375819729,
             'upload_date': '20130806',
@@ -364,6 +364,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         player_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'<phoenix-iframe[^>]+src="(%s)' % HistoryPlayerIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'<phoenix-iframe[^>]+src="({HistoryPlayerIE._VALID_URL})',
             webpage, 'player URL')
         return self.url_result(player_url, HistoryPlayerIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
index 390eae32b..22d0266ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ class AeonCoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Semiconductor',
             'uploader_id': 'semiconductor',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/semiconductor',
-            'duration': 348
-        }
+            'duration': 348,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://aeon.co/videos/dazzling-timelapse-shows-how-microbes-spoil-our-food-and-sometimes-enrich-it',
         'md5': '03582d795382e49f2fd0b427b55de409',
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class AeonCoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Aeon Video',
             'uploader_id': 'aeonvideo',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/aeonvideo',
-            'duration': 1344
-        }
+            'duration': 1344,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://aeon.co/videos/chew-over-the-prisoners-dilemma-and-see-if-you-can-find-the-rational-path-out',
         'md5': '1cfda0bf3ae24df17d00f2c0cb6cc21b',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
index 3e5738f6a..bcfb02cb9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if result != 1:
             error = _ERRORS.get(result, 'You have failed to log in.')
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error),
+                f'Unable to login: {self.IE_NAME} said: {error}',
                 expected=True)
 
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 **traverse_obj(file_element, {
                     'duration': ('duration', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
                     'timestamp': ('file_start', {unified_timestamp}),
-                })
+                }),
             })
 
         if traverse_obj(data, ('adult_status', {str})) == 'notLogin':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
index abb2d3ff2..983558425 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for ext in ('aac', 'mp3'):
             url_data = self._download_json(
                 f'https://api.podcast.radioagora.pl/api4/getSongUrl?podcast_id={media_id}&device_id={uuid.uuid4()}&ppre=false&audio={ext}',
-                media_id, 'Downloading podcast %s URL' % ext)
+                media_id, f'Downloading podcast {ext} URL')
             # prevents inserting the mp3 (default) multiple times
             if 'link_ssl' in url_data and f'.{ext}' in url_data['link_ssl']:
                 formats.append({
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ class TokFMAuditionIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _create_url(id):
-        return f'https://audycje.tokfm.pl/audycja/{id}'
+    def _create_url(video_id):
+        return f'https://audycje.tokfm.pl/audycja/{video_id}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audition_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
index 0b73a966e..cee660dfc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
     parse_iso8601,
-    traverse_obj
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class AirTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-sp-gcs.air.tv/videos/W/8/W87jcWleSn2hXZN47zJZsQ/b13fc56464f47d9d62a36d110b9b5a72-4096x2160_9.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1664792603,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # with youtube_id
         'url': 'https://www.air.tv/watch?v=sv57EC8tRXG6h8dNXFUU1Q',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class AirTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Newsflare',
             'duration': 37,
             'upload_date': '20180511',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, json_data, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
index 89a64503f..5179b72e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AitubeKZVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1667370519,
             'title': 'Ангел хранитель 1 серия',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # embed url
         'url': 'https://aitube.kz/embed/?id=9291d29b-c038-49a1-ad42-3da2051d353c',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
index 2e83f2eb6..e8f8618fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': data.get('coverUrl'),
             'uploader': try_get(
-                data, lambda x: x['followBar']['name'], compat_str),
+                data, lambda x: x['followBar']['name'], str),
             'timestamp': float_or_none(data.get('startTimeLong'), scale=1000),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
index 124bab0d9..9715b497e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1636219149,
             'description': 'U sarajevskim naseljima Rajlovac i Reljevo stambeni objekti, ali i industrijska postrojenja i dalje su pod vodom.',
             'upload_date': '20211106',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://balkans.aljazeera.net/videos/2021/11/6/djokovic-usao-u-finale-mastersa-u-parizu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_RE = r'https?://players.brightcove.net/(?P<account>\d+)/(?P<player_id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)_(?P<embed>[^/]+)/index.html\?videoId=(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        base, post_type, id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
+        base, post_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         wp = {
             'balkans.aljazeera.net': 'ajb',
             'chinese.aljazeera.net': 'chinese',
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'news': 'news',
         }[post_type.split('/')[0]]
         video = self._download_json(
-            f'https://{base}/graphql', id, query={
+            f'https://{base}/graphql', display_id, query={
                 'wp-site': wp,
                 'operationName': 'ArchipelagoSingleArticleQuery',
                 'variables': json.dumps({
-                    'name': id,
+                    'name': display_id,
                     'postType': post_type,
                 }),
             }, headers={
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         embed = 'default'
 
         if video_id is None:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
             account, player_id, embed, video_id = self._search_regex(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_RE, webpage, 'video id',
                                                                      group=(1, 2, 3, 4), default=(None, None, None, None))
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 return {
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'url': url,
-                    'ie_key': 'Generic'
+                    'ie_key': 'Generic',
                 }
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': f'https://players.brightcove.net/{account}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}',
-            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew'
+            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
index 2d342cf03..e0859d451 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
@@ -95,11 +94,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             duration = int_or_none(video.get('duration'))
             view_count = int_or_none(video.get('view_count'))
             timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['added_at']['date'], compat_str))
+                video, lambda x: x['added_at']['date'], str))
         else:
             video_id = display_id
             media_data = self._download_json(
-                'http://www.allocine.fr/ws/AcVisiondataV5.ashx?media=%s' % video_id, display_id)
+                f'http://www.allocine.fr/ws/AcVisiondataV5.ashx?media={video_id}', display_id)
             title = remove_end(strip_or_none(self._html_extract_title(webpage), ' - AlloCiné'))
             for key, value in media_data['video'].items():
                 if not key.endswith('Path'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
index 87219f2f8..5ea1c30e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
-
 _FIELDS = '''
     _id
     clipImageSource
@@ -34,27 +33,27 @@
         video: getClip(clipIdentifier: $id) {
             %s %s
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
     'montage': '''query ($id: String!) {
         video: getMontage(clipIdentifier: $id) {
             %s
         }
-    }''' % _FIELDS,
+    }''' % _FIELDS,  # noqa: UP031
     'Clips': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!, $game: Int) {
         videos: clips(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user, mobile: false, game: $game) {
             data { %s %s }
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
     'Montages': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!) {
         videos: montages(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user) {
             data { %s }
         }
-    }''' % _FIELDS,
+    }''' % _FIELDS,  # noqa: UP031
     'Mobile Clips': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!) {
         videos: clips(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user, mobile: true) {
             data { %s %s }
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
 }
 
 
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230425',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/clip?clip=8LJLY4JKB',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230702',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/montage?montage=643e64089da7e9363e1fa66c',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230418',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/montage?montage=RILJMH6QOS',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230703',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -192,28 +191,28 @@ class AllstarProfileIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-clips',
             'title': 'cherokee - Clips',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/cherokee?game=730&view=Clips',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-clips-730',
             'title': 'cherokee - Clips - 730',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d?view=Montages',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-montages',
             'title': 'cherokee - Montages',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 4
+        'playlist_mincount': 4,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/profile?user=cherokee&view=Mobile Clips',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-mobile',
             'title': 'cherokee - Mobile Clips',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
 
     _PAGE_SIZE = 10
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
index 8d5b472d3..7b74d5524 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_iso8601,
+    int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     parse_filesize,
-    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
 )
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AlphaPornoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tbr': 1145,
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
index ea3332e3d..c315e4f21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 class Alsace20TVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_video(self, video_id, url=None):
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.alsace20.tv/visionneuse/visio_v9_js.php?key=%s&habillage=0&mode=html' % (video_id, ),
+            f'https://www.alsace20.tv/visionneuse/visio_v9_js.php?key={video_id}&habillage=0&mode=html',
             video_id) or {}
         title = info.get('titre')
 
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ def _extract_video(self, video_id, url=None):
                 else self._extract_mpd_formats(fmt_url, video_id, mpd_id=res, fatal=False))
 
         webpage = (url and self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False)) or ''
-        thumbnail = url_or_none(dict_get(info, ('image', 'preview', )) or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage))
+        thumbnail = url_or_none(dict_get(info, ('image', 'preview')) or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage))
         upload_date = self._search_regex(r'/(\d{6})_', thumbnail, 'upload_date', default=None)
-        upload_date = unified_strdate('20%s-%s-%s' % (upload_date[:2], upload_date[2:4], upload_date[4:])) if upload_date else None
+        upload_date = unified_strdate(f'20{upload_date[:2]}-{upload_date[2:4]}-{upload_date[4:]}') if upload_date else None
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
index 6878918a0..bfbf6b6af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class AltCensoredIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/youtube-k0srjLSkga8/youtube-k0srjLSkga8.thumbs/k0srjLSkga8_000925.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
             'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
index bfe066bc6..ce03a4265 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
@@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
-
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
-    int_or_none,
-    clean_html,
-    ExtractorError
 )
 
 
@@ -25,7 +21,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '60095',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Referências, ref-set e alter'
+            'title': 'Referências, ref-set e alter',
         },
         'skip': 'Requires alura account credentials'},
         {
@@ -34,12 +30,12 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'only_matching': True},
         {
             'url': 'https://cursos.alura.com.br/course/fundamentos-market-digital/task/55219',
-            'only_matching': True}
+            'only_matching': True},
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
 
-        course, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url)
+        course, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('course_name', 'id')
         video_url = self._VIDEO_URL % (course, video_id)
 
         video_dict = self._download_json(video_url, video_id, 'Searching for videos')
@@ -52,7 +48,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             formats = []
             for video_obj in video_dict:
-                video_url_m3u8 = video_obj.get('link')
+                video_url_m3u8 = video_obj.get('mp4')
                 video_format = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     video_url_m3u8, None, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
                     m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
@@ -66,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': video_title,
-                "formats": formats
+                'formats': formats,
             }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -95,7 +91,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
             'post url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in',
@@ -107,7 +103,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
                 r'(?s)<p[^>]+class="alert-message[^"]*">(.+?)</p>',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ class AluraCourseIE(AluraIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if AluraIE.suitable(url) else super(AluraCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if AluraIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
 
@@ -161,7 +157,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'url': video_url,
                         'id_key': self.ie_key(),
                         'chapter': chapter,
-                        'chapter_number': chapter_number
+                        'chapter_number': chapter_number,
                     }
                     entries.append(entry)
         return self.playlist_result(entries, course_path, course_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
index 2f5ca9137..f4ea04efd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class AmadeusTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': '65091a87ff85af59d9fc54c3',
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:a0357b9c215489e2067cbae0b777bb95',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
index 5018710e0..ed0f0cd35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
+from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'PBS NewsHour',
             'uploader_id': 'PBSNewsHour',
             'timestamp': 1549639570,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Vimeo
         'url': 'https://amara.org/en/videos/kYkK1VUTWW5I/info/vimeo-at-ces-2011',
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1294763658,
             'upload_date': '20110111',
             'uploader': 'Sam Morrill',
-            'uploader_id': 'sammorrill'
-        }
+            'uploader_id': 'sammorrill',
+        },
     }, {
         # Direct Link
         'url': 'https://amara.org/en/videos/s8KL7I3jLmh6/info/the-danger-of-a-single-story/',
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': dict,
             'upload_date': '20091007',
             'timestamp': 1254942511,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         meta = self._download_json(
-            'https://amara.org/api/videos/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'https://amara.org/api/videos/{video_id}/',
             video_id, query={'format': 'json'})
         title = meta['title']
         video_url = meta['all_urls'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
index a03f983e0..d1b91665c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class AmazonStoreIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         for retry in self.RetryManager():
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
             try:
                 data_json = self._search_json(
-                    r'var\s?obj\s?=\s?jQuery\.parseJSON\(\'', webpage, 'data', id,
+                    r'var\s?obj\s?=\s?jQuery\.parseJSON\(\'', webpage, 'data', playlist_id,
                     transform_source=js_to_json)
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 retry.error = e
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'height': int_or_none(video.get('videoHeight')),
             'width': int_or_none(video.get('videoWidth')),
         } for video in (data_json.get('videos') or []) if video.get('isVideo') and video.get('url')]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id, playlist_title=data_json.get('title'))
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=data_json.get('title'))
 
 
 class AmazonReviewsIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
index 2c71c5ef5..0590a344a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def _call_api(self, asin, data=None, note=None):
             asin, note=note, headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'currentpageurl': '/',
-                'currentplatform': 'dWeb'
+                'currentplatform': 'dWeb',
             }, data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
             query=None if data else {
                 'deviceType': 'A1WMMUXPCUJL4N',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
index 10bd021c5..15a86e245 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         site, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         requestor_id = self._REQUESTOR_ID_MAP[site]
         page_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://content-delivery-gw.svc.ds.amcn.com/api/v2/content/amcn/%s/url/%s'
-            % (requestor_id.lower(), display_id), display_id)['data']
+            f'https://content-delivery-gw.svc.ds.amcn.com/api/v2/content/amcn/{requestor_id.lower()}/url/{display_id}',
+            display_id)['data']
         properties = page_data.get('properties') or {}
         query = {
             'mbr': 'true',
@@ -76,15 +76,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         try:
             for v in page_data['children']:
                 if v.get('type') == 'video-player':
-                    releasePid = v['properties']['currentVideo']['meta']['releasePid']
-                    tp_path = 'M_UwQC/' + releasePid
+                    release_pid = v['properties']['currentVideo']['meta']['releasePid']
+                    tp_path = 'M_UwQC/' + release_pid
                     media_url = 'https://link.theplatform.com/s/' + tp_path
                     video_player_count += 1
         except KeyError:
             pass
         if video_player_count > 1:
             self.report_warning(
-                'The JSON data has %d video players. Only one will be extracted' % video_player_count)
+                f'The JSON data has {video_player_count} video players. Only one will be extracted')
 
         # Fall back to videoPid if releasePid not found.
         # TODO: Fall back to videoPid if releasePid manifest uses DRM.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         })
         ns_keys = theplatform_metadata.get('$xmlns', {}).keys()
         if ns_keys:
-            ns = list(ns_keys)[0]
+            ns = next(iter(ns_keys))
             episode = theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episodeTitle') or None
             episode_number = int_or_none(
                 theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episode'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
index e889458a2..a6337e482 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             resource_type = 'episodes'
 
         resource = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/api/v6/%s/%s' % (resource_type, video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/api/v6/{resource_type}/{video_id}', video_id)
         video = resource['video'] if is_episode else resource
         episode = resource if is_episode else resource.get('episode') or {}
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/%s.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ' % video['zypeId'],
+            'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/{}.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ'.format(video['zypeId']),
             'ie_key': 'Zype',
             'description': clean_html(video.get('description')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('publishDate')),
@@ -174,22 +174,22 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         ]
 
         if season_number:
-            playlist_id = 'season_%d' % season_number
-            playlist_title = 'Season %d' % season_number
+            playlist_id = f'season_{season_number}'
+            playlist_title = f'Season {season_number}'
             facet_filters.append('search_season_list:' + playlist_title)
         else:
             playlist_id = show
             playlist_title = title
 
         season_search = self._download_json(
-            'https://y1fnzxui30-dsn.algolia.net/1/indexes/everest_search_%s_season_desc_production' % slug,
+            f'https://y1fnzxui30-dsn.algolia.net/1/indexes/everest_search_{slug}_season_desc_production',
             playlist_id, headers={
                 'Origin': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com',
                 'X-Algolia-API-Key': '8d504d0099ed27c1b73708d22871d805',
                 'X-Algolia-Application-Id': 'Y1FNZXUI30',
             }, query={
                 'facetFilters': json.dumps(facet_filters),
-                'attributesToRetrieve': 'description,search_%s_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title,search_atk_episode_season' % slug,
+                'attributesToRetrieve': f'description,search_{slug}_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title,search_atk_episode_season',
                 'attributesToHighlight': '',
                 'hitsPerPage': 1000,
             })
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ def entries():
                     'description': episode.get('description'),
                     'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('search_document_date')),
                     'season_number': season_number,
-                    'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get('search_%s_episode_number' % slug)),
+                    'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get(f'search_{slug}_episode_number')),
                     'ie_key': AmericasTestKitchenIE.ie_key(),
                 }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
index 0d259c549..adf473374 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ def _extract_feed_info(self, url):
             'Unable to download Akamai AMP feed', transform_source=strip_jsonp)
         item = feed.get('channel', {}).get('item')
         if not item:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, feed['error']))
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, feed['error']))
 
         video_id = item['guid']
 
         def get_media_node(name, default=None):
-            media_name = 'media-%s' % name
+            media_name = f'media-{name}'
             media_group = item.get('media-group') or item
             return media_group.get(media_name) or item.get(media_name) or item.get(name, default)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
index 52f2ad057..652154a4a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    unified_timestamp
+    unified_timestamp,
 )
 
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230121',
             'release_timestamp': 1674285179,
             'episode_id': 'e1tpt3d',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # embed url
         'url': 'https://anchor.fm/apakatatempo/embed/episodes/S2E75-Perang-Bintang-di-Balik-Kasus-Ferdy-Sambo-dan-Ismail-Bolong-e1shjqd',
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 2',
             'season_number': 2,
             'episode_id': 'e1shjqd',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/anchor-generated-image-bank/production/podcast_uploaded_episode400/2627805/2627805-1671590688729-4db3882ac9e4b.jpg',
             'uploader': 'Podcast Tempo',
             'channel': 'apakatatempo',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
index 306b3651e..6800fe3d7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import url_or_none, merge_dicts
+from ..utils import merge_dicts, url_or_none
 
 
 class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tuttle Twins Season 1, Episode 1: When Laws Give You Lemons',
             'description': 'md5:73b704897c20ab59c433a9c0a8202d5e',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://images.angelstudios.com/image/upload/angel-app/.*$',
-            'duration': 1359.0
-        }
+            'duration': 1359.0,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.angel.com/watch/the-chosen/episode/8dfb714d-bca5-4812-8125-24fb9514cd10/season-1/episode-1/i-have-called-you-by-name',
         'md5': 'e4774bad0a5f0ad2e90d175cafdb797d',
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Chosen Season 1, Episode 1: I Have Called You By Name',
             'description': 'md5:aadfb4827a94415de5ff6426e6dee3be',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://images.angelstudios.com/image/upload/angel-app/.*$',
-            'duration': 3276.0
-        }
+            'duration': 3276.0,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
         # Angel uses cloudinary in the background and supports image transformations.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
index 2929d6550..b1a01791f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, expected_type='NewsArticle')
         embed_urls = list(Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         if not embed_urls:
-            raise ExtractorError('no videos found for %s' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'no videos found for {video_id}', expected=True)
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             embed_urls, video_id, info.get('title'), ie=Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE.ie_key(),
             video_kwargs={'url_transparent': True, 'timestamp': info.get('timestamp')})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
index 0df50333c..bf3d60b5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'gray': 'anvato_mcp_gray_web_prod_4c10f067c393ed8fc453d3930f8ab2b159973900',
         'hearst': 'anvato_mcp_hearst_web_prod_5356c3de0fc7c90a3727b4863ca7fec3a4524a99',
         'cbs': 'anvato_mcp_cbs_web_prod_02f26581ff80e5bda7aad28226a8d369037f2cbe',
-        'telemundo': 'anvato_mcp_telemundo_web_prod_c5278d51ad46fda4b6ca3d0ea44a7846a054f582'
+        'telemundo': 'anvato_mcp_telemundo_web_prod_c5278d51ad46fda4b6ca3d0ea44a7846a054f582',
     }
 
     def _generate_nfl_token(self, anvack, mcp_id):
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def _generate_nfl_token(self, anvack, mcp_id):
       token
     }
   }
-}''' % (anvack, mcp_id),
+}''' % (anvack, mcp_id),  # noqa: UP031
             }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': auth_token,
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ def _get_video_json(self, access_key, video_id, extracted_token):
 
         return self._download_json(
             video_data_url, video_id, transform_source=strip_jsonp, query=query,
-            data=json.dumps({'api': api}, separators=(',', ':')).encode('utf-8'))
+            data=json.dumps({'api': api}, separators=(',', ':')).encode())
 
     def _get_anvato_videos(self, access_key, video_id, token):
         video_data = self._get_video_json(access_key, video_id, token)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ def _get_anvato_videos(self, access_key, video_id, token):
         for caption in video_data.get('captions', []):
             a_caption = {
                 'url': caption['url'],
-                'ext': 'tt' if caption.get('format') == 'SMPTE-TT' else None
+                'ext': 'tt' if caption.get('format') == 'SMPTE-TT' else None,
             }
             subtitles.setdefault(caption['language'], []).append(a_caption)
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, hls_subs, vtt_subs)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
index 455f66795..893dce7b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AolIE(YahooIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # video with vidible ID
         'url': 'https://www.aol.com/video/view/netflix-is-raising-rates/5707d6b8e4b090497b04f706/',
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class AolIE(YahooIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.aol.com/video/view/park-bench-season-2-trailer/559a1b9be4b0c3bfad3357a7/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self._extract_yahoo_video(video_id, 'us')
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://feedapi.b2c.on.aol.com/v1.0/app/videos/aolon/%s/details' % video_id,
+            f'https://feedapi.b2c.on.aol.com/v1.0/app/videos/aolon/{video_id}/details',
             video_id)['response']
         if response['statusText'] != 'Ok':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['statusText']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['statusText']), expected=True)
 
         video_data = response['data']
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
index 1ea0b1de4..fed597042 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, base_url = mobj.group('id', 'base_url')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            '%s/player/%s' % (base_url, video_id), video_id)
+            f'{base_url}/player/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         jwplatform_id = self._search_regex(
             r'media[iI]d\s*:\s*["\'](?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]{8})', webpage,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def extract(field, name=None):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'\b%s["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % field,
+                rf'\b{field}["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, name or field, default=None, group='value')
 
         title = extract('title') or video_id
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
index d00b0f906..433eb4ed8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appleconnect.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    str_to_int,
-    ExtractorError
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_to_int
 
 
 class AppleConnectIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
index 49bbeab82..bd301e904 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ApplePodcastsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 6454,
             'series': 'The Tim Dillon Show',
             'thumbnail': 're:.+[.](png|jpe?g|webp)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/207-whitney-webb-returns/id1135137367?i=1000482637777',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
index 2e0b0a8c9..0a600f6df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import re
 import json
+import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'uploader_id': 'wb',
                 },
             },
-        ]
+        ],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/magnolia/blackthorn/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, movie)
         film_id = self._search_regex(r"FilmId\s*=\s*'(\d+)'", webpage, 'film id')
         film_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/feeds/data/%s.json' % film_id,
+            f'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/feeds/data/{film_id}.json',
             film_id, fatal=False)
 
         if film_data:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         if not src:
                             continue
                         formats.append({
-                            'format_id': '%s-%s' % (version, size),
+                            'format_id': f'{version}-{size}',
                             'url': re.sub(r'_(\d+p\.mov)', r'_h\1', src),
                             'width': int_or_none(size_data.get('width')),
                             'height': int_or_none(size_data.get('height')),
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             page_data = film_data.get('page', {})
             return self.playlist_result(entries, film_id, page_data.get('movie_title'))
 
-        playlist_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, 'includes/playlists/itunes.inc')
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, 'includes/playlists/itunes.inc')
 
         def fix_html(s):
             s = re.sub(r'(?s)<script[^<]*?>.*?</script>', '', s)
@@ -143,10 +143,9 @@ def fix_html(s):
             # like: http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/wb/gravity/
 
             def _clean_json(m):
-                return 'iTunes.playURL(%s);' % m.group(1).replace('\'', '&#39;')
+                return 'iTunes.playURL({});'.format(m.group(1).replace('\'', '&#39;'))
             s = re.sub(self._JSON_RE, _clean_json, s)
-            s = '<html>%s</html>' % s
-            return s
+            return f'<html>{s}</html>'
         doc = self._download_xml(playlist_url, movie, transform_source=fix_html)
 
         playlist = []
@@ -170,18 +169,18 @@ def _clean_json(m):
                 duration = 60 * int(m.group('minutes')) + int(m.group('seconds'))
 
             trailer_id = first_url.split('/')[-1].rpartition('_')[0].lower()
-            settings_json_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, 'includes/settings/%s.json' % trailer_id)
+            settings_json_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, f'includes/settings/{trailer_id}.json')
             settings = self._download_json(settings_json_url, trailer_id, 'Downloading settings json')
 
             formats = []
-            for format in settings['metadata']['sizes']:
+            for fmt in settings['metadata']['sizes']:
                 # The src is a file pointing to the real video file
-                format_url = re.sub(r'_(\d*p\.mov)', r'_h\1', format['src'])
+                format_url = re.sub(r'_(\d*p\.mov)', r'_h\1', fmt['src'])
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format': format['type'],
-                    'width': int_or_none(format['width']),
-                    'height': int_or_none(format['height']),
+                    'format': fmt['type'],
+                    'width': int_or_none(fmt['width']),
+                    'height': int_or_none(fmt['height']),
                 })
 
             playlist.append({
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ class AppleTrailersSectionIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Movie Studios',
         },
     }
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?trailers\.apple\.com/#section=(?P<id>%s)' % '|'.join(_SECTIONS)
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?trailers\.apple\.com/#section=(?P<id>{})'.format('|'.join(_SECTIONS))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://trailers.apple.com/#section=justadded',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ class AppleTrailersSectionIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         section = self._match_id(url)
         section_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/home/feeds/%s.json' % self._SECTIONS[section]['feed_path'],
+            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/home/feeds/{}.json'.format(self._SECTIONS[section]['feed_path']),
             section)
         entries = [
             self.url_result('http://trailers.apple.com' + e['location'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
index 41f3a4ff2..f5a55efc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor, YoutubeIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Bells Of Rostov',
             'ext': 'mp3',
         },
-        'skip': 'restricted'
+        'skip': 'restricted',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/lp_the-music-of-russia_various-artists-a-askaryan-alexander-melik/disc1/02.02.+Song+And+Chorus+In+The+Polovetsian+Camp+From+%22Prince+Igor%22+(Act+2%2C+Scene+1).mp3',
         'md5': '1d0aabe03edca83ca58d9ed3b493a3c3',
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:012b2d668ae753be36896f343d12a236',
             'upload_date': '20190928',
         },
-        'skip': 'restricted'
+        'skip': 'restricted',
     }, {
         # Original formats are private
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/irelandthemakingofarepublic',
@@ -202,8 +203,8 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/irelandthemakingofarepublic/irelandthemakingofarepublic.thumbs/irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2_001554.jpg',
                     'display_id': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2.mov',
                 },
-            }
-        ]
+            },
+        ],
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ def _playlist_data(webpage):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(self._match_id(url))
-        identifier, entry_id = (video_id.split('/', 1) + [None])[:2]
+        identifier, _, entry_id = video_id.partition('/')
 
         # Archive.org metadata API doesn't clearly demarcate playlist entries
         # or subtitle tracks, so we get them from the embeddable player.
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if track['kind'] != 'subtitles':
                     continue
                 entries[p['orig']][track['label']] = {
-                    'url': 'https://archive.org/' + track['file'].lstrip('/')
+                    'url': 'https://archive.org/' + track['file'].lstrip('/'),
                 }
 
         metadata = self._download_json('http://archive.org/metadata/' + identifier, identifier)
@@ -293,7 +294,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'height': int_or_none(f.get('width')),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('size'))})
 
-            extension = (f['name'].rsplit('.', 1) + [None])[1]
+            _, has_ext, extension = f['name'].rpartition('.')
+            if not has_ext:
+                extension = None
 
             # We don't want to skip private formats if the user has access to them,
             # however without access to an account with such privileges we can't implement/test this.
@@ -308,7 +311,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('size')),
                     'protocol': 'https',
                     'source_preference': 0 if f.get('source') == 'original' else -1,
-                    'format_note': f.get('source')
+                    'format_note': f.get('source'),
                 })
 
         for entry in entries.values():
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/Zeurel',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCukCyHaD-bK3in_pKpfH9Eg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Internal link
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/2oe/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/97t7Xj_iBv0',
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Video from 2012, webm format itag 45. Newest capture is deleted video, with an invalid description.
             # Should use the date in the link. Title ends with '- Youtube'. Capture has description in eow-description
@@ -403,8 +406,8 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'machinima',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/machinima',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-                'uploader': 'machinima'
-            }
+                'uploader': 'machinima',
+            },
         }, {
             # FLV video. Video file URL does not provide itag information
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081211103536/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
@@ -421,7 +424,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4QobU6STFB0P71PMvOGN5A',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'jawed',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231407/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTx3G6h2xyA',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -437,7 +440,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/itsmadeon',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqMDNf3Pn5L7pcNkuSEeO3w',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # First capture is of dead video, second is the oldest from CDX response.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JYutPM8O6E',
@@ -454,7 +457,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdIaNUarhzLSXGoItz7BHVA',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'ETC News',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # First capture of dead video, capture date in link links to dead capture.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180803221945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FPhZJGvf4E',
@@ -473,15 +476,15 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'ETC News',
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                r'unable to download capture webpage \(it may not be archived\)'
-            ]
+                r'unable to download capture webpage \(it may not be archived\)',
+            ],
         }, {   # Very old YouTube page, has - YouTube in title.
             'url': 'http://web.archive.org/web/20070302011044/http://youtube.com/watch?v=-06-KB9XTzg',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '-06-KB9XTzg',
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'New Coin Hack!! 100% Safe!!'
-            }
+                'title': 'New Coin Hack!! 100% Safe!!',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'web.archive.org/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWW7qP423y8',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -495,7 +498,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:7b567f898d8237b256f36c1a07d6d7bc',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'DankPods',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # player response contains '};' See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27093
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200827003909if_/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dh-RL__uN4',
@@ -512,7 +515,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'PewDiePie',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/PewDiePie',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~June 2010 Capture. swfconfig
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XeW5ilk-9Y',
@@ -527,7 +530,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/HowTheWorldWorks',
                 'upload_date': '20090520',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Jan 2011: watch-video-date/eow-date surrounded by whitespace
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110126141719/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_yjX80U7Yc',
@@ -542,7 +545,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'duration': 132,
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/claybutlermusic',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~May 2009 swfArgs. ytcfg is spread out over various vars
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5uJgG05xUY',
@@ -557,7 +560,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:4ca77d79538064e41e4cc464e93f44f0',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'duration': 754,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~June 2012. Upload date is in another lang so cannot extract.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174520/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWTLLl-dQaA',
@@ -571,7 +574,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'BlackNerdComedy',
                 'duration': 182,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~July 2013
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eO1aasHyTM',
@@ -587,7 +590,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC62R2cBezNBOqxSerfb1nMQ',
                 'upload_date': '20060428',
                 'uploader': 'punkybird',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # April 2020: Player response in player config
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200416034815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf7vS8jc7dY&gl=US&hl=en',
@@ -604,7 +607,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'description': 'md5:c625bb3c02c4f5fb4205971e468fa341',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/GameGrumps',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # watch7-user-header with yt-user-info
             'url': 'ytarchive:kbh4T_b4Ixw:20160307085057',
@@ -619,7 +622,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'upload_date': '20150503',
                 'channel_id': 'UCnTaGvsHmMy792DWeT6HbGA',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # April 2012
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOm7mPoPskU',
@@ -634,35 +637,35 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 200,
                 'upload_date': '20120407',
                 'uploader_id': 'thecomputernerd01',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH-G_aIBlFw',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050214000000_if/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0altSZ96U4M',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # Video not archived, only capture is unavailable video page
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210530071008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHJTf93HL1s&spfreload=10',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {   # Encoded url
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231619/http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fgl%3DUS%26v%3DAkhihxRKcrs%26hl%3Den',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231619/http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DAkhihxRKcrs%26gl%3DUS%26hl%3Den',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060527081937/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch.php?v=ELTFsLT73fA&amp;search=soccer',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=-05VVye-ffg',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'ytarchive:BaW_jenozKc:20050214000000',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'ytarchive:BaW_jenozKc',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
     _YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE = YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE
@@ -673,13 +676,13 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS = ['i.ytimg.com']  # thumbnails most likely archived on these servers
     _YT_ALL_THUMB_SERVERS = orderedSet(
-        _YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS + ['img.youtube.com', *[f'{c}{n or ""}.ytimg.com' for c in ('i', 's') for n in (*range(0, 5), 9)]])
+        [*_YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS, 'img.youtube.com', *[f'{c}{n or ""}.ytimg.com' for c in ('i', 's') for n in (*range(5), 9)]])
 
     _WAYBACK_BASE_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/%sif_/'
     _OLDEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20050214000000
     _NEWEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20500101000000
 
-    def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list = None, collapse: list = None, query: dict = None, note=None, fatal=False):
+    def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list | None = None, collapse: list | None = None, query: dict | None = None, note=None, fatal=False):
         # CDX docs: https://github.com/internetarchive/wayback/blob/master/wayback-cdx-server/README.md
         query = {
             'url': url,
@@ -688,14 +691,14 @@ def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list = None, collapse: list = Non
             'limit': 500,
             'filter': ['statuscode:200'] + (filters or []),
             'collapse': collapse or [],
-            **(query or {})
+            **(query or {}),
         }
         res = self._download_json(
             'https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx', item_id,
             note or 'Downloading CDX API JSON', query=query, fatal=fatal)
         if isinstance(res, list) and len(res) >= 2:
             # format response to make it easier to use
-            return list(dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:])
+            return [dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:]]
         elif not isinstance(res, list) or len(res) != 0:
             self.report_warning('Error while parsing CDX API response' + bug_reports_message())
 
@@ -852,7 +855,7 @@ def _extract_thumbnails(self, video_id):
                 {
                     'url': (self._WAYBACK_BASE_URL % (int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('timestamp')) or self._OLDEST_CAPTURE_DATE)) + thumbnail_dict.get('original'),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length')),
-                    'preference': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length'))
+                    'preference': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length')),
                 } for thumbnail_dict in response)
             if not try_all:
                 break
@@ -893,7 +896,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for retry in retry_manager:
             try:
                 urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                    HEADRequest('https://web.archive.org/web/2oe_/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/%s' % video_id),
+                    HEADRequest(f'https://web.archive.org/web/2oe_/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/{video_id}'),
                     video_id, note='Fetching archived video file url', expected_status=True)
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 # HTTP Error 404 is expected if the video is not saved.
@@ -924,21 +927,21 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info['thumbnails'] = self._extract_thumbnails(video_id)
 
         if urlh:
-            url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(urlh.url)
+            url = urllib.parse.unquote(urlh.url)
             video_file_url_qs = parse_qs(url)
             # Attempt to recover any ext & format info from playback url & response headers
-            format = {'url': url, 'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-orig-content-length'))}
+            fmt = {'url': url, 'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-orig-content-length'))}
             itag = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['itag'][0])
             if itag and itag in YoutubeIE._formats:
-                format.update(YoutubeIE._formats[itag])
-                format.update({'format_id': itag})
+                fmt.update(YoutubeIE._formats[itag])
+                fmt.update({'format_id': itag})
             else:
                 mime = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['mime'][0])
                 ext = (mimetype2ext(mime)
                        or urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh)
                        or mimetype2ext(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-guessed-content-type')))
-                format.update({'ext': ext})
-            info['formats'] = [format]
+                fmt.update({'ext': ext})
+            info['formats'] = [fmt]
             if not info.get('duration'):
                 info['duration'] = str_to_int(try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['dur'][0]))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
index febd3d28a..338bada7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
     _UUID_REGEX = r'[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'arcpublishing:(?P<org>[a-z]+):(?P<id>%s)' % _UUID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'arcpublishing:(?P<org>[a-z]+):(?P<id>{_UUID_REGEX})'
     _TESTS = [{
         # https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/11/02/video-senate-candidates-campaign-in-anchorage-on-eve-of-election-day/
         'url': 'arcpublishing:adn:8c99cb6e-b29c-4bc9-9173-7bf9979225ab',
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         entries = []
         # https://arcpublishing.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/POWA/overview
-        for powa_el in re.findall(r'(<div[^>]+class="[^"]*\bpowa\b[^"]*"[^>]+data-uuid="%s"[^>]*>)' % ArcPublishingIE._UUID_REGEX, webpage):
+        for powa_el in re.findall(rf'(<div[^>]+class="[^"]*\bpowa\b[^"]*"[^>]+data-uuid="{ArcPublishingIE._UUID_REGEX}"[^>]*>)', webpage):
             powa = extract_attributes(powa_el) or {}
             org = powa.get('data-org')
             uuid = powa.get('data-uuid')
             if org and uuid:
-                entries.append('arcpublishing:%s:%s' % (org, uuid))
+                entries.append(f'arcpublishing:{org}:{uuid}')
         return entries
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             elif stream_type in ('ts', 'hls'):
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     s_url, uuid, 'mp4', live=is_live, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                if all([f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in m3u8_formats]):
+                if all(f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in m3u8_formats):
                     continue
                 for f in m3u8_formats:
                     height = f.get('height')
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 vbr = int_or_none(s.get('bitrate'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%d' % (stream_type, vbr) if vbr else stream_type,
+                    'format_id': f'{stream_type}-{vbr}' if vbr else stream_type,
                     'vbr': vbr,
                     'width': int_or_none(s.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(s.get('height')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
index 3db59c5ca..6fd641347 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, media_info, video_id):
                         formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
                             update_url_query(stream_url, {
                                 'hdcore': '3.1.1',
-                                'plugin': 'aasp-3.1.1.69.124'
+                                'plugin': 'aasp-3.1.1.69.124',
                             }), video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
                     elif ext == 'm3u8':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ def _extract_formats(self, media_info, video_id):
                             f = {
                                 'url': server,
                                 'play_path': stream_url,
-                                'format_id': 'a%s-rtmp-%s' % (num, quality),
+                                'format_id': f'a{num}-rtmp-{quality}',
                             }
                         else:
                             f = {
                                 'url': stream_url,
-                                'format_id': 'a%s-%s-%s' % (num, ext, quality)
+                                'format_id': f'a{num}-{ext}-{quality}',
                             }
                         m = re.search(
                             r'_(?P<width>\d+)x(?P<height>\d+)\.mp4$',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
index de36ec886..b0e853d57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
         media = self._download_json(
-            'https://video.qbrick.com/api/v1/public/accounts/%s/medias/%s' % (account_id, video_id),
+            f'https://video.qbrick.com/api/v1/public/accounts/{account_id}/medias/{video_id}',
             video_id, query={
                 # https://video.qbrick.com/docs/api/examples/library-api.html
                 'fields': 'asset/resources/*/renditions/*(height,id,language,links/*(href,mimeType),type,size,videos/*(audios/*(codec,sampleRate),bitrate,codec,duration,height,width),width),created,metadata/*(title,description),tags',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
index a493714d1..f196f611a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    format_field,
     float_or_none,
+    format_field,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     remove_start,
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ class ArnesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'tags': ['linearna_algebra'],
             'start_time': 10,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.arnes.si/api/asset/s1YjnV7hadlC/play.mp4',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -93,6 +91,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration'), 1000),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('views')),
             'tags': video.get('hashtags'),
-            'start_time': int_or_none(compat_parse_qs(
-                compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get('t', [None])[0]),
+            'start_time': int_or_none(urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+                urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get('t', [None])[0]),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
index 271c505da..deec7ad01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'series_id': ('series_id', {str}),
                 'timestamp': ('created_at', {parse_iso8601}),
                 'release_timestamp': ('released_at', {parse_iso8601}),
-                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601})
+                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601}),
             })),
             **traverse_obj(rss_metadata, ('content', {
                 'title': ('episode_title', {str}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
index 1c180b1fd..142d4b066 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     ExtractorError,
     GeoRestrictedError,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
     strip_or_none,
@@ -19,32 +20,18 @@ class ArteTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     (?:https?://
                         (?:
-                            (?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%(langs)s)/videos|
-                            api\.arte\.tv/api/player/v\d+/config/(?P<lang_2>%(langs)s)
+                            (?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos|
+                            api\.arte\.tv/api/player/v\d+/config/(?P<lang_2>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})
                         )
                     |arte://program)
-                        /(?P<id>\d{6}-\d{3}-[AF]|LIVE)
-                    ''' % {'langs': ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES}
+                        /(?P<id>\d{{6}}-\d{{3}}-[AF]|LIVE)
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/088501-000-A/mexico-stealing-petrol-to-survive/',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/pl/videos/100103-000-A/usa-dyskryminacja-na-porodowce/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '100103-000-A',
-            'title': 'USA: Dyskryminacja na porodówce',
-            'description': 'md5:242017b7cce59ffae340a54baefcafb1',
-            'alt_title': 'ARTE Reportage',
-            'upload_date': '20201103',
-            'duration': 554,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://api-cdn\.arte\.tv/.+940x530',
-            'timestamp': 1604417980,
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
     }, {
         'note': 'No alt_title',
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/110371-000-A/la-chaleur-supplice-des-arbres-de-rue/',
@@ -58,6 +45,23 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/110203-006-A/zaz/',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/109067-000-A/la-loi-de-teheran/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '109067-000-A',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'description': 'md5:d2ca367b8ecee028dddaa8bd1aebc739',
+            'timestamp': 1713927600,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api-cdn.arte.tv/img/v2/image/3rR6PLzfbigSkkeHtkCZNF/940x530',
+            'duration': 7599,
+            'title': 'La loi de Téhéran',
+            'upload_date': '20240424',
+            'subtitles': {
+                'fr': 'mincount:1',
+                'fr-acc': 'mincount:1',
+                'fr-forced': 'mincount:1',
+            },
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'age-restricted',
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/006785-000-A/the-element-of-crime/',
@@ -71,23 +75,7 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20230930',
             'ext': 'mp4',
         },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/085374-003-A/im-hohen-norden-geboren/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '085374-003-A',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'description': 'md5:ab79ec7cc472a93164415b4e4916abf9',
-            'timestamp': 1702872000,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://api-cdn.arte.tv/img/v2/image/TnyHBfPxv3v2GEY3suXGZP/940x530',
-            'duration': 2594,
-            'title': 'Die kurze Zeit der Jugend',
-            'alt_title': 'Im hohen Norden geboren',
-            'upload_date': '20231218',
-            'subtitles': {
-                'fr': 'mincount:1',
-                'fr-acc': 'mincount:1',
-            },
-        },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }]
 
     _GEO_BYPASS = True
@@ -143,19 +131,21 @@ def _fix_accessible_subs_locale(subs):
         updated_subs = {}
         for lang, sub_formats in subs.items():
             for fmt in sub_formats:
-                if fmt.get('url', '').endswith('-MAL.m3u8'):
-                    lang += '-acc'
-                updated_subs.setdefault(lang, []).append(fmt)
+                url = fmt.get('url') or ''
+                suffix = ('acc' if url.endswith('-MAL.m3u8')
+                          else 'forced' if '_VO' not in url
+                          else None)
+                updated_subs.setdefault(join_nonempty(lang, suffix), []).append(fmt)
         return updated_subs
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         lang = mobj.group('lang') or mobj.group('lang_2')
-        langauge_code = self._LANG_MAP.get(lang)
+        language_code = self._LANG_MAP.get(lang)
 
         config = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/config/{lang}/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
-            'x-validated-age': '18'
+            'x-validated-age': '18',
         })
 
         geoblocking = traverse_obj(config, ('data', 'attributes', 'restriction', 'geoblocking')) or {}
@@ -180,10 +170,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             m = self._VERSION_CODE_RE.match(stream_version_code)
             if m:
                 lang_pref = int(''.join('01'[x] for x in (
-                    m.group('vlang') == langauge_code,      # we prefer voice in the requested language
+                    m.group('vlang') == language_code,      # we prefer voice in the requested language
                     not m.group('audio_desc'),              # and not the audio description version
                     bool(m.group('original_voice')),        # but if voice is not in the requested language, at least choose the original voice
-                    m.group('sub_lang') == langauge_code,   # if subtitles are present, we prefer them in the requested language
+                    m.group('sub_lang') == language_code,   # if subtitles are present, we prefer them in the requested language
                     not m.group('has_sub'),                 # but we prefer no subtitles otherwise
                     not m.group('sdh_sub'),                 # and we prefer not the hard-of-hearing subtitles if there are subtitles
                 )))
@@ -257,7 +247,7 @@ class ArteTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:be40b667f45189632b78c1425c7c2ce1',
             'upload_date': '20201116',
         },
-        'skip': 'No video available'
+        'skip': 'No video available',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/player/v3/index.php?json_url=https://api.arte.tv/api/player/v2/config/de/100605-013-A',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -272,7 +262,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class ArteTVPlaylistIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%s)/videos/(?P<id>RC-\d{6})' % ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos/(?P<id>RC-\d{{6}})'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/RC-016954/earn-a-living/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -308,7 +298,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%s)/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+(?:/[\w-]+)*)/?\s*$' % ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+(?:/[\w-]+)*)/?\s*$'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/politics-and-society/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -322,7 +312,7 @@ class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (
-            not any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE, ))
+            not any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE))
             and super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -331,12 +321,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         items = []
         for video in re.finditer(
-                r'<a\b[^>]*?href\s*=\s*(?P<q>"|\'|\b)(?P<url>https?://www\.arte\.tv/%s/videos/[\w/-]+)(?P=q)' % lang,
+                rf'<a\b[^>]*?href\s*=\s*(?P<q>"|\'|\b)(?P<url>https?://www\.arte\.tv/{lang}/videos/[\w/-]+)(?P=q)',
                 webpage):
             video = video.group('url')
             if video == url:
                 continue
-            if any(ie.suitable(video) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE, )):
+            if any(ie.suitable(video) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE)):
                 items.append(video)
 
         title = strip_or_none(self._generic_title('', webpage, default='').rsplit('|', 1)[0]) or None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/asobistage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/asobistage.py
index b088a1b13..8fa8f3edb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/asobistage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/asobistage.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_type = {'archive': 'archives', 'player': 'broadcasts'}[type_]
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         event_data = traverse_obj(
-            self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default='{}'),
+            self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default={}),
             ('props', 'pageProps', 'eventCMSData', {
                 'title': ('event_name', {str}),
                 'thumbnail': ('event_thumbnail_image', {url_or_none}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
index 3a44e5265..7c8139714 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class AtresPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:7634cdcb4d50d5381bedf93efb537fbc',
                 'duration': 3413,
             },
-            'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+            'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/lasexta/programas/el-club-de-la-comedia/temporada-4/capitulo-10-especial-solidario-nochebuena_5ad08edf986b2855ed47adc4/',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             target_url = self._download_json(
                 'https://account.atresmedia.com/api/login', None,
                 'Logging in', headers={
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 }, data=urlencode_postdata({
                     'username': username,
                     'password': password,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
index 3f7b1e9f8..b219eeec5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class AtScaleConfEventIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'data-scale-spring-2022',
             'title': 'Data @Scale Spring 2022',
-            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55'
+            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://atscaleconference.com/events/video-scale-2021/',
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ class AtScaleConfEventIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'video-scale-2021',
             'title': 'Video @Scale 2021',
-            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55'
+            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             re.findall(r'data-url\s*=\s*"(https?://(?:www\.)?atscaleconference\.com/videos/[^"]+)"', webpage),
-            ie='Generic', playlist_id=id,
+            ie='Generic', playlist_id=playlist_id,
             title=self._og_search_title(webpage), description=self._og_search_description(webpage))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
index d60feba31..37bb61695 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     jwt_encode_hs256,
     try_get,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class ATVAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'v-ce9cgn1e70n5-1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Bauer sucht Frau - Staffel 18 Folge 3 - Die Hofwochen',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.atv.at/tv/bauer-sucht-frau/staffel-18/episode-01/bauer-sucht-frau-staffel-18-vorstellungsfolge-1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_id=video_id)
 
         video_title = json_data['views']['default']['page']['title']
-        contentResource = json_data['views']['default']['page']['contentResource']
-        content_id = contentResource[0]['id']
-        content_ids = [{'id': id, 'subclip_start': content['start'], 'subclip_end': content['end']}
-                       for id, content in enumerate(contentResource)]
+        content_resource = json_data['views']['default']['page']['contentResource']
+        content_id = content_resource[0]['id']
+        content_ids = [{'id': id_, 'subclip_start': content['start'], 'subclip_end': content['end']}
+                       for id_, content in enumerate(content_resource)]
 
         time_of_request = dt.datetime.now()
         not_before = time_of_request - dt.timedelta(minutes=5)
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         videos = self._download_json(
             'https://vas-v4.p7s1video.net/4.0/getsources',
             content_id, 'Downloading videos JSON', query={
-                'token': jwt_token.decode('utf-8')
+                'token': jwt_token.decode('utf-8'),
             })
 
-        video_id, videos_data = list(videos['data'].items())[0]
+        video_id, videos_data = next(iter(videos['data'].items()))
         error_msg = try_get(videos_data, lambda x: x['error']['title'])
         if error_msg == 'Geo check failed':
             self.raise_geo_restricted(error_msg)
         elif error_msg:
             raise ExtractorError(error_msg)
         entries = [
-            self._extract_video_info(url, contentResource[video['id']], video)
+            self._extract_video_info(url, content_resource[video['id']], video)
             for video in videos_data]
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
index 35114e545..c5a9c7e29 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class AudiMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1448354940,
             'duration': 74022,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/audimediatv/video/60-seconds-of-audi-sport-104-2015-wec-bahrain-rookie-test-2991',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 bitrate = self._search_regex(r'(\d+)k', video_version_url, 'bitrate', default=None)
                 if bitrate:
                     f.update({
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % bitrate,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{bitrate}',
                     })
                 formats.append(f)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
index a23fcd299..751b74add 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class AudioBoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 4000.99,
             'uploader': 'Sue Perkins: An hour or so with...',
             'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?audioboom\.com/channel/perkins',
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # Direct mp3-file link
         'url': 'https://audioboom.com/posts/8128496.mp3',
         'md5': 'e329edf304d450def95c7f86a9165ee1',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class AudioBoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1689.7,
             'uploader': 'Lost Dot Podcast: The Trans Pyrenees and Transcontinental Race',
             'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?audioboom\.com/channels/5003904',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://audioboom.com/posts/4279833-3-09-2016-czaban-hour-3?t=0',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
index 71e5afd8c..484ad4e1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ def _audiodraft_extract_from_id(self, player_entry_id):
             headers={
                 'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-            }, data=f'id={player_entry_id}'.encode('utf-8'))
+            }, data=f'id={player_entry_id}'.encode())
 
         return {
             'id': str(data_json['entry_id']),
@@ -65,9 +65,10 @@ class AudiodraftCustomIE(AudiodraftBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        player_entry_id = self._search_regex(r'playAudio\(\'(player_entry_\d+)\'\);', webpage, id, 'play entry id')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        player_entry_id = self._search_regex(
+            r'playAudio\(\'(player_entry_\d+)\'\);', webpage, video_id, 'play entry id')
         return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(player_entry_id)
 
 
@@ -89,5 +90,5 @@ class AudiodraftGenericIE(AudiodraftBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(f'player_entry_{id}')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(f'player_entry_{video_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
index 5c4160fe4..1d4460c9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .soundcloud import SoundcloudIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     url_basename,
@@ -22,8 +21,8 @@ class AudiomackIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '310086',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'uploader': 'Roosh Williams',
-                'title': 'Extraordinary'
-            }
+                'title': 'Extraordinary',
+            },
         },
         # audiomack wrapper around soundcloud song
         # Needs new test URL.
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         # API is inconsistent with errors
         if 'url' not in api_response or not api_response['url'] or 'error' in api_response:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid url %s' % url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid url {url}')
 
         # Audiomack wraps a lot of soundcloud tracks in their branded wrapper
         # if so, pass the work off to the soundcloud extractor
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self.url_result(api_response['url'], SoundcloudIE.ie_key())
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(api_response.get('id', album_url_tag)),
+            'id': str(api_response.get('id', album_url_tag)),
             'uploader': api_response.get('artist'),
             'title': api_response.get('title'),
             'url': api_response['url'],
@@ -82,8 +81,8 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict':
             {
                 'id': '812251',
-                'title': 'Tha Tour: Part 2 (Official Mixtape)'
-            }
+                'title': 'Tha Tour: Part 2 (Official Mixtape)',
+            },
         },
         # Album playlist ripped from fakeshoredrive with no metadata
         {
@@ -98,16 +97,16 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '837576',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'uploader': 'Lil Herb a.k.a. G Herbo',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'title': 'PPP (Pistol P Project) - 10. 4 Minutes Of Hell Part 4 (prod by DY OF 808 MAFIA)',
                     'id': '837580',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'uploader': 'Lil Herb a.k.a. G Herbo',
-                }
+                },
             }],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -123,12 +122,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             api_response = self._download_json(
                 'http://www.audiomack.com/api/music/url/album/%s/%d?extended=1&_=%d'
                 % (album_url_tag, track_no, time.time()), album_url_tag,
-                note='Querying song information (%d)' % (track_no + 1))
+                note=f'Querying song information ({track_no + 1})')
 
             # Total failure, only occurs when url is totally wrong
             # Won't happen in middle of valid playlist (next case)
             if 'url' not in api_response or 'error' in api_response:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid url for track %d of album url %s' % (track_no, url))
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid url for track {track_no} of album url {url}')
             # URL is good but song id doesn't exist - usually means end of playlist
             elif not api_response['url']:
                 break
@@ -136,10 +135,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 # Pull out the album metadata and add to result (if it exists)
                 for resultkey, apikey in [('id', 'album_id'), ('title', 'album_title')]:
                     if apikey in api_response and resultkey not in result:
-                        result[resultkey] = compat_str(api_response[apikey])
+                        result[resultkey] = str(api_response[apikey])
                 song_id = url_basename(api_response['url']).rpartition('.')[0]
                 result['entries'].append({
-                    'id': compat_str(api_response.get('id', song_id)),
+                    'id': str(api_response.get('id', song_id)),
                     'uploader': api_response.get('artist'),
                     'title': api_response.get('title', song_id),
                     'url': api_response['url'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
index 6448b449b..c611c6e08 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import random
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, try_get
 
 
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ def _get_response_data(self, response):
             if response_data is not None:
                 return response_data
             if len(response) == 1 and 'message' in response:
-                raise ExtractorError('API error: %s' % response['message'],
+                raise ExtractorError('API error: {}'.format(response['message']),
                                      expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unexpected API response')
 
     def _select_api_base(self):
         """Selecting one of the currently available API hosts"""
-        response = super(AudiusBaseIE, self)._download_json(
+        response = super()._download_json(
             'https://api.audius.co/', None,
             note='Requesting available API hosts',
             errnote='Unable to request available API hosts')
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ def _prepare_url(url, title):
         anything from this link, since the Audius API won't be able to resolve
         this url
         """
-        url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(url)
-        title = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(title)
+        url = urllib.parse.unquote(url)
+        title = urllib.parse.unquote(title)
         if '/' in title or '%2F' in title:
             fixed_title = title.replace('/', '%5C').replace('%2F', '%5C')
             return url.replace(title, fixed_title)
@@ -54,19 +54,19 @@ def _api_request(self, path, item_id=None, note='Downloading JSON metadata',
         if self._API_BASE is None:
             self._select_api_base()
         try:
-            response = super(AudiusBaseIE, self)._download_json(
-                '%s%s%s' % (self._API_BASE, self._API_V, path), item_id, note=note,
+            response = super()._download_json(
+                f'{self._API_BASE}{self._API_V}{path}', item_id, note=note,
                 errnote=errnote, expected_status=expected_status)
         except ExtractorError as exc:
             # some of Audius API hosts may not work as expected and return HTML
-            if 'Failed to parse JSON' in compat_str(exc):
+            if 'Failed to parse JSON' in str(exc):
                 raise ExtractorError('An error occurred while receiving data. Try again',
                                      expected=True)
             raise exc
         return self._get_response_data(response)
 
     def _resolve_url(self, url, item_id):
-        return self._api_request('/resolve?url=%s' % url, item_id,
+        return self._api_request(f'/resolve?url={url}', item_id,
                                  expected_status=404)
 
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Regular track
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
     _ARTWORK_MAP = {
-        "150x150": 150,
-        "480x480": 480,
-        "1000x1000": 1000
+        '150x150': 150,
+        '480x480': 480,
+        '1000x1000': 1000,
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:  # API link
             title = None
             # uploader = None
-            track_data = self._api_request('/tracks/%s' % track_id, track_id)
+            track_data = self._api_request(f'/tracks/{track_id}', track_id)
 
         if not isinstance(track_data, dict):
             raise ExtractorError('Unexpected API response')
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if isinstance(artworks_data, dict):
             for quality_key, thumbnail_url in artworks_data.items():
                 thumbnail = {
-                    "url": thumbnail_url
+                    'url': thumbnail_url,
                 }
                 quality_code = self._ARTWORK_MAP.get(quality_key)
                 if quality_code is not None:
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': track_id,
             'title': track_data.get('title', title),
-            'url': '%s/v1/tracks/%s/stream' % (self._API_BASE, track_id),
+            'url': f'{self._API_BASE}/v1/tracks/{track_id}/stream',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'description': track_data.get('description'),
             'duration': track_data.get('duration'),
             'track': track_data.get('title'),
-            'artist': try_get(track_data, lambda x: x['user']['name'], compat_str),
+            'artist': try_get(track_data, lambda x: x['user']['name'], str),
             'genre': track_data.get('genre'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'view_count': track_data.get('play_count'),
@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ class AudiusTrackIE(AudiusIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'audius:9RWlo',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'audius:http://discoveryprovider.audius.prod-us-west-2.staked.cloud/v1/tracks/9RWlo',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ def _build_playlist(self, tracks):
             if not track_id:
                 raise ExtractorError('Unable to get track ID from playlist')
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'audius:%s' % track_id,
+                f'audius:{track_id}',
                 ie=AudiusTrackIE.ie_key(), video_id=track_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to get playlist ID')
 
         playlist_tracks = self._api_request(
-            '/playlists/%s/tracks' % playlist_id,
+            f'/playlists/{playlist_id}/tracks',
             title, note='Downloading playlist tracks metadata',
             errnote='Unable to download playlist tracks metadata')
         if not isinstance(playlist_tracks, list):
@@ -267,5 +267,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         profile_audius_id = _profile_data[0]['id']
         profile_bio = _profile_data[0].get('bio')
 
-        api_call = self._api_request('/full/users/handle/%s/tracks' % profile_id, profile_id)
+        api_call = self._api_request(f'/full/users/handle/{profile_id}/tracks', profile_id)
         return self.playlist_result(self._build_playlist(api_call), profile_audius_id, profile_id, profile_bio)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
index 6fc938de9..4066a5a83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import base64
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
@@ -22,14 +19,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_id, video_id, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if video_id and int(video_id) > 0:
             return self.url_result(
-                'http://awaan.ae/media/%s' % video_id, 'AWAANVideo')
+                f'http://awaan.ae/media/{video_id}', 'AWAANVideo')
         elif season_id and int(season_id) > 0:
             return self.url_result(smuggle_url(
-                'http://awaan.ae/program/season/%s' % season_id,
+                f'http://awaan.ae/program/season/{season_id}',
                 {'show_id': show_id}), 'AWAANSeason')
         else:
             return self.url_result(
-                'http://awaan.ae/program/%s' % show_id, 'AWAANSeason')
+                f'http://awaan.ae/program/{show_id}', 'AWAANSeason')
 
 
 class AWAANBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -75,11 +72,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/video?id=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/video?id={video_id}',
             video_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
         info = self._parse_video_data(video_data, video_id, False)
 
-        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/video?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/video?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'id': video_data['id'],
             'user_id': video_data['user_id'],
             'signature': video_data['signature'],
@@ -117,11 +114,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         channel_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/getchanneldetails?channel_id=%s' % channel_id,
+            f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/getchanneldetails?channel_id={channel_id}',
             channel_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
         info = self._parse_video_data(channel_data, channel_id, True)
 
-        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/index?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/index?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'id': base64.b64encode(channel_data['user_id'].encode()).decode(),
             'channelid': base64.b64encode(channel_data['id'].encode()).decode(),
             'signature': channel_data['signature'],
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             show_id = smuggled_data.get('show_id')
             if show_id is None:
                 season = self._download_json(
-                    'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/season_info?id=%s' % season_id,
+                    f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/season_info?id={season_id}',
                     season_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
                 show_id = season['id']
         data['show_id'] = show_id
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/show',
             show_id, data=urlencode_postdata(data), headers={
                 'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             })
         if not season_id:
             season_id = show['default_season']
@@ -177,8 +174,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
                 entries = []
                 for video in show['videos']:
-                    video_id = compat_str(video['id'])
+                    video_id = str(video['id'])
                     entries.append(self.url_result(
-                        'http://awaan.ae/media/%s' % video_id, 'AWAANVideo', video_id))
+                        f'http://awaan.ae/media/{video_id}', 'AWAANVideo', video_id))
 
                 return self.playlist_result(entries, season_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
index 4ebef9295..177c41027 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import datetime as dt
 import hashlib
 import hmac
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
 
 
 class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@ def _aws_execute_api(self, aws_dict, video_id, query=None):
             'Accept': 'application/json',
             'Host': self._AWS_PROXY_HOST,
             'X-Amz-Date': amz_date,
-            'X-Api-Key': self._AWS_API_KEY
+            'X-Api-Key': self._AWS_API_KEY,
         }
         session_token = aws_dict.get('session_token')
         if session_token:
             headers['X-Amz-Security-Token'] = session_token
 
         def aws_hash(s):
-            return hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            return hashlib.sha256(s.encode()).hexdigest()
 
         # Task 1: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-canonical-request.html
-        canonical_querystring = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
+        canonical_querystring = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
         canonical_headers = ''
         for header_name, header_value in sorted(headers.items()):
-            canonical_headers += '%s:%s\n' % (header_name.lower(), header_value)
+            canonical_headers += f'{header_name.lower()}:{header_value}\n'
         signed_headers = ';'.join([header.lower() for header in sorted(headers.keys())])
         canonical_request = '\n'.join([
             'GET',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def aws_hash(s):
             canonical_querystring,
             canonical_headers,
             signed_headers,
-            aws_hash('')
+            aws_hash(''),
         ])
 
         # Task 2: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-string-to-sign.html
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def aws_hash(s):
 
         # Task 3: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-calculate-signature.html
         def aws_hmac(key, msg):
-            return hmac.new(key, msg.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256)
+            return hmac.new(key, msg.encode(), hashlib.sha256)
 
         def aws_hmac_digest(key, msg):
             return aws_hmac(key, msg).digest()
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def aws_hmac_digest(key, msg):
         def aws_hmac_hexdigest(key, msg):
             return aws_hmac(key, msg).hexdigest()
 
-        k_signing = ('AWS4' + aws_dict['secret_key']).encode('utf-8')
+        k_signing = ('AWS4' + aws_dict['secret_key']).encode()
         for value in credential_scope_list:
             k_signing = aws_hmac_digest(k_signing, value)
 
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ def aws_hmac_hexdigest(key, msg):
 
         # Task 4: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-add-signature-to-request.html
         headers['Authorization'] = ', '.join([
-            '%s Credential=%s/%s' % (self._AWS_ALGORITHM, aws_dict['access_key'], credential_scope),
-            'SignedHeaders=%s' % signed_headers,
-            'Signature=%s' % signature,
+            '{} Credential={}/{}'.format(self._AWS_ALGORITHM, aws_dict['access_key'], credential_scope),
+            f'SignedHeaders={signed_headers}',
+            f'Signature={signature}',
         ])
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://%s%s%s' % (self._AWS_PROXY_HOST, aws_dict['uri'], '?' + canonical_querystring if canonical_querystring else ''),
+            'https://{}{}{}'.format(self._AWS_PROXY_HOST, aws_dict['uri'], '?' + canonical_querystring if canonical_querystring else ''),
             video_id, headers=headers)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
index d1686eed6..0e3a03f03 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class AZMedienIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1538328802,
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/1719221/sp/171922100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_anruz3wy/version/100031',
-            'duration': 1930
+            'duration': 1930,
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.telebaern.tv/telebaern-news/montag-1-oktober-2018-ganze-sendung-133531189#video=0_7xjo9lf1',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _API_TEMPL = 'https://www.%s/api/pub/gql/%s/NewsArticleTeaser/a4016f65fe62b81dc6664dd9f4910e4ab40383be'
     _PARTNER_ID = '1719221'
@@ -62,5 +62,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 })['data']['context']['mainAsset']['video']['kaltura']['kalturaId']
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'kaltura:%s:%s' % (self._PARTNER_ID, entry_id),
+            f'kaltura:{self._PARTNER_ID}:{entry_id}',
             ie=KalturaIE.ie_key(), video_id=entry_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
index 8786d67e0..a1ad4240f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ class BaiduVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, path, category, playlist_id, note):
-        return self._download_json('http://app.video.baidu.com/%s/?worktype=adnative%s&id=%s' % (
-            path, category, playlist_id), playlist_id, note)
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'http://app.video.baidu.com/{path}/?worktype=adnative{category}&id={playlist_id}',
+            playlist_id, note)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         category, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'xqsingle', category, playlist_id, 'Download episodes JSON metadata')
 
         entries = [self.url_result(
-            episode['url'], video_title=episode['title']
+            episode['url'], video_title=episode['title'],
         ) for episode in episodes_detail['videos']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
index 67af29a96..d10bdf8da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 import math
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    format_field,
     InAdvancePagedList,
+    format_field,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
 )
@@ -20,8 +17,8 @@ class BanByeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_playlist_id(url, param='playlist'):
-        return compat_parse_qs(
-            compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get(param, [None])[0]
+        return urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get(param, [None])[0]
 
     def _extract_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         data = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/playlists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
index e89b3a69b..6128de791 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'youtube-dl',
             'thumbnail': 'https://f4.bcbits.com/img/a3216802731_5.jpg',
         },
-        '_skip': 'There is a limit of 200 free downloads / month for the test song'
+        '_skip': 'There is a limit of 200 free downloads / month for the test song',
     }, {
         # free download
         'url': 'http://benprunty.bandcamp.com/track/lanius-battle',
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_data_attr(self, webpage, video_id, attr='tralbum', fatal=True):
         return self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(
-            r'data-%s=(["\'])({.+?})\1' % attr, webpage,
+            rf'data-{attr}=(["\'])({{.+?}})\1', webpage,
             attr + ' data', group=2), video_id, fatal=fatal)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         download_link = tralbum.get('freeDownloadPage')
         if download_link:
-            track_id = compat_str(tralbum['id'])
+            track_id = str(tralbum['id'])
 
             download_webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 download_link, track_id, 'Downloading free downloads page')
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if isinstance(download_formats_list, list):
                         for f in blob['download_formats']:
                             name, ext = f.get('name'), f.get('file_extension')
-                            if all(isinstance(x, compat_str) for x in (name, ext)):
+                            if all(isinstance(x, str) for x in (name, ext)):
                                 download_formats[name] = ext.strip('.')
 
                     for format_id, f in downloads.items():
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                             })
                         format_id = f.get('encoding_name') or format_id
                         stat = self._download_json(
-                            stat_url, track_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % format_id,
+                            stat_url, track_id, f'Downloading {format_id} JSON',
                             transform_source=lambda s: s[s.index('{'):s.rindex('}') + 1],
                             fatal=False)
                         if not stat:
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                             'acodec': format_id.split('-')[0],
                         })
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
 
         if not duration:
             duration = float_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'timestamp': 1311756226,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1a2c32e2691474643e912cc6cd4bffaa',
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'timestamp': 1311757238,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
-                }
+                },
             },
         ],
         'info_dict': {
@@ -287,9 +286,9 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'uploader_id': 'blazo',
         },
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 2
+            'playlistend': 2,
         },
-        'skip': 'Bandcamp imposes download limits.'
+        'skip': 'Bandcamp imposes download limits.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://nightbringer.bandcamp.com/album/hierophany-of-the-open-grave',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if BandcampWeeklyIE.suitable(url) or BandcampIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(BandcampAlbumIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, album_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@ class BandcampWeeklyIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://bandcamp.com/?blah/blah@&show=228',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = show.get('audio_title') or 'Bandcamp Weekly'
         subtitle = show.get('subtitle')
         if subtitle:
-            title += ' - %s' % subtitle
+            title += f' - {subtitle}'
 
         return {
             'id': show_id,
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'series': 'Bandcamp Weekly',
             'episode': show.get('subtitle'),
             'episode_id': show_id,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ class BandcampUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://dotscale.bandcamp.com',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'dotscale',
-            'title': 'Discography of dotscale'
+            'title': 'Discography of dotscale',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
     }, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
index 51e722057..46f2978f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    int_or_none,
-    url_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
 )
 
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class BannedVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:560d96f02abbebe6c6b78b47465f6b28',
             'upload_date': '20200324',
             'timestamp': 1585087895,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _GRAPHQL_GETMETADATA_QUERY = '''
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ class BannedVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'GetCommentReplies': _GRAPHQL_GETCOMMENTSREPLIES_QUERY,
     }
 
-    def _call_api(self, video_id, id, operation, note):
+    def _call_api(self, video_id, id_var, operation, note):
         return self._download_json(
             'https://api.infowarsmedia.com/graphql', video_id, note=note,
             headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
             }, data=json.dumps({
-                'variables': {'id': id},
+                'variables': {'id': id_var},
                 'operationName': operation,
-                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERIES[operation]
+                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERIES[operation],
             }).encode('utf8')).get('data')
 
     def _get_comments(self, video_id, comments, comment_data):
@@ -151,5 +151,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'tags': [tag.get('name') for tag in video_info.get('tags')],
             'availability': self._availability(is_unlisted=video_info.get('unlisted')),
             'comments': comments,
-            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(video_id, comments, video_json.get('getVideoComments'))
+            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(video_id, comments, video_json.get('getVideoComments')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
index 015af9e1d..3af923f95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'bbc.co.uk'
     IE_DESC = 'BBC iPlayer'
     _ID_REGEX = r'(?:[pbml][\da-z]{7}|w[\da-z]{7,14})'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/
                         (?:
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                             radio/player/|
                             events/[^/]+/play/[^/]+/
                         )
-                        (?P<id>%s)(?!/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips))
-                    ''' % _ID_REGEX
+                        (?P<id>{_ID_REGEX})(?!/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips))
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'setPlaylist\("(?P<url>https?://www\.bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/[^/]+/[\da-z]{8})"\)']
 
     _LOGIN_URL = 'https://account.bbc.com/signin'
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00yng5w/The_Man_in_Black_Series_3_The_Printed_Name/',
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/clips/p025c0zz',
             'note': 'Video',
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b054fn09/ad/natural-world-20152016-2-super-powered-owls',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -268,19 +268,19 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             error = clean_html(get_element_by_class('form-message', response))
             if error:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     class MediaSelectionError(Exception):
-        def __init__(self, id):
-            self.id = id
+        def __init__(self, error_id):
+            self.id = error_id
 
     def _extract_asx_playlist(self, connection, programme_id):
         asx = self._download_xml(connection.get('href'), programme_id, 'Downloading ASX playlist')
         return [ref.get('href') for ref in asx.findall('./Entry/ref')]
 
     def _extract_items(self, playlist):
-        return playlist.findall('./{%s}item' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+        return playlist.findall(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}item')
 
     def _extract_medias(self, media_selection):
         error = media_selection.get('result')
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, media, programme_id):
 
     def _raise_extractor_error(self, media_selection_error):
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, media_selection_error.id),
+            f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {media_selection_error.id}',
             expected=True)
 
     def _download_media_selector(self, programme_id):
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ def _process_media_selector(self, media_selection, programme_id):
                         for i, ref in enumerate(self._extract_asx_playlist(connection, programme_id)):
                             formats.append({
                                 'url': ref,
-                                'format_id': 'ref%s_%s' % (i, format_id),
+                                'format_id': f'ref{i}_{format_id}',
                             })
                     elif transfer_format == 'dash':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def _process_media_selector(self, media_selection, programme_id):
                             href, programme_id, f4m_id=format_id, fatal=False))
                     else:
                         if not supplier and bitrate:
-                            format_id += '-%d' % bitrate
+                            format_id += f'-{bitrate}'
                         fmt = {
                             'format_id': format_id,
                             'filesize': file_size,
@@ -423,9 +423,9 @@ def _process_media_selector(self, media_selection, programme_id):
                             identifier = connection.get('identifier')
                             server = connection.get('server')
                             fmt.update({
-                                'url': '%s://%s/%s?%s' % (protocol, server, application, auth_string),
+                                'url': f'{protocol}://{server}/{application}?{auth_string}',
                                 'play_path': identifier,
-                                'app': '%s?%s' % (application, auth_string),
+                                'app': f'{application}?{auth_string}',
                                 'page_url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk',
                                 'player_url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/emp/releases/iplayer/revisions/617463_618125_4/617463_618125_4_emp.swf',
                                 'rtmp_live': False,
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ def _process_media_selector(self, media_selection, programme_id):
     def _download_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         try:
             playlist = self._download_json(
-                'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/%s/playlist.json' % playlist_id,
+                f'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/{playlist_id}/playlist.json',
                 playlist_id, 'Downloading playlist JSON')
             formats = []
             subtitles = {}
@@ -480,32 +480,32 @@ def _process_legacy_playlist_url(self, url, display_id):
 
     def _process_legacy_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         return self._process_legacy_playlist_url(
-            'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/playlist/%s' % playlist_id, playlist_id)
+            f'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/playlist/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)
 
     def _download_legacy_playlist_url(self, url, playlist_id=None):
         return self._download_xml(
             url, playlist_id, 'Downloading legacy playlist XML')
 
     def _extract_from_legacy_playlist(self, playlist, playlist_id):
-        no_items = playlist.find('./{%s}noItems' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+        no_items = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}noItems')
         if no_items is not None:
             reason = no_items.get('reason')
             if reason == 'preAvailability':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not yet available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not yet available'
             elif reason == 'postAvailability':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is no longer available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is no longer available'
             elif reason == 'noMedia':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not currently available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not currently available'
             else:
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not available: %s' % (playlist_id, reason)
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not available: {reason}'
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
 
         for item in self._extract_items(playlist):
             kind = item.get('kind')
             if kind not in ('programme', 'radioProgramme'):
                 continue
-            title = playlist.find('./{%s}title' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS).text
-            description_el = playlist.find('./{%s}summary' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+            title = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}title').text
+            description_el = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}summary')
             description = description_el.text if description_el is not None else None
 
             def get_programme_id(item):
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ def get_from_attributes(item):
                         if value and re.match(r'^[pb][\da-z]{7}$', value):
                             return value
                 get_from_attributes(item)
-                mediator = item.find('./{%s}mediator' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+                mediator = item.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}mediator')
                 if mediator is not None:
                     return get_from_attributes(mediator)
 
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if not programme_id:
             programme_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'"vpid"\s*:\s*"(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX, webpage, 'vpid', fatal=False, default=None)
+                rf'"vpid"\s*:\s*"({self._ID_REGEX})"', webpage, 'vpid', fatal=False, default=None)
 
         if programme_id:
             formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(programme_id)
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32668511',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'world-europe-32668511',
-            'title': 'Russia stages massive WW2 parade',
+            'title': 'Russia stages massive WW2 parade despite Western boycott',
             'description': 'md5:00ff61976f6081841f759a08bf78cc9c',
         },
         'playlist_count': 2,
@@ -623,6 +623,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '3662a707-0af9-3149-963f-47bea720b460',
             'title': 'BUGGER',
+            'description': r're:BUGGER  The recent revelations by the whistleblower Edward Snowden were fascinating. .{211}\.{3}$',
         },
         'playlist_count': 18,
     }, {
@@ -631,16 +632,16 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p02mprgb',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Aerial footage showed the site of the crash in the Alps - courtesy BFM TV',
-            'description': 'md5:2868290467291b37feda7863f7a83f54',
+            'title': 'Germanwings crash site aerial video',
+            'description': r're:(?s)Aerial video showed the site where the Germanwings flight 4U 9525, .{156} BFM TV\.$',
             'duration': 47,
             'timestamp': 1427219242,
             'upload_date': '20150324',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/media/images/81879000/jpg/_81879090_81879089.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
-            # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # article with single video embedded with data-playable containing XML playlist
         # with direct video links as progressiveDownloadUrl (for now these are extracted)
@@ -656,21 +657,24 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
+        'skip': 'now SIMORGH_DATA with no video',
     }, {
         # single video embedded with data-playable containing XML playlists (regional section)
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/mundo/video_fotos/2015/06/150619_video_honduras_militares_hospitales_corrupcion_aw',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '150619_video_honduras_militares_hospitales_corrupcion_aw',
+            'id': '39275083',
+            'display_id': '150619_video_honduras_militares_hospitales_corrupcion_aw',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Honduras militariza sus hospitales por nuevo escándalo de corrupción',
-            'description': 'md5:1525f17448c4ee262b64b8f0c9ce66c8',
+            'description': 'Honduras militariza sus hospitales por nuevo escándalo de corrupción',
             'timestamp': 1434713142,
             'upload_date': '20150619',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://a.files.bbci.co.uk/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/06/19/150619132146_honduras_hsopitales_militares_640x360_aptn_nocredit.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # single video from video playlist embedded with vxp-playlist-data JSON
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/must_see/33376376',
@@ -683,22 +687,21 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
-        # single video story with digitalData
+        # single video story with __PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150625-sri-lankas-spicy-secret',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p02q6gc4',
-            'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': 'Sri Lanka’s spicy secret',
-            'description': 'As a new train line to Jaffna opens up the country’s north, travellers can experience a truly distinct slice of Tamil culture.',
-            'timestamp': 1437674293,
-            'upload_date': '20150723',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Tasting the spice of life in Jaffna',
+            'description': r're:(?s)BBC Travel Show’s Henry Golding explores the city of Jaffna .{151} aftertaste\.$',
+            'timestamp': 1646058397,
+            'upload_date': '20220228',
+            'duration': 255,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p02vxvkn.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        }
     }, {
         # single video story without digitalData
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20130513-hyundais-rock-star',
@@ -710,12 +713,10 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'timestamp': 1415867444,
             'upload_date': '20141113',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        'skip': 'redirects to TopGear home page',
     }, {
         # single video embedded with Morph
+        # TODO: replacement test page
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/olympics/36895975',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p041vhd0',
@@ -726,27 +727,22 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'uploader': 'BBC Sport',
             'uploader_id': 'bbc_sport',
         },
-        'params': {
-            # m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'Georestricted to UK',
+        'skip': 'Video no longer in page',
     }, {
-        # single video with playlist.sxml URL in playlist param
+        # single video in __INITIAL_DATA__
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/33653409',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p02xycnp',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Transfers: Cristiano Ronaldo to Man Utd, Arsenal to spend?',
-            'description': 'BBC Sport\'s David Ornstein has the latest transfer gossip, including rumours of a Manchester United return for Cristiano Ronaldo.',
+            'title': 'Ronaldo to Man Utd, Arsenal to spend?',
+            'description': r're:(?s)BBC Sport\'s David Ornstein rounds up the latest transfer reports, .{359} here\.$',
+            'timestamp': 1437750175,
+            'upload_date': '20150724',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+media/images/69320000/png/_69320754_mmgossipcolumnextraaugust18.png',
             'duration': 140,
         },
-        'params': {
-            # rtmp download
-            'skip_download': True,
-        }
     }, {
-        # article with multiple videos embedded with playlist.sxml in playlist param
+        # article with multiple videos embedded with Morph.setPayload
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/34475836',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '34475836',
@@ -754,6 +750,21 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'description': 'Fast-paced football, wit, wisdom and a ready smile - why Liverpool fans should come to love new boss Jurgen Klopp.',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
+    }, {
+        # Testing noplaylist
+        'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/34475836',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'p034ppnv',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'All you need to know about Jurgen Klopp',
+            'timestamp': 1444335081,
+            'upload_date': '20151008',
+            'duration': 122.0,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/onesport/cps/976/cpsprodpb/7542/production/_85981003_klopp.jpg',
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'noplaylist': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # school report article with single video
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolreport/35744779',
@@ -762,6 +773,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'School which breaks down barriers in Jerusalem',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
+        'skip': 'redirects to Young Reporter home page https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cg41ylwv43pt',
     }, {
         # single video with playlist URL from weather section
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.com/weather/features/33601775',
@@ -778,18 +790,33 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1437785037,
             'upload_date': '20150725',
+            'duration': 105,
         },
     }, {
         # video with window.__INITIAL_DATA__ and value as JSON string
         'url': 'https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-59468682',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'p0b71qth',
+            'id': 'p0b779gc',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Why France is making this woman a national hero',
-            'description': 'md5:7affdfab80e9c3a1f976230a1ff4d5e4',
+            'description': r're:(?s)France is honouring the US-born 20th Century singer and activist Josephine .{208} Second World War.',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
-            'timestamp': 1638230731,
-            'upload_date': '20211130',
+            'timestamp': 1638215626,
+            'upload_date': '20211129',
+            'duration': 125,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # video with script id __NEXT_DATA__ and value as JSON string
+        'url': 'https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68546268',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'p0hj0lq7',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Nasser Hospital doctor describes his treatment by IDF',
+            'description': r're:(?s)Doctor Abu Sabha said he was detained by Israeli forces after .{276} hostages\."$',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1710188248,
+            'upload_date': '20240311',
+            'duration': 104,
         },
     }, {
         # single video article embedded with data-media-vpid
@@ -817,6 +844,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'uploader': 'Radio 3',
             'uploader_id': 'bbc_radio_three',
         },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/chinese/features/lingohack/ep-181227',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -824,6 +852,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'md5:2fabf12a726603193a2879a055f72514',
             'description': 'Learn English words and phrases from this story',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200x675/p06pq9gk.jpg',
         },
         'add_ie': [BBCCoUkIE.ie_key()],
     }, {
@@ -832,27 +861,29 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'p07c6sb9',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'How positive thinking is harming your happiness',
-            'alt_title': 'The downsides of positive thinking',
-            'description': 'md5:fad74b31da60d83b8265954ee42d85b4',
+            'title': 'The downsides of positive thinking',
+            'description': 'The downsides of positive thinking',
             'duration': 235,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/p07c9dsr.jpg',
-            'upload_date': '20190604',
-            'categories': ['Psychology'],
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/p07c9dsr\.(?:jpg|webp|png)',
+            'upload_date': '20220223',
+            'timestamp': 1645632746,
         },
     }, {
         # BBC Sounds
-        'url': 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001q78b',
+        'url': 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct5rgx',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'm001q789',
+            'id': 'p0hrw4nr',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'The Night Tracks Mix - Music for the darkling hour',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/raw/p0c00hym.jpg',
-            'chapters': 'count:8',
-            'description': 'md5:815fb51cbdaa270040aab8145b3f1d67',
-            'uploader': 'Radio 3',
-            'duration': 1800,
-            'uploader_id': 'bbc_radio_three',
+            'title': 'Are our coastlines being washed away?',
+            'description': r're:(?s)Around the world, coastlines are constantly changing .{2000,} Images\)$',
+            'timestamp': 1713556800,
+            'upload_date': '20240419',
+            'duration': 1588,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/raw/p0hrnxbl.jpg',
+            'uploader': 'World Service',
+            'uploader_id': 'bbc_world_service',
+            'series': 'CrowdScience',
+            'chapters': [],
         },
     }, {  # onion routes
         'url': 'https://www.bbcnewsd73hkzno2ini43t4gblxvycyac5aw4gnv7t2rccijh7745uqd.onion/news/av/world-europe-63208576',
@@ -866,7 +897,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def suitable(cls, url):
         EXCLUDE_IE = (BBCCoUkIE, BBCCoUkArticleIE, BBCCoUkIPlayerEpisodesIE, BBCCoUkIPlayerGroupIE, BBCCoUkPlaylistIE)
         return (False if any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in EXCLUDE_IE)
-                else super(BBCIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _extract_from_media_meta(self, media_meta, video_id):
         # Direct links to media in media metadata (e.g.
@@ -978,7 +1009,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         if playlist:
                             entry = None
                             for key in ('streaming', 'progressiveDownload'):
-                                playlist_url = playlist.get('%sUrl' % key)
+                                playlist_url = playlist.get(f'{key}Url')
                                 if not playlist_url:
                                     continue
                                 try:
@@ -1004,18 +1035,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         # http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/chinese/features/lingohack/ep-181227
         group_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']video["\'][^>]+\bdata-pid=["\'](%s)' % self._ID_REGEX,
+            rf'<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']video["\'][^>]+\bdata-pid=["\']({self._ID_REGEX})',
             webpage, 'group id', default=None)
         if group_id:
             return self.url_result(
-                'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/%s' % group_id,
-                ie=BBCCoUkIE.ie_key())
+                f'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/{group_id}', BBCCoUkIE)
 
         # single video story (e.g. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150625-sri-lankas-spicy-secret)
         programme_id = self._search_regex(
-            [r'data-(?:video-player|media)-vpid="(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX,
-             r'<param[^>]+name="externalIdentifier"[^>]+value="(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX,
-             r'videoId\s*:\s*["\'](%s)["\']' % self._ID_REGEX],
+            [rf'data-(?:video-player|media)-vpid="({self._ID_REGEX})"',
+             rf'<param[^>]+name="externalIdentifier"[^>]+value="({self._ID_REGEX})"',
+             rf'videoId\s*:\s*["\']({self._ID_REGEX})["\']'],
             webpage, 'vpid', default=None)
 
         if programme_id:
@@ -1069,83 +1099,133 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 }
 
         # Morph based embed (e.g. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/olympics/36895975)
-        # There are several setPayload calls may be present but the video
-        # seems to be always related to the first one
-        morph_payload = self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'Morph\.setPayload\([^,]+,\s*({.+?})\);',
-                webpage, 'morph payload', default='{}'),
-            playlist_id, fatal=False)
+        # Several setPayload calls may be present but the video(s)
+        # should be in one that mentions leadMedia or videoData
+        morph_payload = self._search_json(
+            r'\bMorph\s*\.\s*setPayload\s*\([^,]+,', webpage, 'morph payload', playlist_id,
+            contains_pattern=r'{(?s:(?:(?!</script>).)+(?:"leadMedia"|\\"videoData\\")\s*:.+)}',
+            default={})
         if morph_payload:
-            components = try_get(morph_payload, lambda x: x['body']['components'], list) or []
-            for component in components:
-                if not isinstance(component, dict):
-                    continue
-                lead_media = try_get(component, lambda x: x['props']['leadMedia'], dict)
-                if not lead_media:
-                    continue
-                identifiers = lead_media.get('identifiers')
-                if not identifiers or not isinstance(identifiers, dict):
-                    continue
-                programme_id = identifiers.get('vpid') or identifiers.get('playablePid')
+            for lead_media in traverse_obj(morph_payload, (
+                    'body', 'components', ..., 'props', 'leadMedia', {dict})):
+                programme_id = traverse_obj(lead_media, ('identifiers', ('vpid', 'playablePid'), {str}, any))
                 if not programme_id:
                     continue
-                title = lead_media.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage)
                 formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(programme_id)
-                description = lead_media.get('summary')
-                uploader = lead_media.get('masterBrand')
-                uploader_id = lead_media.get('mid')
-                duration = None
-                duration_d = lead_media.get('duration')
-                if isinstance(duration_d, dict):
-                    duration = parse_duration(dict_get(
-                        duration_d, ('rawDuration', 'formattedDuration', 'spokenDuration')))
                 return {
                     'id': programme_id,
-                    'title': title,
-                    'description': description,
-                    'duration': duration,
-                    'uploader': uploader,
-                    'uploader_id': uploader_id,
+                    'title': lead_media.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage),
+                    **traverse_obj(lead_media, {
+                        'description': ('summary', {str}),
+                        'duration': ('duration', ('rawDuration', 'formattedDuration', 'spokenDuration'), {parse_duration}),
+                        'uploader': ('masterBrand', {str}),
+                        'uploader_id': ('mid', {str}),
+                    }),
                     'formats': formats,
                     'subtitles': subtitles,
                 }
+            body = self._parse_json(traverse_obj(morph_payload, (
+                'body', 'content', 'article', 'body')), playlist_id, fatal=False)
+            for video_data in traverse_obj(body, (lambda _, v: v['videoData']['pid'], 'videoData')):
+                if video_data.get('vpid'):
+                    video_id = video_data['vpid']
+                    formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(video_id)
+                    entry = {
+                        'id': video_id,
+                        'formats': formats,
+                        'subtitles': subtitles,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    video_id = video_data['pid']
+                    entry = self.url_result(
+                        f'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/{video_id}', BBCCoUkIE,
+                        video_id, url_transparent=True)
+                entry.update({
+                    'timestamp': traverse_obj(morph_payload, (
+                        'body', 'content', 'article', 'dateTimeInfo', 'dateTime', {parse_iso8601}),
+                    ),
+                    **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                        'thumbnail': (('iChefImage', 'image'), {url_or_none}, any),
+                        'title': (('title', 'caption'), {str}, any),
+                        'duration': ('duration', {parse_duration}),
+                    }),
+                })
+                if video_data.get('isLead') and not self._yes_playlist(playlist_id, video_id):
+                    return entry
+                entries.append(entry)
+            if entries:
+                playlist_title = traverse_obj(morph_payload, (
+                    'body', 'content', 'article', 'headline', {str})) or playlist_title
+                return self.playlist_result(
+                    entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
 
-        preload_state = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-            r'window\.__PRELOADED_STATE__\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
-            'preload state', default='{}'), playlist_id, fatal=False)
-        if preload_state:
-            current_programme = preload_state.get('programmes', {}).get('current') or {}
-            programme_id = current_programme.get('id')
-            if current_programme and programme_id and current_programme.get('type') == 'playable_item':
-                title = current_programme.get('titles', {}).get('tertiary') or playlist_title
-                formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(programme_id)
-                synopses = current_programme.get('synopses') or {}
-                network = current_programme.get('network') or {}
-                duration = int_or_none(
-                    current_programme.get('duration', {}).get('value'))
-                thumbnail = None
-                image_url = current_programme.get('image_url')
-                if image_url:
-                    thumbnail = image_url.replace('{recipe}', 'raw')
+        # various PRELOADED_STATE JSON
+        preload_state = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__(?:PWA_)?PRELOADED_STATE__\s*=', webpage,
+            'preload state', playlist_id, transform_source=js_to_json, default={})
+        # PRELOADED_STATE with current programmme
+        current_programme = traverse_obj(preload_state, ('programmes', 'current', {dict}))
+        programme_id = traverse_obj(current_programme, ('id', {str}))
+        if programme_id and current_programme.get('type') == 'playable_item':
+            title = traverse_obj(current_programme, ('titles', ('tertiary', 'secondary'), {str}, any)) or playlist_title
+            formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(programme_id)
+            return {
+                'id': programme_id,
+                'title': title,
+                'formats': formats,
+                **traverse_obj(current_programme, {
+                    'description': ('synopses', ('long', 'medium', 'short'), {str}, any),
+                    'thumbnail': ('image_url', {lambda u: url_or_none(u.replace('{recipe}', 'raw'))}),
+                    'duration': ('duration', 'value', {int_or_none}),
+                    'uploader': ('network', 'short_title', {str}),
+                    'uploader_id': ('network', 'id', {str}),
+                    'timestamp': ((('availability', 'from'), ('release', 'date')), {parse_iso8601}, any),
+                    'series': ('titles', 'primary', {str}),
+                }),
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                'chapters': traverse_obj(preload_state, (
+                    'tracklist', 'tracks', lambda _, v: float(v['offset']['start']), {
+                        'title': ('titles', {lambda x: join_nonempty(
+                            'primary', 'secondary', 'tertiary', delim=' - ', from_dict=x)}),
+                        'start_time': ('offset', 'start', {float_or_none}),
+                        'end_time': ('offset', 'end', {float_or_none}),
+                    }),
+                ),
+            }
+
+        # PWA_PRELOADED_STATE with article video asset
+        asset_id = traverse_obj(preload_state, (
+            'entities', 'articles', lambda k, _: k.rsplit('/', 1)[-1] == playlist_id,
+            'assetVideo', 0, {str}, any))
+        if asset_id:
+            video_id = traverse_obj(preload_state, ('entities', 'videos', asset_id, 'vpid', {str}))
+            if video_id:
+                article = traverse_obj(preload_state, (
+                    'entities', 'articles', lambda _, v: v['assetVideo'][0] == asset_id, any))
+
+                def image_url(image_id):
+                    return traverse_obj(preload_state, (
+                        'entities', 'images', image_id, 'url',
+                        {lambda u: url_or_none(u.replace('$recipe', 'raw'))}))
+
+                formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(video_id)
                 return {
-                    'id': programme_id,
-                    'title': title,
-                    'description': dict_get(synopses, ('long', 'medium', 'short')),
-                    'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-                    'duration': duration,
-                    'uploader': network.get('short_title'),
-                    'uploader_id': network.get('id'),
+                    'id': video_id,
+                    **traverse_obj(preload_state, ('entities', 'videos', asset_id, {
+                        'title': ('title', {str}),
+                        'description': (('synopsisLong', 'synopsisMedium', 'synopsisShort'), {str}, any),
+                        'thumbnail': (0, {image_url}),
+                        'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                    })),
                     'formats': formats,
                     'subtitles': subtitles,
-                    'chapters': traverse_obj(preload_state, (
-                        'tracklist', 'tracks', lambda _, v: float_or_none(v['offset']['start']), {
-                            'title': ('titles', {lambda x: join_nonempty(
-                                'primary', 'secondary', 'tertiary', delim=' - ', from_dict=x)}),
-                            'start_time': ('offset', 'start', {float_or_none}),
-                            'end_time': ('offset', 'end', {float_or_none}),
-                        })) or None,
+                    'timestamp': traverse_obj(article, ('displayDate', {parse_iso8601})),
                 }
+            else:
+                return self.url_result(
+                    f'https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/{asset_id}', BBCCoUkIE,
+                    asset_id, playlist_title, display_id=playlist_id,
+                    description=playlist_description)
 
         bbc3_config = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
@@ -1191,6 +1271,28 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 return self.playlist_result(
                     entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
 
+        def parse_model(model):
+            """Extract single video from model structure"""
+            item_id = traverse_obj(model, ('versions', 0, 'versionId', {str}))
+            if not item_id:
+                return
+            formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(item_id)
+            return {
+                'id': item_id,
+                'formats': formats,
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                **traverse_obj(model, {
+                    'title': ('title', {str}),
+                    'thumbnail': ('imageUrl', {lambda u: urljoin(url, u.replace('$recipe', 'raw'))}),
+                    'description': ('synopses', ('long', 'medium', 'short'), {str}, {lambda x: x or None}, any),
+                    'duration': ('versions', 0, 'duration', {int}),
+                    'timestamp': ('versions', 0, 'availableFrom', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+                }),
+            }
+
+        def is_type(*types):
+            return lambda _, v: v['type'] in types
+
         initial_data = self._search_regex(
             r'window\.__INITIAL_DATA__\s*=\s*("{.+?}")\s*;', webpage,
             'quoted preload state', default=None)
@@ -1202,6 +1304,19 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             initial_data = self._parse_json(initial_data or '"{}"', playlist_id, fatal=False)
         initial_data = self._parse_json(initial_data, playlist_id, fatal=False)
         if initial_data:
+            for video_data in traverse_obj(initial_data, (
+                    'stores', 'article', 'articleBodyContent', is_type('video'))):
+                model = traverse_obj(video_data, (
+                    'model', 'blocks', is_type('aresMedia'),
+                    'model', 'blocks', is_type('aresMediaMetadata'),
+                    'model', {dict}, any))
+                entry = parse_model(model)
+                if entry:
+                    entries.append(entry)
+            if entries:
+                return self.playlist_result(
+                    entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
+
             def parse_media(media):
                 if not media:
                     return
@@ -1216,7 +1331,7 @@ def parse_media(media):
                     if blocks:
                         summary = []
                         for block in blocks:
-                            text = try_get(block, lambda x: x['model']['text'], compat_str)
+                            text = try_get(block, lambda x: x['model']['text'], str)
                             if text:
                                 summary.append(text)
                         if summary:
@@ -1234,37 +1349,100 @@ def parse_media(media):
                         'subtitles': subtitles,
                         'timestamp': item_time,
                         'description': strip_or_none(item_desc),
+                        'duration': int_or_none(item.get('duration')),
                     })
-            for resp in (initial_data.get('data') or {}).values():
-                name = resp.get('name')
+
+            for resp in traverse_obj(initial_data, ('data', lambda _, v: v['name'])):
+                name = resp['name']
                 if name == 'media-experience':
                     parse_media(try_get(resp, lambda x: x['data']['initialItem']['mediaItem'], dict))
                 elif name == 'article':
-                    for block in (try_get(resp,
-                                          (lambda x: x['data']['blocks'],
-                                           lambda x: x['data']['content']['model']['blocks'],),
-                                          list) or []):
-                        if block.get('type') not in ['media', 'video']:
-                            continue
-                        parse_media(block.get('model'))
+                    for block in traverse_obj(resp, (
+                            'data', (None, ('content', 'model')), 'blocks',
+                            is_type('media', 'video'), 'model', {dict})):
+                        parse_media(block)
             return self.playlist_result(
                 entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
 
+        # extract from SIMORGH_DATA hydration JSON
+        simorgh_data = self._search_json(
+            r'window\s*\.\s*SIMORGH_DATA\s*=', webpage,
+            'simorgh data', playlist_id, default={})
+        if simorgh_data:
+            done = False
+            for video_data in traverse_obj(simorgh_data, (
+                    'pageData', 'content', 'model', 'blocks', is_type('video', 'legacyMedia'))):
+                model = traverse_obj(video_data, (
+                    'model', 'blocks', is_type('aresMedia'),
+                    'model', 'blocks', is_type('aresMediaMetadata'),
+                    'model', {dict}, any))
+                if video_data['type'] == 'video':
+                    entry = parse_model(model)
+                else:  # legacyMedia: no duration, subtitles
+                    block_id, entry = traverse_obj(model, ('blockId', {str})), None
+                    media_data = traverse_obj(simorgh_data, (
+                        'pageData', 'promo', 'media',
+                        {lambda x: x if x['id'] == block_id else None}))
+                    formats = traverse_obj(media_data, ('playlist', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']), {
+                        'url': ('url', {url_or_none}),
+                        'ext': ('format', {str}),
+                        'tbr': ('bitrate', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+                    }))
+                    if formats:
+                        entry = {
+                            'id': block_id,
+                            'display_id': playlist_id,
+                            'formats': formats,
+                            'description': traverse_obj(simorgh_data, ('pageData', 'promo', 'summary', {str})),
+                            **traverse_obj(model, {
+                                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                                'thumbnail': ('imageUrl', {lambda u: urljoin(url, u.replace('$recipe', 'raw'))}),
+                                'description': ('synopses', ('long', 'medium', 'short'), {str}, any),
+                                'timestamp': ('firstPublished', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+                            }),
+                        }
+                        done = True
+                if entry:
+                    entries.append(entry)
+                if done:
+                    break
+            if entries:
+                return self.playlist_result(
+                    entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
+
         def extract_all(pattern):
-            return list(filter(None, map(
-                lambda s: self._parse_json(s, playlist_id, fatal=False),
-                re.findall(pattern, webpage))))
+            return list(filter(None, (
+                self._parse_json(s, playlist_id, fatal=False)
+                for s in re.findall(pattern, webpage))))
+
+        # US accessed article with single embedded video (e.g.
+        # https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68546268)
+        next_data = traverse_obj(self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, playlist_id, default={}),
+                                 ('props', 'pageProps', 'page'))
+        model = traverse_obj(next_data, (
+            ..., 'contents', is_type('video'),
+            'model', 'blocks', is_type('media'),
+            'model', 'blocks', is_type('mediaMetadata'),
+            'model', {dict}, any))
+        if model and (entry := parse_model(model)):
+            if not entry.get('timestamp'):
+                entry['timestamp'] = traverse_obj(next_data, (
+                    ..., 'contents', is_type('timestamp'), 'model',
+                    'timestamp', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}, any))
+            entries.append(entry)
+            return self.playlist_result(
+                entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
 
         # Multiple video article (e.g.
         # http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis/entries/3662a707-0af9-3149-963f-47bea720b460)
-        EMBED_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/(?:[^/]+/)+%s(?:\b[^"]+)?' % self._ID_REGEX
+        EMBED_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/(?:[^/]+/)+{self._ID_REGEX}(?:\b[^"]+)?'
         entries = []
         for match in extract_all(r'new\s+SMP\(({.+?})\)'):
             embed_url = match.get('playerSettings', {}).get('externalEmbedUrl')
             if embed_url and re.match(EMBED_URL, embed_url):
                 entries.append(embed_url)
         entries.extend(re.findall(
-            r'setPlaylist\("(%s)"\)' % EMBED_URL, webpage))
+            rf'setPlaylist\("({EMBED_URL})"\)', webpage))
         if entries:
             return self.playlist_result(
                 [self.url_result(entry_, 'BBCCoUk') for entry_ in entries],
@@ -1314,11 +1492,11 @@ def extract_all(pattern):
 
             video_id = media_meta.get('externalId')
             if not video_id:
-                video_id = playlist_id if len(medias) == 1 else '%s-%s' % (playlist_id, num)
+                video_id = playlist_id if len(medias) == 1 else f'{playlist_id}-{num}'
 
             title = media_meta.get('caption')
             if not title:
-                title = playlist_title if len(medias) == 1 else '%s - Video %s' % (playlist_title, num)
+                title = playlist_title if len(medias) == 1 else f'{playlist_title} - Video {num}'
 
             duration = int_or_none(media_meta.get('durationInSeconds')) or parse_duration(media_meta.get('duration'))
 
@@ -1379,8 +1557,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _entries(self, webpage, url, playlist_id):
-        single_page = 'page' in compat_urlparse.parse_qs(
-            compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query)
+        single_page = 'page' in urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query)
         for page_num in itertools.count(2):
             for video_id in re.findall(
                     self._VIDEO_ID_TEMPLATE % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX, webpage):
@@ -1394,8 +1572,8 @@ def _entries(self, webpage, url, playlist_id):
             if not next_page:
                 break
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, next_page), playlist_id,
-                'Downloading page %d' % page_num, page_num)
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(url, next_page), playlist_id,
+                f'Downloading page {page_num}', page_num)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -1410,7 +1588,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class BBCCoUkIPlayerPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_TMPL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/%%s/(?P<id>%s)' % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL_TMPL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/%s/(?P<id>{BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX})'
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_default(episode, key, default_key='default'):
@@ -1534,11 +1712,11 @@ def _call_api(self, pid, per_page, page=1, series_id=None):
             variables['sliceId'] = series_id
         return self._download_json(
             'https://graph.ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/', pid, headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             }, data=json.dumps({
                 'id': '5692d93d5aac8d796a0305e895e61551',
                 'variables': variables,
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['data']['programme']
+            }).encode())['data']['programme']
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_playlist_data(data):
@@ -1598,7 +1776,7 @@ def _get_episode(element):
 
     def _call_api(self, pid, per_page, page=1, series_id=None):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/ibl/v1/groups/%s/episodes' % pid,
+            f'http://ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/ibl/v1/groups/{pid}/episodes',
             pid, query={
                 'page': page,
                 'per_page': per_page,
@@ -1614,7 +1792,7 @@ def _get_playlist_title(self, data):
 
 class BBCCoUkPlaylistIE(BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'bbc.co.uk:playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/programmes/(?P<id>%s)/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips)' % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/programmes/(?P<id>{BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX})/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips)'
     _URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/%s'
     _VIDEO_ID_TEMPLATE = r'data-pid=["\'](%s)'
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
index 0aecbd089..acc8d1259 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ class BeatportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'birds-original-mix',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Tos, Middle Milk, Mumblin' Johnsson - Birds (Original Mix)",
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         track = next(t for t in playables['tracks'] if t['id'] == int(track_id))
 
-        title = ', '.join((a['name'] for a in track['artists'])) + ' - ' + track['name']
+        title = ', '.join(a['name'] for a in track['artists']) + ' - ' + track['name']
         if track['mix']:
             title += ' (' + track['mix'] + ')'
 
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             images.append(image)
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(track.get('id')) or track_id,
+            'id': str(track.get('id')) or track_id,
             'display_id': track.get('slug') or display_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
index 042b3220b..960cdfabd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class BeegIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20220131',
             'timestamp': 1643656455,
             'display_id': '2540839',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://beeg.com/-0599050563103750?t=4-861',
         'md5': 'bd8b5ea75134f7f07fad63008db2060e',
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ class BeegIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1643623200,
             'display_id': '2569965',
             'upload_date': '20220131',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # api/v6 v2
         'url': 'https://beeg.com/1941093077?t=911-1391',
@@ -56,8 +55,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://store.externulls.com/facts/file/%s' % video_id,
-            video_id, 'Downloading JSON for %s' % video_id)
+            f'https://store.externulls.com/facts/file/{video_id}',
+            video_id, f'Downloading JSON for {video_id}')
 
         fc_facts = video.get('fc_facts')
         first_fact = {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
index 9d2324f4f..45f45d03b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BehindKinkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20141205',
             'thumbnail': 'http://www.behindkink.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/blaze-1.jpg',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
index 677680b42..ac45dd477 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': '9c9media:%s_web:%s' % (self._DOMAINS.get(domain, domain), video_id),
+            'url': f'9c9media:{self._DOMAINS.get(domain, domain)}_web:{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'NineCNineMedia',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
index 8160cbd9a..5bba33a44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BerufeTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['Studienfilm'],
             'duration': 602.440,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://asset-out-cdn\.video-cdn\.net/private/videos/DvKC3DUpMKvUZ_6fEnfg3u/thumbnails/793063\?quality=thumbnail&__token__=[^\s]+$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             subtitles.setdefault(track['language'], []).append({
                 'url': track['source'],
                 'name': track.get('label'),
-                'ext': 'vtt'
+                'ext': 'vtt',
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
index cbf3dd082..3a8e74309 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class BetIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': 'mincount:2',
-                }
+                },
             },
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ class BetIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': 'mincount:2',
-                }
+                },
             },
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
-    _FEED_URL = "http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/bet-mrss-player"
+    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/bet-mrss-player'
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
index c4621ca82..87f011783 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class BFMTVArticleIE(BFMTVBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1673341692,
             'duration': 109.269,
             'tags': ['rmc', 'show', 'apolline de malherbe', 'info', 'talk', 'matinale', 'radio'],
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cf-images.eu-west-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/876630703001/5bef74b8-9d5e-4480-a21f-60c2e2480c46/96c88b74-f9db-45e1-8040-e199c5da216c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cf-images.eu-west-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/876630703001/5bef74b8-9d5e-4480-a21f-60c2e2480c46/96c88b74-f9db-45e1-8040-e199c5da216c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
index 02d1ba0e3..9c55bb968 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
+import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 
 
 class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # multiple formats
         'url': 'http://www.bigflix.com/Malayalam-movies/Drama-movies/Indian-Rupee/15967',
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'title')
 
         def decode_url(quoted_b64_url):
-            return compat_b64decode(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+            return base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(
                 quoted_b64_url)).decode('utf-8')
 
         formats = []
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ def decode_url(quoted_b64_url):
             video_url = decode_url(encoded_url)
             f = {
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': '%sp' % height,
+                'format_id': f'{height}p',
                 'height': int(height),
             }
             if video_url.startswith('rtmp'):
@@ -69,5 +67,5 @@ def decode_url(quoted_b64_url):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
index acf78e49a..b1c230f35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError('Received invalid JSON data')
         if info_raw.get('code'):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Bigo says: %s (code %s)' % (info_raw.get('msg'), info_raw.get('code')), expected=True)
+                'Bigo says: {} (code {})'.format(info_raw.get('msg'), info_raw.get('code')), expected=True)
         info = info_raw.get('data') or {}
 
         if not info.get('alive'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
index eb289329d..2ba63700c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class BildIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:a4058c4fa2a804ab59c00d7244bbf62f',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 196,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'static MP4 and HLS',
         'url': 'https://www.bild.de/video/clip/news-ausland/deftiger-abgang-vom-10m-turm-bademeister-sorgt-fuer-skandal-85158620.bild.html',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class BildIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:709b543c24dc31bbbffee73bccda34ad',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 69,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
index fee4b2994..411b48c28 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ def extract_formats(self, play_info):
 
         return formats
 
-    def _download_playinfo(self, video_id, cid):
+    def _download_playinfo(self, video_id, cid, headers=None):
         return self._download_json(
             'https://api.bilibili.com/x/player/playurl', video_id,
             query={'bvid': video_id, 'cid': cid, 'fnval': 4048},
-            note=f'Downloading video formats for cid {cid}')['data']
+            note=f'Downloading video formats for cid {cid}', headers=headers)['data']
 
     def json2srt(self, json_data):
         srt_data = ''
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, cid, aid=None):
             'danmaku': [{
                 'ext': 'xml',
                 'url': f'https://comment.bilibili.com/{cid}.xml',
-            }]
+            }],
         }
 
         subtitle_info = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, cid, aid=None):
         for s in subs_list:
             subtitles.setdefault(s['lan'], []).append({
                 'ext': 'srt',
-                'data': self.json2srt(self._download_json(s['subtitle_url'], video_id))
+                'data': self.json2srt(self._download_json(s['subtitle_url'], video_id)),
             })
         return subtitles
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ def _get_interactive_entries(self, video_id, cid, metainfo):
             yield {
                 **metainfo,
                 'id': f'{video_id}_{cid}',
-                'title': f'{metainfo.get("title")} - {list(edges.values())[0].get("title")}',
+                'title': f'{metainfo.get("title")} - {next(iter(edges.values())).get("title")}',
                 'formats': self.extract_formats(play_info),
                 'description': f'{json.dumps(edges, ensure_ascii=False)}\n{metainfo.get("description", "")}',
                 'duration': float_or_none(play_info.get('timelength'), scale=1000),
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bK411W797',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'BV1bK411W797',
-            'title': '物语中的人物是如何吐槽自己的OP的'
+            'title': '物语中的人物是如何吐槽自己的OP的',
         },
         'playlist_count': 18,
         'playlist': [{
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'description': 'md5:e3c401cf7bc363118d1783dd74068a68',
                 'duration': 90.314,
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'note': 'Specific page of Anthology',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bK411W797?p=1',
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:e3c401cf7bc363118d1783dd74068a68',
             'duration': 90.314,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'video has subtitles',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12N4y1M7rh',
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
-            'subtitles': 'count:2'
+            'subtitles': 'count:2',
         },
         'params': {'listsubtitles': True},
     }, {
@@ -493,7 +493,8 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id)
+        headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id, headers=headers)
         if not self._match_valid_url(urlh.url):
             return self.url_result(urlh.url)
 
@@ -531,7 +532,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self._download_json(
                 'https://api.bilibili.com/x/player/pagelist', video_id,
                 fatal=False, query={'bvid': video_id, 'jsonp': 'jsonp'},
-                note='Extracting videos in anthology'),
+                note='Extracting videos in anthology', headers=headers),
             'data', expected_type=list) or []
         is_anthology = len(page_list_json) > 1
 
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         festival_info = {}
         if is_festival:
-            play_info = self._download_playinfo(video_id, cid)
+            play_info = self._download_playinfo(video_id, cid, headers=headers)
 
             festival_info = traverse_obj(initial_state, {
                 'uploader': ('videoInfo', 'upName'),
@@ -585,10 +586,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         is_interactive = traverse_obj(video_data, ('rights', 'is_stein_gate'))
         if is_interactive:
             return self.playlist_result(
-                self._get_interactive_entries(video_id, cid, metainfo), **metainfo, **{
-                    'duration': traverse_obj(initial_state, ('videoData', 'duration', {int_or_none})),
-                    '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(aid),
-                })
+                self._get_interactive_entries(video_id, cid, metainfo), **metainfo,
+                duration=traverse_obj(initial_state, ('videoData', 'duration', {int_or_none})),
+                __post_extractor=self.extract_comments(aid))
         else:
             return {
                 **metainfo,
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'duration': 1425.256,
             'timestamp': 1554566400,
             'upload_date': '20190406',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
         'skip': 'Geo-restricted',
     }, {
@@ -660,20 +660,21 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'duration': 1922.129,
             'timestamp': 1602853860,
             'upload_date': '20201016',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, episode_id)
+        headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, episode_id, headers=headers)
 
         if '您所在的地区无法观看本片' in webpage:
             raise GeoRestrictedError('This video is restricted')
         elif '正在观看预览，大会员免费看全片' in webpage:
             self.raise_login_required('This video is for premium members only')
 
-        headers = {'Referer': url, **self.geo_verification_headers()}
+        headers['Referer'] = url
         play_info = self._download_json(
             'https://api.bilibili.com/pgc/player/web/v2/playurl', episode_id,
             'Extracting episode', query={'fnval': '4048', 'ep_id': episode_id},
@@ -724,7 +725,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': float_or_none(play_info.get('timelength'), scale=1000),
             'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(episode_id, episode_info.get('cid'), aid=aid),
             '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(aid),
-            'http_headers': headers,
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
         }
 
 
@@ -762,7 +763,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiMediaIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'duration': 1525.777,
                 'timestamp': 1425074413,
                 'upload_date': '20150227',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
     }]
@@ -792,7 +793,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'title': '鬼灭之刃',
             'description': 'md5:e2cc9848b6f69be6db79fc2a82d9661b',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 26
+        'playlist_mincount': 26,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/bangumi/play/ss2251',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -817,7 +818,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'duration': 1436.992,
                 'timestamp': 1343185080,
                 'upload_date': '20120725',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
     }]
@@ -904,7 +905,7 @@ class BilibiliCheeseIE(BilibiliCheeseBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20230924',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -937,7 +938,7 @@ class BilibiliCheeseSeasonIE(BilibiliCheeseBaseIE):
                 'upload_date': '20230924',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'playlist_items': '1'},
     }, {
@@ -1010,7 +1011,7 @@ def _extract_signature(self, playlist_id):
         for position in (
             46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49, 33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39,
             12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40, 61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63,
-            57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52
+            57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52,
         ):
             char_at_position = try_call(lambda: session_key[position])
             if char_at_position:
@@ -1043,15 +1044,17 @@ def fetch_page(page_idx):
 
             try:
                 response = self._download_json('https://api.bilibili.com/x/space/wbi/arc/search',
-                                               playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page_idx}', query=query)
+                                               playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page_idx}', query=query,
+                                               headers={'referer': url})
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 412:
                     raise ExtractorError(
                         'Request is blocked by server (412), please add cookies, wait and try later.', expected=True)
                 raise
-            if response['code'] == -401:
+            if response['code'] in (-352, -401):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Request is blocked by server (401), please add cookies, wait and try later.', expected=True)
+                    f'Request is blocked by server ({-response["code"]}), '
+                    'please add cookies, wait and try later.', expected=True)
             return response['data']
 
         def get_metadata(page_data):
@@ -1159,7 +1162,7 @@ def get_metadata(page_data):
                     'uploader_id': ('meta', 'mid', {str_or_none}),
                     'timestamp': ('meta', 'ptime', {int_or_none}),
                     'thumbnail': ('meta', 'cover', {url_or_none}),
-                })
+                }),
             }
 
         def get_entries(page_data):
@@ -1191,7 +1194,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mid, sid = self._match_valid_url(url).group('mid', 'sid')
         playlist_id = f'{mid}_{sid}'
         playlist_meta = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/series/series?series_id={sid}', playlist_id, fatal=False
+            f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/series/series?series_id={sid}', playlist_id, fatal=False,
         ), {
             'title': ('data', 'meta', 'name', {str}),
             'description': ('data', 'meta', 'description', {str}),
@@ -1213,7 +1216,7 @@ def get_metadata(page_data):
                 'page_count': math.ceil(entry_count / page_size),
                 'page_size': page_size,
                 'uploader': self._get_uploader(mid, playlist_id),
-                **playlist_meta
+                **playlist_meta,
             }
 
         def get_entries(page_data):
@@ -1237,7 +1240,7 @@ class BilibiliFavoritesListIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20201109',
             'modified_timestamp': int,
             'modified_date': str,
-            'thumbnail': r"re:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg",
+            'thumbnail': r're:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
@@ -1341,7 +1344,7 @@ class BilibiliPlaylistIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': '84912',
             'timestamp': 1604905176,
             'upload_date': '20201109',
-            'thumbnail': r"re:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg",
+            'thumbnail': r're:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 22,
     }, {
@@ -1367,7 +1370,7 @@ def _extract_medialist(self, query, list_id):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             page_data = self._download_json(
                 'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/medialist/resource/list',
-                list_id, query=query, note=f'getting playlist {query["biz_id"]} page {page_num}'
+                list_id, query=query, note=f'getting playlist {query["biz_id"]} page {page_num}',
             )['data']
             yield from self._get_entries(page_data, 'media_list', ending_key='bv_id')
             query['oid'] = traverse_obj(page_data, ('media_list', -1, 'id'))
@@ -1403,7 +1406,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'tid': ('tid', {int_or_none}),
                 'sort_field': ('sortFiled', {int_or_none}),
                 'desc': ('desc', {bool_or_none}, {str_or_none}, {str.lower}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
         metadata = {
             'id': f'{query["type"]}_{query["biz_id"]}',
@@ -1426,26 +1429,26 @@ class BilibiliCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/v/kichiku/mad',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'kichiku: mad',
-            'title': 'kichiku: mad'
+            'title': 'kichiku: mad',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 45,
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 45
-        }
+            'playlistend': 45,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, api_url, num_pages, query, page_num):
         parsed_json = self._download_json(
             api_url, query, query={'Search_key': query, 'pn': page_num},
-            note='Extracting results from page %s of %s' % (page_num, num_pages))
+            note=f'Extracting results from page {page_num} of {num_pages}')
 
         video_list = traverse_obj(parsed_json, ('data', 'archives'), expected_type=list)
         if not video_list:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to retrieve video list for page %d' % page_num)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to retrieve video list for page {page_num}')
 
         for video in video_list:
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://www.bilibili.com/video/%s' % video['bvid'], 'BiliBili', video['bvid'])
+                'https://www.bilibili.com/video/{}'.format(video['bvid']), 'BiliBili', video['bvid'])
 
     def _entries(self, category, subcategory, query):
         # map of categories : subcategories : RIDs
@@ -1455,7 +1458,7 @@ def _entries(self, category, subcategory, query):
                 'manual_vocaloid': 126,
                 'guide': 22,
                 'theatre': 216,
-                'course': 127
+                'course': 127,
             },
         }
 
@@ -1481,7 +1484,7 @@ def _entries(self, category, subcategory, query):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         category, subcategory = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path.split('/')[2:4]
-        query = '%s: %s' % (category, subcategory)
+        query = f'{category}: {subcategory}'
 
         return self.playlist_result(self._entries(category, subcategory, query), query, query)
 
@@ -1584,7 +1587,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = [{
             'url': play_data['cdns'][0],
             'filesize': int_or_none(play_data.get('size')),
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         }]
 
         for a_format in formats:
@@ -1602,7 +1605,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             subtitles = {
                 'origin': [{
                     'url': lyric,
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
         return {
@@ -1670,7 +1673,7 @@ class BiliBiliPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'http://www.bilibili.tv/video/av%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.bilibili.tv/video/av{video_id}/',
             ie=BiliBiliIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
@@ -1698,11 +1701,10 @@ def _call_api(self, endpoint, *args, **kwargs):
         return json.get('data')
 
     def json2srt(self, json):
-        data = '\n\n'.join(
+        return '\n\n'.join(
             f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["from"])} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["to"])}\n{line["content"]}'
             for i, line in enumerate(traverse_obj(json, (
                 'body', lambda _, l: l['content'] and l['from'] and l['to']))))
-        return data
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, *, ep_id=None, aid=None):
         sub_json = self._call_api(
@@ -1804,14 +1806,14 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             note='Downloading login key', errnote='Unable to download login key')['data']
 
         public_key = Cryptodome.RSA.importKey(key_data['key'])
-        password_hash = Cryptodome.PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key).encrypt((key_data['hash'] + password).encode('utf-8'))
+        password_hash = Cryptodome.PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key).encrypt((key_data['hash'] + password).encode())
         login_post = self._download_json(
             'https://passport.bilibili.tv/x/intl/passport-login/web/login/password?lang=en-US', None, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
                 'password': base64.b64encode(password_hash).decode('ascii'),
                 'keep_me': 'true',
                 's_locale': 'en_US',
-                'isTrusted': 'true'
+                'isTrusted': 'true',
             }), note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in')
         if login_post.get('code'):
             if login_post.get('message'):
@@ -1838,17 +1840,17 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 76.242,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 76.242,
                 'end_time': 161.161,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1325.742,
                 'end_time': 1403.903,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Non-Bstation page
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1033760/11005006',
@@ -1865,17 +1867,17 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 88.0,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 88.0,
                 'end_time': 156.0,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1173.0,
                 'end_time': 1259.535,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Subtitle with empty content
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1005144/10131790',
@@ -1886,7 +1888,7 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://pic\.bstarstatic\.com/ogv/.+\.png$',
             'episode_number': 140,
         },
-        'skip': 'According to the copyright owner\'s request, you may only watch the video after you log in.'
+        'skip': 'According to the copyright owner\'s request, you may only watch the video after you log in.',
     }, {
         # episode comment extraction
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/34580/340317',
@@ -1904,20 +1906,20 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 61.0,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 61.0,
                 'end_time': 134.0,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1290.0,
                 'end_time': 1379.0,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # user generated content comment extraction
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/video/2045730385',
@@ -1932,8 +1934,8 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://pic\.bstarstatic\.(?:com|net)/ugc/f6c363659efd2eabe5683fbb906b1582\.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # episode id without intro and outro
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1048837/11246489',
@@ -1988,7 +1990,7 @@ def _extract_video_metadata(self, url, video_id, season_id):
             # Non-Bstation layout, read through episode list
             season_json = self._call_api(f'/web/v2/ogv/play/episodes?season_id={season_id}&platform=web', video_id)
             video_data = traverse_obj(season_json, (
-                'sections', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: str(v['episode_id']) == video_id
+                'sections', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: str(v['episode_id']) == video_id,
             ), expected_type=dict, get_all=False)
 
         # XXX: webpage metadata may not accurate, it just used to not crash when video_data not found
@@ -2020,7 +2022,7 @@ def _get_comments_reply(self, root_id, next_id=0, display_id=None):
                 'id': replies.get('rpid'),
                 'like_count': int_or_none(replies.get('like_count')),
                 'parent': replies.get('parent'),
-                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(replies.get('ctime_text'))
+                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(replies.get('ctime_text')),
             }
 
         if not traverse_obj(comment_api_raw_data, ('data', 'cursor', 'is_end')):
@@ -2073,11 +2075,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 chapters = [{
                     'start_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'opening_start_time')), 1000),
                     'end_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'opening_end_time')), 1000),
-                    'title': 'Intro'
+                    'title': 'Intro',
                 }, {
                     'start_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'ending_start_time')), 1000),
                     'end_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'ending_end_time')), 1000),
-                    'title': 'Outro'
+                    'title': 'Outro',
                 }]
 
         return {
@@ -2133,7 +2135,7 @@ def _entries(self, series_id):
             episode_id = str(episode['episode_id'])
             yield self.url_result(smuggle_url(
                 BiliIntlIE._make_url(episode_id, series_id),
-                self._parse_video_metadata(episode)
+                self._parse_video_metadata(episode),
             ), BiliIntlIE, episode_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -2152,19 +2154,19 @@ class BiliLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/196',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '33989',
-            'description': "周六杂谈回，其他时候随机游戏。 | \n录播：@下播型泛式录播组。 | \n直播通知群（全员禁言）：666906670，902092584，59971⑧481 （功能一样，别多加）",
+            'description': '周六杂谈回，其他时候随机游戏。 | \n录播：@下播型泛式录播组。 | \n直播通知群（全员禁言）：666906670，902092584，59971⑧481 （功能一样，别多加）',
             'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': "太空狼人杀联动，不被爆杀就算赢",
-            'thumbnail': "https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/live/new_room_cover/e607bc1529057ef4b332e1026e62cf46984c314d.jpg",
+            'title': '太空狼人杀联动，不被爆杀就算赢',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/live/new_room_cover/e607bc1529057ef4b332e1026e62cf46984c314d.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1650802769,
         },
-        'skip': 'not live'
+        'skip': 'not live',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/196?broadcast_type=0&is_room_feed=1?spm_id_from=333.999.space_home.strengthen_live_card.click',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/blanc/196',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _FORMATS = {
@@ -2205,7 +2207,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError('Streamer is not live', expected=True)
 
         formats = []
-        for qn in self._FORMATS.keys():
+        for qn in self._FORMATS:
             stream_data = self._call_api('xlive/web-room/v2/index/getRoomPlayInfo', room_id, {
                 'room_id': room_id,
                 'qn': qn,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
index 194bf1f46..c74f34c2a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20170103',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
         },
     }, {
         # test case: video with different channel and uploader
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231106',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/9K0kUWA9zmd9/',
             'channel': 'Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/sharylattkisson/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/sharylattkisson/',
         },
     }, {
         # video not downloadable in browser, but we can recover it
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20181113',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
         },
         'params': {'check_formats': None},
     }, {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def _check_format(self, video_url, video_id):
                 continue
             return {
                 'url': url,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(response.headers.get('Content-Length'))
+                'filesize': int_or_none(response.headers.get('Content-Length')),
             }
 
     def _raise_if_restricted(self, webpage):
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'duration': 16,
                     'view_count': int,
                 },
-            }
+            },
         ],
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'wV9Imujxasw9',
             'title': 'Bruce MacDonald and "The Light of Darkness"',
             'description': 'md5:747724ef404eebdfc04277714f81863e',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _TOKEN = 'zyG6tQcGPE5swyAEFLqKUwMuMMuF6IO2DZ6ZDQjGfsL0e4dcTLwqkTTul05Jdve7'
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'container': 'playlist-video',
             'title': 'title',
             'description': 'description',
-        }
+        },
 
     }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
index 8f41c897a..535890979 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         region = mobj.group('region')
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://{}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings/{}/data'.format(region, video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://{region}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings/{video_id}/data', video_id)
         duration = info.get('duration')
         title = info['name']
         upload_date = info.get('created')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
index e875957cf..71b237d4b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .amp import AMPIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class BleacherReportIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         article_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        article_data = self._download_json('http://api.bleacherreport.com/api/v1/articles/%s' % article_id, article_id)['article']
+        article_data = self._download_json(f'http://api.bleacherreport.com/api/v1/articles/{article_id}', article_id)['article']
 
         thumbnails = []
         primary_photo = article_data.get('primaryPhoto')
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if video:
             video_type = video['type']
             if video_type in ('cms.bleacherreport.com', 'vid.bleacherreport.com'):
-                info['url'] = 'http://bleacherreport.com/video_embed?id=%s' % video['id']
+                info['url'] = 'http://bleacherreport.com/video_embed?id={}'.format(video['id'])
             elif video_type == 'youtube.com':
                 info['url'] = video['id']
             elif video_type == 'vine.co':
-                info['url'] = 'https://vine.co/v/%s' % video['id']
+                info['url'] = 'https://vine.co/v/{}'.format(video['id'])
             else:
                 info['url'] = video_type + video['id']
             return info
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ class BleacherReportCMSIE(AMPIE):
 
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
-            'Unable to download f4m manifest'
-        ]
+            'Unable to download f4m manifest',
+        ],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        info = self._extract_feed_info('http://vid.bleacherreport.com/videos/%s.akamai' % video_id)
+        info = self._extract_feed_info(f'http://vid.bleacherreport.com/videos/{video_id}.akamai')
         info['id'] = video_id
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
index 4631ad2e9..f4f22488e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '5fb81e51aa66ae000c395478',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'tags': ['samsung', 'galaxy', 's8', 'over the horizon', '2016', 'ringtone'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://blerp.com/soundbites/5bc94ef4796001000498429f',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '179617322678353920',
             'uploader_id': '5ba99cf71386730004552c42',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'tags': ['YEE', 'YEET', 'wo ha haah catchy tune yee', 'yee']
-        }
+            'tags': ['YEE', 'YEET', 'wo ha haah catchy tune yee', 'yee'],
+        },
     }]
 
-    _GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME = "webBitePageGetBite"
+    _GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME = 'webBitePageGetBite'
     _GRAPHQL_QUERY = (
         '''query webBitePageGetBite($_id: MongoID!) {
             web {
@@ -141,27 +141,26 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'operationName': self._GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME,
             'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
             'variables': {
-                '_id': audio_id
-            }
+                '_id': audio_id,
+            },
         }
 
         headers = {
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
         }
 
-        json_result = self._download_json('https://api.blerp.com/graphql',
-                                          audio_id, data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'), headers=headers)
+        json_result = self._download_json(
+            'https://api.blerp.com/graphql', audio_id,
+            data=json.dumps(data).encode(), headers=headers)
 
         bite_json = json_result['data']['web']['biteById']
 
-        info_dict = {
+        return {
             'id': bite_json['_id'],
             'url': bite_json['audio']['mp3']['url'],
             'title': bite_json['title'],
             'uploader': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', 'username'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
             'uploader_id': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', '_id'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'tags': list(filter(None, map(strip_or_none, (traverse_obj(bite_json, 'userKeywords', expected_type=list) or []))) or None)
+            'tags': list(filter(None, map(strip_or_none, (traverse_obj(bite_json, 'userKeywords', expected_type=list) or []))) or None),
         }
-
-        return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
index 3d6e03304..1614b6f94 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     mimetype2ext,
     parse_duration,
@@ -5,7 +6,6 @@
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
 )
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
 class BloggerIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class BloggerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'duration': 76.068,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         token_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, token_id)
         data_json = self._search_regex(r'var\s+VIDEO_CONFIG\s*=\s*(\{.*)', webpage, 'JSON data')
-        data = self._parse_json(data_json.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape'), token_id)
+        data = self._parse_json(data_json.encode().decode('unicode_escape'), token_id)
         streams = data['streams']
         formats = [{
             'ext': mimetype2ext(traverse_obj(parse_qs(stream['play_url']), ('mime', 0))),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
index 792155e51..ec6b7a86e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = re.sub(': Video$', '', self._og_search_title(webpage))
 
         embed_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.bloomberg.com/multimedia/api/embed?id=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.bloomberg.com/multimedia/api/embed?id={video_id}', video_id)
         formats = []
         for stream in embed_info['streams']:
             stream_url = stream.get('url')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
index ca326f25f..5fe937a6a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
 
@@ -9,20 +10,18 @@ def _extract_bokecc_formats(self, webpage, video_id, format_id=None):
             r'<(?:script|embed)[^>]+src=(?P<q>["\'])(?:https?:)?//p\.bokecc\.com/(?:player|flash/player\.swf)\?(?P<query>.+?)(?P=q)',
             webpage, 'player params', group='query')
 
-        player_params = compat_parse_qs(player_params_str)
+        player_params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(player_params_str)
 
         info_xml = self._download_xml(
-            'http://p.bokecc.com/servlet/playinfo?uid=%s&vid=%s&m=1' % (
+            'http://p.bokecc.com/servlet/playinfo?uid={}&vid={}&m=1'.format(
                 player_params['siteid'][0], player_params['vid'][0]), video_id)
 
-        formats = [{
+        return [{
             'format_id': format_id,
             'url': quality.find('./copy').attrib['playurl'],
             'quality': int(quality.attrib['value']),
         } for quality in info_xml.findall('./video/quality')]
 
-        return formats
-
 
 class BokeCCIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
     _IE_DESC = 'CC视频'
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ class BokeCCIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('query'))
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('query'))
         if not qs.get('vid') or not qs.get('uid'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
-        video_id = '%s_%s' % (qs['uid'][0], qs['vid'][0])
+        video_id = '{}_{}'.format(qs['uid'][0], qs['vid'][0])
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
index bf955668d..ab85477de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         amf = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/tools/amf.php' % host, channel_id,
+            f'https://{host}/tools/amf.php', channel_id,
             data=urlencode_postdata((
                 ('method', 'getRoomData'),
                 ('args[]', channel_id),
@@ -48,14 +47,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         server_url = amf['localData']['videoServerUrl']
 
         uploader_id = try_get(
-            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['username'], compat_str) or channel_id
+            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['username'], str) or channel_id
         uploader = try_get(
-            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['displayName'], compat_str)
+            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['displayName'], str)
         like_count = int_or_none(try_get(
             amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['loversCount']))
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            '%s/hls/stream_%s/playlist.m3u8' % (server_url, uploader_id),
+            f'{server_url}/hls/stream_{uploader_id}/playlist.m3u8',
             channel_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/boosty.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/boosty.py
index fb14ca146..d3aab7a1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/boosty.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/boosty.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+import json
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    bug_reports_message,
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
     str_or_none,
@@ -162,9 +166,19 @@ def _extract_formats(self, player_urls, video_id):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user, post_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('user', 'post_id')
+
+        auth_headers = {}
+        auth_cookie = self._get_cookies('https://boosty.to/').get('auth')
+        if auth_cookie is not None:
+            try:
+                auth_data = json.loads(urllib.parse.unquote(auth_cookie.value))
+                auth_headers['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {auth_data["accessToken"]}'
+            except (json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
+                self.report_warning(f'Failed to extract token from auth cookie{bug_reports_message()}')
+
         post = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.boosty.to/v1/blog/{user}/post/{post_id}', post_id,
-            note='Downloading post data', errnote='Unable to download post data')
+            note='Downloading post data', errnote='Unable to download post data', headers=auth_headers)
 
         post_title = post.get('title')
         if not post_title:
@@ -202,7 +216,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'thumbnail': (('previewUrl', 'defaultPreview'), {url_or_none}),
                     }, get_all=False)})
 
-        if not entries:
+        if not entries and not post.get('hasAccess'):
+            self.raise_login_required('This post requires a subscription', metadata_available=True)
+        elif not entries:
             raise ExtractorError('No videos found', expected=True)
         if len(entries) == 1:
             return entries[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
index 92f8ea2cb..f5b819678 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     extract_attributes,
 )
@@ -58,8 +57,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             if video_id and account_id and player_id and embed:
                 entries.append(
-                    'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/index.html?videoId=%s'
-                    % (account_id, player_id, embed, video_id))
+                    f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}')
 
         if len(entries) == 0:
             return self.url_result(url, 'Generic')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
index 008c011cc..3547ad997 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
@@ -72,20 +72,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'BoxApi': 'shared_link=' + shared_link,
                 'X-Rep-Hints': '[dash]',  # TODO: extract `hls` formats
             }, query={
-                'fields': 'authenticated_download_url,created_at,created_by,description,extension,is_download_available,name,representations,size'
+                'fields': 'authenticated_download_url,created_at,created_by,description,extension,is_download_available,name,representations,size',
             })
         title = f['name']
 
         query = {
             'access_token': access_token,
-            'shared_link': shared_link
+            'shared_link': shared_link,
         }
 
         formats = []
 
         for url_tmpl in traverse_obj(f, (
             'representations', 'entries', lambda _, v: v['representation'] == 'dash',
-            'content', 'url_template', {url_or_none}
+            'content', 'url_template', {url_or_none},
         )):
             manifest_url = update_url_query(url_tmpl.replace('{+asset_path}', 'manifest.mpd'), query)
             fmts = self._extract_mpd_formats(manifest_url, file_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
index 51f9eb787..efa66994a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    js_to_json,
-    traverse_obj,
-    unified_timestamp
-)
+from ..utils import js_to_json, traverse_obj, unified_timestamp
 
 
 class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -25,7 +21,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221210',
             'uploader_id': 're8w0v8hohhvpqtbskpe',
             'uploader': 'Children\'s Health Defense',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://boxcast.tv/video-portal/vctwevwntun3o0ikq7af/rvyblnn0fxbfjx5nwxhl/otbpltj2kzkveo2qz3ad',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -34,8 +30,8 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'vctwevwntun3o0ikq7af',
             'uploader': 'Legacy Christian Church',
             'title': 'The Quest | 1: Beginner\'s Bay | Jamie Schools',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://uploads.boxcast.com/(?:[\w-]+/){3}.+\.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://uploads.boxcast.com/(?:[\w-]+/){3}.+\.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://boxcast.tv/channel/z03fqwaeaby5lnaawox2?b=ssihlw5gvfij2by8tkev',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Lighthouse Ministries International  - Beltsville, Maryland',
             'description': 'md5:ac23e3d01b0b0be592e8f7fe0ec3a340',
             'title': 'New Year\'s Eve CROSSOVER Service at LHMI | December 31, 2022',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://childrenshealthdefense.eu/live-stream/',
@@ -61,7 +57,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221210',
             'uploader_id': 're8w0v8hohhvpqtbskpe',
             'uploader': 'Children\'s Health Defense',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
index 6e1c63e2b..0568e06f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Umweltbewusster Häuslebauer',
                 'description': 'md5:d52dae9792d00226348c1dbb13c9bae2',
                 'duration': 116,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.br.de/fernsehen/br-alpha/sendungen/kant-fuer-anfaenger/kritik-der-reinen-vernunft/kant-kritik-01-metaphysik100.html',
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 893,
                 'uploader': 'Eva Maria Steimle',
                 'upload_date': '20170208',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, assets, media_id):
                     http_format_info = format_info.copy()
                     http_format_info.update({
                         'url': format_url,
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % asset_type,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{asset_type}',
                     })
                     formats.append(http_format_info)
                 server_prefix = xpath_text(asset, 'serverPrefix')
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, assets, media_id):
                     rtmp_format_info.update({
                         'url': server_prefix,
                         'play_path': xpath_text(asset, 'fileName'),
-                        'format_id': 'rtmp-%s' % asset_type,
+                        'format_id': f'rtmp-{asset_type}',
                     })
                     formats.append(rtmp_format_info)
         return formats
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
index 1200437e6..df10299a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     classproperty,
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    urljoin
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ def _extract_adaptive_formats(self, data, token, display_id, key_format='%s', ex
             '%s': {},
             'ad_%s': {
                 'format_note': 'Audio description',
-                'source_preference': -2
-            }
+                'source_preference': -2,
+            },
         }
         for additional_key_format, additional_key_fields in additional_key_formats.items():
             for key_quality, key_index in enumerate(('high', 'low')):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def _extract_adaptive_formats(self, data, token, display_id, key_format='%s', ex
                     formats.extend(self._assemble_formats(data[full_key_index], full_key_index, display_id, token, {
                         'quality': -1 - key_quality,
                         **additional_key_fields,
-                        **extra_fields
+                        **extra_fields,
                     }))
         return formats
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             data=json.dumps({'username': username, 'password': password}).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                'Referer': self._ORIGIN
+                'Referer': self._ORIGIN,
             }, note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in', expected_status=400)
         status_code = int_or_none(login_res['status_code'])
         if status_code != 1505:
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         formats.extend(self._extract_adaptive_formats(movie_feature_data, movie_feature_data.get('token', ''), display_id, '%s_v2', {
             'language': movie_feature.get('language') or 'en',
-            'language_preference': 10
+            'language_preference': 10,
         }))
         for lang, localized_feature in traverse_obj(movie_feature, 'localization', default={}, expected_type=dict).items():
             formats.extend(self._extract_adaptive_formats(localized_feature, localized_feature.get('token', ''), display_id, '%s_v2', {
                 'language': lang,
-                'language_preference': -10
+                'language_preference': -10,
             }))
 
         # TODO: Do localization fields also have subtitles?
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'^subtitles_(?P<lang>\w+)$', name, 'subtitle metadata', default=None)
             if lang and url:
                 subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': urljoin(self._CDN_URL, url)
+                    'url': urljoin(self._CDN_URL, url),
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
index 419fe8c9c..ec72f0d88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
@@ -185,5 +185,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
                 'episode': 'episodeTitle',
                 'series': 'show',
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
index b5abb7f19..fedf4772a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class BreitBartIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:bac35eb0256d1cb17f517f54c79404d5',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/5cOz1yup-1920.jpg',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.breitbart.com/videos/v/eaiZjVOn/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
index 61b18412d..dc0c83572 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 import base64
 import re
 import struct
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    UnsupportedError,
     clean_html,
     dict_get,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     find_xpath_attr,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
     unsmuggle_url,
-    UnsupportedError,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
 )
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
             # from http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=27724
             'url': 'https://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1722935254001/?bctid=5360463607001&autoStart=false&secureConnections=true&width=650&height=350',
             'only_matching': True,  # Tested in GenericIE
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -315,7 +312,7 @@ def _build_brightcove_url(cls, object_str):
         object_str = fix_xml_ampersands(object_str)
 
         try:
-            object_doc = compat_etree_fromstring(object_str.encode('utf-8'))
+            object_doc = compat_etree_fromstring(object_str.encode())
         except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
             return
 
@@ -323,7 +320,7 @@ def _build_brightcove_url(cls, object_str):
         if fv_el is not None:
             flashvars = dict(
                 (k, v[0])
-                for k, v in compat_parse_qs(fv_el.attrib['value']).items())
+                for k, v in urllib.parse.parse_qs(fv_el.attrib['value']).items())
         else:
             flashvars = {}
 
@@ -340,32 +337,32 @@ def find_param(name):
 
         params = {}
 
-        playerID = find_param('playerID') or find_param('playerId')
-        if playerID is None:
+        player_id = find_param('playerID') or find_param('playerId')
+        if player_id is None:
             raise ExtractorError('Cannot find player ID')
-        params['playerID'] = playerID
+        params['playerID'] = player_id
 
-        playerKey = find_param('playerKey')
+        player_key = find_param('playerKey')
         # Not all pages define this value
-        if playerKey is not None:
-            params['playerKey'] = playerKey
+        if player_key is not None:
+            params['playerKey'] = player_key
         # These fields hold the id of the video
-        videoPlayer = find_param('@videoPlayer') or find_param('videoId') or find_param('videoID') or find_param('@videoList')
-        if videoPlayer is not None:
-            if isinstance(videoPlayer, list):
-                videoPlayer = videoPlayer[0]
-            videoPlayer = videoPlayer.strip()
+        video_player = find_param('@videoPlayer') or find_param('videoId') or find_param('videoID') or find_param('@videoList')
+        if video_player is not None:
+            if isinstance(video_player, list):
+                video_player = video_player[0]
+            video_player = video_player.strip()
             # UUID is also possible for videoPlayer (e.g.
             # http://www.popcornflix.com/hoodies-vs-hooligans/7f2d2b87-bbf2-4623-acfb-ea942b4f01dd
             # or http://www8.hp.com/cn/zh/home.html)
             if not (re.match(
                     r'^(?:\d+|[\da-fA-F]{8}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{12})$',
-                    videoPlayer) or videoPlayer.startswith('ref:')):
+                    video_player) or video_player.startswith('ref:')):
                 return None
-            params['@videoPlayer'] = videoPlayer
-        linkBase = find_param('linkBaseURL')
-        if linkBase is not None:
-            params['linkBaseURL'] = linkBase
+            params['@videoPlayer'] = video_player
+        link_base = find_param('linkBaseURL')
+        if link_base is not None:
+            params['linkBaseURL'] = link_base
         return cls._make_brightcove_url(params)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -448,13 +445,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         url = re.sub(r'(?<=[?&])bckey', 'playerKey', url)
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         query_str = mobj.group('query')
-        query = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
 
-        videoPlayer = query.get('@videoPlayer')
-        if videoPlayer:
+        video_player = query.get('@videoPlayer')
+        if video_player:
             # We set the original url as the default 'Referer' header
             referer = query.get('linkBaseURL', [None])[0] or smuggled_data.get('Referer', url)
-            video_id = videoPlayer[0]
+            video_id = video_player[0]
             if 'playerID' not in query:
                 mobj = re.search(r'/bcpid(\d+)', url)
                 if mobj is not None:
@@ -483,7 +480,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     enc_pub_id = player_key.split(',')[1].replace('~', '=')
                     publisher_id = struct.unpack('>Q', base64.urlsafe_b64decode(enc_pub_id))[0]
             if publisher_id:
-                brightcove_new_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % (publisher_id, video_id)
+                brightcove_new_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{publisher_id}/default_default/index.html?videoId={video_id}'
                 if referer:
                     brightcove_new_url = smuggle_url(brightcove_new_url, {'referrer': referer})
                 return self.url_result(brightcove_new_url, BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -543,9 +540,9 @@ def _parse_brightcove_metadata(self, json_data, video_id, headers={}):
                 def build_format_id(kind):
                     format_id = kind
                     if tbr:
-                        format_id += '-%dk' % int(tbr)
+                        format_id += f'-{int(tbr)}k'
                     if height:
-                        format_id += '-%dp' % height
+                        format_id += f'-{height}p'
                     return format_id
 
                 if src or streaming_src:
@@ -654,7 +651,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # playlist stream
         'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/1752604059001/S13cJdUBz_default/index.html?playlistId=5718313430001',
@@ -666,7 +663,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://players.brightcove.net/5690807595001/HyZNerRl7_default/index.html?playlistId=5743160747001',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -833,8 +830,7 @@ def _extract_brightcove_urls(ie, webpage):
             player_id = player_id or attrs.get('data-player') or 'default'
             embed = embed or attrs.get('data-embed') or 'default'
 
-            bc_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/index.html?videoId=%s' % (
-                account_id, player_id, embed, video_id)
+            bc_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}'
 
             # Some brightcove videos may be embedded with video tag only and
             # without script tag or any mentioning of brightcove at all. Such
@@ -865,13 +861,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         account_id, player_id, embed, content_type, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
-        policy_key_id = '%s_%s' % (account_id, player_id)
+        policy_key_id = f'{account_id}_{player_id}'
         policy_key = self.cache.load('brightcove', policy_key_id)
         policy_key_extracted = False
         store_pk = lambda x: self.cache.store('brightcove', policy_key_id, x)
 
         def extract_policy_key():
-            base_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/' % (account_id, player_id, embed)
+            base_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/'
             config = self._download_json(
                 base_url + 'config.json', video_id, fatal=False) or {}
             policy_key = try_get(
@@ -910,7 +906,7 @@ def extract_policy_key():
             if not policy_key:
                 policy_key = extract_policy_key()
                 policy_key_extracted = True
-            headers['Accept'] = 'application/json;pk=%s' % policy_key
+            headers['Accept'] = f'application/json;pk={policy_key}'
             try:
                 json_data = self._download_json(api_url, video_id, headers=headers)
                 break
@@ -936,7 +932,7 @@ def extract_policy_key():
                 custom_fields['bcadobepassresourceid'])
             json_data = self._download_json(
                 api_url, video_id, headers={
-                    'Accept': 'application/json;pk=%s' % policy_key
+                    'Accept': f'application/json;pk={policy_key}',
                 }, query={
                     'tveToken': tve_token,
                 })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brilliantpala.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brilliantpala.py
index 0bf8622c1..950a70a5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brilliantpala.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brilliantpala.py
@@ -27,8 +27,17 @@ def _get_logged_in_username(self, url, video_id):
             r'"username"\s*:\s*"(?P<username>[^"]+)"', webpage, 'logged-in username')
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        login_form = self._hidden_inputs(self._download_webpage(
-            self._LOGIN_API, None, 'Downloading login page'))
+        login_page, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
+            self._LOGIN_API, None, 'Downloading login page', expected_status=401)
+        if urlh.status != 401 and not urlh.url.startswith(self._LOGIN_API):
+            self.write_debug('Cookies are valid, no login required.')
+            return
+
+        if urlh.status == 401:
+            self.write_debug('Got HTTP Error 401; cookies have been invalidated')
+            login_page = self._download_webpage(self._LOGIN_API, None, 'Re-downloading login page')
+
+        login_form = self._hidden_inputs(login_page)
         login_form.update({
             'username': username,
             'password': password,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
index e76dd58dd..29f8f9415 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ class BundesligaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20220928',
                 'duration': 146,
                 'timestamp': 1664366511,
-                'description': 'md5:803d4411bd134140c774021dd4b7598b'
-            }
+                'description': 'md5:803d4411bd134140c774021dd4b7598b',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/videos/latest-features/T8IKc8TX?vid=ROHjs06G',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/videos/goals?vid=mOG56vWA',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
index 4b3f5e68b..7cb9af692 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class BusinessInsiderIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'cjGDb0X9',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "Bananas give you more radiation exposure than living next to a nuclear power plant",
+            'title': 'Bananas give you more radiation exposure than living next to a nuclear power plant',
             'description': 'md5:0175a3baf200dd8fa658f94cade841b3',
             'upload_date': '20160611',
             'timestamp': 1465675620,
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
              r'(?:jwplatform\.com/players/|jwplayer_)([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})'),
             webpage, 'jwplatform id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'jwplatform:%s' % jwplatform_id, ie=JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
+            f'jwplatform:{jwplatform_id}', ie=JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
             video_id=video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
index b30a3b7ae..9847095bc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class BuzzFeedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20141024',
                 'uploader_id': 'Buddhanz1',
                 'uploader': 'Angry Ram',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.buzzfeed.com/sheridanwatson/look-at-this-cute-dog-omg?utm_term=4ldqpia',
         'params': {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class BuzzFeedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'CindysMunchkin',
                 'uploader': 're:^Munchkin the',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/the-most-adorable-crash-landing-ever#.eq7pX0BAmK',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
index ad35427ed..e9796f7da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class BYUtvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 11645,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.byutv.org/watch/6587b9a3-89d2-42a6-a7f7-fd2f81840a7d',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
index e4b1c9a84..6264803dd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self.url_result(sohu_video_info['url'], 'Sohu')
 
         page = self._download_json(
-            'http://vxml.56.com/json/%s/' % text_id, text_id, 'Downloading video info')
+            f'http://vxml.56.com/json/{text_id}/', text_id, 'Downloading video info')
 
         info = page['info']
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             {
                 'format_id': f['type'],
                 'filesize': int(f['filesize']),
-                'url': f['url']
+                'url': f['url'],
             } for f in info['rfiles']
         ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a221414e..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cableav.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-class CableAVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://cableav\.tv/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://cableav.tv/lS4iR9lWjN8/',
-        'md5': '7e3fe5e49d61c4233b7f5b0f69b15e18',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'lS4iR9lWjN8',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': '國產麻豆AV 叮叮映畫 DDF001 情欲小說家 - CableAV',
-            'description': '國產AV 480p, 720p 国产麻豆AV 叮叮映画 DDF001 情欲小说家',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        video_url = self._og_search_video_url(webpage, secure=False)
-
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, 'mp4')
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
-            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
-            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
-            'formats': formats,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caffeinetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caffeinetv.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa107f858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caffeinetv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
+    traverse_obj,
+    urljoin,
+)
+
+
+class CaffeineTVIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?caffeine\.tv/[^/?#]+/video/(?P<id>[\da-f-]+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.caffeine.tv/TsuSurf/video/cffc0a00-e73f-11ec-8080-80017d29f26e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'cffc0a00-e73f-11ec-8080-80017d29f26e',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'GOOOOD MORNINNNNN #highlights',
+            'timestamp': 1654702180,
+            'upload_date': '20220608',
+            'uploader': 'RahJON Wicc',
+            'uploader_id': 'TsuSurf',
+            'duration': 3145,
+            'age_limit': 17,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.caffeine.tv/broadcasts/776b6f84-9cd5-42e3-af1d-4a776eeed697/replay/lobby.jpg',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'tags': ['highlights', 'battlerap'],
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.caffeine.tv/social/public/activity/{video_id}', video_id)
+        broadcast_info = traverse_obj(json_data, ('broadcast_info', {dict})) or {}
+
+        video_url = broadcast_info['video_url']
+        ext = determine_ext(video_url)
+        if ext == 'm3u8':
+            formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, 'mp4')
+        else:
+            formats = [{'url': video_url}]
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(json_data, {
+                'like_count': ('like_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('view_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'comment_count': ('comment_count', {int_or_none}),
+                'tags': ('tags', ..., {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'uploader': ('user', 'name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': (((None, 'user'), 'username'), {str}, any),
+                'is_live': ('is_live', {bool}),
+            }),
+            **traverse_obj(broadcast_info, {
+                'title': ('broadcast_title', {str}),
+                'duration': ('content_duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('broadcast_start_time', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'thumbnail': ('preview_image_path', {lambda x: urljoin(url, x)}),
+            }),
+            'age_limit': {
+                # assume Apple Store ratings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_software_content_rating_system
+                'FOUR_PLUS': 0,
+                'NINE_PLUS': 9,
+                'TWELVE_PLUS': 12,
+                'SEVENTEEN_PLUS': 17,
+            }.get(broadcast_info.get('content_rating'), 17),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
index c77179c7b..b7061a7d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series_id': '436d1f82ddeb30cd2306ea9156044d8d2cfdc3f1f1552d245117a42173e78553',
             'episode': 'The Title IX Regime and the Long March Through and Beyond the Institutions',
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'episode_id': '218b979630a35ead12c6fd096f2996c56c37e4d0dc1f6dc0feada32dcf7b31cd'
-        }
+            'episode_id': '218b979630a35ead12c6fd096f2996c56c37e4d0dc1f6dc0feada32dcf7b31cd',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/fcc-commissioner-brendan-carr-on-elons-PrumRdSQJW',
         'md5': '14ede27ee2c957b7e4db93140fc0745c',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d1z76fhpoqkd01.cloudfront.net/shows/legacy/1ade9142625344045dc17cf523469ced1d93610762f4c886d06aa190a2f979e8.png',
             'episode_id': 'c3dab47f237bf953d180d3f243477a84302798be0e0b29bc9ade6d60a69f04f5',
             'timestamp': 1662100688.005,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/episode-81-elites-melt-down-over-student-debt-lzxMidUnjA',
         'md5': '16f704ddbf82a27e3930533b12062f07',
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d1z76fhpoqkd01.cloudfront.net/shows/legacy/461ea0d86172cb6aff7d6c80fd49259cf5e64bdf737a4650f8bc24cf392ca218.png',
             'episode_id': '8d06f869798f93a7814e380bceabea72d501417e620180416ff6bd510596e83c',
             'timestamp': 1661476708.282,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def try_get_user_name(self, d):
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, display_id)
         episode = next_data['props']['pageProps']['episode']
 
-        id = episode['id']
+        video_id = episode['id']
         title = episode.get('title') or self._generic_title('', webpage)
         url = episode['m3u8']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, display_id, ext='ts')
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         episode_list = traverse_obj(show_json, ('pageProps', 'show', 'episodes')) or []
         episode_number = next(
-            (len(episode_list) - i for (i, e) in enumerate(episode_list) if e.get('id') == id),
+            (len(episode_list) - i for i, e in enumerate(episode_list) if e.get('id') == video_id),
             None)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id(self, display_id.rsplit('-', 1)[-1])],
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': title,
@@ -151,5 +151,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'series_id': show_id,
             'episode': title,
             'episode_number': episode_number,
-            'episode_id': id
+            'episode_id': video_id,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
index f4a4a834b..5513bb2df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class CaltransIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'US-50 : Sacramento : Hwy 50 at 24th',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cwwp2.dot.ca.gov/data/d3/cctv/image/hwy50at24th/hwy50at24th.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
index 2650cc1ef..0d0dccb79 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ class CAM4IE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'thumbnail': 'https://snapshots.xcdnpro.com/thumbnails/foxynesss',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        m3u8_playlist = self._download_json('https://www.cam4.com/rest/v1.0/profile/{}/streamInfo'.format(channel_id), channel_id).get('cdnURL')
+        m3u8_playlist = self._download_json(f'https://www.cam4.com/rest/v1.0/profile/{channel_id}/streamInfo', channel_id).get('cdnURL')
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_playlist, channel_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
index c7079e422..34dc095af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     parse_duration,
@@ -28,7 +25,7 @@ class CamdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1591,
             'upload_date': '20130114',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # With non-empty description
         # webpage returns "No permission or not login"
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ class CamdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:2a9f989c2b153a2342acee579c6e7db6',
             'creator': 'evercam',
             'duration': 318,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # External source (YouTube)
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/media/14842',
@@ -76,12 +73,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         title = oembed_obj['title']
         thumb_url = oembed_obj['thumbnail_url']
-        video_folder = compat_urlparse.urljoin(thumb_url, 'video/')
+        video_folder = urllib.parse.urljoin(thumb_url, 'video/')
         file_list_doc = self._download_xml(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(video_folder, 'fileList.xml'),
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(video_folder, 'fileList.xml'),
             video_id, 'Downloading filelist XML')
         file_name = file_list_doc.find('./video/item/fileName').text
-        video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(video_folder, file_name)
+        video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(video_folder, file_name)
 
         # Some URLs return "No permission or not login" in a webpage despite being
         # freely available via oembed JSON URL (e.g. http://www.camdemy.com/media/13885)
@@ -117,35 +114,35 @@ class CamdemyFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '450',
             'title': '信號與系統 2012 & 2011 (Signals and Systems)',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 145
+        'playlist_mincount': 145,
     }, {
         # links without trailing slash
         # and multi-page
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/folder/853',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '853',
-            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab'
+            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20
+        'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }, {
         # with displayMode parameter. For testing the codes to add parameters
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/folder/853/?displayMode=defaultOrderByOrg',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '853',
-            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab'
+            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20
+        'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         folder_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         # Add displayMode=list so that all links are displayed in a single page
-        parsed_url = list(compat_urlparse.urlparse(url))
-        query = dict(compat_urlparse.parse_qsl(parsed_url[4]))
+        parsed_url = list(urllib.parse.urlparse(url))
+        query = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(parsed_url[4]))
         query.update({'displayMode': 'list'})
-        parsed_url[4] = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
-        final_url = compat_urlparse.urlunparse(parsed_url)
+        parsed_url[4] = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
+        final_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed_url)
 
         page = self._download_webpage(final_url, folder_id)
         matches = re.findall(r"href='(/media/\d+/?)'", page)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
index 11dafa4a2..6036f136f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'thumbnail': urljoin('https://camfm.co.uk', self._search_regex(
                 r'<img[^>]+class="thumb-expand"[^>]+src="([^"]+)"', page, 'thumbnail', fatal=False)),
             'title': self._html_search_regex('<h1>([^<]+)</h1>', page, 'title', fatal=False),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('small-12 medium-8 cell', page))
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('small-12 medium-8 cell', page)),
         }
 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CamFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'AITAA: Am I the Agony Aunt?',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:5980a831360d0744c3764551be3d09c1',
             'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
index 135b31529..7388cfb6c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.cammodels.com/cam/AutumnKnight/',
         'only_matching': True,
-        'age_limit': 18
+        'age_limit': 18,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         manifest = self._download_json(
-            'https://manifest-server.naiadsystems.com/live/s:%s.json' % user_id, user_id)
+            f'https://manifest-server.naiadsystems.com/live/s:{user_id}.json', user_id)
 
         formats = []
         thumbnails = []
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 format_id_list = [format_id]
                 height = int_or_none(media.get('videoHeight'))
                 if height is not None:
-                    format_id_list.append('%dp' % height)
+                    format_id_list.append(f'{height}p')
                 f = {
                     'url': media_url,
                     'format_id': '-'.join(format_id_list),
@@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
index 70ab6c62a..326643175 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CamtasiaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final - video1',
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'duration': 2235.90,
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'md5': '10e4bb3aaca9fd630e273ff92d9f3c63',
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ class CamtasiaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final - pip',
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'duration': 2235.93,
-                }
+                },
             }],
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final',
             },
-            'skip': 'webpage dead'
+            'skip': 'webpage dead',
         },
 
     ]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
index df5ca5818..3a0df9545 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211028',
             'duration': 1125,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/le-journal/topic/24512/la-poste-fait-de-neuchatel-un-pole-cryptographique',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,19 +33,19 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211028',
             'duration': 138,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/eureka/episode/24484/ces-innovations-qui-veulent-rendre-lagriculture-plus-durable',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '24484',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Ces innovations qui veulent rendre l’agriculture plus durable',
-            'description': 'md5:3de3f151180684621e85be7c10e4e613',
+            'description': 'md5:85d594a3b5dc6ccfc4a85aba6e73b129',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.canalalpha.ch/poster/magazine/magazine_10236.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211026',
             'duration': 360,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/avec-le-temps/episode/23516/redonner-de-leclat-grace-au-polissage',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -57,15 +57,26 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210726',
             'duration': 360,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/le-journal/topic/33500/encore-des-mesures-deconomie-dans-le-jura',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '33500',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Encore des mesures d\'économie dans le Jura',
+            'description': 'md5:938b5b556592f2d1b9ab150268082a80',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://static.canalalpha.ch/poster/news/news_46665.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20240411',
+            'duration': 105,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         data_json = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'window\.__SERVER_STATE__\s?=\s?({(?:(?!};)[^"]|"([^"]|\\")*")+})\s?;',
-            webpage, 'data_json'), id)['1']['data']['data']
+            webpage, 'data_json'), video_id)['1']['data']['data']
         manifests = try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['video']['manifests'], expected_type=dict) or {}
         subtitles = {}
         formats = [{
@@ -75,15 +86,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'height': try_get(video, lambda x: x['res']['height'], expected_type=int),
         } for video in try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['video']['mp4'], expected_type=list) or [] if video.get('$url')]
         if manifests.get('hls'):
-            m3u8_frmts, m3u8_subs = self._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(manifests['hls'], video_id=id)
-            formats.extend(m3u8_frmts)
-            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, m3u8_subs)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                manifests['hls'], video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
         if manifests.get('dash'):
-            dash_frmts, dash_subs = self._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(manifests['dash'])
-            formats.extend(dash_frmts)
-            subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, dash_subs)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                manifests['dash'], video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False)
+            formats.extend(fmts)
+            self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title').strip(),
             'description': clean_html(dict_get(data_json, ('longDesc', 'shortDesc'))),
             'thumbnail': data_json.get('poster'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
index 597cb2a6b..c725545fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.canalc2.tv/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.canalc2.tv/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)class="[^"]*col_description[^"]*">.*?<h3>(.+?)</h3>',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
index 3ff5c3fbf..728b7a047 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_data = self._download_json(info_url, video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         if isinstance(video_data, list):
-            video_data = [video for video in video_data if video.get('ID') == video_id][0]
+            video_data = next(video for video in video_data if video.get('ID') == video_id)
         media = video_data['MEDIA']
         infos = video_data['INFOS']
 
@@ -97,8 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': '%s - %s' % (titrage['TITRE'],
-                                  titrage['SOUS_TITRE']),
+            'title': '{} - {}'.format(titrage['TITRE'], titrage['SOUS_TITRE']),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(infos.get('PUBLICATION', {}).get('DATE')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'description': infos.get('DESCRIPTION'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
index 79f7752fe..493ffdae5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ def _perform_login(self, email, password):
                 'device_data': {
                     'device_id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
                     'device_token': '',
-                    'device_type': 'web'
+                    'device_type': 'web',
                 },
                 'login_data': {
                     'enabled': True,
                     'email': email,
                     'password': password,
-                }
+                },
             }).encode())['user_token']
 
     def _extract_video(self, video_data, series_id=None, season_id=None, season_number=None):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
index 4dd7ac46d..1749a008a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def find_field(global_re, name, content_re=None, value_re='[^"]+', fatal=False):
             if content_re:
                 metadata_re = r'|video_metadata\.content_' + content_re
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'(?:_cnglobal\.currentVideo\.%s%s)\s*=\s*"(%s)";' % (global_re, metadata_re, value_re),
+                rf'(?:_cnglobal\.currentVideo\.{global_re}{metadata_re})\s*=\s*"({value_re})";',
                 webpage, name, fatal=fatal)
 
         media_id = find_field('mediaId', 'media id', 'id', '[0-9a-f]{40}', True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
index ff320dd68..740e12926 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
         # multiple CBC.APP.Caffeine.initInstance(...)
         'url': 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/dog-indoor-exercise-winter-1.3928238',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Keep Rover active during the deep freeze with doggie pushups and other fun indoor tasks',  # FIXME
+            'title': 'Keep Rover active during the deep freeze with doggie pushups and other fun indoor tasks',  # FIXME: actual title includes " | CBC News"
             'id': 'dog-indoor-exercise-winter-1.3928238',
             'description': 'md5:c18552e41726ee95bd75210d1ca9194c',
         },
@@ -108,7 +105,7 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if CBCPlayerIE.suitable(url) else super(CBCIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if CBCPlayerIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _extract_player_init(self, player_init, display_id):
         player_info = self._parse_json(player_init, display_id, js_to_json)
@@ -116,15 +113,15 @@ def _extract_player_init(self, player_init, display_id):
         if not media_id:
             clip_id = player_info['clipId']
             feed = self._download_json(
-                'http://tpfeed.cbc.ca/f/ExhSPC/vms_5akSXx4Ng_Zn?byCustomValue={:mpsReleases}{%s}' % clip_id,
+                f'http://tpfeed.cbc.ca/f/ExhSPC/vms_5akSXx4Ng_Zn?byCustomValue={{:mpsReleases}}{{{clip_id}}}',
                 clip_id, fatal=False)
             if feed:
-                media_id = try_get(feed, lambda x: x['entries'][0]['guid'], compat_str)
+                media_id = try_get(feed, lambda x: x['entries'][0]['guid'], str)
             if not media_id:
                 media_id = self._download_json(
                     'http://feed.theplatform.com/f/h9dtGB/punlNGjMlc1F?fields=id&byContent=byReleases%3DbyId%253D' + clip_id,
                     clip_id)['entries'][0]['id'].split('/')[-1]
-        return self.url_result('cbcplayer:%s' % media_id, 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'cbcplayer:{media_id}', 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'guid["\']\s*:\s*["\'](\d+)'):
             media_ids.extend(re.findall(media_id_re, webpage))
         entries.extend([
-            self.url_result('cbcplayer:%s' % media_id, 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
+            self.url_result(f'cbcplayer:{media_id}', 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
             for media_id in orderedSet(media_ids)])
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, display_id, strip_or_none(title),
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class CBCPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'cbc.ca:player'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:cbcplayer:|https?://(?:www\.)?cbc\.ca/(?:player/play/|i/caffeine/syndicate/\?mediaId=))(?P<id>(?:\d\.)?\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?:cbcplayer:|https?://(?:www\.)?cbc\.ca/(?:player/play/(?:video/)?|i/caffeine/syndicate/\?mediaId=))(?P<id>(?:\d\.)?\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2683190193',
         'md5': '64d25f841ddf4ddb28a235338af32e2c',
@@ -277,6 +274,28 @@ class CBCPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'location': 'Canada',
             'media_type': 'Full Program',
         },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/video/1.7194274',
+        'md5': '188b96cf6bdcb2540e178a6caa957128',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2334524995812',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '#TheMoment a rare white spirit moose was spotted in Alberta',
+            'description': 'md5:18ae269a2d0265c5b0bbe4b2e1ac61a3',
+            'timestamp': 1714788791,
+            'duration': 77.678,
+            'subtitles': {'eng': [{'ext': 'vtt', 'protocol': 'm3u8_native'}]},
+            'thumbnail': 'https://thumbnails.cbc.ca/maven_legacy/thumbnails/201/543/THE_MOMENT.jpg',
+            'uploader': 'CBCC-NEW',
+            'chapters': 'count:0',
+            'upload_date': '20240504',
+            'categories': 'count:3',
+            'series': 'The National',
+            'tags': 'count:15',
+            'creators': ['encoder'],
+            'location': 'Canada',
+            'media_type': 'Excerpt',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'cbcplayer:1.7159484',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -300,11 +319,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
             'url': smuggle_url(
-                'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ExhSPC/media/guid/2655402169/%s?mbr=true&formats=MPEG4,FLV,MP3' % video_id, {
-                    'force_smil_url': True
+                f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ExhSPC/media/guid/2655402169/{video_id}?mbr=true&formats=MPEG4,FLV,MP3', {
+                    'force_smil_url': True,
                 }),
             'id': video_id,
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'proto')  # Prioritize direct http formats over HLS
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'proto'),  # Prioritize direct http formats over HLS
         }
 
 
@@ -316,13 +335,13 @@ class CBCPlayerPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'news/tv shows/the national/latest broadcast',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cbc.ca/player/news/Canada/North',
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'news/canada/north',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -333,7 +352,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def entries():
             for video_id in traverse_obj(json_content, (
-                'video', 'clipsByCategory', lambda k, _: k.lower() == playlist_id, 'items', ..., 'id'
+                'video', 'clipsByCategory', lambda k, _: k.lower() == playlist_id, 'items', ..., 'id',
             )):
                 yield self.url_result(f'https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/{video_id}', CBCPlayerIE)
 
@@ -431,7 +450,7 @@ def _get_claims_token_expiry(self):
         # JWT is decoded here and 'exp' field is extracted
         # It is a Unix timestamp for when the token expires
         b64_data = self._claims_token.split('.')[1]
-        data = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(b64_data + "==")
+        data = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(b64_data + '==')
         return json.loads(data)['exp']
 
     def claims_token_expired(self):
@@ -513,17 +532,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
         formats.extend(self._find_secret_formats(formats, video_id))
 
-        for format in formats:
-            if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
-                if format.get('ext') is None:
-                    format['ext'] = 'm4a'
-                if format.get('acodec') is None:
-                    format['acodec'] = 'mp4a.40.2'
+        for fmt in formats:
+            if fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none':
+                if fmt.get('ext') is None:
+                    fmt['ext'] = 'm4a'
+                if fmt.get('acodec') is None:
+                    fmt['acodec'] = 'mp4a.40.2'
 
                 # Put described audio at the beginning of the list, so that it
                 # isn't chosen by default, as most people won't want it.
-                if 'descriptive' in format['format_id'].lower():
-                    format['preference'] = -2
+                if 'descriptive' in fmt['format_id'].lower():
+                    fmt['preference'] = -2
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -648,7 +667,7 @@ class CBCGemLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': r're:^Ottawa [0-9\-: ]+',
                 'description': 'The live TV channel and local programming from Ottawa',
                 'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://images.gem.cbc.ca/v1/cbc-gem/live/.*'
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://images.gem.cbc.ca/v1/cbc-gem/live/.*',
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': True},
             'skip': 'Live might have ended',
@@ -668,7 +687,7 @@ class CBCGemLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': True},
             'skip': 'Live might have ended',
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -707,5 +726,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('images', 'card', 'url'),
                 'timestamp': ('airDate', {parse_iso8601}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
index cf830210f..e82558897 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     extract_attributes,
+    find_xpath_attr,
     get_element_html_by_id,
     int_or_none,
-    find_xpath_attr,
     smuggle_url,
-    xpath_element,
-    xpath_text,
     update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
+    xpath_element,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def _parse_smil_subtitles(self, smil, namespace=None, subtitles_lang='en'):
         return subtitles
 
     def _extract_common_video_info(self, content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_info):
-        tp_path = 'dJ5BDC/media/guid/%d/%s' % (mpx_acc, content_id)
+        tp_path = f'dJ5BDC/media/guid/{mpx_acc}/{content_id}'
         tp_release_url = f'https://link.theplatform.com/s/{tp_path}'
         info = self._extract_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, content_id)
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _extract_common_video_info(self, content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_inf
             try:
                 tp_formats, tp_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(
                     update_url_query(tp_release_url, query), content_id,
-                    'Downloading %s SMIL data' % asset_type)
+                    f'Downloading {asset_type} SMIL data')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 last_e = e
                 if asset_type != 'fallback':
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def _extract_common_video_info(self, content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_inf
                 try:
                     tp_formats, tp_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(
                         update_url_query(tp_release_url, query), content_id,
-                        'Downloading %s SMIL data, trying again with another format' % asset_type)
+                        f'Downloading {asset_type} SMIL data, trying again with another format')
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     last_e = e
                     continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
index ca6b82c98..1d781cc47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CCCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1388188800,
             'duration': 3710,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7368-shopshifting#download',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         event_id = self._search_regex(r"data-id='(\d+)'", webpage, 'event id')
-        event_data = self._download_json('https://media.ccc.de/public/events/%s' % event_id, event_id)
+        event_data = self._download_json(f'https://media.ccc.de/public/events/{event_id}', event_id)
 
         formats = []
         for recording in event_data.get('recordings', []):
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CCCPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Datenspuren 2023',
             'id': 'DS2023',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 37
+        'playlist_count': 37,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
index ab840f301..ffe4b49c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1478608140,
             'upload_date': '20161108',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ccma.cat/catradio/alacarta/programa/el-consell-de-savis-analitza-el-derbi/audio/943685/',
         'md5': 'fa3e38f269329a278271276330261425',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1494622500,
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'categories': ['Esports'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/crims/crims-josep-tallada-lespereu-me-capitol-1/video/6031387/',
         'md5': 'b43c3d3486f430f3032b5b160d80cbc3',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': 'mincount:4',
             'age_limit': 16,
             'series': 'Crims',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
index 8552ee511..18c080df1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -167,17 +166,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if isinstance(video, dict):
             for quality, chapters_key in enumerate(('lowChapters', 'chapters')):
                 video_url = try_get(
-                    video, lambda x: x[chapters_key][0]['url'], compat_str)
+                    video, lambda x: x[chapters_key][0]['url'], str)
                 if video_url:
                     formats.append({
                         'url': video_url,
                         'format_id': 'http',
                         'quality': quality,
                         # Sample clip
-                        'preference': -10
+                        'preference': -10,
                     })
 
-        hls_url = try_get(data, lambda x: x['hls_url'], compat_str)
+        hls_url = try_get(data, lambda x: x['hls_url'], str)
         if hls_url:
             hls_url = re.sub(r'maxbr=\d+&?', '', hls_url)
             formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
index 90b4d082e..62ee8b17f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_ord, compat_urllib_parse_unquote
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@
     merge_dicts,
     multipart_encode,
     parse_duration,
-    random_birthday,
     traverse_obj,
     try_call,
     try_get,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'upload_date': '20160221',
             'timestamp': 1456078244,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cda.pl/video/57413289',
         'md5': 'a88828770a8310fc00be6c95faf7f4d5',
@@ -63,26 +63,47 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:60d76b71186dcce4e0ba6d4bbdb13e1a',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'uploader': 'crash404',
-            'view_count': int,
             'average_rating': float,
             'duration': 137,
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20160220',
+            'timestamp': 1455968218,
+        },
     }, {
-        # Age-restricted
-        'url': 'http://www.cda.pl/video/1273454c4',
+        # Age-restricted with vfilm redirection
+        'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/video/8753244c4',
+        'md5': 'd8eeb83d63611289507010d3df3bb8b3',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1273454c4',
+            'id': '8753244c4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Bronson (2008) napisy HD 1080p',
-            'description': 'md5:1b6cb18508daf2dc4e0fa4db77fec24c',
+            'title': '[18+] Bez Filtra: Rezerwowe Psy czyli...  najwulgarniejsza polska gra?',
+            'description': 'md5:ae80bac31bd6a9f077a6cce03c7c077e',
             'height': 1080,
-            'uploader': 'boniek61',
+            'uploader': 'arhn eu',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 5554,
+            'duration': 991,
             'age_limit': 18,
-            'view_count': int,
             'average_rating': float,
+            'timestamp': 1633888264,
+            'upload_date': '20211010',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Age-restricted without vfilm redirection
+        'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/video/17028157b8',
+        'md5': 'c1fe5ff4582bace95d4f0ce0fbd0f992',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '17028157b8',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'STENDUPY MICHAŁ OGIŃSKI',
+            'description': 'md5:5851f3272bfc31f762d616040a1d609a',
+            'height': 480,
+            'uploader': 'oginski',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'duration': 18855,
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'average_rating': float,
+            'timestamp': 1699705901,
+            'upload_date': '20231111',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ebd.cda.pl/0x0/5749950c',
@@ -90,11 +111,9 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _download_age_confirm_page(self, url, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
-        form_data = random_birthday('rok', 'miesiac', 'dzien')
-        form_data.update({'return': url, 'module': 'video', 'module_id': video_id})
-        data, content_type = multipart_encode(form_data)
+        data, content_type = multipart_encode({'age_confirm': ''})
         return self._download_webpage(
-            urljoin(url, '/a/validatebirth'), video_id, *args,
+            url, video_id, *args,
             data=data, headers={
                 'Referer': url,
                 'Content-Type': content_type,
@@ -164,7 +183,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if 'Authorization' in self._API_HEADERS:
             return self._api_extract(video_id)
         else:
-            return self._web_extract(video_id, url)
+            return self._web_extract(video_id)
 
     def _api_extract(self, video_id):
         meta = self._download_json(
@@ -197,9 +216,9 @@ def _api_extract(self, video_id):
             'view_count': meta.get('views'),
         }
 
-    def _web_extract(self, video_id, url):
+    def _web_extract(self, video_id):
         self._set_cookie('cda.pl', 'cda.player', 'html5')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
+        webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
             f'{self._BASE_URL}/video/{video_id}/vfilm', video_id)
 
         if 'Ten film jest dostępny dla użytkowników premium' in webpage:
@@ -209,10 +228,10 @@ def _web_extract(self, video_id, url):
             self.raise_geo_restricted()
 
         need_confirm_age = False
-        if self._html_search_regex(r'(<form[^>]+action="[^"]*/a/validatebirth[^"]*")',
+        if self._html_search_regex(r'(<button[^>]+name="[^"]*age_confirm[^"]*")',
                                    webpage, 'birthday validate form', default=None):
             webpage = self._download_age_confirm_page(
-                url, video_id, note='Confirming age')
+                urlh.url, video_id, note='Confirming age')
             need_confirm_age = True
 
         formats = []
@@ -222,9 +241,6 @@ def _web_extract(self, video_id, url):
             (?:<\1[^>]*>[^<]*</\1>|(?!</\1>)(?:.|\n))*?
             <(span|meta)[^>]+itemprop=(["\'])name\4[^>]*>(?P<uploader>[^<]+)</\3>
         ''', webpage, 'uploader', default=None, group='uploader')
-        view_count = self._search_regex(
-            r'Odsłony:(?:\s|&nbsp;)*([0-9]+)', webpage,
-            'view_count', default=None)
         average_rating = self._search_regex(
             (r'<(?:span|meta)[^>]+itemprop=(["\'])ratingValue\1[^>]*>(?P<rating_value>[0-9.]+)',
              r'<span[^>]+\bclass=["\']rating["\'][^>]*>(?P<rating_value>[0-9.]+)'), webpage, 'rating', fatal=False,
@@ -235,7 +251,6 @@ def _web_extract(self, video_id, url):
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'uploader': uploader,
-            'view_count': int_or_none(view_count),
             'average_rating': float_or_none(average_rating),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
             'formats': formats,
@@ -249,7 +264,7 @@ def _web_extract(self, video_id, url):
         def decrypt_file(a):
             for p in ('_XDDD', '_CDA', '_ADC', '_CXD', '_QWE', '_Q5', '_IKSDE'):
                 a = a.replace(p, '')
-            a = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(a)
+            a = urllib.parse.unquote(a)
             b = []
             for c in a:
                 f = compat_ord(c)
@@ -266,16 +281,16 @@ def decrypt_file(a):
         def extract_format(page, version):
             json_str = self._html_search_regex(
                 r'player_data=(\\?["\'])(?P<player_data>.+?)\1', page,
-                '%s player_json' % version, fatal=False, group='player_data')
+                f'{version} player_json', fatal=False, group='player_data')
             if not json_str:
                 return
             player_data = self._parse_json(
-                json_str, '%s player_data' % version, fatal=False)
+                json_str, f'{version} player_data', fatal=False)
             if not player_data:
                 return
             video = player_data.get('video')
             if not video or 'file' not in video:
-                self.report_warning('Unable to extract %s version information' % version)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to extract {version} version information')
                 return
             if video['file'].startswith('uggc'):
                 video['file'] = codecs.decode(video['file'], 'rot_13')
@@ -296,11 +311,11 @@ def extract_format(page, version):
                     continue
                 data = {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'method': 'videoGetLink', 'id': 2,
                         'params': [video_id, cda_quality, video.get('ts'), video.get('hash2'), {}]}
-                data = json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8')
+                data = json.dumps(data).encode()
                 video_url = self._download_json(
                     f'https://www.cda.pl/video/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
                         'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                     }, data=data, note=f'Fetching {quality} url',
                     errnote=f'Failed to fetch {quality} url', fatal=False)
                 if try_get(video_url, lambda x: x['result']['status']) == 'ok':
@@ -308,7 +323,7 @@ def extract_format(page, version):
                     info_dict['formats'].append({
                         'url': video_url,
                         'format_id': quality,
-                        'height': int_or_none(quality[:-1])
+                        'height': int_or_none(quality[:-1]),
                     })
 
             if not info_dict['duration']:
@@ -326,11 +341,11 @@ def extract_format(page, version):
 
             webpage = handler(
                 urljoin(self._BASE_URL, href), video_id,
-                'Downloading %s version information' % resolution, fatal=False)
+                f'Downloading {resolution} version information', fatal=False)
             if not webpage:
                 # Manually report warning because empty page is returned when
                 # invalid version is requested.
-                self.report_warning('Unable to download %s version information' % resolution)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to download {resolution} version information')
                 continue
 
             extract_format(webpage, resolution)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
index 9896a31af..e90365a8b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class CellebriteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ask the Expert: Chat Capture - Collect Data from Android Devices in Cellebrite UFED',
             'duration': 455,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://cellebrite.com/en/how-to-lawfully-collect-the-maximum-amount-of-data-from-android-devices/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CellebriteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e9a3d124c7287b0b07bad2547061cacf',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cellebrite.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/How-to-Lawfully-Collect-the-Maximum-Amount-of-Data-From-Android-Devices.png',
             'title': 'Android Extractions Explained',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, json_data, display_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
index 156b6a324..c323985ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote, compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, playlist_id)
-        parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(urlh.url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url)
         site_name = self._og_search_property('site_name', webpage, fatal=False, default='Česká televize')
         playlist_title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
         if site_name and playlist_title:
-            playlist_title = re.split(r'\s*[—|]\s*%s' % (site_name, ), playlist_title, 1)[0]
+            playlist_title = re.split(rf'\s*[—|]\s*{site_name}', playlist_title, maxsplit=1)[0]
         playlist_description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         if playlist_description:
             playlist_description = playlist_description.replace('\xa0', ' ')
@@ -122,15 +122,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             iframe_hash = self._download_webpage(
                 'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/v-api/iframe-hash/',
                 playlist_id, note='Getting IFRAME hash')
-            query = {'hash': iframe_hash, 'origin': 'iVysilani', 'autoStart': 'true', type_: idec, }
+            query = {'hash': iframe_hash, 'origin': 'iVysilani', 'autoStart': 'true', type_: idec}
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/embed/iFramePlayer.php',
                 playlist_id, note='Downloading player', query=query)
 
         NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING = 'This content is not available at your territory due to limited copyright.'
-        if '%s</p>' % NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING in webpage:
+        if f'{NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING}</p>' in webpage:
             self.raise_geo_restricted(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING)
-        if any(not_found in webpage for not_found in ('Neplatný parametr pro videopřehrávač', 'IDEC nebyl nalezen', )):
+        if any(not_found in webpage for not_found in ('Neplatný parametr pro videopřehrávač', 'IDEC nebyl nalezen')):
             raise ExtractorError('no video with IDEC available', video_id=idec, expected=True)
 
         type_ = None
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if playlist_url == 'error_region':
                 raise ExtractorError(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING, expected=True)
 
-            req = Request(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(playlist_url))
+            req = Request(urllib.parse.unquote(playlist_url))
             req.headers['Referer'] = url
 
             playlist = self._download_json(req, playlist_id, fatal=False)
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if 'playerType=flash' in stream_url:
                         stream_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             stream_url, playlist_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                            m3u8_id='hls-%s' % format_id, fatal=False)
+                            m3u8_id=f'hls-{format_id}', fatal=False)
                     else:
                         stream_formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
                             stream_url, playlist_id,
-                            mpd_id='dash-%s' % format_id, fatal=False)
+                            mpd_id=f'dash-{format_id}', fatal=False)
                     if 'drmOnly=true' in stream_url:
                         for f in stream_formats:
                             f['has_drm'] = True
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if playlist_len == 1:
                     final_title = playlist_title or title
                 else:
-                    final_title = '%s (%s)' % (playlist_title, title)
+                    final_title = f'{playlist_title} ({title})'
 
                 entries.append({
                     'id': item_id,
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, episode_id, subs):
             'cs': [{
                 'ext': 'srt',
                 'data': srt_subs,
-            }]
+            }],
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def _fix_subtitle(subtitle):
                 if m:
                     yield m.group(1)
                     start, stop = (_msectotimecode(int(t)) for t in m.groups()[1:])
-                    yield '{0} --> {1}'.format(start, stop)
+                    yield f'{start} --> {stop}'
                 else:
                     yield line
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
index 5d9d9bcde..b9757e063 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class CGTNIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': ['Video'],
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': True
-            }
+                'skip_download': True,
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-06/China-Indonesia-vow-to-further-deepen-maritime-cooperation-10REvJCewCY/index.html',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ class CGTNIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20210606',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': False
-            }
-        }
+                'skip_download': False,
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
index 99dfcfdeb..b49f741ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://chaturbate.com/%s/' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://chaturbate.com/{video_id}/', video_id,
             headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
         found_m3u8_urls = []
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
         for m3u8_url in m3u8_urls:
             for known_id in ('fast', 'slow'):
-                if '_%s' % known_id in m3u8_url:
+                if f'_{known_id}' in m3u8_url:
                     m3u8_id = known_id
                     break
             else:
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': video_id,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://roomimg.stream.highwebmedia.com/ri/%s.jpg' % video_id,
+            'thumbnail': f'https://roomimg.stream.highwebmedia.com/ri/{video_id}.jpg',
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
index 706ec8553..66831ef62 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ class CinemaxIE(HBOBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         path, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        info = self._extract_info('https://www.cinemax.com/%s.xml' % path, video_id)
+        info = self._extract_info(f'https://www.cinemax.com/{path}.xml', video_id)
         info['id'] = video_id
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
index 9cffa11e8..834890d56 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import json
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ class CinetecaMilanoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'modified_date': '20200520',
             'duration': 3139,
             'release_timestamp': 1643446208,
-            'modified_timestamp': int
-        }
+            'modified_timestamp': int,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 f'https://www.cinetecamilano.it/api/catalogo/{video_id}/?',
                 video_id, headers={
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'Authorization': try_get(self._get_cookies('https://www.cinetecamilano.it'), lambda x: f'Bearer {x["cnt-token"].value}') or ''
+                    'Authorization': try_get(self._get_cookies('https://www.cinetecamilano.it'), lambda x: f'Bearer {x["cnt-token"].value}') or '',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if ((isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 500)
@@ -57,5 +58,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'modified_timestamp': parse_iso8601(archive.get('created_at'), delimiter=' '),
             'thumbnail': urljoin(url, try_get(archive, lambda x: x['thumb']['src'].replace('/public/', '/storage/'))),
             'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                urljoin(url, traverse_obj(archive, ('drm', 'hls'))), video_id, 'mp4')
+                urljoin(url, traverse_obj(archive, ('drm', 'hls'))), video_id, 'mp4'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
index 4405297c6..c8c6c48c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 
 class CineverseBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://www\.(?P<host>%s)' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, (
+    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://www\.(?P<host>{})'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, (
         'cineverse.com',
         'asiancrush.com',
         'dovechannel.com',
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CineverseBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'midnightpulp.com',
         'fandor.com',
         'retrocrush.tv',
-    )))
+    ))))
 
 
 class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
             'duration': 5811.597,
             'description': 'md5:892fd62a05611d394141e8394ace0bc6',
             'age_limit': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.retrocrush.tv/watch/1000000023016/Archenemy! Crystal Bowie',
         'skip': 'geo-blocked',
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
             'duration': 1485.067,
             'description': 'Cobra meets a beautiful bounty hunter by the name of Jane Royal.',
             'series': 'Space Adventure COBRA (Original Japanese)',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class CineverseDetailsIE(CineverseBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'title': 'Space Adventure COBRA (Original Japanese)',
             'id': '1000000023012',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.asiancrush.com/details/NNVG4938/Hansel-and-Gretel',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
index 066857817..1584ca665 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class CiscoLiveSearchIE(CiscoLiveBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if CiscoLiveSessionIE.suitable(url) else super(CiscoLiveSearchIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if CiscoLiveSessionIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _check_bc_id_exists(rf_item):
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def _entries(self, query, url):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             results = self._call_api(
                 'search', None, query, url,
-                'Downloading search JSON page %d' % page_num)
+                f'Downloading search JSON page {page_num}')
             sl = try_get(results, lambda x: x['sectionList'][0], dict)
             if sl:
                 results = sl
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
index 85585dffb..d39347c82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             headers['accessPwd'] = password
 
         stream, urlh = self._download_json_handle(
-            'https://%s.webex.com/webappng/api/v1/recordings/%s/stream' % (subdomain, video_id),
+            f'https://{subdomain}.webex.com/webappng/api/v1/recordings/{video_id}/stream',
             video_id, headers=headers, query={'siteurl': siteurl}, expected_status=(403, 429))
 
         if urlh.status == 403:
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'uploader_id': stream.get('ownerUserName') or stream.get('ownerId'),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(stream.get('createTime')),
             'duration': int_or_none(stream.get('duration'), 1000),
-            'webpage_url': 'https://%s.webex.com/recordingservice/sites/%s/recording/playback/%s' % (subdomain, siteurl, video_id),
+            'webpage_url': f'https://{subdomain}.webex.com/recordingservice/sites/{siteurl}/recording/playback/{video_id}',
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
index c37a3b848..b80236a7e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CJSWIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         program, episode_id = mobj.group('program', 'id')
-        audio_id = '%s/%s' % (program, episode_id)
+        audio_id = f'{program}/{episode_id}'
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, episode_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
index 006a713b2..393f21730 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     parse_iso8601,
     qualities,
 )
 
-import re
-
 
 class ClippitIE(InfoExtractor):
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ClippitIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20160826',
             'description': 'BattleBots | ABC',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         quality = qualities(FORMATS)
         formats = []
         for format_id in FORMATS:
-            url = self._html_search_regex(r'data-%s-file="(.+?)"' % format_id,
+            url = self._html_search_regex(rf'data-{format_id}-file="(.+?)"',
                                           webpage, 'url', fatal=False)
             if not url:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
index c2add02da..42f78cac6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ClipRsIE(OnetBaseIE):
             'duration': 229,
             'timestamp': 1459850243,
             'upload_date': '20160405',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
index 1f9a5f611..77469eda9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Solutions to the Mind-Body Problem?',
             'upload_date': '20140221',
             'timestamp': 1392956007,
-            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML'
+            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'How do Brains Work?',
             'upload_date': '20140221',
             'timestamp': 1392956024,
-            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML'
+            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 entry_ids.add(entry_id)
                 entries.append({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': 'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, entry_id),
+                    'url': f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{entry_id}',
                     'ie_key': 'Kaltura',
                     'title': mobj.group('title'),
                 })
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': 'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, entry_id),
+            'url': f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{entry_id}',
             'ie_key': 'Kaltura',
-            'title': title
+            'title': title,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
index a812c24af..f902daacf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CloudflareStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         domain = 'bytehighway.net' if 'bytehighway.net/' in url else 'videodelivery.net'
-        base_url = 'https://%s/%s/' % (domain, video_id)
+        base_url = f'https://{domain}/{video_id}/'
         if '.' in video_id:
             video_id = self._parse_json(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(
                 video_id.split('.')[1] + '==='), video_id)['sub']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
index e6e470e07..58bde4666 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.cloudycdn.services/izm/media/26e_lv-8-5-1',
         'md5': '798828a479151e2444d8dcfbec76e482',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/488306/placeholder1679423604.jpg',
             'duration': 1205,
             'upload_date': '20221130',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.tavaklase.lv/video/es-esmu-mina-um-2/',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/518407/placeholder1678748124.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1677181513,
             'title': 'LIB-2',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
index 716f25969..c908e61a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ClubicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Clubic Week 2.0 : le FBI se lance dans la photo d\u0092identité',
             'description': 're:Gueule de bois chez Nokia. Le constructeur a indiqué cette.*',
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://img\.clubic\.com/.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.clubic.com/video/video-clubic-week-2-0-apple-iphone-6s-et-plus-mais-surtout-le-pencil-469792.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ClubicIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        player_url = 'http://player.m6web.fr/v1/player/clubic/%s.html' % video_id
+        player_url = f'http://player.m6web.fr/v1/player/clubic/{video_id}.html'
         player_page = self._download_webpage(player_url, video_id)
 
         config = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
index 273d0025f..2702427c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query['token'] = token
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.clyp.it/%s' % audio_id, audio_id, query=query)
+            f'https://api.clyp.it/{audio_id}', audio_id, query=query)
 
         formats = []
         for secure in ('', 'Secure'):
             for ext in ('Ogg', 'Mp3'):
-                format_id = '%s%s' % (secure, ext)
-                format_url = metadata.get('%sUrl' % format_id)
+                format_id = f'{secure}{ext}'
+                format_url = metadata.get(f'{format_id}Url')
                 if format_url:
                     formats.append({
                         'url': format_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
index 6359102aa..8e53b7fbf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .mtv import MTVIE
 
-# TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
+# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
 
 
 class CMTIE(MTVIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result('http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/%s' % mgid)
+        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
index 61b62fae9..fe7615a89 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CNNIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             'id': 'us/2013/08/21/sot-student-gives-epic-speech.georgia-institute-of-technology',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Student's epic speech stuns new freshmen",
-            'description': "A Georgia Tech student welcomes the incoming freshmen with an epic speech backed by music from \"2001: A Space Odyssey.\"",
+            'description': 'A Georgia Tech student welcomes the incoming freshmen with an epic speech backed by music from "2001: A Space Odyssey."',
             'upload_date': '20130821',
         },
         'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download m3u8 information'],
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1662859088,
             'release_date': '20220911',
             'uploader': 'Asfahan Yahsyi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220911104341-139-846189/video-momen-charles-disambut-meriah-usai-dilantik-jadi-raja-inggris',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20220911',
             'uploader': 'REUTERS',
             'release_timestamp': 1662869995,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -194,5 +194,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': embed_url,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', '))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', ')),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
index 57bbf9bdf..2799747ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import base64
 import collections
+import functools
 import getpass
 import hashlib
 import http.client
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@
 import urllib.request
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
-from ..compat import functools  # isort: split
 from ..compat import (
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
     encode_data_uri,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     extract_attributes,
     filter_dict,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
@@ -767,8 +766,8 @@ def __maybe_fake_ip_and_retry(self, countries):
             self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
             if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'Video is geo restricted. Retrying extraction with fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
-                    % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                    'Video is geo restricted. Retrying extraction with fake IP '
+                    f'{self._x_forwarded_for_ip} ({country_code.upper()}) as X-Forwarded-For.')
                 return True
         return False
 
@@ -841,7 +840,7 @@ def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fa
         if not self._downloader._first_webpage_request:
             sleep_interval = self.get_param('sleep_interval_requests') or 0
             if sleep_interval > 0:
-                self.to_screen('Sleeping %s seconds ...' % sleep_interval)
+                self.to_screen(f'Sleeping {sleep_interval} seconds ...')
                 time.sleep(sleep_interval)
         else:
             self._downloader._first_webpage_request = False
@@ -898,7 +897,7 @@ def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fa
             if errnote is None:
                 errnote = 'Unable to download webpage'
 
-            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {error_to_compat_str(err)}'
+            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {err}'
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=err)
             else:
@@ -957,7 +956,8 @@ def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=
         if urlh is False:
             assert not fatal
             return False
-        content = self._webpage_read_content(urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, encoding=encoding)
+        content = self._webpage_read_content(urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal,
+                                             encoding=encoding, data=data)
         return (content, urlh)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ def __check_blocked(self, content):
                 r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
                 'Websense information URL', default=None)
             if blocked_iframe:
-                msg += ' Visit %s for more details' % blocked_iframe
+                msg += f' Visit {blocked_iframe} for more details'
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         if '<title>The URL you requested has been blocked</title>' in first_block:
             msg = (
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ def __check_blocked(self, content):
                 r'</h1><p>(.*?)</p>',
                 content, 'block message', default=None)
             if block_msg:
-                msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
+                msg += ' (Message: "{}")'.format(block_msg.replace('\n', ' '))
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content
                 and 'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
@@ -1005,11 +1005,13 @@ def __check_blocked(self, content):
                 'Visit http://blocklist.rkn.gov.ru/ for a block reason.',
                 expected=True)
 
-    def _request_dump_filename(self, url, video_id):
-        basen = f'{video_id}_{url}'
+    def _request_dump_filename(self, url, video_id, data=None):
+        if data is not None:
+            data = hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest()
+        basen = join_nonempty(video_id, data, url, delim='_')
         trim_length = self.get_param('trim_file_name') or 240
         if len(basen) > trim_length:
-            h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode()).hexdigest()
             basen = basen[:trim_length - len(h)] + h
         filename = sanitize_filename(f'{basen}.dump', restricted=True)
         # Working around MAX_PATH limitation on Windows (see
@@ -1028,7 +1030,8 @@ def __decode_webpage(self, webpage_bytes, encoding, headers):
         except LookupError:
             return webpage_bytes.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
 
-    def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, prefix=None, encoding=None):
+    def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True,
+                              prefix=None, encoding=None, data=None):
         webpage_bytes = urlh.read()
         if prefix is not None:
             webpage_bytes = prefix + webpage_bytes
@@ -1037,7 +1040,9 @@ def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errno
             dump = base64.b64encode(webpage_bytes).decode('ascii')
             self._downloader.to_screen(dump)
         if self.get_param('write_pages'):
-            filename = self._request_dump_filename(urlh.url, video_id)
+            if isinstance(url_or_request, Request):
+                data = self._create_request(url_or_request, data).data
+            filename = self._request_dump_filename(urlh.url, video_id, data)
             self.to_screen(f'Saving request to {filename}')
             with open(filename, 'wb') as outf:
                 outf.write(webpage_bytes)
@@ -1057,7 +1062,7 @@ def _parse_xml(self, xml_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True, er
         if transform_source:
             xml_string = transform_source(xml_string)
         try:
-            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
+            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode())
         except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError as ve:
             self.__print_error('Failed to parse XML' if errnote is None else errnote, fatal, video_id, ve)
 
@@ -1098,7 +1103,7 @@ def download_content(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
                              impersonate=None, require_impersonation=False):
             if self.get_param('load_pages'):
                 url_or_request = self._create_request(url_or_request, data, headers, query)
-                filename = self._request_dump_filename(url_or_request.url, video_id)
+                filename = self._request_dump_filename(url_or_request.url, video_id, url_or_request.data)
                 self.to_screen(f'Loading request from {filename}')
                 try:
                     with open(filename, 'rb') as dumpf:
@@ -1208,11 +1213,11 @@ def report_drm(self, video_id, partial=NO_DEFAULT):
 
     def report_extraction(self, id_or_name):
         """Report information extraction."""
-        self.to_screen('%s: Extracting information' % id_or_name)
+        self.to_screen(f'{id_or_name}: Extracting information')
 
     def report_download_webpage(self, video_id):
         """Report webpage download."""
-        self.to_screen('%s: Downloading webpage' % video_id)
+        self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: Downloading webpage')
 
     def report_age_confirmation(self):
         """Report attempt to confirm age."""
@@ -1318,9 +1323,9 @@ def _search_regex(self, pattern, string, name, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True, f
         elif default is not NO_DEFAULT:
             return default
         elif fatal:
-            raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract %s' % _name)
+            raise RegexNotFoundError(f'Unable to extract {_name}')
         else:
-            self.report_warning('unable to extract %s' % _name + bug_reports_message())
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to extract {_name}' + bug_reports_message())
             return None
 
     def _search_json(self, start_pattern, string, name, video_id, *, end_pattern='',
@@ -1419,14 +1424,14 @@ def _get_tfa_info(self, note='two-factor verification code'):
         if tfa is not None:
             return tfa
 
-        return getpass.getpass('Type %s and press [Return]: ' % note)
+        return getpass.getpass(f'Type {note} and press [Return]: ')
 
     # Helper functions for extracting OpenGraph info
     @staticmethod
     def _og_regexes(prop):
         content_re = r'content=(?:"([^"]+?)"|\'([^\']+?)\'|\s*([^\s"\'=<>`]+?)(?=\s|/?>))'
-        property_re = (r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og%(sep)s%(prop)s\'|"og%(sep)s%(prop)s"|\s*og%(sep)s%(prop)s\b)'
-                       % {'prop': re.escape(prop), 'sep': '(?:&#x3A;|[:-])'})
+        property_re = r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og{sep}{prop}\'|"og{sep}{prop}"|\s*og{sep}{prop}\b)'.format(
+            prop=re.escape(prop), sep='(?:&#x3A;|[:-])')
         template = r'<meta[^>]+?%s[^>]+?%s'
         return [
             template % (property_re, content_re),
@@ -1435,14 +1440,14 @@ def _og_regexes(prop):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _meta_regex(prop):
-        return r'''(?isx)<meta
-                    (?=[^>]+(?:itemprop|name|property|id|http-equiv)=(["\']?)%s\1)
-                    [^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<content>.*?)\2''' % re.escape(prop)
+        return rf'''(?isx)<meta
+                    (?=[^>]+(?:itemprop|name|property|id|http-equiv)=(["\']?){re.escape(prop)}\1)
+                    [^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<content>.*?)\2'''
 
     def _og_search_property(self, prop, html, name=None, **kargs):
         prop = variadic(prop)
         if name is None:
-            name = 'OpenGraph %s' % prop[0]
+            name = f'OpenGraph {prop[0]}'
         og_regexes = []
         for p in prop:
             og_regexes.extend(self._og_regexes(p))
@@ -1565,7 +1570,7 @@ def _search_json_ld(self, html, video_id, expected_type=None, *, fatal=True, def
         elif fatal:
             raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract JSON-LD')
         else:
-            self.report_warning('unable to extract JSON-LD %s' % bug_reports_message())
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to extract JSON-LD {bug_reports_message()}')
             return {}
 
     def _json_ld(self, json_ld, video_id, fatal=True, expected_type=None):
@@ -1587,8 +1592,8 @@ def _json_ld(self, json_ld, video_id, fatal=True, expected_type=None):
         }
 
         def is_type(e, *expected_types):
-            type = variadic(traverse_obj(e, '@type'))
-            return any(x in type for x in expected_types)
+            type_ = variadic(traverse_obj(e, '@type'))
+            return any(x in type_ for x in expected_types)
 
         def extract_interaction_type(e):
             interaction_type = e.get('interactionType')
@@ -1617,7 +1622,7 @@ def extract_interaction_statistic(e):
                 count_kind = INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP.get(interaction_type.split('/')[-1])
                 if not count_kind:
                     continue
-                count_key = '%s_count' % count_kind
+                count_key = f'{count_kind}_count'
                 if info.get(count_key) is not None:
                     continue
                 info[count_key] = interaction_count
@@ -1629,7 +1634,7 @@ def extract_chapter_information(e):
                 'end_time': part.get('endOffset'),
             } for part in variadic(e.get('hasPart') or []) if part.get('@type') == 'Clip']
             for idx, (last_c, current_c, next_c) in enumerate(zip(
-                    [{'end_time': 0}] + chapters, chapters, chapters[1:])):
+                    [{'end_time': 0}, *chapters], chapters, chapters[1:])):
                 current_c['end_time'] = current_c['end_time'] or next_c['start_time']
                 current_c['start_time'] = current_c['start_time'] or last_c['end_time']
                 if None in current_c.values():
@@ -1738,12 +1743,16 @@ def traverse_json_ld(json_ld, at_top_level=True):
         traverse_json_ld(json_ld)
         return filter_dict(info)
 
-    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, *, transform_source=None, fatal=True, **kw):
-        return self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>([^<]+)</script>',
-                webpage, 'next.js data', fatal=fatal, **kw),
-            video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+    def _search_nextjs_data(self, webpage, video_id, *, fatal=True, default=NO_DEFAULT, **kw):
+        if default == '{}':
+            self._downloader.deprecation_warning('using `default=\'{}\'` is deprecated, use `default={}` instead')
+            default = {}
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            fatal = False
+
+        return self._search_json(
+            r'<script[^>]+id=[\'"]__NEXT_DATA__[\'"][^>]*>', webpage, 'next.js data',
+            video_id, end_pattern='</script>', fatal=fatal, default=default, **kw)
 
     def _search_nuxt_data(self, webpage, video_id, context_name='__NUXT__', *, fatal=True, traverse=('data', 0)):
         """Parses Nuxt.js metadata. This works as long as the function __NUXT__ invokes is a pure function"""
@@ -1766,9 +1775,9 @@ def _search_nuxt_data(self, webpage, video_id, context_name='__NUXT__', *, fatal
     def _hidden_inputs(html):
         html = re.sub(r'<!--(?:(?!<!--).)*-->', '', html)
         hidden_inputs = {}
-        for input in re.findall(r'(?i)(<input[^>]+>)', html):
-            attrs = extract_attributes(input)
-            if not input:
+        for input_el in re.findall(r'(?i)(<input[^>]+>)', html):
+            attrs = extract_attributes(input_el)
+            if not input_el:
                 continue
             if attrs.get('type') not in ('hidden', 'submit'):
                 continue
@@ -1780,8 +1789,8 @@ def _hidden_inputs(html):
 
     def _form_hidden_inputs(self, form_id, html):
         form = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?is)<form[^>]+?id=(["\'])%s\1[^>]*>(?P<form>.+?)</form>' % form_id,
-            html, '%s form' % form_id, group='form')
+            rf'(?is)<form[^>]+?id=(["\']){form_id}\1[^>]*>(?P<form>.+?)</form>',
+            html, f'{form_id} form', group='form')
         return self._hidden_inputs(form)
 
     @classproperty(cache=True)
@@ -1811,7 +1820,7 @@ def _check_formats(self, formats, video_id):
             formats[:] = filter(
                 lambda f: self._is_valid_url(
                     f['url'], video_id,
-                    item='%s video format' % f.get('format_id') if f.get('format_id') else 'video'),
+                    item='{} video format'.format(f.get('format_id')) if f.get('format_id') else 'video'),
                 formats)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1827,15 +1836,14 @@ def _remove_duplicate_formats(formats):
     def _is_valid_url(self, url, video_id, item='video', headers={}):
         url = self._proto_relative_url(url, scheme='http:')
         # For now assume non HTTP(S) URLs always valid
-        if not (url.startswith('http://') or url.startswith('https://')):
+        if not url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
             return True
         try:
-            self._request_webpage(url, video_id, 'Checking %s URL' % item, headers=headers)
+            self._request_webpage(url, video_id, f'Checking {item} URL', headers=headers)
             return True
         except ExtractorError as e:
             self.to_screen(
-                '%s: %s URL is invalid, skipping: %s'
-                % (video_id, item, error_to_compat_str(e.cause)))
+                f'{video_id}: {item} URL is invalid, skipping: {e.cause!s}')
             return False
 
     def http_scheme(self):
@@ -1889,8 +1897,8 @@ def _parse_f4m_formats(self, manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None,
         # currently yt-dlp cannot decode the playerVerificationChallenge as Akamai uses Adobe Alchemy
         akamai_pv = manifest.find('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}pv-2.0')
         if akamai_pv is not None and ';' in akamai_pv.text:
-            playerVerificationChallenge = akamai_pv.text.split(';')[0]
-            if playerVerificationChallenge.strip() != '':
+            player_verification_challenge = akamai_pv.text.split(';')[0]
+            if player_verification_challenge.strip() != '':
                 return []
 
         formats = []
@@ -1936,7 +1944,7 @@ def _parse_f4m_formats(self, manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None,
                 if not media_url:
                     continue
                 manifest_url = (
-                    media_url if media_url.startswith('http://') or media_url.startswith('https://')
+                    media_url if media_url.startswith(('http://', 'https://'))
                     else ((manifest_base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
                 # If media_url is itself a f4m manifest do the recursive extraction
                 # since bitrates in parent manifest (this one) and media_url manifest
@@ -1997,7 +2005,7 @@ def _m3u8_meta_format(self, m3u8_url, ext=None, preference=None, quality=None, m
     def _report_ignoring_subs(self, name):
         self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
             f'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the {name} manifest; '
-            'if any subtitle tracks are missing,'
+            'if any subtitle tracks are missing,',
         ), only_once=True)
 
     def _extract_m3u8_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -2088,7 +2096,7 @@ def _extract_m3u8_playlist_indices(*args, **kwargs):
             formats = [{
                 'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, idx),
                 'format_index': idx,
-                'url': m3u8_url or encode_data_uri(m3u8_doc.encode('utf-8'), 'application/x-mpegurl'),
+                'url': m3u8_url or encode_data_uri(m3u8_doc.encode(), 'application/x-mpegurl'),
                 'ext': ext,
                 'protocol': entry_protocol,
                 'preference': preference,
@@ -2300,7 +2308,7 @@ def _xpath_ns(path, namespace=None):
             if not c or c == '.':
                 out.append(c)
             else:
-                out.append('{%s}%s' % (namespace, c))
+                out.append(f'{{{namespace}}}{c}')
         return '/'.join(out)
 
     def _extract_smil_formats_and_subtitles(self, smil_url, video_id, fatal=True, f4m_params=None, transform_source=None):
@@ -2441,7 +2449,7 @@ def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
                     })
                 continue
 
-            src_url = src if src.startswith('http') else urllib.parse.urljoin(base, src)
+            src_url = src if src.startswith('http') else urllib.parse.urljoin(f'{base}/', src)
             src_url = src_url.strip()
 
             if proto == 'm3u8' or src_ext == 'm3u8':
@@ -2497,7 +2505,7 @@ def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
 
             imgs_count += 1
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': 'imagestream-%d' % (imgs_count),
+                'format_id': f'imagestream-{imgs_count}',
                 'url': src,
                 'ext': mimetype2ext(medium.get('type')),
                 'acodec': 'none',
@@ -2515,7 +2523,7 @@ def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
     def _parse_smil_subtitles(self, smil, namespace=None, subtitles_lang='en'):
         urls = []
         subtitles = {}
-        for num, textstream in enumerate(smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//textstream', namespace))):
+        for textstream in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//textstream', namespace)):
             src = textstream.get('src')
             if not src or src in urls:
                 continue
@@ -2646,7 +2654,7 @@ def _merge_mpd_periods(self, periods):
             if subtitles and period['subtitles']:
                 self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
                     'Found subtitles in multiple periods in the DASH manifest; '
-                    'if part of the subtitles are missing,'
+                    'if part of the subtitles are missing,',
                 ), only_once=True)
 
             for sub_lang, sub_info in period['subtitles'].items():
@@ -2772,7 +2780,7 @@ def extract_Initialization(source):
                         elif mimetype2ext(mime_type) in ('tt', 'dfxp', 'ttml', 'xml', 'json'):
                             content_type = 'text'
                         else:
-                            self.report_warning('Unknown MIME type %s in DASH manifest' % mime_type)
+                            self.report_warning(f'Unknown MIME type {mime_type} in DASH manifest')
                             continue
 
                     base_url = ''
@@ -2810,10 +2818,10 @@ def extract_Initialization(source):
                             'asr': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('audioSamplingRate')),
                             'fps': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('frameRate')),
                             'language': lang if lang not in ('mul', 'und', 'zxx', 'mis') else None,
-                            'format_note': 'DASH %s' % content_type,
+                            'format_note': f'DASH {content_type}',
                             'filesize': filesize,
                             'container': mimetype2ext(mime_type) + '_dash',
-                            **codecs
+                            **codecs,
                         }
                     elif content_type == 'text':
                         f = {
@@ -2854,8 +2862,8 @@ def prepare_template(template_name, identifiers):
                                 t += c
                         # Next, $...$ templates are translated to their
                         # %(...) counterparts to be used with % operator
-                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)d', t)
-                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)%%([^$]+)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)\2', t)
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$({})\$'.format('|'.join(identifiers)), r'%(\1)d', t)
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$({})%([^$]+)\$'.format('|'.join(identifiers)), r'%(\1)\2', t)
                         t.replace('$$', '$')
                         return t
 
@@ -2918,12 +2926,12 @@ def add_segment_url():
                                     'duration': float_or_none(segment_d, representation_ms_info['timescale']),
                                 })
 
-                            for num, s in enumerate(representation_ms_info['s']):
+                            for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                                 segment_time = s.get('t') or segment_time
                                 segment_d = s['d']
                                 add_segment_url()
                                 segment_number += 1
-                                for r in range(s.get('r', 0)):
+                                for _ in range(s.get('r', 0)):
                                     segment_time += segment_d
                                     add_segment_url()
                                     segment_number += 1
@@ -2937,7 +2945,7 @@ def add_segment_url():
                         timescale = representation_ms_info['timescale']
                         for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                             duration = float_or_none(s['d'], timescale)
-                            for r in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
+                            for _ in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
                                 segment_uri = representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index]
                                 fragments.append({
                                     location_key(segment_uri): segment_uri,
@@ -3045,7 +3053,7 @@ def _parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
                 fourcc = track.get('FourCC') or KNOWN_TAGS.get(track.get('AudioTag'))
                 # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
                 if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL', 'TTML', 'EC-3'):
-                    self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
+                    self.report_warning(f'{fourcc} is not a supported codec')
                     continue
                 tbr = int(track.attrib['Bitrate']) // 1000
                 # [1] does not mention Width and Height attributes. However,
@@ -3094,7 +3102,7 @@ def _parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
                             'fourcc': fourcc,
                             'language': stream_language,
                             'codec_private_data': track.get('CodecPrivateData'),
-                        }
+                        },
                     })
                 elif stream_type in ('video', 'audio'):
                     formats.append({
@@ -3176,13 +3184,13 @@ def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type, type_info=None):
         _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE = r'(?:(?:amp|dl8(?:-live)?)-)?(video|audio)'
         media_tags = [(media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type, '')
                       for media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type
-                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(%s)[^>]*/>)' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage)]
+                      in re.findall(rf'(?s)(<({_MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE})[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
         media_tags.extend(re.findall(
             # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
             # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
             # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11979,
             # e.g. http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
-            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>%s)(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage))
+            rf'(?s)(<(?P<tag>{_MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE})(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
         for media_tag, _, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
             media_info = {
                 'formats': [],
@@ -3326,13 +3334,13 @@ def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native
         mobj = re.search(
             r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
         url_base = mobj.group('url')
-        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
+        http_base_url = '{}{}:{}'.format('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
         formats = []
 
         def manifest_url(manifest):
             m_url = f'{http_base_url}/{manifest}'
             if query:
-                m_url += '?%s' % query
+                m_url += f'?{query}'
             return m_url
 
         if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
@@ -3354,7 +3362,7 @@ def manifest_url(manifest):
                     video_id, fatal=False)
                 for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
                     rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
-                    rtsp_format['url'] = '%s/%s' % (rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
+                    rtsp_format['url'] = '{}/{}'.format(rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
                     del rtsp_format['play_path']
                     del rtsp_format['ext']
                     rtsp_format.update({
@@ -3374,23 +3382,16 @@ def manifest_url(manifest):
         return formats
 
     def _find_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id=None, transform_source=js_to_json):
-        mobj = re.search(
-            r'''(?s)jwplayer\s*\(\s*(?P<q>'|")(?!(?P=q)).+(?P=q)\s*\)(?!</script>).*?\.\s*setup\s*\(\s*(?P<options>(?:\([^)]*\)|[^)])+)\s*\)''',
-            webpage)
-        if mobj:
-            try:
-                jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(mobj.group('options'),
-                                                 video_id=video_id,
-                                                 transform_source=transform_source)
-            except ExtractorError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                if isinstance(jwplayer_data, dict):
-                    return jwplayer_data
+        return self._search_json(
+            r'''(?<!-)\bjwplayer\s*\(\s*(?P<q>'|")(?!(?P=q)).+(?P=q)\s*\)(?:(?!</script>).)*?\.\s*(?:setup\s*\(|(?P<load>load)\s*\(\s*\[)''',
+            webpage, 'JWPlayer data', video_id,
+            # must be a {...} or sequence, ending
+            contains_pattern=r'\{(?s:.*)}(?(load)(?:\s*,\s*\{(?s:.*)})*)', end_pattern=r'(?(load)\]|\))',
+            transform_source=transform_source, default=None)
 
-    def _extract_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _extract_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id, *args, transform_source=js_to_json, **kwargs):
         jwplayer_data = self._find_jwplayer_data(
-            webpage, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            webpage, video_id, transform_source=transform_source)
         return self._parse_jwplayer_data(
             jwplayer_data, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -3422,22 +3423,14 @@ def _parse_jwplayer_data(self, jwplayer_data, video_id=None, require_title=True,
                 mpd_id=mpd_id, rtmp_params=rtmp_params, base_url=base_url)
 
             subtitles = {}
-            tracks = video_data.get('tracks')
-            if tracks and isinstance(tracks, list):
-                for track in tracks:
-                    if not isinstance(track, dict):
-                        continue
-                    track_kind = track.get('kind')
-                    if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, str):
-                        continue
-                    if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
-                        continue
-                    track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
-                    if not track_url:
-                        continue
-                    subtitles.setdefault(track.get('label') or 'en', []).append({
-                        'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
-                    })
+            for track in traverse_obj(video_data, (
+                    'tracks', lambda _, v: v['kind'].lower() in ('captions', 'subtitles'))):
+                track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
+                if not track_url:
+                    continue
+                subtitles.setdefault(track.get('label') or 'en', []).append({
+                    'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url),
+                })
 
             entry = {
                 'id': this_video_id,
@@ -3515,14 +3508,14 @@ def _parse_jwplayer_formats(self, jwplayer_sources_data, video_id=None,
                     'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate'), scale=1000),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(source.get('filesize')),
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'format_id': format_id
+                    'format_id': format_id,
                 }
                 if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
                     a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
                     # See com/longtailvideo/jwplayer/media/RTMPMediaProvider.as
                     # of jwplayer.flash.swf
                     rtmp_url_parts = re.split(
-                        r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, 1)
+                        r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, maxsplit=1)
                     if len(rtmp_url_parts) == 3:
                         rtmp_url, prefix, play_path = rtmp_url_parts
                         a_format.update({
@@ -3589,7 +3582,7 @@ def _apply_first_set_cookie_header(self, url_handle, cookie):
                 continue
             cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
             cookie_value = re.search(
-                r'%s=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)' % cookie, cookies)
+                rf'{cookie}=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)', cookies)
             if cookie_value:
                 value, domain = cookie_value.groups()
                 self._set_cookie(domain, cookie, value)
@@ -3673,7 +3666,7 @@ def description(cls, *, markdown=True, search_examples=None):
             desc += ' (**Currently broken**)' if markdown else ' (Currently broken)'
 
         # Escape emojis. Ref: https://github.com/github/markup/issues/1153
-        name = (' - **%s**' % re.sub(r':(\w+:)', ':\u200B\\g<1>', cls.IE_NAME)) if markdown else cls.IE_NAME
+        name = (' - **{}**'.format(re.sub(r':(\w+:)', ':\u200B\\g<1>', cls.IE_NAME))) if markdown else cls.IE_NAME
         return f'{name}:{desc}' if desc else name
 
     def extract_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -3713,7 +3706,7 @@ def extractor():
             self.to_screen(f'Extracted {comment_count} comments')
             return {
                 'comments': comments,
-                'comment_count': None if interrupted else comment_count
+                'comment_count': None if interrupted else comment_count,
             }
         return extractor
 
@@ -3817,9 +3810,9 @@ def _extract_chapters_from_description(self, description, duration):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _availability(is_private=None, needs_premium=None, needs_subscription=None, needs_auth=None, is_unlisted=None):
-        all_known = all(map(
-            lambda x: x is not None,
-            (is_private, needs_premium, needs_subscription, needs_auth, is_unlisted)))
+        all_known = all(
+            x is not None for x in
+            (is_private, needs_premium, needs_subscription, needs_auth, is_unlisted))
         return (
             'private' if is_private
             else 'premium_only' if needs_premium
@@ -3939,7 +3932,7 @@ class SearchInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classproperty
     def _VALID_URL(cls):
-        return r'%s(?P<prefix>|[1-9][0-9]*|all):(?P<query>[\s\S]+)' % cls._SEARCH_KEY
+        return rf'{cls._SEARCH_KEY}(?P<prefix>|[1-9][0-9]*|all):(?P<query>[\s\S]+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, query):
         prefix, query = self._match_valid_url(query).group('prefix', 'query')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
index 1d3b61c73..8ddb164b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ class CommonMistakesIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         msg = (
-            'You\'ve asked yt-dlp to download the URL "%s". '
+            f'You\'ve asked yt-dlp to download the URL "{url}". '
             'That doesn\'t make any sense. '
             'Simply remove the parameter in your command or configuration.'
-        ) % url
+        )
         if not self.get_param('verbose'):
             msg += ' Add -v to the command line to see what arguments and configuration yt-dlp has'
         raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
@@ -38,5 +38,21 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         real_url = self._match_id(url)
         self.report_warning(
             'Your URL starts with a Byte Order Mark (BOM). '
-            'Removing the BOM and looking for "%s" ...' % real_url)
+            f'Removing the BOM and looking for "{real_url}" ...')
         return self.url_result(real_url)
+
+
+class BlobIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = False
+    _VALID_URL = r'blob:'
+
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'blob:https://www.youtube.com/4eb3d090-a761-46e6-8083-c32016a36e3b',
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        raise ExtractorError(
+            'You\'ve asked yt-dlp to download a blob URL. '
+            'A blob URL exists only locally in your browser. '
+            'It is not possible for yt-dlp to access it.', expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
index 2f93e8ea5..7b3a5b654 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ViewSourceIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'view-source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
index 3170c2990..9c02cd342 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
@@ -48,20 +45,20 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
         'wmagazine': 'W Magazine',
     }
 
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:video|www|player(?:-backend)?)\.(?:%s)\.com/
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:video|www|player(?:-backend)?)\.(?:{})\.com/
         (?:
             (?:
                 embed(?:js)?|
                 (?:script|inline)/video
-            )/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{24})(?:/(?P<player_id>[0-9a-f]{24}))?(?:.+?\btarget=(?P<target>[^&]+))?|
+            )/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{{24}})(?:/(?P<player_id>[0-9a-f]{{24}}))?(?:.+?\btarget=(?P<target>[^&]+))?|
             (?P<type>watch|series|video)/(?P<display_id>[^/?#]+)
-        )''' % '|'.join(_SITES.keys())
-    IE_DESC = 'Condé Nast media group: %s' % ', '.join(sorted(_SITES.values()))
+        )'''.format('|'.join(_SITES.keys()))
+    IE_DESC = 'Condé Nast media group: {}'.format(', '.join(sorted(_SITES.values())))
 
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'''(?x)
         <(?:iframe|script)[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>
-            (?:https?:)?//player(?:-backend)?\.(?:%s)\.com/(?:embed(?:js)?|(?:script|inline)/video)/.+?
-        )\1''' % '|'.join(_SITES.keys())]
+            (?:https?:)?//player(?:-backend)?\.(?:{})\.com/(?:embed(?:js)?|(?:script|inline)/video)/.+?
+        )\1'''.format('|'.join(_SITES.keys()))]
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://video.wired.com/watch/3d-printed-speakers-lit-with-led',
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'wired',
             'upload_date': '20130314',
             'timestamp': 1363219200,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.gq.com/watch/the-closer-with-keith-olbermann-the-only-true-surprise-trump-s-an-idiot?c=series',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'arstechnica',
             'upload_date': '20150916',
             'timestamp': 1442434920,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/59138decb57ac36b83000005.js?target=js-cne-player',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -110,12 +107,12 @@ def _extract_series(self, url, webpage):
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div class="cne-series-info">.*?<h1>(.+?)</h1>',
             webpage, 'series title')
-        url_object = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-        base_url = '%s://%s' % (url_object.scheme, url_object.netloc)
+        url_object = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        base_url = f'{url_object.scheme}://{url_object.netloc}'
         m_paths = re.finditer(
             r'(?s)<p class="cne-thumb-title">.*?<a href="(/watch/.+?)["\?]', webpage)
         paths = orderedSet(m.group(1) for m in m_paths)
-        build_url = lambda path: compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, path)
+        build_url = lambda path: urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, path)
         entries = [self.url_result(build_url(path), 'CondeNast') for path in paths]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_title=title)
 
@@ -166,9 +163,9 @@ def _extract_video(self, params):
                 video_id, 'Downloading loader info', query=params)
         if not video_info:
             info_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/%s.js' % video_id,
+                f'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/{video_id}.js',
                 video_id, 'Downloading inline info', query={
-                    'target': params.get('target', 'embedplayer')
+                    'target': params.get('target', 'embedplayer'),
                 })
 
         if not video_info:
@@ -192,7 +189,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, params):
                 continue
             quality = fdata.get('quality')
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': ext + ('-%s' % quality if quality else ''),
+                'format_id': ext + (f'-{quality}' if quality else ''),
                 'url': src,
                 'ext': ext,
                 'quality': 1 if quality == 'high' else 0,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
index d69e81610..63d760a39 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         captions = m_details.get('captions') or {}
         for caption_url in captions.values():
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': caption_url
+                'url': caption_url,
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
index bcc34ddd8..4af2d186d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformFeedIE
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
+    dict_get,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
 )
@@ -69,16 +69,16 @@ class CorusIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/video/1457812035894/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/video/big-brother-canada-704/1457812035894/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.seriesplus.com/emissions/dre-mary-mort-sur-ordonnance/videos/deux-coeurs-battant/SERP0055626330000200/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.disneychannel.ca/shows/gabby-duran-the-unsittables/video/crybaby-duran-clip/2f557eec-0588-11ea-ae2b-e2c6776b770e/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _SITE_MAP = {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if path != 'series':
             path = 'migration/' + path
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://globalcontent.corusappservices.com/templates/%s/playlist/' % path,
+            f'https://globalcontent.corusappservices.com/templates/{path}/playlist/',
             video_id, query={'byId': video_id},
             headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})[0]
         title = video['title']
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not smil_url:
                 continue
             source_type = source.get('type')
-            note = 'Downloading%s smil file' % (' ' + source_type if source_type else '')
+            note = 'Downloading{} smil file'.format(' ' + source_type if source_type else '')
             resp = self._download_webpage(
                 smil_url, video_id, note, fatal=False,
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
index 9bab698a3..95ad66518 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         coub = self._download_json(
-            'http://coub.com/api/v2/coubs/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://coub.com/api/v2/coubs/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         if coub.get('error'):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, coub['error']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, coub['error']), expected=True)
 
         title = coub['title']
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     continue
                 formats.append({
                     'url': item_url,
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s-%s' % (HTML5, kind, quality),
+                    'format_id': f'{HTML5}-{kind}-{quality}',
                     'filesize': int_or_none(item.get('size')),
                     'vcodec': 'none' if kind == 'audio' else None,
                     'acodec': 'none' if kind == 'video' else None,
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if mobile_url:
             formats.append({
                 'url': mobile_url,
-                'format_id': '%s-audio' % MOBILE,
+                'format_id': f'{MOBILE}-audio',
                 'source_preference': preference_key(MOBILE),
             })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
index 5ef5afcc2..b84dd2ad5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ class CozyTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'was_live': True,
             'duration': 7981,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader, date = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        id = f'{uploader}-{date}'
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.cozy.tv/cache/{uploader}/replay/{date}', id)
+        video_id = f'{uploader}-{date}'
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.cozy.tv/cache/{uploader}/replay/{date}', video_id)
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            f'https://cozycdn.foxtrotstream.xyz/replays/{uploader}/{date}/index.m3u8', id, ext='mp4')
+            f'https://cozycdn.foxtrotstream.xyz/replays/{uploader}/{date}/index.m3u8', video_id, ext='mp4')
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'uploader': data_json.get('user') or uploader,
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(data_json.get('date')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
index 32bba1e5a..08d79a22f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         content = self._download_json(
             'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/episode/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&id=' + video_id,
             video_id)
-        video_url = try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['details']['videoUrl'], compat_str)
+        video_url = try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['details']['videoUrl'], str)
         formats = []
         if video_url:
             content = content['page']
-            title = str_or_none(content['details']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+            title = str_or_none(content['details'][f'title_{url_lang}_t'])
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', ext='mp4')
             for fmt in formats:
                 # prefer language to match URL
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 else:
                     fmt['language_preference'] = -10
 
-        category = str_or_none(content['details']['category_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+        category = str_or_none(content['details'][f'category_{url_lang}_t'])
 
         def is_live(v_type):
             return (v_type == 'live') if v_type is not None else None
@@ -63,10 +62,10 @@ def is_live(v_type):
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': title,
-            'description': str_or_none(content['details'].get('description_%s_t' % (url_lang, ))),
+            'description': str_or_none(content['details'].get(f'description_{url_lang}_t')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content['details'].get('liveDateTime')),
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
-            'thumbnail': urljoin(url, str_or_none(content['details'].get('image_%s_s' % (url_lang, )))),
+            'thumbnail': urljoin(url, str_or_none(content['details'].get(f'image_{url_lang}_s'))),
             'is_live': is_live(content['details'].get('type')),
         }
 
@@ -110,27 +109,26 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         url_lang = 'fr' if any(x in url for x in ('/emission?', '/rechercher?')) else 'en'
         pl_type, list_type = ('program', 'itemList') if any(x in url for x in ('/program?', '/emission?')) else ('search', 'searchResult')
         api_url = (
-            'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/%s/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&%s'
-            % (pl_type, video_id, ))
+            f'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/{pl_type}/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&{video_id}')
         content = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)
         entries = []
         total_pages = int_or_none(try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['totalPages']), default=1)
         for page in range(1, total_pages + 1):
             if page > 1:
-                api_url = update_url_query(api_url, {'page': '%d' % (page, ), })
+                api_url = update_url_query(api_url, {'page': page})
                 content = self._download_json(
                     api_url, video_id,
-                    note='Downloading continuation - %d' % (page, ),
+                    note=f'Downloading continuation - {page}',
                     fatal=False)
 
             for item in try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['item'], list) or []:
-                episode_url = urljoin(url, try_get(item, lambda x: x['url_%s_s' % (url_lang, )]))
+                episode_url = urljoin(url, try_get(item, lambda x: x[f'url_{url_lang}_s']))
                 if episode_url:
                     entries.append(episode_url)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             (self.url_result(entry) for entry in entries),
             playlist_id=video_id,
-            playlist_title=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]) or video_id.split('=')[-1],
-            playlist_description=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['description_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]),
+            playlist_title=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program'][f'title_{url_lang}_t']) or video_id.split('=')[-1],
+            playlist_description=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program'][f'description_{url_lang}_t']),
         )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
index c6aabccc6..f2276547e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class CrackedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'If Animal Actors Got E! True Hollywood Stories',
             'timestamp': 1404954000,
             'upload_date': '20140710',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # youtube embed
         'url': 'http://www.cracked.com/video_19006_4-plot-holes-you-didnt-notice-in-your-favorite-movies.html',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class CrackedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20140725',
             'uploader_id': 'Cracked',
             'uploader': 'Cracked',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
index 1ef90b5a0..c4ceba940 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@
     parse_age_limit,
     parse_duration,
     url_or_none,
-    ExtractorError
 )
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
-            'Trying with a list of known countries'
+            'Trying with a list of known countries',
         ],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sonycrackle.com/thanksgiving/2510064',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for num, country in enumerate(countries):
             if num == 1:  # start hard-coded list
                 self.report_warning('%s. Trying with a list of known countries' % (
-                    'Unable to obtain video formats from %s API' % geo_bypass_country if geo_bypass_country
+                    f'Unable to obtain video formats from {geo_bypass_country} API' if geo_bypass_country
                     else 'No country code was given using --geo-bypass-country'))
             elif num == num_countries:  # end of list
                 geo_info = self._download_json(
@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 country = geo_info.get('CountryCode')
                 if country is None:
                     continue
-                self.to_screen('%s identified country as %s' % (self.IE_NAME, country))
+                self.to_screen(f'{self.IE_NAME} identified country as {country}')
                 if country in countries:
-                    self.to_screen('Downloading from %s API was already attempted. Skipping...' % country)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Downloading from {country} API was already attempted. Skipping...')
                     continue
 
             if country is None:
                 continue
             try:
                 media = self._download_json(
-                    'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/details/media/%s/%s?disableProtocols=true' % (video_id, country),
-                    video_id, note='Downloading media JSON from %s API' % country,
+                    f'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/details/media/{video_id}/{country}?disableProtocols=true',
+                    video_id, note=f'Downloading media JSON from {country} API',
                     errnote='Unable to download media JSON')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 # 401 means geo restriction, trying next country
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             status = media.get('status')
             if status.get('messageCode') != '0':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s %s - %s' % (
+                    '{} said: {} {} - {}'.format(
                         self.IE_NAME, status.get('messageCodeDescription'), status.get('messageCode'), status.get('message')),
                     expected=True)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
index 3a05ed48a..0d7d759ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not lessons and not has_access:
                 self.report_warning(
                     'Only extracting preview. For the full class, pass cookies '
-                    + f'from an account that has access. {self._login_hint()}')
+                    f'from an account that has access. {self._login_hint()}')
             lessons.append({'video_id': preview_id})
 
         if not lessons and not has_access:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
index 2ee0730c9..abd3322a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150405',
             'uploader': 'Heather',
             'duration': 236,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/v/MTE3MjUtMzQ2MzA',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/embed/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         manifest = self._search_json(r'var\s+manifest\s*=', webpage, 'manifest JSON', video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
index d83c01560..bf814570f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
@@ -24,15 +24,16 @@ class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'UCeN_qQV829NYf0pvPJhW5dQ',
             'like_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20211218',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://scw.divulg.org/cb-medias4/images/0z4Kms8pi8I/maxres.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://scw.divulg.org/cb-medias4/images/0z4Kms8pi8I/maxres.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.divulg.org/post/{id}/details',
-                                        id, headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'})
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.divulg.org/post/{video_id}/details', video_id,
+            headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'})
         video_json = data_json['video']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for sub in video_json.get('captions') or []:
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         mpd_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['dashManifest']['url'])
         if mpd_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
         m3u8_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['hlsManifest']['url'])
         if m3u8_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         } for image in video_json.get('thumbnails') or [] if image.get('url')]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_json.get('title'),
             'description': video_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': video_json.get('viewCount'),
@@ -87,23 +88,24 @@ class CrowdBunkerChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
         last = None
 
         for page in itertools.count():
             channel_json = self._download_json(
-                f'https://api.divulg.org/organization/{id}/posts', id, headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'},
+                f'https://api.divulg.org/organization/{playlist_id}/posts', playlist_id,
+                headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'},
                 query={'after': last} if last else {}, note=f'Downloading Page {page}')
             for item in channel_json.get('items') or []:
                 v_id = item.get('uid')
                 if not v_id:
                     continue
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://crowdbunker.com/v/%s' % v_id, ie=CrowdBunkerIE.ie_key(), video_id=v_id)
+                    f'https://crowdbunker.com/v/{v_id}', ie=CrowdBunkerIE.ie_key(), video_id=v_id)
             last = channel_json.get('last')
             if not last:
                 break
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
index 21325e331..6d9a77824 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CrtvgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['crtvg 5839623'],
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.crtvg.es/tvg/a-carta/a-parabolica-love-story',
         'md5': '9a47b95a1749db7b7eb3214904624584',
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class CrtvgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:f71cfba21ae564f0a6f415b31de1f842',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
index 118b575ab..1b124c655 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -24,11 +25,16 @@ class CrunchyrollBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _BASE_URL = 'https://www.crunchyroll.com'
     _API_BASE = 'https://api.crunchyroll.com'
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'crunchyroll'
+    _SWITCH_USER_AGENT = 'Crunchyroll/1.8.0 Nintendo Switch/12.3.12.0 UE4/4.27'
+    _REFRESH_TOKEN = None
     _AUTH_HEADERS = None
+    _AUTH_EXPIRY = None
     _API_ENDPOINT = None
-    _BASIC_AUTH = None
+    _BASIC_AUTH = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode(':'.join((
+        't-kdgp2h8c3jub8fn0fq',
+        'yfLDfMfrYvKXh4JXS1LEI2cCqu1v5Wan',
+    )).encode()).decode()
     _IS_PREMIUM = None
-    _CLIENT_ID = ('cr_web', 'noaihdevm_6iyg0a8l0q')
     _LOCALE_LOOKUP = {
         'ar': 'ar-SA',
         'de': 'de-DE',
@@ -43,69 +49,78 @@ class CrunchyrollBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'hi': 'hi-IN',
     }
 
-    @property
-    def is_logged_in(self):
-        return bool(self._get_cookies(self._BASE_URL).get('etp_rt'))
+    def _set_auth_info(self, response):
+        CrunchyrollBaseIE._IS_PREMIUM = 'cr_premium' in traverse_obj(response, ('access_token', {jwt_decode_hs256}, 'benefits', ...))
+        CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS = {'Authorization': response['token_type'] + ' ' + response['access_token']}
+        CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_EXPIRY = time_seconds(seconds=traverse_obj(response, ('expires_in', {float_or_none}), default=300) - 10)
+
+    def _request_token(self, headers, data, note='Requesting token', errnote='Failed to request token'):
+        try:
+            return self._download_json(
+                f'{self._BASE_URL}/auth/v1/token', None, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+                headers=headers, data=urlencode_postdata(data), impersonate=True)
+        except ExtractorError as error:
+            if not isinstance(error.cause, HTTPError) or error.cause.status != 403:
+                raise
+            if target := error.cause.response.extensions.get('impersonate'):
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Got HTTP Error 403 when using impersonate target "{target}"')
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'Request blocked by Cloudflare. '
+                'Install the required impersonation dependency if possible, '
+                'or else navigate to Crunchyroll in your browser, '
+                'then pass the fresh cookies (with --cookies-from-browser or --cookies) '
+                'and your browser\'s User-Agent (with --user-agent)', expected=True)
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        if self.is_logged_in:
+        if not CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+            CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = self.cache.load(self._NETRC_MACHINE, username)
+        if CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
             return
 
-        upsell_response = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._API_BASE}/get_upsell_data.0.json', None, 'Getting session id',
-            query={
-                'sess_id': 1,
-                'device_id': 'whatvalueshouldbeforweb',
-                'device_type': 'com.crunchyroll.static',
-                'access_token': 'giKq5eY27ny3cqz',
-                'referer': f'{self._BASE_URL}/welcome/login'
-            })
-        if upsell_response['code'] != 'ok':
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not get session id')
-        session_id = upsell_response['data']['session_id']
-
-        login_response = self._download_json(
-            f'{self._API_BASE}/login.1.json', None, 'Logging in',
-            data=urlencode_postdata({
-                'account': username,
-                'password': password,
-                'session_id': session_id
-            }))
-        if login_response['code'] != 'ok':
-            raise ExtractorError('Login failed. Server message: %s' % login_response['message'], expected=True)
-        if not self.is_logged_in:
-            raise ExtractorError('Login succeeded but did not set etp_rt cookie')
-
-    def _update_auth(self):
-        if CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS and CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_REFRESH > time_seconds():
-            return
-
-        if not CrunchyrollBaseIE._BASIC_AUTH:
-            cx_api_param = self._CLIENT_ID[self.is_logged_in]
-            self.write_debug(f'Using cxApiParam={cx_api_param}')
-            CrunchyrollBaseIE._BASIC_AUTH = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode(f'{cx_api_param}:'.encode()).decode()
-
-        auth_headers = {'Authorization': CrunchyrollBaseIE._BASIC_AUTH}
-        if self.is_logged_in:
-            grant_type = 'etp_rt_cookie'
-        else:
-            grant_type = 'client_id'
-            auth_headers['ETP-Anonymous-ID'] = uuid.uuid4()
         try:
-            auth_response = self._download_json(
-                f'{self._BASE_URL}/auth/v1/token', None, note=f'Authenticating with grant_type={grant_type}',
-                headers=auth_headers, data=f'grant_type={grant_type}'.encode())
+            login_response = self._request_token(
+                headers={'Authorization': self._BASIC_AUTH}, data={
+                    'username': username,
+                    'password': password,
+                    'grant_type': 'password',
+                    'scope': 'offline_access',
+                }, note='Logging in', errnote='Failed to log in')
         except ExtractorError as error:
-            if isinstance(error.cause, HTTPError) and error.cause.status == 403:
-                raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Request blocked by Cloudflare; navigate to Crunchyroll in your browser, '
-                    'then pass the fresh cookies (with --cookies-from-browser or --cookies) '
-                    'and your browser\'s User-Agent (with --user-agent)', expected=True)
+            if isinstance(error.cause, HTTPError) and error.cause.status == 401:
+                raise ExtractorError('Invalid username and/or password', expected=True)
             raise
 
-        CrunchyrollBaseIE._IS_PREMIUM = 'cr_premium' in traverse_obj(auth_response, ('access_token', {jwt_decode_hs256}, 'benefits', ...))
-        CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS = {'Authorization': auth_response['token_type'] + ' ' + auth_response['access_token']}
-        CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_REFRESH = time_seconds(seconds=traverse_obj(auth_response, ('expires_in', {float_or_none}), default=300) - 10)
+        CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = login_response['refresh_token']
+        self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, username, CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN)
+        self._set_auth_info(login_response)
+
+    def _update_auth(self):
+        if CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS and CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_EXPIRY > time_seconds():
+            return
+
+        auth_headers = {'Authorization': self._BASIC_AUTH}
+        if CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+            data = {
+                'refresh_token': CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN,
+                'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
+                'scope': 'offline_access',
+            }
+        else:
+            data = {'grant_type': 'client_id'}
+            auth_headers['ETP-Anonymous-ID'] = uuid.uuid4()
+        try:
+            auth_response = self._request_token(auth_headers, data)
+        except ExtractorError as error:
+            username, password = self._get_login_info()
+            if not username or not isinstance(error.cause, HTTPError) or error.cause.status != 400:
+                raise
+            self.to_screen('Refresh token has expired. Re-logging in')
+            CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = None
+            self.cache.store(self._NETRC_MACHINE, username, None)
+            self._perform_login(username, password)
+            return
+
+        self._set_auth_info(auth_response)
 
     def _locale_from_language(self, language):
         config_locale = self._configuration_arg('metadata', ie_key=CrunchyrollBetaIE, casesense=True)
@@ -166,9 +181,19 @@ def _extract_stream(self, identifier, display_id=None):
             display_id = identifier
 
         self._update_auth()
-        stream_response = self._download_json(
-            f'https://cr-play-service.prd.crunchyrollsvc.com/v1/{identifier}/console/switch/play',
-            display_id, note='Downloading stream info', headers=CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS)
+        headers = {**CrunchyrollBaseIE._AUTH_HEADERS, 'User-Agent': self._SWITCH_USER_AGENT}
+        try:
+            stream_response = self._download_json(
+                f'https://cr-play-service.prd.crunchyrollsvc.com/v1/{identifier}/console/switch/play',
+                display_id, note='Downloading stream info', errnote='Failed to download stream info', headers=headers)
+        except ExtractorError as error:
+            if self.get_param('ignore_no_formats_error'):
+                self.report_warning(error.orig_msg)
+                return [], {}
+            elif isinstance(error.cause, HTTPError) and error.cause.status == 420:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    'You have reached the rate-limit for active streams; try again later', expected=True)
+            raise
 
         available_formats = {'': ('', '', stream_response['url'])}
         for hardsub_lang, stream in traverse_obj(stream_response, ('hardSubs', {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[1]['url'])):
@@ -197,7 +222,7 @@ def _extract_stream(self, identifier, display_id=None):
                     fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {f"{format_id} " if hardsub_lang else ""}MPD manifest')
                 self._merge_subtitles(dash_subs, target=subtitles)
             else:
-                continue  # XXX: Update this if/when meta mpd formats are working
+                continue  # XXX: Update this if meta mpd formats work; will be tricky with token invalidation
             for f in adaptive_formats:
                 if f.get('acodec') != 'none':
                     f['language'] = audio_locale
@@ -207,6 +232,15 @@ def _extract_stream(self, identifier, display_id=None):
         for locale, subtitle in traverse_obj(stream_response, (('subtitles', 'captions'), {dict.items}, ...)):
             subtitles.setdefault(locale, []).append(traverse_obj(subtitle, {'url': 'url', 'ext': 'format'}))
 
+        # Invalidate stream token to avoid rate-limit
+        error_msg = 'Unable to invalidate stream token; you may experience rate-limiting'
+        if stream_token := stream_response.get('token'):
+            self._request_webpage(Request(
+                f'https://cr-play-service.prd.crunchyrollsvc.com/v1/token/{identifier}/{stream_token}/inactive',
+                headers=headers, method='PATCH'), display_id, 'Invalidating stream token', error_msg, fatal=False)
+        else:
+            self.report_warning(error_msg)
+
         return formats, subtitles
 
 
@@ -383,11 +417,12 @@ def entries():
 
         if not self._IS_PREMIUM and traverse_obj(response, (f'{object_type}_metadata', 'is_premium_only')):
             message = f'This {object_type} is for premium members only'
-            if self.is_logged_in:
-                raise ExtractorError(message, expected=True)
-            self.raise_login_required(message)
-
-        result['formats'], result['subtitles'] = self._extract_stream(internal_id)
+            if CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+                self.raise_no_formats(message, expected=True, video_id=internal_id)
+            else:
+                self.raise_login_required(message, method='password', metadata_available=True)
+        else:
+            result['formats'], result['subtitles'] = self._extract_stream(internal_id)
 
         result['chapters'] = self._extract_chapters(internal_id)
 
@@ -407,7 +442,7 @@ def _transform_episode_response(data):
         return {
             'id': data['id'],
             'title': ' \u2013 '.join((
-                ('%s%s' % (
+                ('{}{}'.format(
                     format_field(metadata, 'season_title'),
                     format_field(metadata, 'episode', ' Episode %s'))),
                 format_field(data, 'title'))),
@@ -484,7 +519,7 @@ def entries():
             seasons_response = self._call_cms_api_signed(f'seasons?series_id={internal_id}', internal_id, lang, 'seasons')
             for season in traverse_obj(seasons_response, ('items', ..., {dict})):
                 episodes_response = self._call_cms_api_signed(
-                    f'episodes?season_id={season["id"]}', season["id"], lang, 'episode list')
+                    f'episodes?season_id={season["id"]}', season['id'], lang, 'episode list')
                 for episode_response in traverse_obj(episodes_response, ('items', ..., {dict})):
                     yield self.url_result(
                         f'{self._BASE_URL}/{lang}watch/{episode_response["id"]}',
@@ -500,7 +535,7 @@ def entries():
                     'url': ('source', {url_or_none}),
                     'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
                     'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
-                })
+                }),
             })))
 
 
@@ -573,14 +608,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if not response:
             raise ExtractorError(f'No video with id {internal_id} could be found (possibly region locked?)', expected=True)
 
+        result = self._transform_music_response(response)
+
         if not self._IS_PREMIUM and response.get('isPremiumOnly'):
             message = f'This {response.get("type") or "media"} is for premium members only'
-            if self.is_logged_in:
-                raise ExtractorError(message, expected=True)
-            self.raise_login_required(message)
-
-        result = self._transform_music_response(response)
-        result['formats'], _ = self._extract_stream(f'music/{internal_id}', internal_id)
+            if CrunchyrollBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+                self.raise_no_formats(message, expected=True, video_id=internal_id)
+            else:
+                self.raise_login_required(message, method='password', metadata_available=True)
+        else:
+            result['formats'], _ = self._extract_stream(f'music/{internal_id}', internal_id)
 
         return result
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
index 0075680e8..e940c2dea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .senategov import SenateISVPIE
+from .ustream import UstreamIE
 from ..compat import compat_HTMLParseError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
     find_xpath_attr,
     get_element_by_attribute,
@@ -19,8 +21,6 @@
     str_to_int,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
-from .senategov import SenateISVPIE
-from .ustream import UstreamIE
 
 
 class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'CSPAN - International Health Care Models',
             'description': 'md5:7a985a2d595dba00af3d9c9f0783c967',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.c-span.org/video/?318608-1/gm-ignition-switch-recall',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,  # m3u8 downloads
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Ustream embedded video
         'url': 'https://www.c-span.org/video/?114917-1/armed-services',
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def add_referer(formats):
 
         # Obsolete
         # We first look for clipid, because clipprog always appears before
-        patterns = [r'id=\'clip(%s)\'\s*value=\'([0-9]+)\'' % t for t in ('id', 'prog')]
+        patterns = [rf'id=\'clip({t})\'\s*value=\'([0-9]+)\'' for t in ('id', 'prog')]
         results = list(filter(None, (re.search(p, webpage) for p in patterns)))
         if results:
             matches = results[0]
@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ def get_text_attr(d, attr):
             return d.get(attr, {}).get('#text')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.c-span.org/assets/player/ajax-player.php?os=android&html5=%s&id=%s' % (video_type, video_id),
+            f'http://www.c-span.org/assets/player/ajax-player.php?os=android&html5={video_type}&id={video_id}',
             video_id)['video']
         if data['@status'] != 'Success':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, get_text_attr(data, 'error')), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, get_text_attr(data, 'error')), expected=True)
 
         doc = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.c-span.org/common/services/flashXml.php?%sid=%s' % (video_type, video_id),
+            f'http://www.c-span.org/common/services/flashXml.php?{video_type}id={video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         description = self._html_search_meta('description', webpage)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def get_text_attr(d, attr):
             formats = []
             for quality in f.get('qualities', []):
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%sp' % (get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate'), get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}p'.format(get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate'), get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
                     'url': unescapeHTML(get_text_attr(quality, 'file')),
                     'height': int_or_none(get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
                     'tbr': int_or_none(get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate')),
@@ -216,13 +216,13 @@ def get_text_attr(d, attr):
                     continue
                 formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     path, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls') if determine_ext(path) == 'm3u8' else [{'url': path, }]
+                    m3u8_id='hls') if determine_ext(path) == 'm3u8' else [{'url': path}]
             add_referer(formats)
             entries.append({
-                'id': '%s_%d' % (video_id, partnum + 1),
+                'id': f'{video_id}_{partnum + 1}',
                 'title': (
                     title if len(files) == 1 else
-                    '%s part %d' % (title, partnum + 1)),
+                    f'{title} part {partnum + 1}'),
                 'formats': formats,
                 'description': description,
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def get_text_attr(d, attr):
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': [{
                         'url': capfile,
-                        'ext': determine_ext(capfile, 'dfxp')
+                        'ext': determine_ext(capfile, 'dfxp'),
                     }],
                 } if capfile else None,
             })
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ class CSpanCongressIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Congressional Chronicle - Members of Congress, Hearings and More',
             'description': 'md5:54c264b7a8f219937987610243305a84',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://ximage.c-spanvideo.org/.+',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
index cec178f03..b249c7b55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import unified_timestamp
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
+from ..utils import unified_timestamp
 
 
 class CtsNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class CtsNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '以色列和黎巴嫩真主黨，爆發五年最嚴重衝突，雙方砲轟交火，兩名以軍死亡，還有一名西班牙籍的聯合國維和人員也不幸罹難。大陸陝西、河南、安徽、江蘇和湖北五個省份出現大暴雪，嚴重影響陸空交通，不過九華山卻出現...',
             'timestamp': 1422528540,
             'upload_date': '20150129',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # News count not appear on page but still available in database
         'url': 'http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/201309/201309031304098.html',
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CtsNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1378205880,
             'upload_date': '20130903',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # With Youtube embedded video
         'url': 'http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/money/201501/201501291578003.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
index f125c1ce9..a41dab11b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       }
     }
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['resolvedPath']['lastSegment']['content']
         video_id = content['axisId']
         return self.url_result(
-            '9c9media:%s:%s' % (content['videoPlayerDestCode'], video_id),
+            '9c9media:{}:{}'.format(content['videoPlayerDestCode'], video_id),
             'NineCNineMedia', video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
index ad3f0d8e4..ebed9eb2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class CTVNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:958dd3b4f5bbbf0ed4d045c790d89285',
             'timestamp': 1467286284,
             'upload_date': '20160630',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ctvnews.ca/video?playlistId=1.2966224',
         'info_dict':
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ def ninecninemedia_url_result(clip_id):
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
                 'id': clip_id,
-                'url': '9c9media:ctvnews_web:%s' % clip_id,
+                'url': f'9c9media:ctvnews_web:{clip_id}',
                 'ie_key': 'NineCNineMedia',
             }
 
         if page_id.isdigit():
             return ninecninemedia_url_result(page_id)
         else:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage('http://www.ctvnews.ca/%s' % page_id, page_id, query={
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.ctvnews.ca/{page_id}', page_id, query={
                 'ot': 'example.AjaxPageLayout.ot',
                 'maxItemsPerPage': 1000000,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
index 9c8509f1f..8e6579c35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class CultureUnpluggedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': 'Coldstream Creative',
             'duration': 2203,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/53662',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(
             'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/setClientTimezone.php?timeOffset=%d' % -(time.timezone / 3600)), display_id)
         movie_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/movie-data/cu-%s.json' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/movie-data/cu-{video_id}.json', display_id)
 
         video_url = movie_data['url']
         title = movie_data['title']
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         view_count = int_or_none(movie_data.get('views'))
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'url': movie_data['%s_thumb' % size],
+            'url': movie_data[f'{size}_thumb'],
             'id': size,
             'preference': preference,
         } for preference, size in enumerate((
-            'small', 'large')) if movie_data.get('%s_thumb' % size)]
+            'small', 'large')) if movie_data.get(f'{size}_thumb')]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
index 941cf4e79..f5a2c3c31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, urlencode_postdata
 
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ def _handle_errors(self, result):
             if isinstance(error, dict):
                 error = ', '.join(error.values())
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, query=None):
         headers = {}
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class CuriosityStreamIE(CuriosityStreamBaseIE):
             'series_id': '2',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://img.curiositystream.com/.+\.jpg',
             'tags': [],
-            'duration': 158
+            'duration': 158,
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -157,10 +156,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         collection = self._call_api(collection_id, collection_id)
         entries = []
         for media in collection.get('media', []):
-            media_id = compat_str(media.get('id'))
+            media_id = str(media.get('id'))
             media_type, ie = ('series', CuriosityStreamSeriesIE) if media.get('is_collection') else ('video', CuriosityStreamIE)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'https://curiositystream.com/%s/%s' % (media_type, media_id),
+                f'https://curiositystream.com/{media_type}/{media_id}',
                 ie=ie.ie_key(), video_id=media_id))
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, collection_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
index 69d50daf6..870d4f39e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError(data['msg'], expected=True)
         video_data = data['video']
         title = video_data['title']
-        mpx_url = video_data.get('mpx_url') or 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/cwtv/media/guid/2703454149/%s?formats=M3U' % video_id
+        mpx_url = video_data.get('mpx_url') or f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/cwtv/media/guid/2703454149/{video_id}?formats=M3U'
 
         season = str_or_none(video_data.get('season'))
         episode = str_or_none(video_data.get('episode'))
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video_data.get('start_time')),
             'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video_data.get('rating')),
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-            'thumbnail': video_data.get('large_thumbnail')
+            'thumbnail': video_data.get('large_thumbnail'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
index c6995b25b..59c8ab473 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             'series': 'Cybrary Orientation',
             'uploader': 'Cybrary',
             'chapter': 'Cybrary Orientation Series',
-            'chapter_id': '63110'
+            'chapter_id': '63110',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo']
+        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.cybrary.it/immersive/12747143/activity/52686',
         'md5': '62f26547dccc59c44363e2a13d4ad08d',
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             'series': 'AZ-500: Microsoft Azure Security Technologies',
             'uploader': 'Cybrary',
             'chapter': 'Implement Network Security',
-            'chapter_id': '52693'
+            'chapter_id': '52693',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo']
+        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError('The activity is not a video', expected=True)
 
         module = next((m for m in course.get('learning_modules') or []
-                      if int(activity_id) in traverse_obj(m, ('activities', ..., 'id') or [])), None)
+                      if int(activity_id) in traverse_obj(m, ('activities', ..., 'id'))), None)
 
         vimeo_id = self._get_vimeo_id(activity_id)
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'chapter': module.get('title'),
             'chapter_id': str_or_none(module.get('id')),
             'title': activity.get('title'),
-            'url': smuggle_url(f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', {'referer': 'https://api.cybrary.it'})
+            'url': smuggle_url(f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', {'referer': 'https://api.cybrary.it'}),
         }
 
 
@@ -116,17 +116,17 @@ class CybraryCourseIE(CybraryBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '898',
             'title': 'AZ-500: Microsoft Azure Security Technologies',
-            'description': 'md5:69549d379c0fc1dec92926d4e8b6fbd4'
+            'description': 'md5:69549d379c0fc1dec92926d4e8b6fbd4',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 59
+        'playlist_count': 59,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.cybrary.it/browse/course/cybrary-orientation',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1245',
             'title': 'Cybrary Orientation',
-            'description': 'md5:9e69ff66b32fe78744e0ad4babe2e88e'
+            'description': 'md5:9e69ff66b32fe78744e0ad4babe2e88e',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 4
+        'playlist_count': 4,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
index 43401e111..516df1b5c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     determine_protocol,
+    int_or_none,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class DailyMailIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'The Mountain appears in sparkling water ad for \'Heavy Bubbles\'',
             'description': 'md5:a93d74b6da172dd5dc4d973e0b766a84',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/embed/video/1295863.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         sources_url = (try_get(
             video_data,
             (lambda x: x['plugins']['sources']['url'],
-             lambda x: x['sources']['url']), compat_str)
-            or 'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/api/player/%s/video-sources.json' % video_id)
+             lambda x: x['sources']['url']), str)
+            or f'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/api/player/{video_id}/video-sources.json')
 
         video_sources = self._download_json(sources_url, video_id)
         body = video_sources.get('body')
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             is_hls = container == 'M2TS'
             protocol = 'm3u8_native' if is_hls else determine_protocol({'url': rendition_url})
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': ('hls' if is_hls else protocol) + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': ('hls' if is_hls else protocol) + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'url': rendition_url,
                 'width': int_or_none(rendition.get('frameWidth')),
                 'height': int_or_none(rendition.get('frameHeight')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
index c570a4f52..632335e5b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def _call_api(self, object_type, xid, object_fields, note, filter_extra=None):
   %s(xid: "%s"%s) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (object_type, xid, ', ' + filter_extra if filter_extra else '', object_fields),
+}''' % (object_type, xid, ', ' + filter_extra if filter_extra else '', object_fields),  # noqa: UP031
             }).encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
         obj = resp['data'][object_type]
         if not obj:
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['en_quete_d_esprit'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:s[12]\.)dmcdn\.net/v/Tncwi1YNg_RUl7ueu/x1080',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2iuewm_steam-machine-models-pricing-listed-on-steam-store-ign-news_videogames',
         'md5': '2137c41a8e78554bb09225b8eb322406',
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       %s
       audienceCount
       isOnAir
-    }''' % (self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS, self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS), 'Downloading media JSON metadata',
-            'password: "%s"' % self.get_param('videopassword') if password else None)
+    }''' % (self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS, self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS), 'Downloading media JSON metadata',  # noqa: UP031
+            'password: "{}"'.format(self.get_param('videopassword')) if password else None)
         xid = media['xid']
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 allowed_countries = try_get(media, lambda x: x['geoblockedCountries']['allowed'], list)
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(msg=title, countries=allowed_countries)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, title), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {title}', expected=True)
 
         title = metadata['title']
         is_live = media.get('isOnAir')
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, playlist_id, page):
         }
       }
     }''' % ('false' if self._FAMILY_FILTER else 'true', self._PAGE_SIZE, page),
-            'Downloading page %d' % page)['videos']
+            f'Downloading page {page}')['videos']
         for edge in videos['edges']:
             node = edge['node']
             yield self.url_result(
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
                 r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?dailymotion\.[a-z]{2,3}/widget/jukebox\?.+?)\1',
                 webpage):
             for p in re.findall(r'list\[\]=/playlist/([^/]+)/', unescapeHTML(mobj.group('url'))):
-                yield '//dailymotion.com/playlist/%s' % p
+                yield f'//dailymotion.com/playlist/{p}'
 
 
 class DailymotionSearchIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ def _call_search_api(self, term, page, note):
                     'limit': 20,
                     'page': page,
                     'query': term,
-                }
+                },
             }).encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
         obj = traverse_obj(resp, ('data', 'search', {dict}))
         if not obj:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
index f177c9d9c..3d5bb257c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class DailyWireIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'creator': 'Caroline Roberts',
             'series_id': 'ckzplm0a097fn0826r2vc3j7h',
             'series': 'China: The Enemy Within',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailywire.com/episode/ep-124-bill-maher',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class DailyWireIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:adb0de584bcfa9c41374999d9e324e98',
             'series_id': 'cjzvep7270hp00786l9hwccob',
             'series': 'The Sunday Special',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailywire.com/videos/the-hyperions',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class DailyWirePodcastIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:c4afbadda4e1c38a4496f6d62be55634',
             'thumbnail': 'https://daily-wire-production.imgix.net/podcasts/ckx4otgd71jm508699tzb6hf4-1639506575562.jpg',
             'duration': 900.117667,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
index 5e14d6aff..9ac0b6f2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, clean_html, int_or_none, try_get, unified_strdate
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class DamtomoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             # and never likely to happen in the future
             transform_source=lambda x: re.sub(r'\s*encoding="[^"]+?"', '', x))
         m3u8_url = try_get(stream_tree, lambda x: x.find(
-            './/d:streamingUrl', {'d': self._DKML_XML_NS}).text.strip(), compat_str)
+            './/d:streamingUrl', {'d': self._DKML_XML_NS}).text.strip(), str)
         if not m3u8_url:
             raise ExtractorError('Failed to obtain m3u8 URL')
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4')
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class DamtomoVideoIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'track': 'Get Wild',
             'artist': 'TM NETWORK(TMN)',
             'upload_date': '20201226',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ class DamtomoRecordIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'like_count': 1,
             'track': 'イカSUMMER [良音]',
             'artist': 'ORANGE RANGE',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.clubdam.com/app/damtomo/karaokePost/StreamingKrk.do?karaokeContributeId=27489418',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -104,5 +103,5 @@ class DamtomoRecordIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'like_count': 3,
             'track': '心みだれて〜say it with flowers〜(生音)',
             'artist': '小林明子',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50e4136b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dangalplay.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+import time
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, join_nonempty, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class DangalPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'dangalplay'
+    _OTV_USER_ID = None
+    _LOGIN_HINT = 'Pass credentials as -u "token" -p "USER_ID" where USER_ID is the `otv_user_id` in browser local storage'
+    _API_BASE = 'https://ottapi.dangalplay.com'
+    _AUTH_TOKEN = 'jqeGWxRKK7FK5zEk3xCM'  # from https://www.dangalplay.com/main.48ad19e24eb46acccef3.js
+    _SECRET_KEY = 'f53d31a4377e4ef31fa0'  # same as above
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        if self._OTV_USER_ID:
+            return
+        if username != 'token' or not re.fullmatch(r'[\da-f]{32}', password):
+            raise ExtractorError(self._LOGIN_HINT, expected=True)
+        self._OTV_USER_ID = password
+
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if not self._OTV_USER_ID:
+            self.raise_login_required(f'Login required. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
+
+    def _extract_episode_info(self, metadata, episode_slug, series_slug):
+        return {
+            'display_id': episode_slug,
+            'episode_number': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                r'ep-(?:number-)?(\d+)', episode_slug, 'episode number', default=None)),
+            'season_number': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                r'season-(\d+)', series_slug, 'season number', default='1')),
+            'series': series_slug,
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, {
+                'id': ('content_id', {str}),
+                'title': ('display_title', {str}),
+                'episode': ('title', {str}),
+                'series': ('show_name', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'series_id': ('catalog_id', {str}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'release_timestamp': ('release_date_uts', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
+        }
+
+    def _call_api(self, path, display_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata', fatal=True, query={}):
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/{path}', display_id, note, fatal=fatal,
+            headers={'Accept': 'application/json'}, query={
+                'auth_token': self._AUTH_TOKEN,
+                'region': 'IN',
+                **query,
+            })
+
+
+class DangalPlayIE(DangalPlayBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dangalplay'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?dangalplay.com/shows/(?P<series>[^/?#]+)/(?P<id>(?!episodes)[^/?#]+)/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-2/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-2-ep-number-01',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '647c61dc1e7171310dcd49b4',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'release_timestamp': 1262304000,
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'episode': 'EP 1 | KITANI MOHABBAT HAI SEASON 2',
+            'series': 'kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-2',
+            'season_number': 2,
+            'title': 'EP 1 | KITANI MOHABBAT HAI SEASON 2',
+            'release_date': '20100101',
+            'duration': 2325,
+            'season': 'Season 2',
+            'display_id': 'kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-2-ep-number-01',
+            'series_id': '645c9ea41e717158ca574966',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/milke-bhi-hum-na-mile/milke-bhi-hum-na-mile-ep-number-01',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '65d31d9ba73b9c3abd14a7f3',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'episode': 'EP 1 | MILKE BHI HUM NA MILE',
+            'release_timestamp': 1708367411,
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'title': 'EP 1 | MILKE BHI HUM NA MILE',
+            'duration': 156048,
+            'release_date': '20240219',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'MILKE BHI HUM NA MILE',
+            'series_id': '645c9ea41e717158ca574966',
+            'display_id': 'milke-bhi-hum-na-mile-ep-number-01',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _generate_api_data(self, data):
+        catalog_id = data['catalog_id']
+        content_id = data['content_id']
+        timestamp = str(int(time.time()))
+        unhashed = ''.join((catalog_id, content_id, self._OTV_USER_ID, timestamp, self._SECRET_KEY))
+
+        return json.dumps({
+            'catalog_id': catalog_id,
+            'content_id': content_id,
+            'category': '',
+            'region': 'IN',
+            'auth_token': self._AUTH_TOKEN,
+            'id': self._OTV_USER_ID,
+            'md5': hashlib.md5(unhashed.encode()).hexdigest(),
+            'ts': timestamp,
+        }, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        series_slug, episode_slug = self._match_valid_url(url).group('series', 'id')
+        metadata = self._call_api(
+            f'catalogs/shows/{series_slug}/episodes/{episode_slug}.gzip',
+            episode_slug, query={'item_language': ''})['data']
+
+        try:
+            details = self._download_json(
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/v2/users/get_all_details.gzip', episode_slug,
+                'Downloading playback details JSON', headers={
+                    'Accept': 'application/json',
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                }, data=self._generate_api_data(metadata))['data']
+        except ExtractorError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 422:
+                error_info = traverse_obj(e.cause.response.read().decode(), ({json.loads}, 'error', {dict})) or {}
+                if error_info.get('code') == '1016':
+                    self.raise_login_required(
+                        f'Your token has expired or is invalid. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
+                elif msg := error_info.get('message'):
+                    raise ExtractorError(msg)
+            raise
+
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(details, (
+            ('adaptive_url', ('adaptive_urls', 'hd', 'hls', ..., 'playback_url')), {url_or_none}, any))
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, episode_slug, 'mp4')
+
+        return {
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            **self._extract_episode_info(metadata, episode_slug, series_slug),
+        }
+
+
+class DangalPlaySeasonIE(DangalPlayBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'dangalplay:season'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?dangalplay.com/shows/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)(?:/(?P<sub>ep-[^/?#]+)/episodes)?/?(?:$|[?#])'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-1',
+        'playlist_mincount': 170,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-1',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-1/ep-01-30-1/episodes',
+        'playlist_count': 30,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-1-ep-01-30-1',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # 1 season only, series page is season page
+        'url': 'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/milke-bhi-hum-na-mile',
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'milke-bhi-hum-na-mile',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _entries(self, subcategories, series_slug):
+        for subcategory in subcategories:
+            data = self._call_api(
+                f'catalogs/shows/items/{series_slug}/subcategories/{subcategory}/episodes.gzip',
+                series_slug, f'Downloading episodes JSON for {subcategory}', fatal=False, query={
+                    'order_by': 'asc',
+                    'status': 'published',
+                })
+            for ep in traverse_obj(data, ('data', 'items', lambda _, v: v['friendly_id'])):
+                episode_slug = ep['friendly_id']
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    f'https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/{series_slug}/{episode_slug}',
+                    DangalPlayIE, **self._extract_episode_info(ep, episode_slug, series_slug))
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        series_slug, subcategory = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'sub')
+        subcategories = [subcategory] if subcategory else traverse_obj(
+            self._call_api(
+                f'catalogs/shows/items/{series_slug}.gzip', series_slug,
+                'Downloading season info JSON', query={'item_language': ''}),
+            ('data', 'subcategories', ..., 'friendly_id', {str}))
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(subcategories, series_slug), join_nonempty(series_slug, subcategory))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
index 24c520855..ee8444914 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import itertools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import parse_qs
 
 
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ class DaumIE(DaumBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url))
+        video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url))
         if not video_id.isdigit():
             video_id += '@my'
         return self.url_result(
@@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ class DaumClipIE(DaumBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DaumPlaylistIE.suitable(url) or DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super(DaumClipIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DaumPlaylistIE.suitable(url) or DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -131,12 +129,12 @@ def _get_entries(self, list_id, list_id_type):
         entries = []
         for pagenum in itertools.count(1):
             list_info = self._download_json(
-                'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/json/GetClipInfo.do?size=48&init=true&order=date&page=%d&%s=%s' % (
-                    pagenum, list_id_type, list_id), list_id, 'Downloading list info - %s' % pagenum)
+                f'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/json/GetClipInfo.do?size=48&init=true&order=date&page={pagenum}&{list_id_type}={list_id}',
+                list_id, f'Downloading list info - {pagenum}')
 
             entries.extend([
                 self.url_result(
-                    'http://tvpot.daum.net/v/%s' % clip['vid'])
+                    'http://tvpot.daum.net/v/{}'.format(clip['vid']))
                 for clip in list_info['clip_list']
             ])
 
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class DaumPlaylistIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': '6213966',
             'title': 'Woorissica Official',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 181
+        'playlist_mincount': 181,
     }, {
         'note': 'Playlist url with clipid - noplaylist',
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?playlistid=6213966&clipid=73806844',
@@ -182,12 +180,12 @@ class DaumPlaylistIE(DaumListIE):
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super(DaumPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         list_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': 'o2scDLIVbHc0',
             'title': '마이 리틀 텔레비전',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 213
+        'playlist_mincount': 213,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0&clipid=73801156',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -219,12 +217,12 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '[미공개] 김구라, 오만석이 부릅니다 \'오케피\' - 마이 리틀 텔레비전 20160116',
             'upload_date': '20160117',
-            'description': 'md5:5e91d2d6747f53575badd24bd62b9f36'
+            'description': 'md5:5e91d2d6747f53575badd24bd62b9f36',
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Playlist url has ownerid and playlistid, playlistid takes precedence',
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0&playlistid=6196631',
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': '6196631',
             'title': '마이 리틀 텔레비전 - 20160109',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 11
+        'playlist_count': 11,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/Top.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
index 18be46f7e..795fbacc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class DBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'UCk5pvsyZJoYJBd7_oFPTlRQ',
             'uploader': 'Dagbladet',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Youtube']
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/video/embed/xlGmyIeN9Jo/?autoplay=false',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
index 24bb6aca2..09bdbf243 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -37,18 +36,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         version = self._download_json(
-            '%s/version.json' % self._BASE_URL, display_id,
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/version.json', display_id,
             'Downloading version JSON')
 
-        restapi_base = '%s/%s/restapi' % (
+        restapi_base = '{}/{}/restapi'.format(
             self._BASE_URL, version['version_name'])
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            '%s/slugs/%s.json' % (restapi_base, display_id), display_id,
+            f'{restapi_base}/slugs/{display_id}.json', display_id,
             'Downloading video info JSON')
 
         media = self._download_json(
-            '%s/media/%s.json' % (restapi_base, compat_str(info['object_id'])),
+            '{}/media/{}.json'.format(restapi_base, str(info['object_id'])),
             display_id, 'Downloading media JSON')
 
         uuid = media['uuid']
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
 
         def add_formats(suffix):
-            templ = 'https://%%s/%s_dctp_%s.m4v' % (uuid, suffix)
+            templ = f'https://%s/{uuid}_dctp_{suffix}.m4v'
             formats.extend([{
                 'format_id': 'hls-' + suffix,
                 'url': templ % 'cdn-segments.dctp.tv' + '/playlist.m3u8',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
index f61f12af0..2ca8be5ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def get_data(self, url):
             default=None)
         if geoblocking_msg is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Deezer said: %s' % geoblocking_msg, expected=True)
+                f'Deezer said: {geoblocking_msg}', expected=True)
 
         data_json = self._search_regex(
             (r'__DZR_APP_STATE__\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*</script>',
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             entries.append({
                 'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
+                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
                 'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
                 'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
                 'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             entries.append({
                 'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
+                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
                 'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
                 'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
                 'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
index 1624d085c..80c56b4d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import re
 import os.path
+import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
-    url_basename,
     remove_start,
+    url_basename,
 )
 
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             media_url = json_data.get(key, '')
             if not media_url:
                 continue
-            media_url = re.sub(r'\?.*', '', compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, media_url))
+            media_url = re.sub(r'\?.*', '', urllib.parse.urljoin(url, media_url))
             video_id = video_id or remove_start(os.path.splitext(url_basename(media_url))[0], 'dn')
             formats.append({
                 'url': media_url,
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ def add_subtitle_item(lang, info_dict):
         # chapter_file are not subtitles
         if 'caption_file' in json_data:
             add_subtitle_item(default_lang, {
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, json_data['caption_file']),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, json_data['caption_file']),
             })
 
         for subtitle_item in json_data.get('captions', []):
             lang = subtitle_item.get('language', '').lower() or default_lang
             add_subtitle_item(lang, {
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, subtitle_item['url']),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, subtitle_item['url']),
             })
 
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
index f14805424..509775919 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['raja charles', ' raja charles iii', ' ratu elizabeth', ' ratu elizabeth meninggal dunia', ' raja inggris', ' inggris'],
             'release_timestamp': 1662869995,
             'release_date': '20220911',
-            'uploader': 'REUTERS'
-        }
+            'uploader': 'REUTERS',
+        },
     }, {
         # 20.detik
         'url': 'https://20.detik.com/otobuzz/20220704-220704093/mulai-rp-10-jutaan-ini-skema-kredit-mitsubishi-pajero-sport',
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1656926321,
             'release_date': '20220704',
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'uploader': 'Ridwan Arifin '  # TODO: strip trailling whitespace at uploader
-        }
+            'uploader': 'Ridwan Arifin ',  # TODO: strip trailling whitespace at uploader
+        },
     }, {
         # pasangmata.detik
         'url': 'https://pasangmata.detik.com/contribution/366649',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': 'count:17',
             'thumbnail': 'https://akcdn.detik.net.id/community/data/media/thumbs-pasangmata/2022/09/08/366649-16626229351533009620.mp4-03.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # insertlive embed
         'url': 'https://www.insertlive.com/embed/video/290482',
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Diincar Leonardo DiCaprio, Gigi Hadid Ngaku Tertarik Tapi Belum Cinta',
             'tags': ['leonardo dicaprio', ' gigi hadid', ' hollywood'],
             'uploader': '!nsertlive',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # beautynesia embed
         'url': 'https://www.beautynesia.id/embed/video/261636',
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['zodiac update', ' zodiak', ' ramalan bintang', ' zodiak beruntung 2022', ' zodiak hoki september 2022', ' zodiak beruntung september 2022'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://akcdn.detik.net.id/visual/2022/09/05/3-zodiak-paling-beruntung-selama-september-2022_169.jpeg?w=600&q=90',
             'uploader': 'amh',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # cnbcindonesia embed
         'url': 'https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/embed/video/371839',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://awsimages.detik.net.id/visual/2022/09/13/cnbc-indonesia-tv-3_169.png?w=600&q=80',
             'description': 'md5:8b9111e37555fcd95fe549a9b4ae6fdc',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # detik shortlink (we can get it from https://dtk.id/?<url>)
         'url': 'https://dtk.id/NkISKr',
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1663139688,
             'duration': 213.0,
             'tags': ['hacker bjorka', 'bjorka', 'hacker bjorka bocorkan data rahasia presiden jokowi', 'jokowi'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(self._html_search_meta('dtk:createdateunix', webpage, fatal=False, default=None), 1000),
                 'uploader': self._search_regex(
                     r'([^-]+)', self._html_search_meta('dtk:author', webpage, default='').strip(), 'uploader',
-                    default=None)
+                    default=None),
             }
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_url, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
index 74a6da6c6..c8ce32ca9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class DeuxMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '6351d439b15e1a613b3debe8',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Grand Angle : Jeudi 20 Octobre 2022',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://2m.ma/fr/replay/single/635c0aeab4eec832622356da',
         'md5': 'ad6af2f5e4d5b2ad2194a84b6e890b4c',
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class DeuxMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '635c0aeab4eec832622356da',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Journal  Amazigh : Vendredi 28 Octobre 2022',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ class DeuxMNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Kan Ya Mkan d\u00e9poussi\u00e8re l\u2019histoire du phare du Cap Beddouza',
             'description': 'md5:99dcf29b82f1d7f2a4acafed1d487527',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://2m.ma/fr/news/Interview-Casablanca-hors-des-sentiers-battus-avec-Abderrahim-KASSOU-Replay--20221017',
         'md5': '7aca29f02230945ef635eb8290283c0c',
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class DeuxMNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Interview: Casablanca hors des sentiers battus avec Abderrahim KASSOU (Replay) ',
             'description': 'md5:3b8e78111de9fcc6ef7f7dd6cff2430c',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
index c4fb5c2a4..b397ed909 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         player_info = self._download_xml(
-            'http://tv.dfb.de/server/hd_video.php?play=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://tv.dfb.de/server/hd_video.php?play={video_id}',
             display_id)
         video_info = player_info.find('video')
         stream_access_url = self._proto_relative_url(video_info.find('url').text.strip())
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': video_info.find('title').text,
-            'thumbnail': 'http://tv.dfb.de/images/%s_640x360.jpg' % video_id,
+            'thumbnail': f'http://tv.dfb.de/images/{video_id}_640x360.jpg',
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(video_info.find('time_date').text),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
index c11cd790b..594ce2d0b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_resolution,
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 }), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                     'Referer': 'https://www.digitalconcerthall.com',
-                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}'
+                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}',
                 })
         except ExtractorError:
             self.raise_login_required(msg='Login info incorrect')
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ def _entries(self, items, language, type_, **kwargs):
                 self._proto_relative_url(item['_links']['streams']['href']), video_id, headers={
                     'Accept': 'application/json',
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}',
-                    'Accept-Language': language
+                    'Accept-Language': language,
                 })
 
             m3u8_url = traverse_obj(
@@ -129,13 +128,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self._download_webpage(url, video_id), 'thumbnail')
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': thumbnail_url,
-            **parse_resolution(thumbnail_url)
+            **parse_resolution(thumbnail_url),
         }]
 
         vid_info = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.digitalconcerthall.com/v2/{type_}/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
-                'Accept-Language': language
+                'Accept-Language': language,
             })
         album_artist = ' / '.join(traverse_obj(vid_info, ('_links', 'artist', ..., 'name')) or '')
         videos = [vid_info] if type_ == 'film' else traverse_obj(vid_info, ('_embedded', ..., ...))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
index 912e33ba7..e56ec63e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_type = 'musique'
 
         deliver_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.ultimedia.com/deliver/video?video=%s&topic=%s' % (video_id, video_type),
+            f'http://www.ultimedia.com/deliver/video?video={video_id}&topic={video_type}',
             video_id)
 
         yt_id = deliver_info.get('yt_id')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
index 75b464353..b98279d67 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import random
 import string
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .discoverygo import DiscoveryGoBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class DiscoveryIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,  # requires ffmpeg
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.investigationdiscovery.com/tv-shows/final-vision/full-episodes/final-vision',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # prefer Affiliate Auth Token over Anonymous Auth Token
         auth_storage_cookie = cookies.get('eosAf') or cookies.get('eosAn')
         if auth_storage_cookie and auth_storage_cookie.value:
-            auth_storage = self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                compat_urllib_parse_unquote(auth_storage_cookie.value)),
+            auth_storage = self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(
+                urllib.parse.unquote(auth_storage_cookie.value)),
                 display_id, fatal=False) or {}
             access_token = auth_storage.get('a') or auth_storage.get('access_token')
 
         if not access_token:
             access_token = self._download_json(
-                'https://%s.com/anonymous' % site, display_id,
+                f'https://{site}.com/anonymous', display_id,
                 'Downloading token JSON metadata', query={
                     'authRel': 'authorization',
                     'client_id': '3020a40c2356a645b4b4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
index 1f3d8e31c..964948548 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     parse_age_limit,
     remove_end,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, video, stream, display_id):
         formats = []
         for stream_kind in ('', 'hds'):
             suffix = STREAM_URL_SUFFIX.capitalize() if stream_kind else STREAM_URL_SUFFIX
-            stream_url = stream.get('%s%s' % (stream_kind, suffix))
+            stream_url = stream.get(f'{stream_kind}{suffix}')
             if not stream_url:
                 continue
             if stream_kind == '':
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@ class DiscoveryGoPlaylistIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DiscoveryGoIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            DiscoveryGoPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DiscoveryGoIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
index 430de326f..a90f12389 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    unified_strdate,
     determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
+    unified_strdate,
     update_url_query,
 )
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Grill.burger
         'url': 'http://www.starwars.com/video/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story-intro-featurette',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://videos.disneylatino.com/ver/spider-man-de-regreso-a-casa-primer-adelanto-543a33a1850bdcfcca13bae2',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_data = page_data['data'][0]
         else:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://%s/embed/%s' % (domain, video_id), video_id)
+                f'http://{domain}/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
             page_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
                 r'Disney\.EmbedVideo\s*=\s*({.+});',
                 webpage, 'embed data'), video_id)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             })
         if not formats and video_data.get('expired'):
             self.raise_no_formats(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, page_data['translations']['video_expired']),
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, page_data['translations']['video_expired']),
                 expected=True)
 
         subtitles = {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
index 37f89b9bc..89c27e0b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def _parse_mp4(self, metadata):
         if video_root is None:
             http_host = xpath_text(metadata, 'httpHost', default=None)
             if http_host:
-                video_root = 'http://%s/' % http_host
+                video_root = f'http://{http_host}/'
         if video_root is None:
             # Hard-coded in http://evt.dispeak.com/ubm/gdc/sf16/custom/player2.js
             # Works for GPUTechConf, too
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def _parse_flv(self, metadata):
         audios = metadata.findall('./audios/audio')
         for audio in audios:
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'rtmp://%s/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1' % akamai_url,
+                'url': f'rtmp://{akamai_url}/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1',
                 'play_path': remove_end(audio.get('url'), '.flv'),
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'vcodec': 'none',
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ def _parse_flv(self, metadata):
             })
         for video_key, format_id, preference in (
                 ('slide', 'slides', -2), ('speaker', 'speaker', -1)):
-            video_path = xpath_text(metadata, './%sVideo' % video_key)
+            video_path = xpath_text(metadata, f'./{video_key}Video')
             if not video_path:
                 continue
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'rtmp://%s/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1' % akamai_url,
+                'url': f'rtmp://{akamai_url}/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1',
                 'play_path': remove_end(video_path, '.flv'),
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'format_note': '%s video' % video_key,
+                'format_note': f'{video_key} video',
                 'quality': preference,
                 'format_id': format_id,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
index 88a4149b5..eac219013 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _parse_button_attrs(self, button, audio_id=None):
                 'webpage_url': ('data-audio-download-tracking-path', {url_or_none}),
             }, get_all=False),
             'formats': (self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, audio_id, fatal=False)
-                        if ext == 'm3u8' else [{'url': url, 'ext': ext, 'vcodec': 'none'}])
+                        if ext == 'm3u8' else [{'url': url, 'ext': ext, 'vcodec': 'none'}]),
         }
 
 
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ class DLFIE(DLFBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
                 'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                 'series': 'On Stage',
-                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8'
+                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
             },
-            'skip': 'This webpage no longer exists'
+            'skip': 'This webpage no longer exists',
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/russische-athleten-kehren-zurueck-auf-die-sportbuehne-ein-gefaehrlicher-tueroeffner-dlf-d9cc1856-100.html',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class DLFIE(DLFBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
                 'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                 'series': 'Kommentare und Themen der Woche',
-                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-            }
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'fechten-russland-belarus-ukraine-protest-100',
                 'title': r're:Wiederzulassung als neutrale Athleten [-/] Was die Rückkehr russischer und belarussischer Sportler beim Fechten bedeutet',
-                'description': 'md5:91340aab29c71aa7518ad5be13d1e8ad'
+                'description': 'md5:91340aab29c71aa7518ad5be13d1e8ad',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 5,
             'playlist': [{
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/aad16241-6b76-4a09-958b-96d0ee1d6f57/512x512.jpg?t=1679480020313',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '2ada145f',
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FILE_93982766f7317df30409b8a184ac044a/512x512.jpg?t=1678547581005',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Deutschlandfunk Nova',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk-nova'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk-nova',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '5e55e8c9',
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '47e1a096',
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/da4c494a-21cc-48b4-9cc7-40e09fd442c2/512x512.jpg?t=1678562155770',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '5e55e8c9',
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
-            }]
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
+            }],
         },
         # Podcast feed with tag buttons, playlist count fluctuates
         {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
index 30fcf9fce..157d06c40 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class DLiveVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20190701',
             'timestamp': 1562011015,
             'uploader_id': 'pdp',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://dlive.tv/p/pdpreplay+D-RD-xSZg',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     thumbnailUrl
     viewCount
   }
-}''' % (uploader_id, vod_id)}).encode())['data']['pastBroadcast']
+}''' % (uploader_id, vod_id)}).encode())['data']['pastBroadcast']  # noqa: UP031
         title = broadcast['title']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             broadcast['playbackUrl'], vod_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native')
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     }
     username
   }
-}''' % display_name}).encode())['data']['userByDisplayName']
+}''' % display_name}).encode())['data']['userByDisplayName']  # noqa: UP031
         livestream = user['livestream']
         title = livestream['title']
         username = user['username']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            'https://live.prd.dlive.tv/hls/live/%s.m3u8' % username,
+            f'https://live.prd.dlive.tv/hls/live/{username}.m3u8',
             display_name, 'mp4')
         return {
             'id': display_name,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
index ee8893d5a..fdf19c252 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import time
 import hashlib
+import time
 import urllib
 import uuid
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         }
         stream_formats = [self._download_json(
             f'https://www.douyu.com/lapi/live/getH5Play/{room_id}',
-            video_id, note="Downloading livestream format",
+            video_id, note='Downloading livestream format',
             data=urlencode_postdata(form_data))]
 
         for rate_id in traverse_obj(stream_formats[0], ('data', 'multirates', ..., 'rate')):
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'description': ('show_details', {str}),
                 'uploader': ('nickname', {str}),
                 'thumbnail': ('room_src', {url_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         }
         url_info = self._download_json(
             'https://v.douyu.com/api/stream/getStreamUrl', video_id,
-            data=urlencode_postdata(form_data), note="Downloading video formats")
+            data=urlencode_postdata(form_data), note='Downloading video formats')
 
         formats = []
         for name, url in traverse_obj(url_info, ('data', 'thumb_video', {dict.items}, ...)):
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'quality': self._QUALITIES.get(name),
                     'ext': 'mp4' if ext == 'm3u8' else ext,
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if ext == 'm3u8' else 'https',
-                    **parse_resolution(self._RESOLUTIONS.get(name))
+                    **parse_resolution(self._RESOLUTIONS.get(name)),
                 })
             else:
                 self.to_screen(
@@ -302,5 +302,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'timestamp': ('content', 'create_time', {int_or_none}),
                 'view_count': ('content', 'view_num', {int_or_none}),
                 'tags': ('videoTag', ..., 'tagName', {str}),
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
index 363b4bec9..48eae1088 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     remove_start,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def _get_disco_api_info(self, url, display_id, disco_host, realm, country, domai
         self._initialize_geo_bypass({
             'countries': geo_countries,
         })
-        disco_base = 'https://%s/' % disco_host
+        disco_base = f'https://{disco_host}/'
         headers = {
             'Referer': url,
         }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def _get_disco_api_info(self, url, display_id, disco_host, realm, country, domai
                     'fields[show]': 'name',
                     'fields[tag]': 'name',
                     'fields[video]': 'description,episodeNumber,name,publishStart,seasonNumber,videoDuration',
-                    'include': 'images,primaryChannel,show,tags'
+                    'include': 'images,primaryChannel,show,tags',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
@@ -355,13 +355,11 @@ def _download_video_playback_info(self, disco_base, video_id, headers):
             video_id, headers=headers, data=json.dumps({
                 'deviceInfo': {
                     'adBlocker': False,
+                    'drmSupported': False,
                 },
                 'videoId': video_id,
-                'wisteriaProperties': {
-                    'platform': 'desktop',
-                    'product': self._PRODUCT,
-                },
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['data']['attributes']['streaming']
+                'wisteriaProperties': {},
+            }).encode())['data']['attributes']['streaming']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self._get_disco_api_info(url, self._match_id(url), **self._DISCO_API_PARAMS)
@@ -859,7 +857,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _PRODUCT = 'dplus-india'
@@ -872,16 +870,37 @@ class DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
 
     def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
         headers.update({
-            'x-disco-params': 'realm=%s' % realm,
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
             'x-disco-client': f'WEB:UNKNOWN:{self._PRODUCT}:17.0.0',
             'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
         })
 
 
-class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DPlayBaseIE):
+class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>(?:tlc|dmax)\.de|dplay\.co\.uk)/(?:programme|show|sendungen)/(?P<programme>[^/]+)/(?:video/)?(?P<alternate_id>[^/]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://dmax.de/sendungen/goldrausch-in-australien/german-gold',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '4756322',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'German Gold',
+            'description': 'md5:f3073306553a8d9b40e6ac4cdbf09fc6',
+            'display_id': 'goldrausch-in-australien/german-gold',
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 5',
+            'season_number': 5,
+            'series': 'Goldrausch in Australien',
+            'duration': 2648.0,
+            'upload_date': '20230517',
+            'timestamp': 1684357500,
+            'creators': ['DMAX'],
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2023/05/09/f72fb510-7992-3b12-af7f-f16a2c22d1e3.jpeg',
+            'tags': ['schatzsucher', 'schatz', 'nugget', 'bodenschätze', 'down under', 'australien', 'goldrausch'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tlc.de/programme/breaking-amish/video/die-welt-da-drauen/DCB331270001100',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '78867',
@@ -901,9 +920,7 @@ class DiscoveryNetworksDeIE(DPlayBaseIE):
             'season_number': 1,
             'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
+        'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dmax.de/programme/dmax-highlights/video/tuning-star-sidney-hoffmann-exklusiv-bei-dmax/191023082312316',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -920,8 +937,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         country = 'GB' if domain == 'dplay.co.uk' else 'DE'
         realm = 'questuk' if country == 'GB' else domain.replace('.', '')
         return self._get_disco_api_info(
-            url, '%s/%s' % (programme, alternate_id),
-            'sonic-eu1-prod.disco-api.com', realm, country)
+            url, f'{programme}/{alternate_id}', 'eu1-prod.disco-api.com', realm, country)
+
+    def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
+        headers.update({
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
+            'x-disco-client': 'Alps:HyogaPlayer:0.0.0',
+            'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
+        })
 
 
 class DiscoveryPlusShowBaseIE(DPlayBaseIE):
@@ -944,14 +967,14 @@ def _entries(self, show_name):
             while page_num < total_pages:
                 season_json = self._download_json(
                     season_url.format(season_id, show_id, str(page_num + 1)), show_name, headers=headers,
-                    note='Downloading season %s JSON metadata%s' % (season_id, ' page %d' % page_num if page_num else ''))
+                    note='Downloading season {} JSON metadata{}'.format(season_id, f' page {page_num}' if page_num else ''))
                 if page_num == 0:
                     total_pages = try_get(season_json, lambda x: x['meta']['totalPages'], int) or 1
                 episodes_json = season_json['data']
                 for episode in episodes_json:
                     video_path = episode['attributes']['path']
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        '%svideos/%s' % (self._DOMAIN, video_path),
+                        f'{self._DOMAIN}videos/{video_path}',
                         ie=self._VIDEO_IE.ie_key(), video_id=episode.get('id') or video_path)
                 page_num += 1
 
@@ -979,7 +1002,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusItalyIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
 
     def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
         headers.update({
-            'x-disco-params': 'realm=%s' % realm,
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
             'x-disco-client': f'WEB:UNKNOWN:{self._PRODUCT}:25.2.6',
             'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
index 824d70def..40dc14168 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def extract(field):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'<div[^>]+>\s*<p>%s:<p>\s*</div>\s*<div[^>]+>\s*<p>([^<]+)</p>' % field,
+                rf'<div[^>]+>\s*<p>{field}:<p>\s*</div>\s*<div[^>]+>\s*<p>([^<]+)</p>',
                 webpage, field, default=None)
 
         info.update({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
index 8a59c23ab..4b0a269b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ class DreiSatIE(ZDFIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Waidmannsheil',
             'description': 'md5:cce00ca1d70e21425e72c86a98a56817',
             'timestamp': 1410623100,
-            'upload_date': '20140913'
+            'upload_date': '20140913',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Same as https://www.zdf.de/filme/filme-sonstige/der-hauptmann-112.html
         'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/film/spielfilm/der-hauptmann-100.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
index 106e5c457..16e9a6194 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DroobleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1596241390,
             'uploader_id': '95894',
             'uploader': 'Bluebeat Shelter',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://drooble.com/karl340758/videos/2859183',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class DroobleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:ffc0bd8ba383db5341a86a6cd7d9bcca',
             'upload_date': '20200731',
             'uploader': 'Bluebeat Shelter',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://drooble.com/karl340758/music/albums/2858031',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 entites.append({
                     '_type': 'url',
                     'url': url,
-                    'ie_key': 'Youtube'
+                    'ie_key': 'Youtube',
                 })
                 continue
             is_audio = (media.get('type') or '').lower() == 'audio'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
index 0246975c1..51b40df42 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import base64
 import os.path
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     update_url_query,
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class DropboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'nelirfsxnmcfbfh',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl test video \'ä"BaW_jenozKc'
-            }
+                'title': 'youtube-dl test video \'ä"BaW_jenozKc',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.dropbox.com/s/nelirfsxnmcfbfh',
             'only_matching': True,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        fn = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(url_basename(url))
+        fn = urllib.parse.unquote(url_basename(url))
         title = os.path.splitext(fn)[0]
 
         password = self.get_param('videopassword')
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 content_id = self._search_regex(r'content_id=(.*?)["\']', webpage, 'content_id')
                 payload = f'is_xhr=true&t={self._get_cookies("https://www.dropbox.com").get("t").value}&content_id={content_id}&password={password}&url={url}'
                 response = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.dropbox.com/sm/auth', video_id, 'POSTing video password', data=payload.encode('UTF-8'),
+                    'https://www.dropbox.com/sm/auth', video_id, 'POSTing video password', data=payload.encode(),
                     headers={'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'})
 
                 if response.get('status') != 'authed':
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'url': update_url_query(url, {'dl': '1'}),
                 'format_id': 'original',
                 'format_note': 'Original',
-                'quality': 1
+                'quality': 1,
             })
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
index 80ae6c126..7e97c4d40 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 1180,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-fantasy-high/season:1/videos/episode-1',
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 6838,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/videos/misfits-magic-holiday-special',
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 11698,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
-        }
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
+        },
     ]
 
     def _get_authenticity_token(self, display_id):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _login(self, display_id):
                 'email': username,
                 'password': password,
                 'authenticity_token': self._get_authenticity_token(display_id),
-                'utf8': True
+                'utf8': True,
             }))
 
         user_has_subscription = self._search_regex(
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 24,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-fantasy-high-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-fantasy-high',
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 24,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-fantasy-high-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-shriek-week',
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 4,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-shriek-week-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Shriek Week - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Shriek Week - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/breaking-news-no-laugh-newsroom/season:3',
@@ -202,9 +202,9 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 25,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'breaking-news-no-laugh-newsroom-season-3',
-                'title': 'Breaking News No Laugh Newsroom - Season 3'
-            }
-        }
+                'title': 'Breaking News No Laugh Newsroom - Season 3',
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, url, season_id, page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
index e5dab6ac0..6a1fe9010 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     NO_DEFAULT,
+    int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     str_to_int,
 )
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class DrTuberIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Babe', 'Blonde', 'Erotic', 'Outdoor', 'Softcore', 'Solo'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.drtuber.com/embed/489939',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or video_id
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.drtuber.com/video/%s' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.drtuber.com/video/{video_id}', display_id)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
             'http://www.drtuber.com/player_config_json/', video_id, query={
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'quality': 2 if format_id == 'hq' else 1,
-                    'url': video_url
+                    'url': video_url,
                 })
 
         duration = int_or_none(video_data.get('duration')) or parse_duration(
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def extract_count(id_, name, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+(?:class|id)="%s"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>' % id_,
-                webpage, '%s count' % name, default=default, fatal=False))
+                rf'<span[^>]+(?:class|id)="{id_}"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>',
+                webpage, f'{name} count', default=default, fatal=False))
 
         like_count = extract_count('rate_likes', 'like')
         dislike_count = extract_count('rate_dislikes', 'dislike', default=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
index 2a6e337bf..32b684552 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 lang = sub_track.get('language') or 'da'
                 subtitles.setdefault(self.SUBTITLE_LANGS.get(lang, lang) + subtitle_suffix, []).append({
                     'url': sub_track['link'],
-                    'ext': mimetype2ext(sub_track.get('format')) or 'vtt'
+                    'ext': mimetype2ext(sub_track.get('format')) or 'vtt',
                 })
 
         if not formats and traverse_obj(item, ('season', 'customFields', 'IsGeoRestricted')):
@@ -284,14 +284,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if not stream_path:
                         continue
                     stream_url = update_url_query(
-                        '%s/%s' % (server, stream_path), {'b': ''})
+                        f'{server}/{stream_path}', {'b': ''})
                     if link_type == 'HLS':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             stream_url, channel_id, 'mp4',
                             m3u8_id=link_type, fatal=False, live=True))
                     elif link_type == 'HDS':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(update_url_query(
-                            '%s/%s' % (server, stream_path), {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}),
+                            f'{server}/{stream_path}', {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}),
                             channel_id, f4m_id=link_type, fatal=False))
 
         return {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class DRTVSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 2008,
             'alt_title': 'Season 2008',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 8
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dr.dk/drtv/saeson/frank-and-kastaniegaarden_8761',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ class DRTVSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 2009,
             'alt_title': 'Season 2009',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 19
+        'playlist_mincount': 19,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'alt_title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'contextualTitle')),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
             'entries': entries,
-            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber'))
+            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber')),
         }
 
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class DRTVSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Frank & Kastaniegaarden',
             'alt_title': '',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': season.get('title'),
             'alt_title': season.get('contextualTitle'),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
-            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber'))
+            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber')),
         } for season in traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'show', 'seasons', 'items'))]
 
         return {
@@ -397,5 +397,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
             'alt_title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'contextualTitle')),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
-            'entries': entries
+            'entries': entries,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
index 5ea014cf0..0d87820c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ def canonical_url(h):
 
         formats = []
         for q in ('240', '480', '720', '1080', ''):
-            video_url = canonical_url(content.get('video%shash' % q))
+            video_url = canonical_url(content.get(f'video{q}hash'))
             if not video_url:
                 continue
             format_id = (q + 'p') if q else 'Source'
             try:
-                self.to_screen('%s: Checking %s video format URL' % (video_id, format_id))
+                self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: Checking {format_id} video format URL')
                 self._downloader._opener.open(video_url, timeout=5).close()
             except socket.timeout:
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '%s: %s URL is invalid, skipping' % (video_id, format_id))
+                    f'{video_id}: {format_id} URL is invalid, skipping')
                 continue
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
index 626e577e7..68c3f0573 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     get_elements_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
@@ -24,23 +23,23 @@ def _get_elements_by_tag_and_attrib(html, tag=None, attribute=None, value=None,
     if attribute is None:
         attribute = ''
     else:
-        attribute = r'\s+(?P<attribute>%s)' % re.escape(attribute)
+        attribute = rf'\s+(?P<attribute>{re.escape(attribute)})'
     if value is None:
         value = ''
     else:
         value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value
-        value = '=[\'"]?(?P<value>%s)[\'"]?' % value
+        value = f'=[\'"]?(?P<value>{value})[\'"]?'
 
     retlist = []
-    for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
-        <(?P<tag>%s)
+    for m in re.finditer(rf'''(?xs)
+        <(?P<tag>{tag})
          (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
-         %s%s
+         {attribute}{value}
          (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
         \s*>
         (?P<content>.*?)
         </\1>
-    ''' % (tag, attribute, value), html):
+    ''', html):
         retlist.append(m)
 
     return retlist
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         season_id = temp[1]
         episode_id = temp[2]
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://w.duboku.io/vodplay/%s.html' % video_id
+        webpage_url = f'https://w.duboku.io/vodplay/{video_id}.html'
         webpage_html = self._download_webpage(webpage_url, video_id)
 
         # extract video url
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode_id),
             'episode_id': episode_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'http_headers': headers
+            'http_headers': headers,
         }
 
 
@@ -193,11 +192,11 @@ class DubokuPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         if mobj is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL: %s' % url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}')
         series_id = mobj.group('id')
-        fragment = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).fragment
+        fragment = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).fragment
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://w.duboku.io/voddetail/%s.html' % series_id
+        webpage_url = f'https://w.duboku.io/voddetail/{series_id}.html'
         webpage_html = self._download_webpage(webpage_url, series_id)
 
         # extract title
@@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     div.group('content'), 'a', 'href', value='[^\'"]+?', escape_value=False):
                 playlist.append({
                     'href': unescapeHTML(a.group('value')),
-                    'title': unescapeHTML(a.group('content'))
+                    'title': unescapeHTML(a.group('content')),
                 })
             playlists[playlist_id] = playlist
 
@@ -237,11 +236,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 (playlist_id, playlist) = first
         if not playlist:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Cannot find %s' % fragment if fragment else 'Cannot extract playlist')
+                f'Cannot find {fragment}' if fragment else 'Cannot extract playlist')
 
         # return url results
         return self.playlist_result([
             self.url_result(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin('https://w.duboku.io', x['href']),
+                urllib.parse.urljoin('https://w.duboku.io', x['href']),
                 ie=DubokuIE.ie_key(), video_title=x.get('title'))
             for x in playlist], series_id + '#' + playlist_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
index 5e7aef0c5..1c2050cc1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpertIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 9,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dumpert.nl/embed/6675421_dc440fe7',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DumpertIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dumpert.nl/toppers?selectedId=100031688_b317a185',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
index e67143370..3e442b339 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     js_to_json,
     mimetype2ext,
+    parse_iso8601,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
-    parse_iso8601,
 )
 
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1484,
             'upload_date': '20141217',
             'timestamp': 1418792400,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.aktualne.cz/dvtv/dvtv-16-12-2014-utok-talibanu-boj-o-kliniku-uprchlici/r~973eb3bc854e11e498be002590604f2e/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:0916925dea8e30fe84222582280b47a0',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '5f7652a08b05009c1292317b449ffea2',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:ff2f9f6de73c73d7cef4f756c1c1af42',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '498eb9dfa97169f409126c617e2a3d64',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:889fe610a70fee5511dc3326a089188e',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': 'b8dc6b744844032dab6ba3781a7274b9',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:544f86de6d20c4815bea11bf2ac3004f',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.aktualne.cz/dvtv/zeman-si-jen-leci-mindraky-sobotku-nenavidi-a-babis-se-mu-te/r~960cdb3a365a11e7a83b0025900fea04/',
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def _parse_video_metadata(self, js, video_id, timestamp):
             'thumbnail': data.get('image'),
             'duration': int_or_none(data.get('duration')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(timestamp),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'video', default=None)
         if item:
             # remove function calls (ex. htmldeentitize)
-            # TODO this should be fixed in a general way in the js_to_json
+            # TODO: this should be fixed in a general way in the js_to_json
             item = re.sub(r'\w+?\((.+)\)', r'\1', item)
             return self._parse_video_metadata(item, video_id, timestamp)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
index f7b852076..320e29bfd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 
 
 class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Intelligent light',
             'description': 'md5:90e00d5881719f2a6a5827cb74985af1',
             'upload_date': '20160605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # audio
         'url': 'http://www.dw.com/en/worldlink-my-business/av-19111941',
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'WorldLink: My business',
             'description': 'md5:bc9ca6e4e063361e21c920c53af12405',
             'upload_date': '20160311',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # DW documentaries, only last for one or two weeks
         'url': 'http://www.dw.com/en/documentaries-welcome-to-the-90s-2016-05-21/e-19220158-9798',
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             formats = [{'url': hidden_inputs['file_name']}]
         else:
             formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-                'http://www.dw.com/smil/v-%s' % media_id, media_id,
+                f'http://www.dw.com/smil/v-{media_id}', media_id,
                 transform_source=lambda s: s.replace(
                     'rtmp://tv-od.dw.de/flash/',
                     'http://tv-download.dw.de/dwtv_video/flv/'))
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ class DWArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The harsh life of refugees in Idomeni',
             'description': 'md5:196015cc7e48ebf474db9399420043c7',
             'upload_date': '20160310',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -105,6 +106,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, article_id)
         hidden_inputs = self._hidden_inputs(webpage)
         media_id = hidden_inputs['media_id']
-        media_path = self._search_regex(r'href="([^"]+av-%s)"\s+class="overlayLink"' % media_id, webpage, 'media url')
-        media_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, media_path)
+        media_path = self._search_regex(rf'href="([^"]+av-{media_id})"\s+class="overlayLink"', webpage, 'media url')
+        media_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, media_path)
         return self.url_result(media_url, 'DW', media_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
index 739d17912..685f8c059 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
                     '''
         # "Basic usage" embedding (see http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
         mobj = re.search(
-            r'''(?xs)
-                    %s
+            rf'''(?xs)
+                    {PLAYER_JS_RE}
                     <div[^>]+
                         class=(?P<qclass>["\'])eagleplayer(?P=qclass)[^>]+
                         data-id=["\'](?P<id>\d+)
-            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)
+            ''', webpage)
         if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict())]
+            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
         # Generalization of "Javascript code usage", "Combined usage" and
         # "Usage without attaching to DOM" embeddings (see
         # http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
                     \s*\)
                     .+?
                     </script>
-            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)
+            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)  # noqa: UP031
         if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict())]
+            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _handle_error(response):
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def _handle_error(response):
 
     def _download_json(self, url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
         try:
-            response = super(EaglePlatformIE, self)._download_json(
+            response = super()._download_json(
                 url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
         except ExtractorError as ee:
             if isinstance(ee.cause, HTTPError):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query['referrer'] = referrer
 
         player_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/api/player_data' % host, video_id,
+            f'http://{host}/api/player_data', video_id,
             headers=headers, query=query)
 
         media = player_data['data']['playlist']['viewports'][0]['medialist'][0]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     })
                 else:
                     f = {
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{format_id}',
                         'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                     }
                 f['url'] = format_url
@@ -212,4 +212,4 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         mobj = re.search(
             r'<iframe[^>]+src="https?://(?P<host>media\.clipyou\.ru)/index/player\?.*\brecord_id=(?P<id>\d+).*"', webpage)
         if mobj is not None:
-            yield smuggle_url('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict(), {'referrer': url})
+            yield smuggle_url('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()), {'referrer': url})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
index 0854d0344..ac766b380 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class EbaumsWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/player/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/player/{video_id}', video_id)
         video_url = config.find('file').text
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
index d0eb9fc51..f1d122f88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class EbayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'WiFi internal antenna adhesive for wifi 2.4GHz wifi 5 wifi 6 wifi 6E full bands',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': remove_end(self._html_extract_title(webpage), ' | eBay'),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
index c94f3f81f..62d2e544c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ class EggheadBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, resource, fatal=True):
         return self._download_json(
             'https://app.egghead.io/api/v1/' + path,
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % resource, fatal=fatal)
+            video_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON', fatal=fatal)
 
 
 class EggheadCourseIE(EggheadBaseIE):
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             lesson_id = lesson.get('id')
             if lesson_id:
-                lesson_id = compat_str(lesson_id)
+                lesson_id = str(lesson_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 lesson_url, ie=EggheadLessonIE.ie_key(), video_id=lesson_id))
 
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         playlist_id = course.get('id')
         if playlist_id:
-            playlist_id = compat_str(playlist_id)
+            playlist_id = str(playlist_id)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, playlist_id, course.get('title'),
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         lesson = self._call_api(
             'lessons/' + display_id, display_id, 'lesson')
 
-        lesson_id = compat_str(lesson['id'])
+        lesson_id = str(lesson['id'])
         title = lesson['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -129,6 +128,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'view_count': int_or_none(lesson.get('plays_count')),
             'tags': try_get(lesson, lambda x: x['tag_list'], list),
             'series': try_get(
-                lesson, lambda x: x['series']['title'], compat_str),
+                lesson, lambda x: x['series']['title'], str),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
index 3dd9ab1b3..3ac4c56ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
 )
@@ -29,8 +26,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885610',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtue-dl project<>\"' - youtube-dl test track 1 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '4ab26f05c1f7291ea460a3920be8021f',
@@ -38,8 +35,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885608',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project - youtube-dl test track 2 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'd30b5b5f74217410f4689605c35d1fd7',
@@ -47,8 +44,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885679',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project as well - youtube-dl test track 3 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '4eb0a669317cd725f6bbd336a29f923a',
@@ -56,8 +53,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885680',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project as well - youtube-dl test track 4 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1893e872e263a2705558d1d319ad19e8',
@@ -65,8 +62,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885682',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "PH - youtube-dl test track 5 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'b673c46f47a216ab1741ae8836af5899',
@@ -74,8 +71,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885683',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "PH - youtube-dl test track 6 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1d74534e95df54986da7f5abf7d842b7',
@@ -83,8 +80,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885684',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "phihag - youtube-dl test track 7 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'f081f47af8f6ae782ed131d38b9cd1c0',
@@ -92,10 +89,10 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885685',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "phihag - youtube-dl test track 8 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         data = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
-                r"(?s)PAGE\.mix\s*=\s*({.+?});\n", webpage, 'trax information'),
+                r'(?s)PAGE\.mix\s*=\s*({.+?});\n', webpage, 'trax information'),
             playlist_id)
 
         session = str(random.randint(0, 1000000000))
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # duration is sometimes negative, use predefined avg duration
         if avg_song_duration <= 0:
             avg_song_duration = 300
-        first_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/%s/play?player=sm&mix_id=%s&format=jsonh' % (session, mix_id)
+        first_url = f'http://8tracks.com/sets/{session}/play?player=sm&mix_id={mix_id}&format=jsonh'
         next_url = first_url
         entries = []
 
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             api_data = json.loads(api_json)
             track_data = api_data['set']['track']
             info = {
-                'id': compat_str(track_data['id']),
+                'id': str(track_data['id']),
                 'url': track_data['track_file_stream_url'],
                 'title': track_data['performer'] + ' - ' + track_data['name'],
                 'raw_title': track_data['name'],
@@ -149,12 +146,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             }
             entries.append(info)
 
-            next_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/%s/next?player=sm&mix_id=%s&format=jsonh&track_id=%s' % (
+            next_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/{}/next?player=sm&mix_id={}&format=jsonh&track_id={}'.format(
                 session, mix_id, track_data['id'])
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
             'entries': entries,
-            'id': compat_str(mix_id),
+            'id': str(mix_id),
             'display_id': playlist_id,
             'title': data.get('name'),
             'description': data.get('description'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 53bc2535d..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/einthusan.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-import json
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
-from ..utils import (
-    extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
-    get_elements_by_class,
-    urlencode_postdata,
-)
-
-
-class EinthusanIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<host>einthusan\.(?:tv|com|ca))/movie/watch/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://einthusan.tv/movie/watch/9097/',
-        'md5': 'ff0f7f2065031b8a2cf13a933731c035',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9097',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil',
-            'description': 'md5:33ef934c82a671a94652a9b4e54d931b',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://einthusan.tv/movie/watch/51MZ/?lang=hindi',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://einthusan.com/movie/watch/9097/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://einthusan.ca/movie/watch/4E9n/?lang=hindi',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    # reversed from jsoncrypto.prototype.decrypt() in einthusan-PGMovieWatcher.js
-    def _decrypt(self, encrypted_data, video_id):
-        return self._parse_json(compat_b64decode((
-            encrypted_data[:10] + encrypted_data[-1] + encrypted_data[12:-1]
-        )).decode('utf-8'), video_id)
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        host = mobj.group('host')
-        video_id = mobj.group('id')
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        title = self._html_search_regex(r'<h3>([^<]+)</h3>', webpage, 'title')
-
-        player_params = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
-            r'(<section[^>]+id="UIVideoPlayer"[^>]+>)', webpage, 'player parameters'))
-
-        page_id = self._html_search_regex(
-            '<html[^>]+data-pageid="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'page ID')
-        video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/ajax/movie/watch/%s/' % (host, video_id), video_id,
-            data=urlencode_postdata({
-                'xEvent': 'UIVideoPlayer.PingOutcome',
-                'xJson': json.dumps({
-                    'EJOutcomes': player_params['data-ejpingables'],
-                    'NativeHLS': False
-                }),
-                'arcVersion': 3,
-                'appVersion': 59,
-                'gorilla.csrf.Token': page_id,
-            }))['Data']
-
-        if isinstance(video_data, compat_str) and video_data.startswith('/ratelimited/'):
-            raise ExtractorError(
-                'Download rate reached. Please try again later.', expected=True)
-
-        ej_links = self._decrypt(video_data['EJLinks'], video_id)
-
-        formats = []
-
-        m3u8_url = ej_links.get('HLSLink')
-        if m3u8_url:
-            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native'))
-
-        mp4_url = ej_links.get('MP4Link')
-        if mp4_url:
-            formats.append({
-                'url': mp4_url,
-            })
-
-        description = get_elements_by_class('synopsis', webpage)[0]
-        thumbnail = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'''<img[^>]+src=(["'])(?P<url>(?!\1).+?/moviecovers/(?!\1).+?)\1''',
-            webpage, 'thumbnail url', fatal=False, group='url')
-        if thumbnail is not None:
-            thumbnail = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, thumbnail)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'description': description,
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
index 66afbb6bb..3e2750796 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://mam.eitb.eus/mam/REST/ServiceMultiweb/Video/MULTIWEBTV/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://mam.eitb.eus/mam/REST/ServiceMultiweb/Video/MULTIWEBTV/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         media = video['web_media'][0]
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             tbr = float_or_none(rendition.get('ENCODING_RATE'), 1000)
             format_id = 'http'
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % int(tbr)
+                format_id += f'-{int(tbr)}'
             formats.append({
                 'url': rendition['PMD_URL'],
                 'format_id': format_id,
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 token = token_data.get('token')
                 if token:
                     formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        '%s?hdnts=%s' % (hls_url, token), video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+                        f'{hls_url}?hdnts={token}', video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
 
         hds_url = media.get('HDS_SURL')
         if hds_url:
             formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                '%s?hdcore=3.7.0' % hds_url.replace('euskalsvod', 'euskalvod'),
+                '{}?hdcore=3.7.0'.format(hds_url.replace('euskalsvod', 'euskalvod')),
                 video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
index 7c6c88075..46fa29f8a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ElPaisIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tiempo nuevo, recetas viejas',
             'description': 'De lunes a viernes, a partir de las ocho de la mañana, Iñaki Gabilondo nos cuenta su visión de la actualidad nacional e internacional.',
             'upload_date': '20140206',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://elcomidista.elpais.com/elcomidista/2016/02/24/articulo/1456340311_668921.html#?id_externo_nwl=newsletter_diaria20160303t',
         'md5': '3bd5b09509f3519d7d9e763179b013de',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ElPaisIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Cómo hacer el mejor café con cafetera italiana',
             'description': 'Que sí, que las cápsulas son cómodas. Pero si le pides algo más a la vida, quizá deberías aprender a usar bien la cafetera italiana. No tienes más que ver este vídeo y seguir sus siete normas básicas.',
             'upload_date': '20160303',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://elpais.com/elpais/2017/01/26/ciencia/1485456786_417876.html',
         'md5': '9c79923a118a067e1a45789e1e0b0f9c',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
index f64023af7..71cf92181 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ElTreceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'AHORA CAIGO - Programa 06/10/23',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.vodgc.net/AHCA05102023145553329621094.JPG?649339',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.eltrecetv.com.ar/poco-correctos/capitulos/temporada-2023/programa-del-250923-invitada-dalia-gutmann/',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class ElTreceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://www.eltrecetv.com.ar/el-galpon/capitulos/temporada-2023/programa-del-160923-invitado-raul-lavie/',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
index 3bfcc5470..696f3e11f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Air Battle of Srinagar',
             'description': 'md5:c4de2013af9bc05ae4392e4115d518d7',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/movies/krit',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Krit',
             'description': 'md5:c12b35dad915d48ccff7f013c79bab4a',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/paapnaashini-ganga/season-1/vardaan',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Paapnaashini Ganga - Season 1 - Ep 1 - VARDAAN',
             'description': 'md5:f517058c3d0402398eefa6242f4dd6ae',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/movies/jayadev',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,16 +41,17 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jayadev',
             'description': 'md5:09e349eecd8e585a3b6466904f19df6c',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         cid = self._search_regex(r'class=\"mylist-icon\ iconclick\"\ id=\"(\d+)', webpage, 'cid')
         headers = {'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'}
         data = f'cid={cid}&action=st&type=video'.encode()
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._download_json('https://www.epicon.in/ajaxplayer/', id, headers=headers, data=data), id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(
+            self._download_json('https://www.epicon.in/ajaxplayer/', video_id, headers=headers, data=data), video_id)
 
         if not data_json['success']:
             raise ExtractorError(data_json['message'], expected=True)
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = self._search_regex(r'setplaytitle=\"([^\"]+)', webpage, 'title')
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage) or None
         thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage) or None
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(data_json['url']['video_url'], id)
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(data_json['url']['video_url'], video_id)
 
         subtitles = {}
         for subtitle in data_json.get('subtitles', []):
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             })
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
@@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ class EpiconSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        episodes = re.findall(r'ct-tray-url=\"(tv-shows/%s/[^\"]+)' % id, webpage)
-        entries = [self.url_result('https://www.epicon.in/%s' % episode, ie=EpiconIE.ie_key()) for episode in episodes]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        episodes = re.findall(rf'ct-tray-url=\"(tv-shows/{playlist_id}/[^\"]+)', webpage)
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'https://www.epicon.in/{episode}', EpiconIE) for episode in episodes]
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eplus.py
index 88a8d5a94..d2ad5b441 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eplus.py
@@ -16,13 +16,31 @@ class EplusIbIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = [r'https?://live\.eplus\.jp/ex/player\?ib=(?P<id>(?:\w|%2B|%2F){86}%3D%3D)',
                   r'https?://live\.eplus\.jp/(?P<id>sample|\d+)']
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://live.eplus.jp/ex/player?ib=YEFxb3Vyc2Dombnjg7blkrLlrablnJLjgrnjgq%2Fjg7zjg6vjgqLjgqTjg4njg6vlkIzlpb3kvJpgTGllbGxhIQ%3D%3D',
+        'url': 'https://live.eplus.jp/ex/player?ib=41K6Wzbr3PlcMD%2FOKHFlC%2FcZCe2Eaw7FK%2BpJS1ooUHki8d0vGSy2mYqxillQBe1dSnOxU%2B8%2FzXKls4XPBSb3vw%3D%3D',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '354502-0001-002',
-            'title': 'LoveLive!Series Presents COUNTDOWN LoveLive! 2021→2022～LIVE with a smile!～【Streaming+(配信)】',
+            'id': '335699-0001-006',
+            'title': '少女☆歌劇 レヴュースタァライト -The LIVE 青嵐- BLUE GLITTER <定点映像配信>【Streaming+(配信)】',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
-            'release_date': '20211231',
-            'release_timestamp': 1640952000,
+            'release_date': '20201221',
+            'release_timestamp': 1608544800,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
+        },
+        'expected_warnings': [
+            'This event may not be accessible',
+            'No video formats found',
+            'Requested format is not available',
+        ],
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://live.eplus.jp/ex/player?ib=6QSsQdyRAwOFZrEHWlhRm7vocgV%2FO0YzBZ%2BaBEBg1XR%2FmbLn0R%2F048dUoAY038%2F%2F92MJ73BsoAtvUpbV6RLtDQ%3D%3D&show_id=2371511',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '348021-0054-001',
+            'title': 'ラブライブ!スーパースター!! Liella! First LoveLive! Tour ～Starlines～【東京/DAY.1】',
+            'live_status': 'was_live',
+            'release_date': '20220115',
+            'release_timestamp': 1642233600,
             'description': str,
         },
         'params': {
@@ -124,6 +142,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if data_json.get('drm_mode') == 'ON':
             self.report_drm(video_id)
 
+        if data_json.get('is_pass_ticket') == 'YES':
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'This URL is for a pass ticket instead of a player page', expected=True)
+
         delivery_status = data_json.get('delivery_status')
         archive_mode = data_json.get('archive_mode')
         release_timestamp = try_call(lambda: unified_timestamp(data_json['event_datetime']) - 32400)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
index 110e78c5b..9742f7691 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'a3dd732c-4750-4bc8-8156-69180668bda1',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '‘They Can Do Audio, Video, Physical Surveillance on You 24H/365D a Year’: Rex Lee on Intrusive Apps',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-communist-partys-cyberattacks-on-america-explained-rex-lee-talks-tech-hybrid-warfare_4342413.html',
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '276c7f46-3bbf-475d-9934-b9bbe827cf0a',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'The Communist Party’s Cyberattacks on America Explained; Rex Lee Talks Tech Hybrid Warfare',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/kash-patel-a-6-year-saga-of-government-corruption-from-russiagate-to-mar-a-lago_4690250.html',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'aa9ceecd-a127-453d-a2de-7153d6fd69b6',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Kash Patel: A ‘6-Year-Saga’ of Government Corruption, From Russiagate to Mar-a-Lago',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/dick-morris-discusses-his-book-the-return-trumps-big-2024-comeback_4819205.html',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '9489f994-2a20-4812-b233-ac0e5c345632',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Dick Morris Discusses His Book ‘The Return: Trump’s Big 2024 Comeback’',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'id': youmaker_video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage)
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
index b18a76c7c..e0b6ca96f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class EpornerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
         },
         'params': {
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:8118'
-        }
+            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:8118',
+        },
     }, {
         # New (May 2016) URL layout
         'url': 'http://www.eporner.com/hd-porn/3YRUtzMcWn0/Star-Wars-XXX-Parody/',
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         video_id = self._match_id(urlh.url)
 
-        hash = self._search_regex(
+        vid_hash = self._search_regex(
             r'hash\s*[:=]\s*["\']([\da-f]{32})', webpage, 'hash')
 
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None) or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         # Reverse engineered from vjs.js
         def calc_hash(s):
-            return ''.join((encode_base_n(int(s[lb:lb + 8], 16), 36) for lb in range(0, 32, 8)))
+            return ''.join(encode_base_n(int(s[lb:lb + 8], 16), 36) for lb in range(0, 32, 8))
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.eporner.com/xhr/video/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.eporner.com/xhr/video/{video_id}',
             display_id, note='Downloading video JSON',
             query={
-                'hash': calc_hash(hash),
+                'hash': calc_hash(vid_hash),
                 'device': 'generic',
                 'domain': 'www.eporner.com',
                 'fallback': 'false',
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def calc_hash(s):
 
         if video.get('available') is False:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, video['message']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, video['message']), expected=True)
 
         sources = video['sources']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
index 92a57536c..bd22137be 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class ErocastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'webpage_url': 'https://erocast.me/track/9787/f4m-your-roommate-who-is-definitely-not-possessed-by-an-alien-suddenly-wants-to-fuck-you',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
index 2b61f3be7..2067217e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class EroProfileIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        query = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        query = urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'username': username,
             'password': password,
             'url': 'http://www.eroprofile.com/',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class EroProfileAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.eroprofile.com/m/videos/album/BBW-2-893',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'BBW-2-893',
-            'title': 'BBW 2'
+            'title': 'BBW 2',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 486,
     },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
index abd00f2d5..7896cdbdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class ERRJupiterIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 0,
             'series': 'Лесные истории | Аисты',
             'series_id': '1037497',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Lasteekraan: Pätu',
         'url': 'https://lasteekraan.err.ee/1092243/patu',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
index 9ecdf5d3b..864aa6dc5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
@@ -2,17 +2,16 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
-    parse_qs,
     parse_age_limit,
     parse_iso8601,
+    parse_qs,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
     url_or_none,
@@ -30,19 +29,19 @@ def _call_api(
         headers = headers or {}
         if data:
             headers['Content-Type'] = headers_as_param['Content-Type'] = 'application/json;charset=utf-8'
-            data = json.dumps(merge_dicts(platform_codename, data)).encode('utf-8')
+            data = json.dumps(merge_dicts(platform_codename, data)).encode()
         query = merge_dicts(
             {} if data else platform_codename,
             {'$headers': json.dumps(headers_as_param)},
             params)
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.app.ertflix.gr/v%s/%s' % (str(api_version), method),
+            f'https://api.app.ertflix.gr/v{api_version!s}/{method}',
             video_id, fatal=False, query=query, data=data, headers=headers)
         if try_get(response, lambda x: x['Result']['Success']) is True:
             return response
 
     def _call_api_get_tiles(self, video_id, *tile_ids):
-        requested_tile_ids = [video_id] + list(tile_ids)
+        requested_tile_ids = [video_id, *tile_ids]
         requested_tiles = [{'Id': tile_id} for tile_id in requested_tile_ids]
         tiles_response = self._call_api(
             video_id, method='Tile/GetTiles', api_version=2,
@@ -174,9 +173,9 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode):
-        codename = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['Codename'], compat_str)
+        codename = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['Codename'], str)
         title = episode.get('Title')
-        description = clean_html(dict_get(episode, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription', )))
+        description = clean_html(dict_get(episode, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription')))
         if not codename or not title or not episode.get('HasPlayableStream', True):
             return
         thumbnail = next((
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ def _extract_episode(self, episode):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(episode.get('PublishDate')),
             'duration': episode.get('DurationSeconds'),
             'age_limit': self._parse_age_rating(episode),
-            'url': 'ertflix:%s' % (codename, ),
+            'url': f'ertflix:{codename}',
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ def _extract_series(self, video_id, season_titles=None, season_numbers=None):
         series_info = {
             'age_limit': self._parse_age_rating(series),
             'title': series.get('Title'),
-            'description': dict_get(series, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription', )),
+            'description': dict_get(series, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription')),
         }
         if season_numbers:
             season_titles = season_titles or []
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ class ERTWebtvEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'trailers/E2251_TO_DIKTYO_E09_16-01_1900.mp4',
             'title': 'md5:914f06a73cd8b62fbcd6fb90c636e497',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://program.ert.gr/photos/2022/1/to_diktio_ep09_i_istoria_tou_diadiktiou_stin_Ellada_1021x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://program.ert.gr/photos/2022/1/to_diktio_ep09_i_istoria_tou_diadiktiou_stin_Ellada_1021x576.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
index 7ed824ca8..4e9b63524 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.espn.com/watch/player?bucketId=257&id=19505875',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         clip = self._download_json(
-            'http://api-app.espn.com/v1/video/clips/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://api-app.espn.com/v1/video/clips/{video_id}',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
 
         title = clip['headline']
@@ -115,16 +115,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
 
         def traverse_source(source, base_source_id=None):
-            for source_id, source in source.items():
-                if source_id == 'alert':
+            for src_id, src_item in source.items():
+                if src_id == 'alert':
                     continue
-                elif isinstance(source, str):
-                    extract_source(source, base_source_id)
-                elif isinstance(source, dict):
+                elif isinstance(src_item, str):
+                    extract_source(src_item, base_source_id)
+                elif isinstance(src_item, dict):
                     traverse_source(
-                        source,
-                        '%s-%s' % (base_source_id, source_id)
-                        if base_source_id else source_id)
+                        src_item,
+                        f'{base_source_id}-{src_id}'
+                        if base_source_id else src_id)
 
         def extract_source(source_url, source_id=None):
             if source_url in format_urls:
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'video id', group='id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=%s' % video_id, ESPNIE.ie_key())
+            f'http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id={video_id}', ESPNIE.ie_key())
 
 
 class FiveThirtyEightIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class ESPNCricInfoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211113',
             'duration': 96,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-videos/daryl-mitchell-mitchell-santner-is-one-of-the-best-white-ball-spinners-india-vs-new-zealand-1356225',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -266,12 +266,13 @@ class ESPNCricInfoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://hs-consumer-api.espncricinfo.com/v1/pages/video/video-details?videoId={id}', id)['video']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://hs-consumer-api.espncricinfo.com/v1/pages/video/video-details?videoId={video_id}', video_id)['video']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for item in data_json.get('playbacks') or []:
             if item.get('type') == 'HLS' and item.get('url'):
-                m3u8_frmts, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(item['url'], id)
+                m3u8_frmts, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(item['url'], video_id)
                 formats.extend(m3u8_frmts)
                 subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, m3u8_subs)
             elif item.get('type') == 'AUDIO' and item.get('url'):
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'vcodec': 'none',
                 })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'description': data_json.get('summary'),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(dict_get(data_json, ('publishedAt', 'recordedAt'))),
@@ -366,28 +367,28 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'subject_token': assertion,
                     'subject_token_type': 'urn:bamtech:params:oauth:token-type:device',
                     'platform': 'android',
-                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange'
+                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange',
                 })['access_token']
 
             assertion = self._call_bamgrid_api(
                 'accounts/grant', video_id, payload={'id_token': cookie.value.split('|')[1]},
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': token,
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                 })['assertion']
             token = self._call_bamgrid_api(
                 'token', video_id, payload={
                     'subject_token': assertion,
                     'subject_token_type': 'urn:bamtech:params:oauth:token-type:account',
                     'platform': 'android',
-                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange'
+                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange',
                 })['access_token']
 
             playback = self._download_json(
                 video_data['videoHref'].format(scenario='browser~ssai'), video_id,
                 headers={
                     'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=5',
-                    'Authorization': token
+                    'Authorization': token,
                 })
             m3u8_url, headers = playback['stream']['complete'][0]['url'], {'authorization': token}
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
index 133b52555..73671776f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
@@ -56,5 +56,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
                 'timestamp': ('date', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'is_live': ('isLivestream', {bool_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
index 191a4361a..aa8baf2f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     qualities,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_strdate,
-    xpath_text
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class EuropaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 34,
             'view_count': int,
             'formats': 'mincount:3',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=I107786',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         playlist = self._download_xml(
-            'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player/playlist.cfm?ID=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player/playlist.cfm?ID={video_id}', video_id)
 
         def get_item(type_, preference):
             items = {}
-            for item in playlist.findall('./info/%s/item' % type_):
+            for item in playlist.findall(f'./info/{type_}/item'):
                 lang, label = xpath_text(item, 'lg', default=None), xpath_text(item, 'label', default=None)
                 if lang and label:
                     items[lang] = label.strip()
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def get_item(type_, preference):
                 'url': video_url,
                 'format_id': lang,
                 'format_note': xpath_text(file_, './lglabel'),
-                'language_preference': language_preference(lang)
+                'language_preference': language_preference(lang),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -88,19 +88,20 @@ def get_item(type_, preference):
             'upload_date': upload_date,
             'duration': duration,
             'view_count': view_count,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
 class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-        https?://multimedia\.europarl\.europa\.eu/[^/#?]+/
-        (?:(?!video)[^/#?]+/[\w-]+_)(?P<id>[\w-]+)
+        https?://multimedia\.europarl\.europa\.eu/
+        (?:\w+/)?webstreaming/(?:[\w-]+_)?(?P<id>[\w-]+)
     '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/pl/webstreaming/plenary-session_20220914-0900-PLENARY',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62388b15-d85b-4add-99aa-ba12ccf64f0d',
+            'display_id': '20220914-0900-PLENARY',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Plenary session',
             'release_timestamp': 1663139069,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # live webstream
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/euroscola_20221115-1000-SPECIAL-EUROSCOLA',
@@ -120,16 +121,17 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221115',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'not live anymore'
+        'skip': 'not live anymore',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/committee-on-culture-and-education_20230301-1130-COMMITTEE-CULT',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7355662c-8eac-445e-4bb9-08db14b0ddd7',
+            'display_id': '20230301-1130-COMMITTEE-CULT',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'release_date': '20230301',
             'title': 'Committee on Culture and Education',
             'release_timestamp': 1677666641,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # live stream
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/committee-on-environment-public-health-and-food-safety_20230524-0900-COMMITTEE-ENVI',
@@ -141,7 +143,20 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1684911541,
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'Not live anymore'
+        'skip': 'Not live anymore',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/20240320-1345-SPECIAL-PRESSER',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'c1f11567-5b52-470a-f3e1-08dc3c216ace',
+            'display_id': '20240320-1345-SPECIAL-PRESSER',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'release_date': '20240320',
+            'title': 'md5:7c6c814cac55dea5e2d87bf8d3db2234',
+            'release_timestamp': 1710939767,
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/webstreaming/briefing-for-media-on-2024-european-elections_20240429-1000-SPECIAL-OTHER',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -155,7 +170,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query={
                 'api-version': 1.0,
                 'tenantId': 'bae646ca-1fc8-4363-80ba-2c04f06b4968',
-                'externalReference': display_id
+                'externalReference': display_id,
             })
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
@@ -166,9 +181,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             'id': json_info['id'],
+            'display_id': display_id,
             'title': traverse_obj(webpage_nextjs, (('mediaItem', 'title'), ('title', )), get_all=False),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(json_info.get('startDateTime')),
-            'is_live': traverse_obj(webpage_nextjs, ('mediaItem', 'mediaSubType')) == 'Live'
+            'is_live': traverse_obj(webpage_nextjs, ('mediaItem', 'mediaSubType')) == 'Live',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
index 1995a745d..a5503dbc5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ class EuropeanTourIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '5136026580001',
             'tags': ['prod-imported'],
             'thumbnail': 'md5:fdac52bc826548860edf8145ee74e71a',
-            'upload_date': '20211220'
+            'upload_date': '20211220',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         vid, aid = re.search(r'(?s)brightcove-player\s?video-id="([^"]+)".*"ACCOUNT_ID":"([^"]+)"', webpage).groups()
         if not aid:
             aid = '5136026580001'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
index 6c426bb89..0c5e1238d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'vid1694147',
             'timestamp': 1654446698,
             'upload_date': '20220605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/roland-garros/2022/watch-the-top-five-shots-from-men-s-final-as-rafael-nadal-beats-casper-ruud-to-seal-14th-french-open_vid1694283/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'vid1694283',
             'timestamp': 1654456090,
             'upload_date': '20220605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # geo-fence but can bypassed by xff
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france-femmes/2022/incredible-ride-marlen-reusser-storms-to-stage-4-win-at-tour-de-france-femmes_vid1722221/video.shtml',
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://imgresizer.eurosport.com/unsafe/1280x960/smart/filters:format(jpeg)/origin-imgresizer.eurosport.com/2022/07/27/3423347-69852108-2560-1440.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:32bbe3a773ac132c57fb1e8cca4b7c71',
             'upload_date': '20220727',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions-league/2022-2023/pep-guardiola-emotionally-destroyed-after-manchester-city-win-over-bayern-munich-in-champions-league_vid1896254/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1681292028,
             'upload_date': '20230412',
             'display_id': 'vid1896254',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/football/last-year-s-semi-final-pain-was-still-there-pep-guardiola-after-man-city-reach-cl-final_vid1914115/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://imgresizer.eurosport.com/unsafe/1280x960/smart/filters:format(jpeg)/origin-imgresizer.eurosport.com/2023/05/18/3707254-75435008-2560-1440.jpg',
             'duration': 105.0,
             'upload_date': '20230518',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _TOKEN = None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
index 65a1dc7c5..f08938fc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_duration,
     js_to_json,
+    parse_duration,
 )
 
 
@@ -21,37 +20,37 @@ class EUScreenIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'JA2 DERNIERE',
             'episode': '-',
             'uploader': 'INA /  France',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://images3.noterik.com/domain/euscreenxl/user/eu_ina/video/EUS_0EBCBF356BFC4E12A014023BA41BD98C/image.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://images3.noterik.com/domain/euscreenxl/user/eu_ina/video/EUS_0EBCBF356BFC4E12A014023BA41BD98C/image.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     _payload = b'<fsxml><screen><properties><screenId>-1</screenId></properties><capabilities id="1"><properties><platform>Win32</platform><appcodename>Mozilla</appcodename><appname>Netscape</appname><appversion>5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/94.0.4606.71 Safari/537.36</appversion><useragent>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/94.0.4606.71 Safari/537.36</useragent><cookiesenabled>true</cookiesenabled><screenwidth>784</screenwidth><screenheight>758</screenheight><orientation>undefined</orientation><smt_browserid>Sat, 07 Oct 2021 08:56:50 GMT</smt_browserid><smt_sessionid>1633769810758</smt_sessionid></properties></capabilities></screen></fsxml>'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         args_for_js_request = self._download_webpage(
             'https://euscreen.eu/lou/LouServlet/domain/euscreenxl/html5application/euscreenxlitem',
-            id, data=self._payload, query={'actionlist': 'itempage', 'id': id})
+            video_id, data=self._payload, query={'actionlist': 'itempage', 'id': video_id})
         info_js = self._download_webpage(
             'https://euscreen.eu/lou/LouServlet/domain/euscreenxl/html5application/euscreenxlitem',
-            id, data=args_for_js_request.replace('screenid', 'screenId').encode())
+            video_id, data=args_for_js_request.replace('screenid', 'screenId').encode())
         video_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'setVideo\(({.+})\)\(\$end\$\)put', info_js, 'Video JSON'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         meta_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'setData\(({.+})\)\(\$end\$\)', info_js, 'Metadata JSON'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         formats = [{
             'url': source['src'],
         } for source in video_json.get('sources', [])]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': meta_json.get('originalTitle'),
             'alt_title': meta_json.get('title'),
             'duration': parse_duration(meta_json.get('duration')),
-            'description': '%s\n%s' % (meta_json.get('summaryOriginal', ''), meta_json.get('summaryEnglish', '')),
+            'description': '{}\n{}'.format(meta_json.get('summaryOriginal', ''), meta_json.get('summaryEnglish', '')),
             'series': meta_json.get('series') or meta_json.get('seriesEnglish'),
             'episode': meta_json.get('episodeNumber'),
             'uploader': meta_json.get('provider'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
index b96f2e4cb..33b829845 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def extract_data(name):
             return self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(
-                    r'data-%s=(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % name,
+                    rf'data-{name}=(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                     webpage, 'info', group='value'),
                 display_id, transform_source=unescapeHTML)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
index d8b068e9c..b8c67ce4c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    xpath_text,
-    parse_duration,
     ExtractorError,
+    parse_duration,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ class EyedoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:4abe07293b2f73efc6e1c37028d58c98',
             'uploader': 'Afnic Live',
             'uploader_id': '8023',
-        }
+        },
     }
     _ROOT_URL = 'http://live.eyedo.net:1935/'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_xml('http://eyedo.tv/api/live/GetLive/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        video_data = self._download_xml(f'http://eyedo.tv/api/live/GetLive/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         def _add_ns(path):
             return self._xpath_ns(path, 'http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/EyeDo.Core.Implementation.Web.ViewModels.Api')
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _add_ns(path):
         state_live_code = xpath_text(video_data, _add_ns('StateLiveCode'), 'title', True)
         if state_live_code == 'avenir':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.' % self.IE_NAME,
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.',
                 expected=True)
 
         is_live = state_live_code == 'live'
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ def _add_ns(path):
         # http://eyedo.tv/Content/Html5/Scripts/html5view.js
         if is_live:
             if xpath_text(video_data, 'Cdn') == 'true':
-                m3u8_url = 'http://rrr.sz.xlcdn.com/?account=eyedo&file=A%s&type=live&service=wowza&protocol=http&output=playlist.m3u8' % video_id
+                m3u8_url = f'http://rrr.sz.xlcdn.com/?account=eyedo&file=A{video_id}&type=live&service=wowza&protocol=http&output=playlist.m3u8'
             else:
-                m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + 'w/%s/eyedo_720p/playlist.m3u8' % video_id
+                m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + f'w/{video_id}/eyedo_720p/playlist.m3u8'
         else:
-            m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + 'replay-w/%s/mp4:%s.mp4/playlist.m3u8' % (video_id, video_id)
+            m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + f'replay-w/{video_id}/mp4:{video_id}.mp4/playlist.m3u8'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
index 834b1df18..1d1e0770a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -3,18 +3,13 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import network_exceptions
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
     get_element_by_id,
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
-        # FIXME
+        # FIXME: Cannot parse data error
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/LaGuiaDelVaron/posts/1072691702860471',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1072691702860471',
@@ -415,7 +410,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
     _SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX = r'(?:pagelet_group_mall|permalink_video_pagelet|hyperfeed_story_id_[0-9a-f]+)'
     _api_config = {
-        'graphURI': '/api/graphql/'
+        'graphURI': '/api/graphql/',
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -450,7 +445,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                     r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=(["\']).*?login_error_box.*?\1[^>]*><div[^>]*>.*?</div><div[^>]*>(?P<error>.+?)</div>',
                     login_results, 'login error', default=None, group='error')
                 if error:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
                 self.report_warning('unable to log in: bad username/password, or exceeded login rate limit (~3/min). Check credentials or wait.')
                 return
 
@@ -474,7 +469,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             if re.search(r'id="checkpointSubmitButton"', check_response) is not None:
                 self.report_warning('Unable to confirm login, you have to login in your browser and authorize the login.')
         except network_exceptions as err:
-            self.report_warning('unable to log in: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to log in: {err}')
             return
 
     def _extract_from_url(self, url, video_id):
@@ -493,7 +488,7 @@ def extract_metadata(webpage):
             page_title = title or self._html_search_regex((
                 r'<h2\s+[^>]*class="uiHeaderTitle"[^>]*>(?P<content>[^<]*)</h2>',
                 r'(?s)<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption".*?id="fbPhotoPageCaption"><span class="hasCaption">(?P<content>.*?)</span>',
-                self._meta_regex('og:title'), self._meta_regex('twitter:title'), r'<title>(?P<content>.+?)</title>'
+                self._meta_regex('og:title'), self._meta_regex('twitter:title'), r'<title>(?P<content>.+?)</title>',
             ), webpage, 'title', default=None, group='content')
             description = description or self._html_search_meta(
                 ['description', 'og:description', 'twitter:description'],
@@ -525,7 +520,7 @@ def extract_metadata(webpage):
                 'timestamp': timestamp,
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
                 'view_count': parse_count(self._search_regex(
-                    (r'\bviewCount\s*:\s*["\']([\d,.]+)', r'video_view_count["\']\s*:\s*(\d+)',),
+                    (r'\bviewCount\s*:\s*["\']([\d,.]+)', r'video_view_count["\']\s*:\s*(\d+)'),
                     webpage, 'view count', default=None)),
                 'concurrent_view_count': get_first(post, (
                     ('video', (..., ..., 'attachments', ..., 'media')), 'liveViewerCount', {int_or_none})),
@@ -560,7 +555,7 @@ def extract_from_jsmods_instances(js_data):
                     js_data, lambda x: x['jsmods']['instances'], list) or [])
 
         def extract_dash_manifest(video, formats):
-            dash_manifest = video.get('dash_manifest')
+            dash_manifest = traverse_obj(video, 'dash_manifest', 'playlist', expected_type=str)
             if dash_manifest:
                 formats.extend(self._parse_mpd_formats(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(urllib.parse.unquote_plus(dash_manifest)),
@@ -578,7 +573,7 @@ def process_formats(info):
 
         def extract_relay_data(_filter):
             return self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'data-sjs>({.*?%s.*?})</script>' % _filter,
+                rf'data-sjs>({{.*?{_filter}.*?}})</script>',
                 webpage, 'replay data', default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False) or {}
 
         def extract_relay_prefetched_data(_filter):
@@ -590,7 +585,7 @@ def extract_relay_prefetched_data(_filter):
         if not video_data:
             server_js_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex([
                 r'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({.+?})\)\s*;\s*}\s*\)\s*,\s*["\']onPageletArrive\s+' + self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX,
-                r'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({.*?id\s*:\s*"%s".*?})\);' % self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX
+                rf'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({{.*?id\s*:\s*"{self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX}".*?}})\);',
             ], webpage, 'js data', default='{}'), video_id, js_to_json, False)
             video_data = extract_from_jsmods_instances(server_js_data)
 
@@ -632,7 +627,7 @@ def parse_graphql_video(video):
                     for caption in traverse_obj(video, (
                         'video_available_captions_locales',
                         {lambda x: sorted(x, key=lambda c: c['locale'])},
-                        lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['captions_url'])
+                        lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['captions_url']),
                     )):
                         lang = caption.get('localized_language') or 'und'
                         subs = {
@@ -670,7 +665,7 @@ def parse_graphql_video(video):
                             'description': description,
                         })
                     else:
-                        info['title'] = description or 'Facebook video #%s' % v_id
+                        info['title'] = description or f'Facebook video #{v_id}'
                     entries.append(info)
 
                 def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
@@ -699,7 +694,7 @@ def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
                 if video:
                     attachments = try_get(video, [
                         lambda x: x['story']['attachments'],
-                        lambda x: x['creation_story']['attachments']
+                        lambda x: x['creation_story']['attachments'],
                     ], list) or []
                     for attachment in attachments:
                         parse_attachment(attachment)
@@ -723,7 +718,7 @@ def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
             m_msg = re.search(r'class="[^"]*uiInterstitialContent[^"]*"><div>(.*?)</div>', webpage)
             if m_msg is not None:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'The video is not available, Facebook said: "%s"' % m_msg.group(1),
+                    f'The video is not available, Facebook said: "{m_msg.group(1)}"',
                     expected=True)
             elif any(p in webpage for p in (
                     '>You must log in to continue',
@@ -760,7 +755,7 @@ def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
                 v_id = video.get('id')
                 if not v_id:
                     continue
-                v_id = compat_str(v_id)
+                v_id = str(v_id)
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     self._VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE % v_id,
                     self.ie_key(), v_id, video.get('name')))
@@ -818,7 +813,7 @@ def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
                 continue
             for quality in ('sd', 'hd'):
                 for src_type in ('src', 'src_no_ratelimit'):
-                    src = f[0].get('%s_%s' % (quality, src_type))
+                    src = f[0].get(f'{quality}_{src_type}')
                     if src:
                         # sd, hd formats w/o resolution info should be deprioritized below DASH
                         # TODO: investigate if progressive or src formats still exist
@@ -826,10 +821,10 @@ def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
                         if quality == 'hd':
                             preference += 1
                         formats.append({
-                            'format_id': '%s_%s_%s' % (format_id, quality, src_type),
+                            'format_id': f'{format_id}_{quality}_{src_type}',
                             'url': src,
                             'quality': preference,
-                            'height': 720 if quality == 'hd' else None
+                            'height': 720 if quality == 'hd' else None,
                         })
             extract_dash_manifest(f[0], formats)
             subtitles_src = f[0].get('subtitles_src')
@@ -879,7 +874,7 @@ class FacebookPluginsVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self.url_result(
-            compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url)),
+            urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url)),
             FacebookIE.ie_key())
 
 
@@ -940,7 +935,7 @@ class FacebookReelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1637502609,
             'upload_date': '20211121',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -966,7 +961,7 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'upload_date': '20231214',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?id=893637265423481',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -998,7 +993,7 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_formats(self, video_dict):
         formats = []
         for format_key, format_url in traverse_obj(video_dict, (
-            {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[0] in self._FORMATS_MAP and url_or_none(v[1])
+            {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[0] in self._FORMATS_MAP and url_or_none(v[1]),
         )):
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': self._FORMATS_MAP[format_key][0],
@@ -1035,7 +1030,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = []
         for idx, entry in enumerate(traverse_obj(
-            data, (('videos', 'cards'), lambda _, v: any([url_or_none(v[f]) for f in self._FORMATS_MAP]))), 1
+            data, (('videos', 'cards'), lambda _, v: any(url_or_none(v[f]) for f in self._FORMATS_MAP))), 1,
         ):
             entries.append({
                 'id': f'{video_id}_{idx}',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
index cddf25497..1b1ed3956 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..utils import (
-    parse_iso8601,
-    ExtractorError,
-    try_get,
-    mimetype2ext
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, mimetype2ext, parse_iso8601, try_get
 
 
 class FancodeVodIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -25,12 +18,12 @@ class FancodeVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Match Preview: PBKS vs MI',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            "timestamp": 1619081590,
+            'timestamp': 1619081590,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20210422',
-            'uploader_id': '6008340455001'
-        }
+            'uploader_id': '6008340455001',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fancode.com/video/15043',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -59,14 +52,14 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 "refreshToken":"%s"
             },
             "operationName":"RefreshToken"
-        }''' % password
+        }''' % password  # noqa: UP031
 
-        token_json = self.download_gql('refresh token', data, "Getting the Access token")
+        token_json = self.download_gql('refresh token', data, 'Getting the Access token')
         self._ACCESS_TOKEN = try_get(token_json, lambda x: x['data']['refreshToken']['accessToken'])
         if self._ACCESS_TOKEN is None:
             self.report_warning('Failed to get Access token')
         else:
-            self.headers.update({'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % self._ACCESS_TOKEN})
+            self.headers.update({'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}'})
 
     def _check_login_required(self, is_available, is_premium):
         msg = None
@@ -98,12 +91,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 }
             },
             "operationName":"Video"
-        }''' % video_id
+        }''' % video_id  # noqa: UP031
 
         metadata_json = self.download_gql(video_id, data, note='Downloading metadata')
 
         media = try_get(metadata_json, lambda x: x['data']['media'], dict) or {}
-        brightcove_video_id = try_get(media, lambda x: x['mediaSource']['brightcove'], compat_str)
+        brightcove_video_id = try_get(media, lambda x: x['mediaSource']['brightcove'], str)
 
         if brightcove_video_id is None:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract brightcove Video ID')
@@ -138,11 +131,11 @@ class FancodeLiveIE(FancodeVodIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': '35328',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'BUB vs BLB',
-            "timestamp": 1624863600,
+            'timestamp': 1624863600,
             'is_live': True,
             'upload_date': '20210628',
         },
-        'skip': 'Ended'
+        'skip': 'Ended',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fancode.com/match/35328/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -153,7 +146,7 @@ class FancodeLiveIE(FancodeVodIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
 
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         data = '''{
             "query":"query MatchResponse($id: Int\\u0021, $isLoggedIn: Boolean\\u0021) { match: matchWithScores(id: $id) { id matchDesc mediaId videoStreamId videoStreamUrl { ...VideoSource } liveStreams { videoStreamId videoStreamUrl { ...VideoSource } contentId } name startTime streamingStatus isPremium isUserEntitled @include(if: $isLoggedIn) status metaTags bgImage { src } sport { name slug } tour { id name } squads { name shortName } liveStreams { contentId } mediaId }}fragment VideoSource on VideoSource { title description posterUrl url deliveryType playerType}",
             "variables":{
@@ -161,21 +154,21 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 "isLoggedIn":true
             },
             "operationName":"MatchResponse"
-        }''' % id
+        }''' % video_id  # noqa: UP031
 
-        info_json = self.download_gql(id, data, "Info json")
+        info_json = self.download_gql(video_id, data, 'Info json')
 
         match_info = try_get(info_json, lambda x: x['data']['match'])
 
-        if match_info.get('streamingStatus') != "STARTED":
+        if match_info.get('streamingStatus') != 'STARTED':
             raise ExtractorError('The stream can\'t be accessed', expected=True)
         self._check_login_required(match_info.get('isUserEntitled'), True)  # all live streams are premium only
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': match_info.get('name'),
-            'formats': self._extract_akamai_formats(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['url']), id),
+            'formats': self._extract_akamai_formats(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['url']), video_id),
             'ext': mimetype2ext(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['deliveryType'])),
             'is_live': True,
-            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(match_info.get('startTime'))
+            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(match_info.get('startTime')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
index bca62add9..796bac3c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/faz.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
     xpath_element,
     xpath_text,
-    int_or_none,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
index bbc4b5693..eac70f6a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
 
         vidplaylist = self._download_json(
-            'https://video.fc2.com/api/v3/videoplaylist/%s?sh=1&fs=0' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://video.fc2.com/api/v3/videoplaylist/{video_id}?sh=1&fs=0', video_id,
             note='Downloading info page')
         vid_url = traverse_obj(vidplaylist, ('playlist', 'nq'))
         if not vid_url:
@@ -127,22 +127,22 @@ class FC2EmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        query = compat_parse_qs(mobj.group('query'))
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(mobj.group('query'))
 
         video_id = query['i'][-1]
-        title = query.get('tl', ['FC2 video %s' % video_id])[0]
+        title = query.get('tl', [f'FC2 video {video_id}'])[0]
 
         sj = query.get('sj', [None])[0]
         thumbnail = None
         if sj:
             # See thumbnailImagePath() in ServerConst.as of flv2.swf
-            thumbnail = 'http://video%s-thumbnail.fc2.com/up/pic/%s.jpg' % (
+            thumbnail = 'http://video{}-thumbnail.fc2.com/up/pic/{}.jpg'.format(
                 sj, '/'.join((video_id[:6], video_id[6:8], video_id[-2], video_id[-1], video_id)))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': FC2IE.ie_key(),
-            'url': 'fc2:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'fc2:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
         }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class FC2LiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://live.fc2.com/%s/' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://live.fc2.com/{video_id}/', video_id)
 
         self._set_cookie('live.fc2.com', 'js-player_size', '1')
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'channel': '1',
                 'profile': '1',
                 'user': '1',
-                'streamid': video_id
+                'streamid': video_id,
             }), note='Requesting member info')
 
         control_server = self._download_json(
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self.write_debug('Goodbye')
                 playlist_data = data
                 break
-            self.write_debug('Server said: %s%s' % (recv[:100], '...' if len(recv) > 100 else ''))
+            self.write_debug('Server said: {}{}'.format(recv[:100], '...' if len(recv) > 100 else ''))
 
         if not playlist_data:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to fetch HLS playlist info via WebSocket')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
index 8175b6b0f..b2dbb92d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fczenit.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
index f604cbd40..ae837f6a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fifa.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
index 0cd18f494..af1de7ac8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    int_or_none,
     qualities,
     strip_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -35,12 +34,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         try:
             response = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.filmon.com/api/vod/movie?id=%s' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.filmon.com/api/vod/movie?id={video_id}',
                 video_id)['response']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errmsg = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['reason']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, errmsg), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {errmsg}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         title = response['title']
@@ -124,10 +123,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errmsg = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), channel_id)['message']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, errmsg), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {errmsg}', expected=True)
             raise
 
-        channel_id = compat_str(channel_data['id'])
+        channel_id = str(channel_data['id'])
         is_live = not channel_data.get('is_vod') and not channel_data.get('is_vox')
         title = channel_data['title']
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for name, width, height in self._THUMBNAIL_RES:
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': name,
-                'url': 'http://static.filmon.com/assets/channels/%s/%s.png' % (channel_id, name),
+                'url': f'http://static.filmon.com/assets/channels/{channel_id}/{name}.png',
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
index cfea1f2fb..6dde6c3f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class FilmwebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1458140101,
             'uploader_id': '12639966',
             'uploader': 'Live Roaldset',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
index f74bd132f..2d47ee561 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
@@ -60,12 +58,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        playlist_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
             r'data-playlist-url=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
             webpage, 'playlist url', group='url'))
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(playlist_url)
-        qs = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(playlist_url)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         item_ids = qs.get('videos_ids[]') or qs.get('news_ids[]')
 
         items = self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id)
@@ -73,12 +71,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if item_ids:
             items = [
                 item for item in items
-                if item.get('uid') and compat_str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
+                if item.get('uid') and str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
         else:
             items = [items[0]]
 
         entries = []
-        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd', )
+        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd')
 
         for item in items:
             title = item['title']
@@ -116,11 +114,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if len(formats) == 1:
                     m3u8_path = ','
                 else:
-                    tbrs = [compat_str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
-                    m3u8_path = '_,%s,%s' % (','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
+                    tbrs = [str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
+                    m3u8_path = '_,{},{}'.format(','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/%s%s.urlset/master.m3u8'
-                    % (path, m3u8_path),
+                    f'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/{path}{m3u8_path}.urlset/master.m3u8',
                     display_id, 'mp4',
                     entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
 
@@ -131,12 +128,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'ya:ovs:upload_date', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
 
             entries.append({
-                'id': compat_str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
+                'id': str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
                 'title': title,
                 'upload_date': upload_date,
                 'duration': int_or_none(duration),
-                'formats': formats
+                'formats': formats,
             })
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
index 89a40d7e2..507bfe9d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     format_field,
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ class FlickrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'tags': list,
             'license': 'Attribution-ShareAlike',
-        }
+        },
     }
     _API_BASE_URL = 'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest?'
     # https://help.yahoo.com/kb/flickr/SLN25525.html
@@ -52,14 +50,14 @@ class FlickrIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, method, video_id, api_key, note, secret=None):
         query = {
             'photo_id': video_id,
-            'method': 'flickr.%s' % method,
+            'method': f'flickr.{method}',
             'api_key': api_key,
             'format': 'json',
             'nojsoncallback': 1,
         }
         if secret:
             query['secret'] = secret
-        data = self._download_json(self._API_BASE_URL + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query), video_id, note)
+        data = self._download_json(self._API_BASE_URL + urllib.parse.urlencode(query), video_id, note)
         if data['stat'] != 'ok':
             raise ExtractorError(data['message'])
         return data
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             formats = []
             for stream in streams['stream']:
-                stream_type = compat_str(stream.get('type'))
+                stream_type = str(stream.get('type'))
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': stream_type,
                     'url': stream['_content'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
index 8676d73f6..b7ee160a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             stream = self._download_json(
                 'https://www.floatplane.com/api/v2/cdn/delivery', media_id, query={
                     'type': 'vod' if media_typ == 'video' else 'aod',
-                    'guid': metadata['guid']
+                    'guid': metadata['guid'],
                 }, note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data')
 
             path_template = traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'uri', {str}))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
index 55a11e591..95095701b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'(?s)<div class="video-item-agenda"[^>]*>(.*?)<',
             webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
 
-        player_params = compat_parse_qs(self._search_regex(
+        player_params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._search_regex(
             r'<embed src="http://ft\.arkena\.tv/flash/ftplayer\.swf\?([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'player params'))
         xml_url = player_params['xml'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
index 4a1316b50..797e894d6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class FootyRoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'VIDEO Georgia 0 - 2 Germany',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
-        'add_ie': ['Playwire']
+        'add_ie': ['Playwire'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
index b6368b87d..ba94b5bdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
+import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -21,21 +17,20 @@
 
 class FourTubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_formats(self, url, video_id, media_id, sources):
-        token_url = 'https://%s/%s/desktop/%s' % (
+        token_url = 'https://{}/{}/desktop/{}'.format(
             self._TKN_HOST, media_id, '+'.join(sources))
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
         tokens = self._download_json(token_url, video_id, data=b'', headers={
-            'Origin': '%s://%s' % (parsed_url.scheme, parsed_url.hostname),
+            'Origin': f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.hostname}',
             'Referer': url,
         })
-        formats = [{
-            'url': tokens[format]['token'],
-            'format_id': format + 'p',
-            'resolution': format + 'p',
-            'quality': int(format),
-        } for format in sources]
-        return formats
+        return [{
+            'url': tokens[res]['token'],
+            'format_id': res + 'p',
+            'resolution': res + 'p',
+            'quality': int(res),
+        } for res in sources]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -89,9 +84,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             params_js = self._search_regex(
                 r'\$\.ajax\(url,\ opts\);\s*\}\s*\}\)\(([0-9,\[\] ]+)\)',
                 player_js, 'initialization parameters')
-            params = self._parse_json('[%s]' % params_js, video_id)
+            params = self._parse_json(f'[{params_js}]', video_id)
             media_id = params[0]
-            sources = ['%s' % p for p in params[2]]
+            sources = [f'{p}' for p in params[2]]
 
         formats = self._extract_formats(url, video_id, media_id, sources)
 
@@ -234,20 +229,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self._search_regex(
                 r'INITIALSTATE\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, 'data', group='value'), video_id,
-            transform_source=lambda x: compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                compat_b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))['page']['video']
+            transform_source=lambda x: urllib.parse.unquote(
+                base64.b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))['page']['video']
 
         title = video['title']
         media_id = video['mediaId']
-        sources = [compat_str(e['height'])
+        sources = [str(e['height'])
                    for e in video['encodings'] if e.get('height')]
         formats = self._extract_formats(url, video_id, media_id, sources)
 
         thumbnail = url_or_none(video.get('masterThumb'))
-        uploader = try_get(video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], compat_str)
+        uploader = try_get(video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], str)
         uploader_id = str_or_none(try_get(
             video, lambda x: x['user']['id'], int))
-        channel = try_get(video, lambda x: x['channel']['name'], compat_str)
+        channel = try_get(video, lambda x: x['channel']['name'], str)
         channel_id = str_or_none(try_get(
             video, lambda x: x['channel']['id'], int))
         like_count = int_or_none(video.get('likes'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
index e00e977bd..e3cf22d4d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ class FOXIE(InfoExtractor):
     _HOME_PAGE_URL = 'https://www.fox.com/'
     _API_KEY = '6E9S4bmcoNnZwVLOHywOv8PJEdu76cM9'
     _access_token = None
-    _device_id = compat_str(uuid.uuid4())
+    _device_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, data=None):
         headers = {
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
         if not self._access_token:
             mvpd_auth = self._get_cookies(self._HOME_PAGE_URL).get('mvpd-auth')
             if mvpd_auth:
-                self._access_token = (self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+                self._access_token = (self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(
                     mvpd_auth.value), None, fatal=False) or {}).get('accessToken')
             if not self._access_token:
                 self._access_token = self._call_api(
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         self._access_token = self._call_api(
-            'previewpassmvpd?device_id=%s&mvpd_id=TempPass_fbcfox_60min' % self._device_id,
+            f'previewpassmvpd?device_id={self._device_id}&mvpd_id=TempPass_fbcfox_60min',
             video_id)['accessToken']
 
         video = self._call_api('watch', video_id, data=json.dumps({
@@ -113,13 +110,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'provider': {
                 'freewheel': {'did': self._device_id},
                 'vdms': {'rays': ''},
-                'dmp': {'kuid': '', 'seg': ''}
+                'dmp': {'kuid': '', 'seg': ''},
             },
             'playlist': '',
             'privacy': {'us': '1---'},
             'siteSection': '',
             'streamType': 'vod',
-            'streamId': video_id}).encode('utf-8'))
+            'streamId': video_id}).encode())
 
         title = video['name']
         release_url = video['url']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
index 85613bafe..db9b2e153 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def convert(e):
             a = [0, 0, 0, 0]
             s = len(e)
             c = 0
-            for z in range(s, 0, -1):
+            for _ in range(s, 0, -1):
                 if n <= 3:
                     i[n] = e[c]
                 n += 1
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
index 7b8f7dd04..f732d5677 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, video_id, hostname=None):
         for f in formats:
             if f.get('acodec') != 'none' and f.get('language') in ('qtz', 'qad'):
                 f['language_preference'] = -10
-                f['format_note'] = 'audio description%s' % format_field(f, 'format_note', ', %s')
+                f['format_note'] = 'audio description{}'.format(format_field(f, 'format_note', ', %s'))
 
         if spritesheets:
             formats.append({
@@ -189,10 +189,10 @@ def _extract_video(self, video_id, hostname=None):
                 'fragments': [{
                     'url': sheet,
                     # XXX: not entirely accurate; each spritesheet seems to be
-                    # a 10×10 grid of thumbnails corresponding to approximately
+                    # a 10x10 grid of thumbnails corresponding to approximately
                     # 2 seconds of the video; the last spritesheet may be shorter
                     'duration': 200,
-                } for sheet in traverse_obj(spritesheets, (..., {url_or_none}))]
+                } for sheet in traverse_obj(spritesheets, (..., {url_or_none}))],
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
index fcde04469..b8b8fe82d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FreesoundIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'miklovan',
             'upload_date': '20130715',
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
index 757a10d01..518a6680f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FreeTvMoviesIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
             'title': 'Atrápame Si Puedes',
             'description': 'md5:ca63bc00898aeb2f64ec87c6d3a5b982',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.freetv.com/peliculas/monstruoso/',
         'md5': '509c15c68de41cb708d1f92d071f20aa',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FreeTvMoviesIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
             'title': 'Monstruoso',
             'description': 'md5:333fc19ee327b457b980e54a911ea4a3',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_video(self, content_id, action='olyott_video_play'):
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'el-detective-l',
             'title': 'El Detective L',
-            'description': 'md5:f9f1143bc33e9856ecbfcbfb97a759be'
+            'description': 'md5:f9f1143bc33e9856ecbfcbfb97a759be',
         },
         'playlist_count': 24,
     }, {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'esmeraldas',
             'title': 'Esmeraldas',
-            'description': 'md5:43d7ec45bd931d8268a4f5afaf4c77bf'
+            'description': 'md5:43d7ec45bd931d8268a4f5afaf4c77bf',
         },
         'playlist_count': 62,
     }, {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'las-aventuras-de-leonardo',
             'title': 'Las Aventuras de Leonardo',
-            'description': 'md5:0c47130846c141120a382aca059288f6'
+            'description': 'md5:0c47130846c141120a382aca059288f6',
         },
         'playlist_count': 13,
     },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
index 3bae8add0..b5176aa9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_duration,
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ class FrontendMastersBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _QUALITIES = {
         'low': {'width': 480, 'height': 360},
         'mid': {'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
-        'high': {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080}
+        'high': {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080},
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
 
         login_form.update({
             'username': username,
-            'password': password
+            'password': password,
         })
 
         post_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             'post_url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in', data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
@@ -56,14 +53,14 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             r'class=(["\'])(?:(?!\1).)*\bMessageAlert\b(?:(?!\1).)*\1[^>]*>(?P<error>[^<]+)<',
             response, 'error message', default=None, group='error')
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
 class FrontendMastersPageBaseIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
     def _download_course(self, course_name, url):
         return self._download_json(
-            '%s/courses/%s' % (self._API_BASE, course_name), course_name,
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/courses/{course_name}', course_name,
             'Downloading course JSON', headers={'Referer': url})
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ def _extract_lesson(chapters, lesson_id, lesson):
 
         duration = None
         timestamp = lesson.get('timestamp')
-        if isinstance(timestamp, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(timestamp, str):
             mobj = re.search(
                 r'(?P<start>\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2})\s*-(?P<end>\s*\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2})',
                 timestamp)
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ def _extract_lesson(chapters, lesson_id, lesson):
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'frontendmasters:%s' % lesson_id,
+            'url': f'frontendmasters:{lesson_id}',
             'ie_key': FrontendMastersIE.ie_key(),
             'id': lesson_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
@@ -134,16 +131,16 @@ class FrontendMastersIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         lesson_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        source_url = '%s/video/%s/source' % (self._API_BASE, lesson_id)
+        source_url = f'{self._API_BASE}/video/{lesson_id}/source'
 
         formats = []
         for ext in ('webm', 'mp4'):
             for quality in ('low', 'mid', 'high'):
                 resolution = self._QUALITIES[quality].copy()
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, quality)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{quality}'
                 format_url = self._download_json(
                     source_url, lesson_id,
-                    'Downloading %s source JSON' % format_id, query={
+                    f'Downloading {format_id} source JSON', query={
                         'f': ext,
                         'r': resolution['height'],
                     }, headers={
@@ -163,15 +160,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         subtitles = {
             'en': [{
-                'url': '%s/transcripts/%s.vtt' % (self._API_BASE, lesson_id),
-            }]
+                'url': f'{self._API_BASE}/transcripts/{lesson_id}.vtt',
+            }],
         }
 
         return {
             'id': lesson_id,
             'title': lesson_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
index 77e826e2d..a2d1a828b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class FujiTVFODPlus7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'ちびまる子ちゃん',
             'series_id': '5d40',
             'thumbnail': 'https://i.fod.fujitv.co.jp/img/program/5d40/episode/5d40810083_a.jpg'},
-        'skip': 'Video available only in one week'
+        'skip': 'Video available only in one week',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         json_info = {}
         token = self._get_cookies(url).get('CT')
         if token:
-            json_info = self._download_json('https://fod-sp.fujitv.co.jp/apps/api/episode/detail/?ep_id=%s&is_premium=false' % video_id, video_id, headers={'x-authorization': f'Bearer {token.value}'}, fatal=False)
+            json_info = self._download_json(
+                f'https://fod-sp.fujitv.co.jp/apps/api/episode/detail/?ep_id={video_id}&is_premium=false',
+                video_id, headers={'x-authorization': f'Bearer {token.value}'}, fatal=False)
         else:
             self.report_warning(f'The token cookie is needed to extract video metadata. {self._login_hint("cookies")}')
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
@@ -67,5 +69,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'thumbnail': f'{self._BASE_URL}img/program/{series_id}/episode/{video_id}_a.jpg',
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', )
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', ),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
index c32f005ba..d3e61c84f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             f'{show}_{episode}', query={
                 'deviceType': 'web',
                 'region': self._REGION,
-                'locale': locale or 'en'
+                'locale': locale or 'en',
             }), ('videoList', ..., 'id'), get_all=False)
 
         return self.url_result(f'https://www.funimation.com/player/{video_id}', FunimationIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def _get_experiences(episode):
                     yield lang, version.title(), f
 
     def _get_episode(self, webpage, experience_id=None, episode_id=None, fatal=True):
-        ''' Extract the episode, season and show objects given either episode/experience id '''
+        """ Extract the episode, season and show objects given either episode/experience id """
         show = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
                 r'show\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*;', webpage, 'show data', fatal=fatal),
@@ -199,16 +199,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({'url': fmt.get('poster')})
             duration = max(duration, fmt.get('duration', 0))
-            format_name = '%s %s (%s)' % (version, lang, experience_id)
+            format_name = f'{version} {lang} ({experience_id})'
             self.extract_subtitles(
                 subtitles, experience_id, display_id=display_id, format_name=format_name,
                 episode=episode if experience_id == initial_experience_id else episode_id)
 
             headers = {}
             if self._TOKEN:
-                headers['Authorization'] = 'Token %s' % self._TOKEN
+                headers['Authorization'] = f'Token {self._TOKEN}'
             page = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.funimation.com/api/showexperience/%s/' % experience_id,
+                f'https://www.funimation.com/api/showexperience/{experience_id}/',
                 display_id, headers=headers, expected_status=403, query={
                     'pinst_id': ''.join(random.choices(string.digits + string.ascii_letters, k=8)),
                 }, note=f'Downloading {format_name} JSON')
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not sources:
                 error = try_get(page, lambda x: x['errors'][0], dict)
                 if error:
-                    self.report_warning('%s said: Error %s - %s' % (
+                    self.report_warning('{} said: Error {} - {}'.format(
                         self.IE_NAME, error.get('code'), error.get('detail') or error.get('title')))
                 else:
                     self.report_warning('No sources found for format')
@@ -227,11 +227,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 source_type = source.get('videoType') or determine_ext(source_url)
                 if source_type == 'm3u8':
                     current_formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        source_url, display_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='%s-%s' % (experience_id, 'hls'), fatal=False,
+                        source_url, display_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='{}-{}'.format(experience_id, 'hls'), fatal=False,
                         note=f'Downloading {format_name} m3u8 information'))
                 else:
                     current_formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (experience_id, source_type),
+                        'format_id': f'{experience_id}-{source_type}',
                         'url': source_url,
                     })
                 for f in current_formats:
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, subtitles, experience_id, episode, display_id, format_n
                     sub_type = sub_type if sub_type != 'FULL' else None
                     current_sub = {
                         'url': text_track['src'],
-                        'name': join_nonempty(version, text_track.get('label'), sub_type, delim=' ')
+                        'name': join_nonempty(version, text_track.get('label'), sub_type, delim=' '),
                     }
                     lang = join_nonempty(text_track.get('language', 'und'),
                                          version if version != 'Simulcast' else None,
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.funimation.com/en/shows/sk8-the-infinity',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1315000',
-            'title': 'SK8 the Infinity'
+            'title': 'SK8 the Infinity',
         },
         'playlist_count': 13,
         'params': {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.funimation.com/shows/ouran-high-school-host-club/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '39643',
-            'title': 'Ouran High School Host Club'
+            'title': 'Ouran High School Host Club',
         },
         'playlist_count': 26,
         'params': {
@@ -329,11 +329,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         base_url, locale, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         show_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://title-api.prd.funimationsvc.com/v2/shows/%s?region=%s&deviceType=web&locale=%s'
-            % (display_id, self._REGION, locale or 'en'), display_id)
+            'https://title-api.prd.funimationsvc.com/v2/shows/{}?region={}&deviceType=web&locale={}'.format(
+                display_id, self._REGION, locale or 'en'), display_id)
         items_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://prod-api-funimationnow.dadcdigital.com/api/funimation/episodes/?limit=99999&title_id=%s'
-            % show_info.get('id'), display_id)
+            'https://prod-api-funimationnow.dadcdigital.com/api/funimation/episodes/?limit=99999&title_id={}'.format(
+                show_info.get('id')), display_id)
 
         vod_items = traverse_obj(items_info, ('items', ..., lambda k, _: re.match(r'(?i)mostRecent[AS]vod', k), 'item'))
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': show_info['name'],
             'entries': orderedSet(
                 self.url_result(
-                    '%s/%s' % (base_url, vod_item.get('episodeSlug')), FunimationPageIE.ie_key(),
+                    '{}/{}'.format(base_url, vod_item.get('episodeSlug')), FunimationPageIE.ie_key(),
                     vod_item.get('episodeId'), vod_item.get('episodeName'))
                 for vod_item in sorted(vod_items, key=lambda x: x.get('episodeOrder', -1))),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
index 62fd7f6dd..5d59e9c98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Funker530IE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1686241321,
             'live_status': 'not_live',
             'description': 'md5:bea2e1f458095414e04b5ac189c2f980',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://funker530.com/video/my-friends-joined-the-russians-civdiv/',
         'md5': 'a42c2933391210662e93e867d7124b70',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class Funker530IE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230608',
             'playable_in_embed': True,
             'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'description': strip_or_none(self._search_regex(
                 r'(?s)(.+)About the Author', clean_html(get_element_by_class('video-desc-paragraph', webpage)),
-                'description', default=None))
+                'description', default=None)),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
index 197901d57..f46839bba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class FuyinTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '第1集',
             'description': 'md5:21a3d238dc8d49608e1308e85044b9c3',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
index f9d22fd33..024628e1c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     parse_codecs,
     parse_duration,
     str_to_int,
-    unified_timestamp
+    unified_timestamp,
 )
 
 
@@ -22,29 +22,29 @@ class GabTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Wurzelroot',
             'uploader_id': '608fb0a85738fd1974984f7d',
             'thumbnail': 'https://tv.gab.com/image/61217eacea5665de450d0488',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url).split('-')[-1]
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url).split('-')[-1]
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         channel_id = self._search_regex(r'data-channel-id=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'channel_id')
         channel_name = self._search_regex(r'data-channel-name=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'channel_name')
         title = self._search_regex(r'data-episode-title=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'title')
         view_key = self._search_regex(r'data-view-key=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'view_key')
         description = clean_html(
             self._html_search_regex(self._meta_regex('description'), webpage, 'description', group='content')) or None
-        available_resolutions = re.findall(r'<a\ data-episode-id=\"%s\"\ data-resolution=\"(?P<resolution>[^\"]+)' % id,
-                                           webpage)
+        available_resolutions = re.findall(
+            rf'<a\ data-episode-id=\"{video_id}\"\ data-resolution=\"(?P<resolution>[^\"]+)', webpage)
 
         formats = []
         for resolution in available_resolutions:
             frmt = {
-                'url': f'https://tv.gab.com/media/{id}?viewKey={view_key}&r={resolution}',
+                'url': f'https://tv.gab.com/media/{video_id}?viewKey={view_key}&r={resolution}',
                 'format_id': resolution,
                 'vcodec': 'h264',
                 'acodec': 'aac',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             }
             if 'audio-' in resolution:
                 frmt['abr'] = str_to_int(resolution.replace('audio-', ''))
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             formats.append(frmt)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
             'description': description,
             'uploader': channel_name,
             'uploader_id': channel_id,
-            'thumbnail': f'https://tv.gab.com/image/{id}',
+            'thumbnail': f'https://tv.gab.com/image/{video_id}',
         }
 
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class GabIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:204055fafd5e1a519f5d6db953567ca3',
             'timestamp': 1635192289,
             'upload_date': '20211025',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gab.com/TheLonelyProud/posts/107045884469287653',
         'md5': 'f9cefcfdff6418e392611a828d47839d',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class GabIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1633390571,
             'upload_date': '20211004',
             'uploader': 'TheLonelyProud',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
index c84386f2c..048ea517b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ class GaiaIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_initialize(self):
         auth = self._get_cookies('https://www.gaia.com/').get('auth')
         if auth:
-            auth = self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(auth.value), None, fatal=False)
+            auth = self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(auth.value), None, fatal=False)
             self._jwt = auth.get('jwt')
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             'https://auth.gaia.com/v1/login',
             None, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
-                'password': password
+                'password': password,
             }))
         if auth.get('success') is False:
             raise ExtractorError(', '.join(auth['messages']), expected=True)
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         node = self._download_json(
             'https://brooklyn.gaia.com/node/%d' % node_id, node_id)
         vdata = node[vtype]
-        media_id = compat_str(vdata['nid'])
+        media_id = str(vdata['nid'])
         title = node['title']
 
         headers = None
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ def get_field_value(key, value_key='value'):
             'like_count': int_or_none(try_get(fivestar, lambda x: x['up_count']['value'])),
             'dislike_count': int_or_none(try_get(fivestar, lambda x: x['down_count']['value'])),
             'comment_count': int_or_none(node.get('comment_count')),
-            'series': try_get(node, lambda x: x['series']['title'], compat_str),
+            'series': try_get(node, lambda x: x['series']['title'], str),
             'season_number': int_or_none(get_field_value('season')),
             'season_id': str_or_none(get_field_value('series_nid', 'nid')),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(get_field_value('episode')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
index 1d3c0b110..01386c142 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 import itertools
 import json
 import math
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    try_get
+    try_get,
 )
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def _get_comments(self, post_num_id, post_hash_id):
                 'comments/Fireside_Post/%s/%s?%s=%d' % (
                     post_num_id, sort_by,
                     'scroll_id' if is_scrolled else 'page', scroll_id if is_scrolled else page),
-                post_hash_id, note='Downloading comments list page %d' % page)
+                post_hash_id, note=f'Downloading comments list page {page}')
             if not comments_data.get('comments'):
                 break
             for comment in traverse_obj(comments_data, (('comments', 'childComments'), ...), expected_type=dict):
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def _parse_post(self, post_data):
             'uploader': user_data.get('display_name') or user_data.get('name'),
             'uploader_id': user_data.get('username'),
             'uploader_url': format_field(user_data, 'url', 'https://gamejolt.com%s'),
-            'categories': [try_get(category, lambda x: '%s - %s' % (x['community']['name'], x['channel'].get('display_title') or x['channel']['title']))
+            'categories': [try_get(category, lambda x: '{} - {}'.format(x['community']['name'], x['channel'].get('display_title') or x['channel']['title']))
                            for category in post_data.get('communities') or []],
             'tags': traverse_obj(
                 lead_content, ('content', ..., 'content', ..., 'marks', ..., 'attrs', 'tag'), expected_type=str_or_none),
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def _parse_post(self, post_data):
             'comment_count': int_or_none(post_data.get('comment_count'), default=0),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(post_data.get('added_on'), scale=1000),
             'release_timestamp': int_or_none(post_data.get('published_on'), scale=1000),
-            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(post_data.get('id'), post_id)
+            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(post_data.get('id'), post_id),
         }
 
         # TODO: Handle multiple videos/embeds?
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def _parse_post(self, post_data):
                     'height': media.get('height') if url_key == 'img_url' else None,
                     'filesize': media.get('filesize') if url_key == 'img_url' else None,
                     'acodec': 'none',
-                } for url_key in ('img_url', 'mediaserver_url', 'mediaserver_url_mp4', 'mediaserver_url_webm') if media.get(url_key)]
+                } for url_key in ('img_url', 'mediaserver_url', 'mediaserver_url_mp4', 'mediaserver_url_webm') if media.get(url_key)],
             })
         if gif_entries:
             return {
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # YouTube embed
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/hey-hey-if-there-s-anyone-who-s-looking-to-get-into-learning-a-n6g4jzpq',
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20211015',
             'view_count': int,
             'chapters': 'count:18',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Article
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/i-fuckin-broke-chaos-d56h3eue',
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Single GIF
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/hello-everyone-i-m-developing-a-pixel-art-style-mod-for-fnf-and-i-vs4gdrd8',
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'id': 'dszyjnwi',
                 'ext': 'webm',
                 'title': 'gif-presentacion-mejorado-dszyjnwi',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 1,
     }, {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def _entries(self, endpoint, list_id, note='Downloading post list', errnote='Una
                 endpoint, list_id, note=f'{note} page {page_num}', errnote=errnote, data=json.dumps({
                     'scrollDirection': 'from',
                     'scrollId': scroll_id,
-                }).encode('utf-8')).get('items')
+                }).encode()).get('items')
 
 
 class GameJoltUserIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class GameJoltGameIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '655124',
             'title': 'Friday Night Funkin\': Friday 4 Fun',
-            'description': 'md5:576a7dd87912a2dcf33c50d2bd3966d3'
+            'description': 'md5:576a7dd87912a2dcf33c50d2bd3966d3',
         },
         'params': {
             'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+vs-oswald-menu-music\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635190816,
                 'release_date': '20211025',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '184435',
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+rabbit-s-luck--full-version-\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635190841,
                 'release_date': '20211025',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '185228',
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+last-straw\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635881104,
                 'release_date': '20211102',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }]
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class GameJoltCommunityIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'fnf/videos',
             'title': 'Friday Night Funkin\' - Videos',
-            'description': 'md5:6d8c06f27460f7d35c1554757ffe53c8'
+            'description': 'md5:6d8c06f27460f7d35c1554757ffe53c8',
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 50,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ class GameJoltCommunityIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtubers/featured',
             'title': 'Youtubers - featured',
-            'description': 'md5:53e5582c93dcc467ab597bfca4db17d4'
+            'description': 'md5:53e5582c93dcc467ab597bfca4db17d4',
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 50,
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ def _search_entries(self, query, filter_mode, display_query):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         filter_mode, query = self._match_valid_url(url).group('filter', 'id')
-        display_query = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(query)
+        display_query = urllib.parse.unquote(query)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._search_entries(query, filter_mode, display_query) if filter_mode else self._entries(
                 f'web/posts/fetch/search/{query}', display_query, initial_items=self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
index 8dec2522c..cd3f9655d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .once import OnceIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class GameSpotIE(OnceIE):
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         data_video = self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(
             r'data-video=(["\'])({.*?})\1', webpage,
             'video data', group=2), page_id)
-        title = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(data_video['title'])
+        title = urllib.parse.unquote(data_video['title'])
         streams = data_video['videoStreams']
         formats = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
index e9966f532..8e3b8a5da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class GameStarIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1406542380,
             'upload_date': '20140728',
             'duration': 17,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.gamepro.de/videos/top-10-indie-spiele-fuer-nintendo-switch-video-tolle-nindies-games-zum-download,95316.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld'), video_id)
         info_dict = self._json_ld(json_ld, video_id)
         info_dict['title'] = remove_end(
-            info_dict['title'], ' - Game%s' % site.title())
+            info_dict['title'], f' - Game{site.title()}')
 
         view_count = int_or_none(json_ld.get('interactionCount'))
         comment_count = int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'url': 'http://gamestar.de/_misc/videos/portal/getVideoUrl.cfm?premium=0&videoId=' + video_id,
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'view_count': view_count,
-            'comment_count': comment_count
+            'comment_count': comment_count,
         })
 
         return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
index bc56b03e3..beb5a8a82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class GaskrankIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'strike-einparken-durch-anfaenger-crash-mit-groesserem-flurschaden',
             'uploader_id': 'Bikefun',
             'upload_date': '20170110',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.gaskrank.tv/tv/racing/isle-of-man-tt-2011-michael-du-15920.htm',
         'md5': 'c33ee32c711bc6c8224bfcbe62b23095',
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ class GaskrankIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'IOM',
             'upload_date': '20170523',
             'uploader_url': 'www.iomtt.com',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
index 8925b69fd..b1b6ee771 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
 
         display_id = mobj.group('id')
-        embed_url = '%s?p=embed' % mobj.group('url')
+        embed_url = '{}?p=embed'.format(mobj.group('url'))
         embed_page = self._download_webpage(
             embed_url, display_id, 'Downloading embed page')
 
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'<div[^>]*?class="eagleplayer"[^>]*?data-id="([^"]+)"', embed_page, 'video id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'eagleplatform:gazeta.media.eagleplatform.com:%s' % video_id, 'EaglePlatform')
+            f'eagleplatform:gazeta.media.eagleplatform.com:{video_id}', 'EaglePlatform')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d65256637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    extract_attributes,
+    get_elements_html_by_class,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class GBNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_DESC = 'GB News clips, features and live streams'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?gbnews\.(?:uk|com)/(?:\w+/)?(?P<id>[^#?]+)'
+
+    _PLATFORM = 'safari'
+    _SSMP_URL = 'https://mm-v2.simplestream.com/ssmp/api.php'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.com/news/bbc-claudine-gay-harvard-university-antisemitism-row',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '52264136',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.gbnews\.\w+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png|webp)',
+            'display_id': 'bbc-claudine-gay-harvard-university-antisemitism-row',
+            'description': 'The post was criticised by former employers of the broadcaster',
+            'title': 'BBC deletes post after furious backlash over headline downplaying antisemitism',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.com/royal/prince-harry-in-love-with-kate-meghan-markle-jealous-royal',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '52328390',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.gbnews\.\w+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png|webp)',
+            'display_id': 'prince-harry-in-love-with-kate-meghan-markle-jealous-royal',
+            'description': 'Ingrid Seward has published 17 books documenting the highs and lows of the Royal Family',
+            'title': 'Royal author claims Prince Harry was \'in love\' with Kate - Meghan was \'jealous\'',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.gbnews.uk/watchlive',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1069',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://www\.gbnews\.\w+/.+\.(?:jpe?g|png|webp)',
+            'display_id': 'watchlive',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'title': r're:^GB News Live',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+    _SS_ENDPOINTS = None
+
+    def _get_ss_endpoint(self, data_id, data_env):
+        if not self._SS_ENDPOINTS:
+            self._SS_ENDPOINTS = {}
+
+        if not data_id:
+            data_id = 'GB003'
+        if not data_env:
+            data_env = 'production'
+        key = data_id, data_env
+        result = self._SS_ENDPOINTS.get(key)
+        if result:
+            return result
+
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            self._SSMP_URL, None, 'Downloading Simplestream JSON metadata', query={
+                'id': data_id,
+                'env': data_env,
+            })
+        meta_url = traverse_obj(json_data, ('response', 'api_hostname', {url_or_none}))
+        if not meta_url:
+            raise ExtractorError('No API host found')
+
+        self._SS_ENDPOINTS[key] = meta_url
+        return meta_url
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url).rpartition('/')[2]
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+
+        video_data = None
+        elements = get_elements_html_by_class('simplestream', webpage)
+        for html_tag in elements:
+            attributes = extract_attributes(html_tag)
+            if 'sidebar' not in (attributes.get('class') or ''):
+                video_data = attributes
+        if not video_data:
+            raise ExtractorError('Could not find video element', expected=True)
+
+        endpoint_url = self._get_ss_endpoint(video_data.get('data-id'), video_data.get('data-env'))
+
+        uvid = video_data['data-uvid']
+        video_type = video_data.get('data-type')
+        if not video_type or video_type == 'vod':
+            video_type = 'show'
+        stream_data = self._download_json(
+            f'{endpoint_url}/api/{video_type}/stream/{uvid}',
+            uvid, 'Downloading stream JSON', query={
+                'key': video_data.get('data-key'),
+                'platform': self._PLATFORM,
+            })
+        if traverse_obj(stream_data, 'drm'):
+            self.report_drm(uvid)
+
+        return {
+            'id': uvid,
+            'display_id': display_id,
+            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
+            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
+            'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(traverse_obj(stream_data, (
+                'response', 'stream', {url_or_none})), uvid, 'mp4'),
+            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
+            'is_live': video_type == 'live',
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
index b4d81b2e8..5d4524065 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class GDCVaultIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '201311826596_AWNY',
                 'display_id': 'Doki-Doki-Universe-Sweet-Simple',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Doki-Doki Universe: Sweet, Simple and Genuine (GDC Next 10)'
-            }
+                'title': 'Doki-Doki Universe: Sweet, Simple and Genuine (GDC Next 10)',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1015683/Embracing-the-Dark-Art-of',
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class GDCVaultIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '201203272_1330951438328RSXR',
                 'display_id': 'Embracing-the-Dark-Art-of',
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Embracing the Dark Art of Mathematical Modeling in AI'
+                'title': 'Embracing the Dark Art of Mathematical Modeling in AI',
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,  # Requires rtmpdump
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1015301/Thexder-Meets-Windows-95-or',
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'display_id': display_id,
                 })
                 return info
-            embed_url = '%s/xml/%s' % (xml_root, xml_name)
+            embed_url = f'{xml_root}/xml/{xml_name}'
             ie_key = 'DigitallySpeaking'
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
index 1878d636d..2ffa66030 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _sanitize_urls(urls):
         # add protocol if missing
         for i, e in enumerate(urls):
             if e.startswith('//'):
-                urls[i] = 'https:%s' % e
+                urls[i] = f'https:{e}'
         # clean iframes urls
         for i, e in enumerate(urls):
             urls[i] = urljoin(base_url(e), url_basename(e))
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                             'abr': abr,
                             'tbr': abr,
                             'acodec': ext,
-                            'vcodec': 'none'
+                            'vcodec': 'none',
                         })
                     else:
                         mobj = re.match(r'^video-rrtv-(\d+)(?:-(\d+))?$', n)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
index 2cfed0fd0..cc17890e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor  # isort: split
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .commonprotocols import RtmpIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20100513',
                 'direct': True,
                 'timestamp': 1273772943.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Direct link to media delivered compressed (until Accept-Encoding is *)
         {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140522',
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.'
+                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
             ],
             'skip': 'URL invalid',
         },
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1416498816.0,
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.'
-            ]
+                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
+            ],
         },
         # RSS feed
         {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'https://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
                 'title': 'Zero Punctuation',
-                'description': 're:.*groundbreaking video review series.*'
+                'description': 're:.*groundbreaking video review series.*',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 11,
         },
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': False,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # redirect in Refresh HTTP header
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'uploader': 'www.hodiho.fr',
                 'title': 'R\u00e9gis plante sa Jeep',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # bandcamp page with custom domain
         {
@@ -438,19 +438,19 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '370908',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 3',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '370905',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 2',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '370902',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 1',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }],
             'params': {
                 # m3u8 download
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Hidden miracles of the natural world',
                 'uploader': 'Louie Schwartzberg',
                 'description': 'md5:8145d19d320ff3e52f28401f4c4283b9',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # nowvideo embed hidden behind percent encoding
         {
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140320',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'Requires rtmpdump'
+                'skip_download': 'Requires rtmpdump',
             },
             'skip': 'video gone',
         },
@@ -537,8 +537,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'Forbidden'
-            ]
+                'Forbidden',
+            ],
         },
         # Condé Nast embed
         {
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '53501be369702d3275860000',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Honda’s  New Asimo Robot Is More Human Than Ever',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Dailymotion embed
         {
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # MTVServices embed
         {
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Flowplayer
         {
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'age_limit': 18,
                 'uploader': 'www.handjobhub.com',
                 'title': 'Busty Blonde Siri Tit Fuck While Wank at HandjobHub.com',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # MLB embed
         {
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Sophos Security',
                 'title': 'Chet Chat 171 - Oct 29, 2014',
                 'upload_date': '20141029',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Soundcloud multiple embeds
         {
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'upload_date': '20141112',
                 'title': 'Rosetta #CometLanding webcast HL 10',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Another Livestream embed, without 'new.' in URL
         {
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Underground Wellness Radio - Jack Tips: 5 Steps to Permanent Gut Healing',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.libsyn.com/secure/item/3793998/?height=90&width=90',
                 'duration': 3989.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Cinerama player
         {
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'uploader': 'www.abc.net.au',
                 'title': 'Game of Thrones with dice - Dungeons and Dragons fantasy role-playing game gets new life - 19/01/2015',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # embedded viddler video
         {
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'aanslagen-kopenhagen',
                 'title': 'Aanslagen Kopenhagen',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Zapiks embed
         {
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '118046',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'EP3S5 - Bon Appétit - Baqueira Mi Corazon !',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Kaltura embed (different embed code)
         {
@@ -924,11 +924,11 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'Could not send HEAD request'
+                'Could not send HEAD request',
             ],
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Kaltura embedded, some fileExt broken (#11480)
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '8RUoRhRi',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!",
+                'title': 'Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!',
                 'description': 'md5:e1a46ad1650e3a5ec7196d432799127f',
                 'timestamp': 1428207000,
                 'upload_date': '20150405',
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'clickhole',
                 'upload_date': '20150527',
                 'timestamp': 1432744860,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # SnagFilms embed
         {
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '#whilewewatch',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # AdobeTVVideo embed
         {
@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'upload_date': '20211217',
                     'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/tsiodras-mitsotakis-1024x545.jpg',
                 },
-            }]
+            }],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.ertnews.gr/video/manolis-goyalles-o-anthropos-piso-apo-ti-diadiktyaki-vasilopita/',
@@ -1547,7 +1547,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '0f64ce6',
                 'title': 'vl14062007715967',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.heidelberg-laureate-forum.org/blog/video/lecture-friday-september-23-2016-sir-c-antony-r-hoare/',
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:5a51db84a62def7b7054df2ade403c6c',
                 'timestamp': 1474354800,
                 'upload_date': '20160920',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.kidzworld.com/article/30935-trolls-the-beat-goes-on-interview-skylar-astin-and-amanda-leighton',
@@ -1651,7 +1651,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '83645793',
                 'title': 'Lock up and get excited',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'skip': 'TODO: fix nested playlists processing in tests',
         },
@@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20220110',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/70bc39fa-895b-4918-a364-c39d2135fc6d.jpg',
 
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # blogger embed
@@ -1897,8 +1897,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1501941939.0,
                 'title': 'That small heart attack.',
                 'upload_date': '20170805',
-                'uploader': 'Antw87'
-            }
+                'uploader': 'Antw87',
+            },
         },
         {
             # 1080p Reddit-hosted video that will redirect and be processed by RedditIE
@@ -1910,8 +1910,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': "The game Didn't want me to Knife that Guy I guess",
                 'uploader': 'paraf1ve',
                 'timestamp': 1636788683.0,
-                'upload_date': '20211113'
-            }
+                'upload_date': '20211113',
+            },
         },
         {
             # MainStreaming player
@@ -1923,15 +1923,15 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512
-            }
+                'duration': 1512,
+            },
         },
         {
             # Multiple gfycat iframe embeds
             'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=613422',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '재이, 윤, 세은 황금 드레스를 입고 빛난다',
-                'id': 'board'
+                'id': 'board',
             },
             'playlist_count': 8,
         },
@@ -1940,18 +1940,18 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=612199',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '옳게 된 크롭 니트 스테이씨 아이사',
-                'id': 'board'
+                'id': 'board',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 6
+            'playlist_count': 6,
         },
         {
             # Multiple gfycat embeds, with uppercase "IFR" in urls
             'url': 'https://kkzz.kr/?vid=2295',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '지방시 앰버서더 에스파 카리나 움짤',
-                'id': '?vid=2295'
+                'id': '?vid=2295',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 9
+            'playlist_count': 9,
         },
         {
             # Panopto embeds
@@ -1984,9 +1984,9 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': 'https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008762560.html',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': 'Koronavirus | Epidemiahuippu voi olla Suomessa ohi, mutta koronaviruksen poistamista yleisvaarallisten tautien joukosta harkitaan vasta syksyllä',
-                'id': 'art-2000008762560'
+                'id': 'art-2000008762560',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 3
+            'playlist_count': 3,
         },
         {
             # Ruutu embed in hs.fi with a single video
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://www.filmarkivet.se/wp-content/uploads/parisdmoll2.jpg',
                 'timestamp': 1652833414,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.mollymovieclub.com/p/interstellar?s=r#details',
@@ -2055,7 +2055,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/YTmgRiNU/poster.jpg?width=720',
                 'duration': 5688.0,
                 'upload_date': '20210111',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'JSON LD with multiple @type',
@@ -2071,7 +2071,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20200411',
                 'age_limit': 0,
                 'duration': 111.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'JSON LD with unexpected data type',
@@ -2086,7 +2086,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https://media.autoweek.nl/m/.+\.jpg$',
                 'age_limit': 0,
                 'direct': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'server returns data in brotli compression by default if `accept-encoding: *` is specified.',
@@ -2148,7 +2148,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def report_following_redirect(self, new_url):
         """Report information extraction."""
-        self._downloader.to_screen('[redirect] Following redirect to %s' % new_url)
+        self._downloader.to_screen(f'[redirect] Following redirect to {new_url}')
 
     def report_detected(self, name, num=1, note=None):
         if num > 1:
@@ -2244,29 +2244,29 @@ def _kvs_get_real_url(cls, video_url, license_code):
             return video_url  # not obfuscated
 
         parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(video_url[len('function/0/'):])
-        license = cls._kvs_get_license_token(license_code)
+        license_token = cls._kvs_get_license_token(license_code)
         urlparts = parsed.path.split('/')
 
         HASH_LENGTH = 32
-        hash = urlparts[3][:HASH_LENGTH]
+        hash_ = urlparts[3][:HASH_LENGTH]
         indices = list(range(HASH_LENGTH))
 
         # Swap indices of hash according to the destination calculated from the license token
         accum = 0
         for src in reversed(range(HASH_LENGTH)):
-            accum += license[src]
+            accum += license_token[src]
             dest = (src + accum) % HASH_LENGTH
             indices[src], indices[dest] = indices[dest], indices[src]
 
-        urlparts[3] = ''.join(hash[index] for index in indices) + urlparts[3][HASH_LENGTH:]
+        urlparts[3] = ''.join(hash_[index] for index in indices) + urlparts[3][HASH_LENGTH:]
         return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed._replace(path='/'.join(urlparts)))
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _kvs_get_license_token(license):
-        license = license.replace('$', '')
-        license_values = [int(char) for char in license]
+    def _kvs_get_license_token(license_code):
+        license_code = license_code.replace('$', '')
+        license_values = [int(char) for char in license_code]
 
-        modlicense = license.replace('0', '1')
+        modlicense = license_code.replace('0', '1')
         center = len(modlicense) // 2
         fronthalf = int(modlicense[:center + 1])
         backhalf = int(modlicense[center:])
@@ -2338,18 +2338,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if default_search == 'auto_warning':
                         if re.match(r'^(?:url|URL)$', url):
                             raise ExtractorError(
-                                'Invalid URL:  %r . Call yt-dlp like this:  yt-dlp -v "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc"  ' % url,
+                                f'Invalid URL:  {url!r} . Call yt-dlp like this:  yt-dlp -v "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc"  ',
                                 expected=True)
                         else:
                             self.report_warning(
-                                'Falling back to youtube search for  %s . Set --default-search "auto" to suppress this warning.' % url)
+                                f'Falling back to youtube search for  {url} . Set --default-search "auto" to suppress this warning.')
                     return self.url_result('ytsearch:' + url)
 
             if default_search in ('error', 'fixup_error'):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%r is not a valid URL. '
-                    'Set --default-search "ytsearch" (or run  yt-dlp "ytsearch:%s" ) to search YouTube'
-                    % (url, url), expected=True)
+                    f'{url!r} is not a valid URL. '
+                    f'Set --default-search "ytsearch" (or run  yt-dlp "ytsearch:{url}" ) to search YouTube', expected=True)
             else:
                 if ':' not in default_search:
                     default_search += ':'
@@ -2387,7 +2386,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info_dict = {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': self._generic_title(url),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(full_response.headers.get('Last-Modified'))
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(full_response.headers.get('Last-Modified')),
         }
 
         # Check for direct link to a video
@@ -2401,7 +2400,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             subtitles = {}
             if format_id.endswith('mpegurl') or ext == 'm3u8':
                 formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(url, video_id, 'mp4', headers=headers)
-            elif format_id.endswith('mpd') or format_id.endswith('dash+xml') or ext == 'mpd':
+            elif format_id.endswith(('mpd', 'dash+xml')) or ext == 'mpd':
                 formats, subtitles = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(url, video_id, headers=headers)
             elif format_id == 'f4m' or ext == 'f4m':
                 formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(url, video_id, headers=headers)
@@ -2410,7 +2409,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'url': url,
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'vcodec': 'none' if m.group('type') == 'audio' else None
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if m.group('type') == 'audio' else None,
                 }]
                 info_dict['direct'] = True
             info_dict.update({
@@ -2458,7 +2457,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             try:
                 doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage)
             except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
-                doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage.encode('utf-8'))
+                doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage.encode())
             if doc.tag == 'rss':
                 self.report_detected('RSS feed')
                 return self._extract_rss(url, video_id, doc)
@@ -2606,7 +2605,7 @@ def _extract_embeds(self, url, webpage, *, urlh=None, info_dict={}):
                     })
             # https://docs.videojs.com/player#addRemoteTextTrack
             # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#htmltrackelement
-            for sub_match in re.finditer(rf'(?s){re.escape(varname)}' r'\.addRemoteTextTrack\(({.+?})\s*,\s*(?:true|false)\)', webpage):
+            for sub_match in re.finditer(rf'(?s){re.escape(varname)}' + r'\.addRemoteTextTrack\(({.+?})\s*,\s*(?:true|false)\)', webpage):
                 sub = self._parse_json(
                     sub_match.group(1), video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False) or {}
                 sub_src = str_or_none(sub.get('src'))
@@ -2728,7 +2727,7 @@ def filter_video(urls):
             REDIRECT_REGEX = r'[0-9]{,2};\s*(?:URL|url)=\'?([^\'"]+)'
             found = re.search(
                 r'(?i)<meta\s+(?=(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*http-equiv="refresh")'
-                r'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="%s' % REDIRECT_REGEX,
+                rf'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="{REDIRECT_REGEX}',
                 webpage)
             if not found:
                 # Look also in Refresh HTTP header
@@ -2772,7 +2771,7 @@ def filter_video(urls):
 
             video_id = os.path.splitext(video_id)[0]
             headers = {
-                'referer': actual_url
+                'referer': actual_url,
             }
 
             entry_info_dict = {
@@ -2829,5 +2828,5 @@ def filter_video(urls):
             for num, e in enumerate(entries, start=1):
                 # 'url' results don't have a title
                 if e.get('title') is not None:
-                    e['title'] = '%s (%d)' % (e['title'], num)
+                    e['title'] = '{} ({})'.format(e['title'], num)
         return entries
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
index 9b4f14dd1..359d38bc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class HTML5MediaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'HTML5 Media',
                 'description': 'md5:933b2d02ceffe7a7a0f3c8326d91cc2a',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 2
-        }
+            'playlist_count': 2,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:6816e1e5a65304bd7898e4c7eb1b26f7',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'playlist_count': 2
+        'playlist_count': 2,
     }, {
         # Generic iframe embed of TV24UAPlayerIE within data-html
         'url': 'https://24tv.ua/harkivyani-zgaduyut-misto-do-viyni-shhemlive-video_n1887584',
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Харків\'яни згадують місто до війни: щемливе відео',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # YouTube embeds on Squarespace (data-html): https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/21294
         'url': 'https://www.harvardballetcompany.org/past-productions',
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'description': 'Past Productions',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 26
+        'playlist_mincount': 26,
     }, {
         # Squarespace video embed, 2019-08-28, data-html
         'url': 'http://ootboxford.com',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
index 144321ad6..53b881011 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class GetCourseRuPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-            'duration': 1693
+            'duration': 1693,
         },
         'skip': 'JWT expired',
     }]
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             }),
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
     _DOMAINS = [
         'academymel.online',
         'marafon.mani-beauty.com',
-        'on.psbook.ru'
+        'on.psbook.ru',
     ]
     _BASE_URL_RE = rf'https?://(?:(?!player02\.)[^.]+\.getcourse\.(?:ru|io)|{"|".join(map(re.escape, _DOMAINS))})'
     _VALID_URL = [
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Промоуроки Академии МЕЛ',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-                'duration': 1693
+                'duration': 1693,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://academymel.getcourse.ru/3video_1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Промоуроки Академии МЕЛ',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-                'duration': 1693
+                'duration': 1693,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://academymel.getcourse.ru/pl/teach/control/lesson/view?id=319141781&editMode=0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '1. Разминка у стены',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.vhcdn.com/preview/5a521788e7dc25b4f70c3dff6512d90e/preview.jpg?version=1703223532&host=vh-81',
-                'duration': 704
+                'duration': 704,
             },
         }],
-        'skip': 'paid lesson'
+        'skip': 'paid lesson',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://manibeauty.getcourse.ru/pl/teach/control/lesson/view?id=272499894',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Мотивация к тренировкам',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.vhcdn.com/preview/70ed5b9f489dd03b4aff55bfdff71a26/preview.jpg?version=1685115787&host=vh-71',
-                'duration': 30
+                'duration': 30,
             },
         }],
-        'skip': 'paid lesson'
+        'skip': 'paid lesson',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gaismasmandalas.getcourse.io/ATLAUTSEVBUT',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
index 7795dc56f..2a9d5e7e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    bool_or_none,
     ExtractorError,
+    bool_or_none,
     dict_get,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1632782451.058,
             'duration': 58.5585,
             'tags': ['hornofafrica', 'explorations'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/post/p4iahp',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1626594455.017,
             'duration': 23,
             'tags': 'count:12',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # quote post
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/post/pxn5b743a9',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         post_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, post_id)
-        api_data = self._call_api('post/%s?incl="poststats|userinfo"' % post_id, post_id)
+        api_data = self._call_api(f'post/{post_id}?incl="poststats|userinfo"', post_id)
 
         post_data = api_data.get('data')
         user_data = try_get(api_data, lambda x: x['aux']['uinf'][post_data['uid']], dict) or {}
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             or self._search_regex(r'^(.+?) on GETTR', self._og_search_title(webpage, default=''), 'uploader', fatal=False))
 
         if uploader:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (uploader, title)
+            title = f'{uploader} - {title}'
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
             urljoin(self._MEDIA_BASE_URL, vid), post_id, 'mp4',
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class GettrStreamingIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'title': 'Day 1: Opening Session of the Grand Jury Proceeding',
             'timestamp': 1644080997.164,
             'upload_date': '20220205',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/streaming/psfmeefcc1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -172,12 +172,12 @@ class GettrStreamingIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'duration': 21872.507,
             'timestamp': 1643976662.858,
             'upload_date': '20220204',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_info = self._call_api('live/join/%s' % video_id, video_id, data={})
+        video_info = self._call_api(f'live/join/{video_id}', video_id, data={})
 
         live_info = video_info['broadcast']
         live_url = url_or_none(live_info.get('url'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
index 112572366..259d39095 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class GiantBombIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:0aa3aaf2772a41b91d44c63f30dfad24',
             'duration': 2399,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.giantbomb.com/shows/ben-stranding/2970-20212',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
index c5bc86bb4..cc18ee67c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     urlencode_postdata,
@@ -16,5 +15,5 @@ def _gigya_login(self, auth_data):
         error_message = auth_info.get('errorDetails') or auth_info.get('errorMessage')
         if error_message:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % error_message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {error_message}', expected=True)
         return auth_info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
index d114f3494..b4c868108 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class GlideIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Damon's Glide message",
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?\.cloudfront\.net/.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
index e0c0d58fd..3d4a9304c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _extract_audio(self, episode, series):
                 'url': 'streamUrl',
                 'timestamp': (('pubDate', 'startDate'), {unified_timestamp}),
                 'title': 'title',
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class GlobalPlayerLivePlaylistIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'description': 'md5:e10f5e10b01a7f2c14ba815509fbb38d',
             'thumbnail': 'https://images.globalplayer.com/images/551379?width=450&signature=oMLPZIoi5_dBSHnTMREW0Xg76mA=',
-            'title': 're:^Classic FM Hall of Fame.+$'
+            'title': 're:^Classic FM Hall of Fame.+$',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
index df98f093c..d72296be6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_id, 'Getting cookies')
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.globovideos.com/videos/%s/playlist' % video_id,
+            f'http://api.globovideos.com/videos/{video_id}/playlist',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
         if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and video.get('encrypted') is True:
             self.report_drm(video_id)
@@ -97,14 +94,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
         security = self._download_json(
-            'https://playback.video.globo.com/v2/video-session', video_id, 'Downloading security hash for %s' % video_id,
+            'https://playback.video.globo.com/v2/video-session', video_id, f'Downloading security hash for {video_id}',
             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps({
-                "player_type": "desktop",
-                "video_id": video_id,
-                "quality": "max",
-                "content_protection": "widevine",
-                "vsid": "581b986b-4c40-71f0-5a58-803e579d5fa2",
-                "tz": "-3.0:00"
+                'player_type': 'desktop',
+                'video_id': video_id,
+                'quality': 'max',
+                'content_protection': 'widevine',
+                'vsid': '581b986b-4c40-71f0-5a58-803e579d5fa2',
+                'tz': '-3.0:00',
             }).encode())
 
         self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(security['sources'][0]['url_template']), video_id, 'Getting locksession cookie')
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             message = security.get('message')
             if message:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {message}', expected=True)
 
         hash_code = security_hash[:2]
         padding = '%010d' % random.randint(1, 10000000000)
@@ -128,13 +125,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             padding += '1'
             hash_prefix = '05' + security_hash[:22]
 
-        padded_sign_time = compat_str(int(received_time) + 86400) + padding
+        padded_sign_time = str(int(received_time) + 86400) + padding
         md5_data = (received_md5 + padded_sign_time + '0xAC10FD').encode()
         signed_md5 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.md5(md5_data).digest()).decode().strip('=')
         signed_hash = hash_prefix + padded_sign_time + signed_md5
         source = security['sources'][0]['url_parts']
         resource_url = source['scheme'] + '://' + source['domain'] + source['path']
-        signed_url = '%s?h=%s&k=html5&a=%s' % (resource_url, signed_hash, 'F' if video.get('subscriber_only') else 'A')
+        signed_url = '{}?h={}&k=html5&a={}'.format(resource_url, signed_hash, 'F' if video.get('subscriber_only') else 'A')
 
         fmts, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
             signed_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ class GloboArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if GloboIE.suitable(url) else super(GloboArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if GloboIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for video_regex in self._VIDEOID_REGEXES:
             video_ids.extend(re.findall(video_regex, webpage))
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('globo:%s' % video_id, GloboIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'globo:{video_id}', GloboIE.ie_key())
             for video_id in orderedSet(video_ids)]
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage).strip()
         description = self._html_search_meta('description', webpage)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
index 22aac0db9..35ffad56c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
     smuggle_url,
@@ -49,15 +49,15 @@ def _download_api_data(self, video_id, integration, current_url=None):
         video_id_type = self._get_videoid_type(video_id)
         return self._download_json(
             self._API_URL,
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % video_id_type,
-            'Unable to download %s JSON' % video_id_type,
+            video_id, f'Downloading {video_id_type} JSON',
+            f'Unable to download {video_id_type} JSON',
             query=query)
 
     def _download_and_extract_api_data(self, video_id, integration, current_url):
         api_data = self._download_api_data(video_id, integration, current_url)
         videos = api_data['videos']
         if not videos:
-            raise ExtractorError('no videos found for %s' % video_id)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'no videos found for {video_id}')
         videos = [self._extract_api_data(video, video_id) for video in videos]
         return videos[0] if len(videos) == 1 else self.playlist_result(videos, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
index 62fff4ead..ecef1e16a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class GMANetworkVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'YoüLOL',
             'availability': 'public',
             'release_date': '20220919',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gmanetwork.com/fullepisodes/home/more_than_words/87059/more-than-words-full-episode-80/video?section=home',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class GMANetworkVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': 'count:29',
             'view_count': int,
             'uploader_url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/GMANETWORK',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
index b075a02e0..bbb23ffc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    determine_ext,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    remove_start,
-    remove_end,
-    try_get,
-    urlencode_postdata,
     ExtractorError,
-    unified_timestamp,
+    determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_age_limit,
+    remove_end,
+    remove_start,
     traverse_obj,
+    try_get,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -50,14 +49,14 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?P<sub_domain>
-                            (?:%s\.)?go|fxnow\.fxnetworks|
+                            (?:{}\.)?go|fxnow\.fxnetworks|
                             (?:www\.)?(?:abc|freeform|disneynow)
                         )\.com/
                         (?:
                             (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[Vv][Dd][Kk][Aa]\w+)|
                             (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<display_id>[^/?\#]+)
                         )
-                    ''' % r'\.|'.join(list(_SITE_INFO.keys()))
+                    '''.format(r'\.|'.join(list(_SITE_INFO.keys())))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://abc.go.com/shows/designated-survivor/video/most-recent/VDKA3807643',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
             'series': 'Shadowhunters',
             'episode_number': 1,
             'timestamp': 1483387200,
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'geo_bypass_ip_block': '3.244.239.0/24',
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _extract_videos(self, brand, video_id='-1', show_id='-1'):
         display_id = video_id if video_id != '-1' else show_id
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://api.contents.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws/contents/3000/videos/%s/001/-1/%s/-1/%s/-1/-1.json' % (brand, show_id, video_id),
+            f'http://api.contents.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws/contents/3000/videos/{brand}/001/-1/{show_id}/-1/{video_id}/-1/-1.json',
             display_id)['video']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 video_id = try_get(
                     layout,
                     (lambda x: x['videoid'], lambda x: x['video']['id']),
-                    compat_str)
+                    str)
             if not video_id:
                 video_id = self._search_regex(
                     (
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         # page.analytics.videoIdCode
                         r'\bvideoIdCode["\']\s*:\s*["\']((?:vdka|VDKA)\w+)',
                         # https://abc.com/shows/the-rookie/episode-guide/season-02/03-the-bet
-                        r'\b(?:video)?id["\']\s*:\s*["\'](VDKA\w+)'
+                        r'\b(?:video)?id["\']\s*:\s*["\'](VDKA\w+)',
                     ), webpage, 'video id', default=video_id)
             if not site_info:
                 brand = self._search_regex(
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                             self.raise_geo_restricted(
                                 error['message'], countries=['US'])
                     error_message = ', '.join([error['message'] for error in errors])
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
                 asset_url += '?' + entitlement['uplynkData']['sessionKey']
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id or 'hls', fatal=False)
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 }
                 if re.search(r'(?:/mp4/source/|_source\.mp4)', asset_url):
                     f.update({
-                        'format_id': ('%s-' % format_id if format_id else '') + 'SOURCE',
+                        'format_id': (f'{format_id}-' if format_id else '') + 'SOURCE',
                         'quality': 1,
                     })
                 else:
@@ -288,7 +287,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if mobj:
                         height = int(mobj.group(2))
                         f.update({
-                            'format_id': ('%s-' % format_id if format_id else '') + '%dP' % height,
+                            'format_id': (f'{format_id}-' if format_id else '') + f'{height}P',
                             'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
                             'height': height,
                         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35cc30cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
+    str_or_none,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class GodResourceIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://new\.godresource\.com/video/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # hls stream
+        'url': 'https://new.godresource.com/video/A01mTKjyf6w',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'A01mTKjyf6w',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'timestamp': 1710978666,
+            'channel_id': '5',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-02.godresource.com/e42968ac-9e8b-4231-ab86-f4f9d775841f/thumbnail.jpg',
+            'channel': 'Stedfast Baptist Church',
+            'upload_date': '20240320',
+            'title': 'GodResource video #A01mTKjyf6w',
+        },
+    }, {
+        # mp4 link
+        'url': 'https://new.godresource.com/video/01DXmBbQv_X',
+        'md5': '0e8f72aa89a106b9d5c011ba6f8717b7',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '01DXmBbQv_X',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'channel_id': '12',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'timestamp': 1687996800,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-02.godresource.com/sodomitedeception/thumbnail.jpg',
+            'channel': 'Documentaries',
+            'title': 'The Sodomite Deception',
+            'upload_date': '20230629',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+
+        api_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.godresource.com/api/Streams/{display_id}', display_id)
+
+        video_url = api_data['streamUrl']
+        is_live = api_data.get('isLive') or False
+        if (ext := determine_ext(video_url)) == 'm3u8':
+            formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                video_url, display_id, live=is_live)
+        elif ext == 'mp4':
+            formats, subtitles = [{
+                'url': video_url,
+                'ext': ext,
+            }], {}
+        else:
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unexpected video format {ext}')
+
+        return {
+            'id': display_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'title': '',
+            'is_live': is_live,
+            **traverse_obj(api_data, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', {url_or_none}),
+                'view_count': ('views', {int}),
+                'channel': ('channelName', {str}),
+                'channel_id': ('channelId', {str_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('streamDateCreated', {unified_timestamp}),
+                'modified_timestamp': ('streamDataModified', {unified_timestamp}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
index 35fb7a9c9..f4496ac5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.godtube.com/resource/mediaplayer/%s.xml' % video_id.lower(),
+            f'http://www.godtube.com/resource/mediaplayer/{video_id.lower()}.xml',
             video_id, 'Downloading player config XML')
 
         video_url = config.find('file').text
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         thumbnail = config.find('image').text
 
         media = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.godtube.com/media/xml/?v=%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading media XML')
+            f'http://www.godtube.com/media/xml/?v={video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading media XML')
 
         title = media.find('title').text
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
index c6eca0c4d..a9777a594 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import hashlib
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    try_get
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, try_get
 
 
 class GofileIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -23,8 +20,8 @@ class GofileIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'nuuh',
                 'release_timestamp': 1638338704,
                 'release_date': '20211201',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gofile.io/d/is8lKr',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ def _entries(self, file_id):
         query_params = {'wt': '4fd6sg89d7s6'}  # From https://gofile.io/dist/js/alljs.js
         password = self.get_param('videopassword')
         if password:
-            query_params['password'] = hashlib.sha256(password.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            query_params['password'] = hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest()
         files = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.gofile.io/contents/{file_id}', file_id, 'Getting filelist',
             query=query_params, headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._TOKEN}'})
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ def _entries(self, file_id):
                     'title': file['name'].rsplit('.', 1)[0],
                     'url': file_url,
                     'filesize': file.get('size'),
-                    'release_timestamp': file.get('createTime')
+                    'release_timestamp': file.get('createTime'),
                 }
 
         if not found_files:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
index c33d95019..90d2fe6c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
 )
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ class GolemIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'iPhone 6 und 6 Plus - Test',
             'duration': 300.44,
             'filesize': 65309548,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     _PREFIX = 'http://video.golem.de'
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'https://video.golem.de/xml/{0}.xml'.format(video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://video.golem.de/xml/{video_id}.xml', video_id)
 
         info = {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -44,8 +42,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
 
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': compat_str(e.tag),
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
+                'format_id': str(e.tag),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
                 'height': self._int(e.get('height'), 'height'),
                 'width': self._int(e.get('width'), 'width'),
                 'filesize': self._int(e.findtext('filesize'), 'filesize'),
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not url:
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
                 'width': self._int(e.get('width'), 'thumbnail width'),
                 'height': self._int(e.get('height'), 'thumbnail height'),
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
index 06658dd47..dfba2d3ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
+from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    bug_reports_message,
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
     get_element_by_class,
@@ -37,7 +39,18 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Big Buck Bunny.mp4',
             'duration': 45,
             'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=0ByeS4oOUV-49Zzh4R1J6R09zazQ',
-        }
+        },
+    }, {
+        # has itag 50 which is not in YoutubeIE._formats (royalty Free music from 1922)
+        'url': 'https://drive.google.com/uc?id=1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
+        'md5': '322db8d63dd19788c04050a4bba67073',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'title': 'My Buddy - Henry Burr - Gus Kahn - Walter Donaldson.mp3',
+            'duration': 184,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
+        },
     }, {
         # video can't be watched anonymously due to view count limit reached,
         # but can be downloaded (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/14046)
@@ -58,22 +71,8 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _FORMATS_EXT = {
-        '5': 'flv',
-        '6': 'flv',
-        '13': '3gp',
-        '17': '3gp',
-        '18': 'mp4',
-        '22': 'mp4',
-        '34': 'flv',
-        '35': 'flv',
-        '36': '3gp',
-        '37': 'mp4',
-        '38': 'mp4',
-        '43': 'webm',
-        '44': 'webm',
-        '45': 'webm',
-        '46': 'webm',
-        '59': 'mp4',
+        **{k: v['ext'] for k, v in YoutubeIE._formats.items() if v.get('ext')},
+        '50': 'm4a',
     }
     _BASE_URL_CAPTIONS = 'https://drive.google.com/timedtext'
     _CAPTIONS_ENTRY_TAG = {
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
             r'<iframe[^>]+src="https?://(?:video\.google\.com/get_player\?.*?docid=|(?:docs|drive)\.google\.com/file/d/)(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{28,})',
             webpage)
         if mobj:
-            yield 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/%s' % mobj.group('id')
+            yield 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/{}'.format(mobj.group('id'))
 
     def _download_subtitles_xml(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
         if self._captions_xml:
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ def _get_automatic_captions(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_info = compat_parse_qs(self._download_webpage(
+        video_info = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._download_webpage(
             'https://drive.google.com/get_video_info',
             video_id, 'Downloading video webpage', query={'docid': video_id}))
 
@@ -194,10 +193,13 @@ def get_value(key):
                 if len(fmt_stream_split) < 2:
                     continue
                 format_id, format_url = fmt_stream_split[:2]
+                ext = self._FORMATS_EXT.get(format_id)
+                if not ext:
+                    self.report_warning(f'Unknown format {format_id}{bug_reports_message()}')
                 f = {
                     'url': lowercase_escape(format_url),
                     'format_id': format_id,
-                    'ext': self._FORMATS_EXT[format_id],
+                    'ext': ext,
                 }
                 resolution = resolutions.get(format_id)
                 if resolution:
@@ -216,8 +218,8 @@ def get_value(key):
 
         def request_source_file(source_url, kind, data=None):
             return self._request_webpage(
-                source_url, video_id, note='Requesting %s file' % kind,
-                errnote='Unable to request %s file' % kind, fatal=False, data=data)
+                source_url, video_id, note=f'Requesting {kind} file',
+                errnote=f'Unable to request {kind} file', fatal=False, data=data)
         urlh = request_source_file(source_url, 'source')
         if urlh:
             def add_source_format(urlh):
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ def add_source_format(urlh):
         if ttsurl:
             # the video Id for subtitles will be the last value in the ttsurl
             # query string
-            subtitles_id = ttsurl.encode('utf-8').decode(
+            subtitles_id = ttsurl.encode().decode(
                 'unicode_escape').split('=')[-1]
 
         self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.google.com', path='/', name='NID')
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ class GoogleDriveFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dQ4sx0-__Nvg65rxTSgQrl7VyW_FZ9QI',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1dQ4sx0-__Nvg65rxTSgQrl7VyW_FZ9QI',
-            'title': 'Forrest'
+            'title': 'Forrest',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }]
@@ -310,13 +312,13 @@ class GoogleDriveFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, folder_id, key, data, **kwargs):
         response = self._download_webpage(
             'https://clients6.google.com/batch/drive/v2beta',
-            folder_id, data=data.encode('utf-8'),
+            folder_id, data=data.encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8;',
                 'Origin': 'https://drive.google.com',
             }, query={
                 '$ct': f'multipart/mixed; boundary="{self._BOUNDARY}"',
-                'key': key
+                'key': key,
             }, **kwargs)
         return self._search_json('', response, 'api response', folder_id, **kwargs) or {}
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
index 8b2351ba8..8d1cc4fa1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class GooglePodcastsIE(GooglePodcastsBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1609606800,
             'duration': 2901,
             'series': "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
index 7a98e0f31..dfe5afe63 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'episode': 'Episode 2',
             'episode_number': 2,
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/a-family-for-thr-holidays-s1-aflevering-1#autoplay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'A Family for the Holidays',
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/de-mol/de-mol-s11/de-mol-s11-aflevering-1#autoplay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'De Mol',
             'season_number': 11,
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'season': 'Season 11'
+            'season': 'Season 11',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }]
 
     _id_token = None
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if movie:
             video_id = movie['videoUuid']
             info_dict = {
-                'title': movie.get('title')
+                'title': movie.get('title'),
             }
         else:
             episode = traverse_obj(video_data, ('playlists', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: v['pageInfo']['url'] == url), get_all=False)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         api = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.goplay.be/web/v1/videos/long-form/{video_id}',
             video_id, headers={
-                'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % self._id_token,
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._id_token}',
                 **self.geo_verification_headers(),
             })
 
@@ -154,31 +154,32 @@ def __init__(self, ie, pool_id, client_id):
         self.ie = ie
 
         self.pool_id = pool_id
-        if "_" not in self.pool_id:
-            raise ValueError("Invalid pool_id format. Should be <region>_<poolid>.")
+        if '_' not in self.pool_id:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid pool_id format. Should be <region>_<poolid>.')
 
         self.client_id = client_id
-        self.region = self.pool_id.split("_")[0]
-        self.url = "https://cognito-idp.%s.amazonaws.com/" % (self.region,)
+        self.region = self.pool_id.split('_')[0]
+        self.url = f'https://cognito-idp.{self.region}.amazonaws.com/'
 
         # Initialize the values
         # https://github.com/aws/amazon-cognito-identity-js/blob/master/src/AuthenticationHelper.js#L22
-        self.n_hex = 'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD1' + \
-                     '29024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B139B22514A08798E3404DD' + \
-                     'EF9519B3CD3A431B302B0A6DF25F14374FE1356D6D51C245' + \
-                     'E485B576625E7EC6F44C42E9A637ED6B0BFF5CB6F406B7ED' + \
-                     'EE386BFB5A899FA5AE9F24117C4B1FE649286651ECE45B3D' + \
-                     'C2007CB8A163BF0598DA48361C55D39A69163FA8FD24CF5F' + \
-                     '83655D23DCA3AD961C62F356208552BB9ED529077096966D' + \
-                     '670C354E4ABC9804F1746C08CA18217C32905E462E36CE3B' + \
-                     'E39E772C180E86039B2783A2EC07A28FB5C55DF06F4C52C9' + \
-                     'DE2BCBF6955817183995497CEA956AE515D2261898FA0510' + \
-                     '15728E5A8AAAC42DAD33170D04507A33A85521ABDF1CBA64' + \
-                     'ECFB850458DBEF0A8AEA71575D060C7DB3970F85A6E1E4C7' + \
-                     'ABF5AE8CDB0933D71E8C94E04A25619DCEE3D2261AD2EE6B' + \
-                     'F12FFA06D98A0864D87602733EC86A64521F2B18177B200C' + \
-                     'BBE117577A615D6C770988C0BAD946E208E24FA074E5AB31' + \
-                     '43DB5BFCE0FD108E4B82D120A93AD2CAFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'
+        self.n_hex = (
+            'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD1'
+            '29024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B139B22514A08798E3404DD'
+            'EF9519B3CD3A431B302B0A6DF25F14374FE1356D6D51C245'
+            'E485B576625E7EC6F44C42E9A637ED6B0BFF5CB6F406B7ED'
+            'EE386BFB5A899FA5AE9F24117C4B1FE649286651ECE45B3D'
+            'C2007CB8A163BF0598DA48361C55D39A69163FA8FD24CF5F'
+            '83655D23DCA3AD961C62F356208552BB9ED529077096966D'
+            '670C354E4ABC9804F1746C08CA18217C32905E462E36CE3B'
+            'E39E772C180E86039B2783A2EC07A28FB5C55DF06F4C52C9'
+            'DE2BCBF6955817183995497CEA956AE515D2261898FA0510'
+            '15728E5A8AAAC42DAD33170D04507A33A85521ABDF1CBA64'
+            'ECFB850458DBEF0A8AEA71575D060C7DB3970F85A6E1E4C7'
+            'ABF5AE8CDB0933D71E8C94E04A25619DCEE3D2261AD2EE6B'
+            'F12FFA06D98A0864D87602733EC86A64521F2B18177B200C'
+            'BBE117577A615D6C770988C0BAD946E208E24FA074E5AB31'
+            '43DB5BFCE0FD108E4B82D120A93AD2CAFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF')
 
         # https://github.com/aws/amazon-cognito-identity-js/blob/master/src/AuthenticationHelper.js#L49
         self.g_hex = '2'
@@ -194,26 +195,26 @@ def authenticate(self, username, password):
         """ Authenticate with a username and password. """
         # Step 1: First initiate an authentication request
         auth_data_dict = self.__get_authentication_request(username)
-        auth_data = json.dumps(auth_data_dict).encode("utf-8")
+        auth_data = json.dumps(auth_data_dict).encode()
         auth_headers = {
-            "X-Amz-Target": "AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.InitiateAuth",
-            "Accept-Encoding": "identity",
-            "Content-Type": "application/x-amz-json-1.1"
+            'X-Amz-Target': 'AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.InitiateAuth',
+            'Accept-Encoding': 'identity',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.1',
         }
         auth_response_json = self.ie._download_json(
             self.url, None, data=auth_data, headers=auth_headers,
             note='Authenticating username', errnote='Invalid username')
-        challenge_parameters = auth_response_json.get("ChallengeParameters")
+        challenge_parameters = auth_response_json.get('ChallengeParameters')
 
-        if auth_response_json.get("ChallengeName") != "PASSWORD_VERIFIER":
-            raise AuthenticationException(auth_response_json["message"])
+        if auth_response_json.get('ChallengeName') != 'PASSWORD_VERIFIER':
+            raise AuthenticationException(auth_response_json['message'])
 
         # Step 2: Respond to the Challenge with a valid ChallengeResponse
         challenge_request = self.__get_challenge_response_request(challenge_parameters, password)
-        challenge_data = json.dumps(challenge_request).encode("utf-8")
+        challenge_data = json.dumps(challenge_request).encode()
         challenge_headers = {
-            "X-Amz-Target": "AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.RespondToAuthChallenge",
-            "Content-Type": "application/x-amz-json-1.1"
+            'X-Amz-Target': 'AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.RespondToAuthChallenge',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.1',
         }
         auth_response_json = self.ie._download_json(
             self.url, None, data=challenge_data, headers=challenge_headers,
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ def authenticate(self, username, password):
             raise InvalidLoginException(auth_response_json['message'])
         return (
             auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['IdToken'],
-            auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['RefreshToken']
+            auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['RefreshToken'],
         )
 
     def __get_authentication_request(self, username):
@@ -234,15 +235,14 @@ def __get_authentication_request(self, username):
         :return: A full Authorization request.
         :rtype: dict
         """
-        auth_request = {
-            "AuthParameters": {
-                "USERNAME": username,
-                "SRP_A": self.__long_to_hex(self.large_a_value)
+        return {
+            'AuthParameters': {
+                'USERNAME': username,
+                'SRP_A': self.__long_to_hex(self.large_a_value),
             },
-            "AuthFlow": "USER_SRP_AUTH",
-            "ClientId": self.client_id
+            'AuthFlow': 'USER_SRP_AUTH',
+            'ClientId': self.client_id,
         }
-        return auth_request
 
     def __get_challenge_response_request(self, challenge_parameters, password):
         """ Create a Challenge Response Request object.
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ def __get_challenge_response_request(self, challenge_parameters, password):
         :return: A valid and full request data object to use as a response for a challenge.
         :rtype: dict
         """
-        user_id = challenge_parameters["USERNAME"]
-        user_id_for_srp = challenge_parameters["USER_ID_FOR_SRP"]
-        srp_b = challenge_parameters["SRP_B"]
-        salt = challenge_parameters["SALT"]
-        secret_block = challenge_parameters["SECRET_BLOCK"]
+        user_id = challenge_parameters['USERNAME']
+        user_id_for_srp = challenge_parameters['USER_ID_FOR_SRP']
+        srp_b = challenge_parameters['SRP_B']
+        salt = challenge_parameters['SALT']
+        secret_block = challenge_parameters['SECRET_BLOCK']
 
         timestamp = self.__get_current_timestamp()
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def __get_challenge_response_request(self, challenge_parameters, password):
             user_id_for_srp,
             password,
             self.__hex_to_long(srp_b),
-            salt
+            salt,
         )
         secret_block_bytes = base64.standard_b64decode(secret_block)
 
@@ -278,17 +278,16 @@ def __get_challenge_response_request(self, challenge_parameters, password):
             bytearray(timestamp, 'utf-8')
         hmac_obj = hmac.new(hkdf, msg, digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
         signature_string = base64.standard_b64encode(hmac_obj.digest()).decode('utf-8')
-        challenge_request = {
-            "ChallengeResponses": {
-                "USERNAME": user_id,
-                "TIMESTAMP": timestamp,
-                "PASSWORD_CLAIM_SECRET_BLOCK": secret_block,
-                "PASSWORD_CLAIM_SIGNATURE": signature_string
+        return {
+            'ChallengeResponses': {
+                'USERNAME': user_id,
+                'TIMESTAMP': timestamp,
+                'PASSWORD_CLAIM_SECRET_BLOCK': secret_block,
+                'PASSWORD_CLAIM_SIGNATURE': signature_string,
             },
-            "ChallengeName": "PASSWORD_VERIFIER",
-            "ClientId": self.client_id
+            'ChallengeName': 'PASSWORD_VERIFIER',
+            'ClientId': self.client_id,
         }
-        return challenge_request
 
     def __get_hkdf_key_for_password(self, username, password, server_b_value, salt):
         """ Calculates the final hkdf based on computed S value, and computed U value and the key.
@@ -305,18 +304,17 @@ def __get_hkdf_key_for_password(self, username, password, server_b_value, salt):
         u_value = self.__calculate_u(self.large_a_value, server_b_value)
         if u_value == 0:
             raise ValueError('U cannot be zero.')
-        username_password = '%s%s:%s' % (self.pool_id.split('_')[1], username, password)
-        username_password_hash = self.__hash_sha256(username_password.encode('utf-8'))
+        username_password = '{}{}:{}'.format(self.pool_id.split('_')[1], username, password)
+        username_password_hash = self.__hash_sha256(username_password.encode())
 
         x_value = self.__hex_to_long(self.__hex_hash(self.__pad_hex(salt) + username_password_hash))
         g_mod_pow_xn = pow(self.g, x_value, self.big_n)
         int_value2 = server_b_value - self.k * g_mod_pow_xn
         s_value = pow(int_value2, self.small_a_value + u_value * x_value, self.big_n)
-        hkdf = self.__compute_hkdf(
+        return self.__compute_hkdf(
             bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(s_value)),
-            bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(self.__long_to_hex(u_value)))
+            bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(self.__long_to_hex(u_value))),
         )
-        return hkdf
 
     def __compute_hkdf(self, ikm, salt):
         """ Standard hkdf algorithm
@@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ def __calculate_a(self):
 
     @staticmethod
     def __long_to_hex(long_num):
-        return '%x' % long_num
+        return f'{long_num:x}'
 
     @staticmethod
     def __hex_to_long(hex_string):
@@ -399,9 +397,9 @@ def __pad_hex(long_int):
         else:
             hash_str = long_int
         if len(hash_str) % 2 == 1:
-            hash_str = '0%s' % hash_str
+            hash_str = f'0{hash_str}'
         elif hash_str[0] in '89ABCDEFabcdef':
-            hash_str = '00%s' % hash_str
+            hash_str = f'00{hash_str}'
         return hash_str
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -423,11 +421,10 @@ def __get_current_timestamp():
         days = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun']
 
         time_now = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc)
-        format_string = "{} {} {} %H:%M:%S UTC %Y".format(days[time_now.weekday()], months[time_now.month], time_now.day)
-        time_string = time_now.strftime(format_string)
-        return time_string
+        format_string = f'{days[time_now.weekday()]} {months[time_now.month]} {time_now.day} %H:%M:%S UTC %Y'
+        return time_now.strftime(format_string)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AWS IDP Client for:\nRegion: %s\nPoolId: %s\nAppId:  %s" % (
-            self.region, self.pool_id.split("_")[1], self.client_id
+        return 'AWS IDP Client for:\nRegion: {}\nPoolId: {}\nAppId:  {}'.format(
+            self.region, self.pool_id.split('_')[1], self.client_id,
         )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
index ec1595bc5..9142566c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210919',
             'uploader_id': 'fireydive30018',
             'duration': 396062,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gopro.com/v/KRm6Vgp2peg4e',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'dc9bcb8b-47d2-47c6-afbc-4c48f9a3769e',
             'duration': 45187,
             'track': 'The Sky Machine',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gopro.com/v/kVrK9wlJvBMwn',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 313075,
             'track': 'Battery (Live)',
             'artist': 'Metallica',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         video_info = metadata['collectionMedia'][0]
         media_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gopro.com/media/%s/download' % video_info['id'], video_id)
+            'https://api.gopro.com/media/{}/download'.format(video_info['id']), video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for fmt in try_get(media_data, lambda x: x['_embedded']['variations']) or []:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
index 9a1f32b7e..7bcac9bde 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
 )
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class GoshgayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 80,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'<span class="duration">\s*-?\s*(.*?)</span>',
             webpage, 'duration', fatal=False))
 
-        flashvars = compat_parse_qs(self._html_search_regex(
+        flashvars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._html_search_regex(
             r'<embed.+?id="flash-player-embed".+?flashvars="([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'flashvars'))
         thumbnail = flashvars.get('url_bigthumb', [None])[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
index 112293bef..e47a8eabc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    url_or_none
-)
-
 import json
 
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import try_get, url_or_none
+
 
 class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?gotostage\.com/channel/[a-z0-9]+/recording/(?P<id>[a-z0-9]+)/watch'
@@ -18,8 +14,8 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'What is GoToStage?',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 93.924711
-        }
+            'duration': 93.924711,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gotostage.com/channel/bacc3d3535b34bafacc3f4ef8d4df78a/recording/831e74cd3e0042be96defba627b6f676/watch?source=HOMEPAGE',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gotostage.com/contents?ids=%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.gotostage.com/contents?ids={video_id}',
             video_id,
             note='Downloading video metadata',
             errnote='Unable to download video metadata')[0]
@@ -39,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'productReferenceKey': metadata['productRefKey'],
             'firstName': 'foo',
             'lastName': 'bar',
-            'email': 'foobar@example.com'
+            'email': 'foobar@example.com',
         }
 
         registration_response = self._download_json(
@@ -52,7 +48,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             errnote='Unable to register user')
 
         content_response = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gotostage.com/contents/%s/asset' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.gotostage.com/contents/{video_id}/asset',
             video_id,
             headers={'x-registrantkey': registration_response['registrationKey']},
             note='Get download url',
@@ -60,11 +56,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['title'], compat_str),
-            'url': try_get(content_response, lambda x: x['cdnLocation'], compat_str),
+            'title': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['title'], str),
+            'url': try_get(content_response, lambda x: x['cdnLocation'], str),
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': url_or_none(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['thumbnail']['location'])),
             'duration': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['duration'], float),
-            'categories': [try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['category'], compat_str)],
-            'is_live': False
+            'categories': [try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['category'], str)],
+            'is_live': False,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
index 2d13bf491..f31791a71 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class GPUTechConfIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Coordinating More Than 3 Million CUDA Threads for Social Network Analysis',
             'duration': 1219,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': '%sxml/%s.xml' % (root_path, xml_file_id),
+            'url': f'{root_path}xml/{xml_file_id}.xml',
             'ie_key': 'DigitallySpeaking',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
index 1ae0a6893..166890037 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class GronkhIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:3',
             'duration': 31463,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gronkh.tv/stream/536',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,24 +36,24 @@ class GronkhIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211001',
             'duration': 32058,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gronkh.tv/watch/stream/546',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/info?episode={id}', id)
-        m3u8_url = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/playlist?episode={id}', id)['playlist_url']
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/info?episode={video_id}', video_id)
+        m3u8_url = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/playlist?episode={video_id}', video_id)['playlist_url']
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id)
         if data_json.get('vtt_url'):
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
                 'url': data_json['vtt_url'],
                 'ext': 'vtt',
             })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('views'),
             'thumbnail': data_json.get('preview_url'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
index c1cbda35f..a05fab1f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             url_pattern, ie_key = self._PROVIDERS.get(provider.lower())
             if not url_pattern:
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s: Unsupported video provider %s, skipping video' %
-                    (playlist_id, provider))
+                    f'{playlist_id}: Unsupported video provider {provider}, skipping video')
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(url_pattern % video_id, ie_key))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
index 46eaddb32..aa3b2ca34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:47e16bdb41fc8a79c83ab83af11c8b77',
             'creator': 'Vitagraph Company of America',
             'release_year': 1915,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.harpodeon.com/preview/The_Smoking_Out_of_Bella_Butts/268068288',
         'md5': '6dfea5412845f690c7331be703f884db',
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:47e16bdb41fc8a79c83ab83af11c8b77',
             'creator': 'Vitagraph Company of America',
             'release_year': 1915,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.harpodeon.com/preview/Behind_the_Screen/421838710',
         'md5': '7979df9ca04637282cb7d172ab3a9c3b',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:008972a3dc51fba3965ee517d2ba9155',
             'creator': 'Lone Star Corporation',
             'release_year': 1916,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
index 530bdb727..146d8a23d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    xpath_text,
-    xpath_element,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     urljoin,
+    xpath_element,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, url, display_id):
         episode_title = title = xpath_text(video_data, 'title', fatal=True)
         series = xpath_text(video_data, 'program')
         if series:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (series, title)
+            title = f'{series} - {title}'
 
         formats = []
         for source in xpath_element(video_data, 'videos', 'sources', True):
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, url, display_id):
                 height = format_info.get('height')
                 fmt = {
                     'url': path,
-                    'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%dp' % height if height else ''),
+                    'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{height}p' if height else ''),
                     'width': format_info.get('width'),
                     'height': height,
                 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, url, display_id):
                 else:
                     format_info = self._FORMATS_INFO.get(source.tag, {})
                     formats.append({
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % source.tag,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{source.tag}',
                         'url': video_url,
                         'width': format_info.get('width'),
                         'height': format_info.get('height'),
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, url, display_id):
             subtitles = {
                 'en': [{
                     'url': caption_url,
-                    'ext': 'ttml'
+                    'ext': 'ttml',
                 }],
             }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
index d1a400d8c..eb0a77952 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hearthisat.py
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
+    determine_ext,
     str_to_int,
 )
 
 
 class HearThisAtIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?hearthis\.at/(?P<artist>[^/]+)/(?P<title>[A-Za-z0-9\-]+)/?$'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?hearthis\.at/(?P<artist>[^/?#]+)/(?P<title>[\w.-]+)'
     _PLAYLIST_URL = 'https://hearthis.at/playlist.php'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://hearthis.at/moofi/dr-kreep',
         'md5': 'ab6ec33c8fed6556029337c7885eb4e0',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '150939',
+            'display_id': 'moofi - dr-kreep',
             'ext': 'wav',
             'title': 'Moofi - Dr. Kreep',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
@@ -21,15 +22,16 @@ class HearThisAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:1adb0667b01499f9d27e97ddfd53852a',
             'upload_date': '20150118',
             'view_count': int,
-            'duration': 71,
-            'genre': 'Experimental',
-        }
+            'duration': 70,
+            'genres': ['Experimental'],
+        },
     }, {
         # 'download' link redirects to the original webpage
         'url': 'https://hearthis.at/twitchsf/dj-jim-hopkins-totally-bitchin-80s-dance-mix/',
         'md5': '5980ceb7c461605d30f1f039df160c6e',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '811296',
+            'display_id': 'twitchsf - dj-jim-hopkins-totally-bitchin-80s-dance-mix',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'TwitchSF - DJ Jim Hopkins -  Totally Bitchin\' 80\'s Dance Mix!',
             'description': 'md5:ef26815ca8f483272a87b137ff175be2',
@@ -38,7 +40,39 @@ class HearThisAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 4360,
-            'genre': 'Dance',
+            'genres': ['Dance'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://hearthis.at/tindalos/0001-tindalos-gnrique/eQd/',
+        'md5': 'cd08e51911f147f6da2d9678905b0bd9',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '2685222',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'duration': 86,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'timestamp': 1545471670,
+            'display_id': 'tindalos - 0001-tindalos-gnrique',
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'genres': ['Other'],
+            'title': 'Tindalos - Tindalos - générique n°1',
+            'description': '',
+            'upload_date': '20181222',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://hearthis.at/sithi2/biochip-c-classics-set-wolle-xdp-tresor.core-special-tresor-globus-berlin-13.07.20011/',
+        'md5': 'b45ac60f0c8111eef6ddc10ec232e312',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7145959',
+            'ext': 'mp3',
+            'description': 'md5:d7ae36a453d78903f6b7ed6eb2fce1f2',
+            'duration': 8986,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+            'title': 'md5:62669ce5b1b67f45c6f846033f37d3b9',
+            'timestamp': 1588699409,
+            'display_id': 'sithi2 - biochip-c-classics-set-wolle-xdp-tresor.core-special-tresor-globus-berlin-13.07.20011',
+            'view_count': int,
+            'upload_date': '20200505',
+            'genres': ['Other'],
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
index 27d737c04..01b700b15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class HeiseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:fa164d8c8707dff124a9626d39205f5d',
             'timestamp': 1414825200,
             'upload_date': '20141101',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/c-t-uplink-3-3-Owncloud-Tastaturen-Peilsender-Smartphone-2403911.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def _make_kaltura_result(kaltura_url):
             r'entry-id=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1', webpage, 'kaltura id',
             default=None, group='id')
         if kaltura_id:
-            return _make_kaltura_result('kaltura:2238431:%s' % kaltura_id)
+            return _make_kaltura_result(f'kaltura:2238431:{kaltura_id}')
 
         yt_urls = tuple(YoutubeIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         if yt_urls:
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def _make_kaltura_result(kaltura_url):
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
                 'format_note': label,
-                'format_id': '%s_%s' % (ext, label),
+                'format_id': f'{ext}_{label}',
                 'height': height,
             })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
index df6868df6..0cbe9913c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'profileId': profile_id,
                 'hash': self._search_regex(
                     r'\<button [^>]+?data-hash="(\w+)"', login_webpage, 'profile id hash'),
-                'returnUrl': '/dashboard'
+                'returnUrl': '/dashboard',
             }))
 
     def _call_api(self, video_id, title, key, data={}, **kwargs):
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.raise_geo_restricted()
         if restriction and restriction != 'None':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, restriction), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {restriction}', expected=True)
 
         formats, parsed_urls = [], {None}
         for rendition_id, rendition in settings['renditions'].items():
@@ -115,5 +115,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self._search_regex(r's(\d+)', key, 'season number', default=None)),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(
                 self._search_regex(r'e(\d+)', key, 'episode number', default=None)),
-            'http_headers': {'Referer': url}
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
index c428feede..714f65114 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         duration = parse_duration(self._html_search_meta(
             'duration', webpage, 'duration'))
 
-        video_url = 'http://www.historicfilms.com/video/%s_%s_web.mov' % (tape_id, video_id)
+        video_url = f'http://www.historicfilms.com/video/{tape_id}_{video_id}_web.mov'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
index 902af44fa..3c3d7f942 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     float_or_none,
@@ -27,14 +26,14 @@ class HitRecordIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://hitrecord.org/api/web/records/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://hitrecord.org/api/web/records/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = video['title']
         video_url = video['source_url']['mp4_url']
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 t['text']
                 for t in tags_list
                 if isinstance(t, dict) and t.get('text')
-                and isinstance(t['text'], compat_str)]
+                and isinstance(t['text'], str)]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration'), 1000),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(video.get('created_at_i')),
             'uploader': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], compat_str),
+                video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], str),
             'uploader_id': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: compat_str(x['user']['id'])),
+                video, lambda x: str(x['user']['id'])),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('total_views_count')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(video.get('hearts_count')),
             'comment_count': int_or_none(video.get('comments_count')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
index e026996da..bffb6afe0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
     parse_count,
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not isinstance(track, dict):
                 continue
             track_kind = str_or_none(track.get('kind'))
-            if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, compat_str):
+            if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, str):
                 continue
             if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
index 1f7eb89bc..52db5e5c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class HollywoodReporterPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '57822',
             'title': 'heat-vision-breakdown',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, slug, pl_id, page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
index a2b73ecc1..00b045ee7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class HolodexIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://holodex.net/watch/_m2mQyaofjI?foo=bar&playlist=69',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '69',
-            'title': '拿著金斧頭的藍髮大姊姊'
+            'title': '拿著金斧頭的藍髮大姊姊',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
index 4f506cde7..8573e8947 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, urlencode_postdata
 
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@ class HotNewHipHopIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1435540',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'Freddie Gibbs - Lay It Down'
-        }
+            'title': 'Freddie Gibbs - Lay It Down',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if 'mediaKey' not in mkd:
             raise ExtractorError('Did not get a media key')
 
-        redirect_url = compat_b64decode(video_url_base64).decode('utf-8')
+        redirect_url = base64.b64decode(video_url_base64).decode('utf-8')
         redirect_req = HEADRequest(redirect_url)
         req = self._request_webpage(
             redirect_req, video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
index a3a3c20c9..e97740c90 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def _call_api_v1(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
     def _call_api_impl(self, path, video_id, query, st=None, cookies=None):
         st = int_or_none(st) or int(time.time())
         exp = st + 6000
-        auth = 'st=%d~exp=%d~acl=/*' % (st, exp)
+        auth = f'st={st}~exp={exp}~acl=/*'
         auth += '~hmac=' + hmac.new(self._AKAMAI_ENCRYPTION_KEY, auth.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
 
         if cookies and cookies.get('userUP'):
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ def _call_api_impl(self, path, video_id, query, st=None, cookies=None):
             token = self._download_json(
                 f'{self._API_URL}/um/v3/users',
                 video_id, note='Downloading token',
-                data=json.dumps({"device_ids": [{"id": compat_str(uuid.uuid4()), "type": "device_id"}]}).encode('utf-8'),
+                data=json.dumps({'device_ids': [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'type': 'device_id'}]}).encode(),
                 headers={
                     'hotstarauth': auth,
                     'x-hs-platform': 'PCTV',  # or 'web'
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def _call_api_v2(self, path, video_id, st=None, cookies=None):
         return self._call_api_impl(
             f'{path}/content/{video_id}', video_id, st=st, cookies=cookies, query={
                 'desired-config': 'audio_channel:stereo|container:fmp4|dynamic_range:hdr|encryption:plain|ladder:tv|package:dash|resolution:fhd|subs-tag:HotstarVIP|video_codec:h265',
-                'device-id': cookies.get('device_id').value if cookies.get('device_id') else compat_str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'device-id': cookies.get('device_id').value if cookies.get('device_id') else str(uuid.uuid4()),
                 'os-name': 'Windows',
                 'os-version': '10',
             })
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'season_id': '6771',
             'episode': 'Janhvi Targets Suman',
             'episode_number': 8,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anupama/1260022017/anupama-anuj-share-a-moment/1000282843',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -257,7 +256,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                    for key, prefix in self._IGNORE_MAP.items()
                    for ignore in self._configuration_arg(key)):
                 continue
-            tag_dict = dict((t.split(':', 1) + [None])[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
 
             format_url = url_or_none(playback_set.get('playbackUrl'))
             if not format_url:
@@ -286,6 +284,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     geo_restricted = True
                 continue
 
+            tag_dict = dict((*t.split(':', 1), None)[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
             if tag_dict.get('encryption') not in ('plain', None):
                 for f in current_formats:
                     f['has_drm'] = True
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
index 35e9f67c4..17673d5b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ class HRFernsehenIE(InfoExtractor):
                            'Sterbehilfe: Die Lage in Hessen / Miss Hessen leitet zwei eigene Unternehmen / '
                            'Pop-Up Museum zeigt Schwarze Unterhaltung und Black Music',
             'subtitles': {'de': [{
-                'url': 'https://hr-a.akamaihd.net/video/as/hessenschau/2020_08/hrLogo_200826200407_L385592_512x288-25p-500kbit.vtt'
+                'url': 'https://hr-a.akamaihd.net/video/as/hessenschau/2020_08/hrLogo_200826200407_L385592_512x288-25p-500kbit.vtt',
             }]},
             'timestamp': 1598400000,
             'upload_date': '20200826',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.hessenschau.de/tv-sendung/hs_ganz-1554~_t-1598465545029_v-16to9.jpg',
             'title': 'hessenschau vom 26.08.2020',
-            'duration': 1654
-        }
+            'duration': 1654,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hr-fernsehen.de/sendungen-a-z/mex/sendungen/fair-und-gut---was-hinter-aldis-eigenem-guetesiegel-steckt,video-130544.html',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         subtitle = traverse_obj(loader_data, ('mediaCollection', 'subTitles', 0, 'sources', 0, 'url'))
 
-        info = {
+        return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
@@ -86,5 +86,3 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 loader_data, ('playerConfig', 'pluginData', 'trackingAti@all', 'richMedia', 'duration'))),
             'thumbnail': self._search_regex(r'thumbnailUrl\W*([^"]+)', webpage, 'thumbnail', default=None),
         }
-
-        return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
index 57b76e46b..84e3867d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     parse_age_limit,
     try_get,
@@ -28,21 +28,21 @@ class HRTiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _initialize_pre_login(self):
         init_data = {
-            'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID
+            'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID,
         }
 
         uuid = self._download_json(
             self._API_URL, None, note='Downloading uuid',
             errnote='Unable to download uuid',
-            data=json.dumps(init_data).encode('utf-8'))['uuid']
+            data=json.dumps(init_data).encode())['uuid']
 
         app_data = {
             'uuid': uuid,
             'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID,
-            'application_version': self._APP_VERSION
+            'application_version': self._APP_VERSION,
         }
 
-        req = Request(self._API_URL, data=json.dumps(app_data).encode('utf-8'))
+        req = Request(self._API_URL, data=json.dumps(app_data).encode())
         req.get_method = lambda: 'PUT'
 
         resources = self._download_json(
@@ -71,17 +71,17 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         try:
             auth_info = self._download_json(
                 self._login_url, None, note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in',
-                data=json.dumps(auth_data).encode('utf-8'))
+                data=json.dumps(auth_data).encode())
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 406:
-                auth_info = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().encode('utf-8'), None)
+                auth_info = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().encode(), None)
             else:
                 raise
 
         error_message = auth_info.get('error', {}).get('message')
         if error_message:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message),
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}',
                 expected=True)
 
         self._token = auth_info['secure_streaming_token']
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or video_id
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            '%s/video_id/%s/format/json' % (self._search_url, video_id),
+            f'{self._search_url}/video_id/{video_id}/format/json',
             display_id, 'Downloading video metadata JSON')['video'][0]
 
         title_info = video['title']
@@ -188,13 +188,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or category_id
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            '%s/category_id/%s/format/json' % (self._search_url, category_id),
+            f'{self._search_url}/category_id/{category_id}/format/json',
             display_id, 'Downloading video metadata JSON')
 
         video_ids = try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['video_listings'][0]['alternatives'][0]['list'],
             list) or [video['id'] for video in response.get('videos', []) if video.get('id')]
 
-        entries = [self.url_result('hrti:%s' % video_id) for video_id in video_ids]
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'hrti:{video_id}') for video_id in video_ids]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, category_id, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
index 3cb21d2dd..d9004293f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class HSEShowIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1638810000,
             'upload_date': '20211206',
             'channel': 'HSE24',
-            'uploader': 'Arina Pirayesh'
+            'uploader': 'Arina Pirayesh',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class HSEProductIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': '408630',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Hose im Ponte-Mix',
-            'uploader': 'Judith Williams'
+            'uploader': 'Judith Williams',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
index c498fa330..093ce7dc2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class HuajiaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20161007',
             'uploader': 'Penny_余姿昀',
             'uploader_id': '75206005',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
index 69fdc34ef..156ddebf7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class HuffPostIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        api_url = 'http://embed.live.huffingtonpost.com/api/segments/%s.json' % video_id
+        api_url = f'http://embed.live.huffingtonpost.com/api/segments/{video_id}.json'
         data = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)['data']
 
         video_title = data['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
index 7da8aad7a..a687b12dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'en': [{
                     'url': video_json['sub_title'],
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             } if video_json.get('sub_title') else None,
         }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.hungama.com/audio-player-data/track/%s' % audio_id,
+            f'https://www.hungama.com/audio-player-data/track/{audio_id}',
             audio_id, query={'_country': 'IN'})[0]
         track = data['song_name']
         artist = data.get('singer_name')
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'acodec': media_type,
             })
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
         thumbnail = data.get('img_src') or data.get('album_image')
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
index c4965f9bc..5663a78a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+import base64
 import hashlib
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse, compat_b64decode
-
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -13,8 +14,6 @@
     update_url_query,
 )
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 
 class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.|m\.)?huya\.com/(?P<id>[^/#?&]+)(?:\D|$)'
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.huya.com/xiaoyugame',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _RESOLUTION = {
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         '流畅': {
             'width': 800,
-            'height': 480
-        }
+            'height': 480,
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             stream_name = stream_info.get('sStreamName')
             re_secret = not screen_type and live_source_type in (0, 8, 13)
-            params = dict(compat_urlparse.parse_qsl(unescapeHTML(stream_info['sFlvAntiCode'])))
+            params = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(unescapeHTML(stream_info['sFlvAntiCode'])))
             fm, ss = '', ''
             if re_secret:
                 fm, ss = self.encrypt(params, stream_info, stream_name)
@@ -129,6 +128,6 @@ def encrypt(self, params, stream_info, stream_name):
             'uuid': int_or_none(ct % 1e7 * 1e6 % 0xffffffff),
             't': '100',
         })
-        fm = compat_b64decode(params['fm']).decode().split('_', 1)[0]
+        fm = base64.b64decode(params['fm']).decode().split('_', 1)[0]
         ss = hashlib.md5('|'.join([params['seqid'], params['ctype'], params['t']]))
         return fm, ss
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
index 54db7b3eb..204a72e2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class HypemIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'BODYWORK',
             'timestamp': 1371810457,
             'upload_date': '20130621',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = track['song']
 
         final_url = self._download_json(
-            'http://hypem.com/serve/source/%s/%s' % (track_id, track['key']),
+            'http://hypem.com/serve/source/{}/{}'.format(track_id, track['key']),
             track_id, 'Downloading metadata', headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })['url']
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
index 96e452a51..1fb2e9a98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class MonsterSirenHypergryphMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'artists': ['塞壬唱片-MSR'],
             'album': 'Flame Shadow',
             'title': 'Flame Shadow',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'ext': 'wav',
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'artists': traverse_obj(json_data, ('player', 'songDetail', 'artists', ...)),
-            'album': traverse_obj(json_data, ('musicPlay', 'albumDetail', 'name'))
+            'album': traverse_obj(json_data, ('musicPlay', 'albumDetail', 'name')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
index 0f4dcc309..6956c4e5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import re
 
+from .cloudflarestream import CloudflareStreamIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import traverse_obj
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class HytaleIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -20,8 +21,8 @@ class HytaleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Avatar Personalization',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https://videodelivery\.net/\w+/thumbnails/thumbnail\.jpg',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hytale.com/news/2019/11/hytale-graphics-update',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
                 f'https://cloudflarestream.com/{video_hash}/manifest/video.mpd?parentOrigin=https%3A%2F%2Fhytale.com',
-                title=self._titles.get(video_hash), url_transparent=True)
+                CloudflareStreamIE, title=self._titles.get(video_hash), url_transparent=True)
             for video_hash in re.findall(
                 r'<stream\s+class\s*=\s*"ql-video\s+cf-stream"\s+src\s*=\s*"([a-f0-9]{32})"',
                 webpage)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
index d081cf42e..3d6e1f94d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ class IcareusIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://asahitv.fi/fi/web/asahi/player/vod?assetId=89415818',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hyvinvointitv.fi/fi/web/hyvinvointitv/player/vod?assetId=89149730',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://inez.fi/fi/web/inez-media/player/vod?assetId=71328822',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.permanto.fi/fi/web/alfatv/player/vod?assetId=135497515',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videos.minifiddlers.org/web/international-minifiddlers/player/vod?assetId=1982759',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             }
 
         thumbnails = info.get('thumbnails') or [{
-            'url': url_or_none(info.get('thumbnail') or assets.get('thumbnail'))
+            'url': url_or_none(info.get('thumbnail') or assets.get('thumbnail')),
         }]
 
         return merge_dicts({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
index 9d55ddc02..a37cfe77b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, traverse_obj, unified_strdate
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class IchinanaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -27,21 +26,21 @@ class IchinanaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return not IchinanaLiveClipIE.suitable(url) and super(IchinanaLiveIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return not IchinanaLiveClipIE.suitable(url) and super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        url = 'https://17.live/live/%s' % video_id
+        url = f'https://17.live/live/{video_id}'
 
         enter = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/%s/enter' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/{video_id}/enter', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url}, fatal=False, expected_status=420,
             data=b'\0')
         if enter and enter.get('message') == 'ended':
             raise ExtractorError('This live has ended.', expected=True)
 
         view_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url})
 
         uploader = traverse_obj(
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             raise ExtractorError('unable to extract live URL information')
         formats = []
         for (name, value) in video_urls[0].items():
-            if not isinstance(value, compat_str):
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
                 continue
             if not value.startswith('http'):
                 continue
@@ -106,10 +105,10 @@ class IchinanaLiveClipIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        url = 'https://17.live/profile/r/%s/clip/%s' % (uploader_id, video_id)
+        url = f'https://17.live/profile/r/{uploader_id}/clip/{video_id}'
 
         view_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/clips/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/clips/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url})
 
         uploader = traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
index 1c4f105e9..771c18501 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     extract_attributes,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@
 class IGNBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, slug):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://apis.ign.com/{0}/v3/{0}s/slug/{1}'.format(self._PAGE_TYPE, slug), slug)
+            f'http://apis.ign.com/{self._PAGE_TYPE}/v3/{self._PAGE_TYPE}s/slug/{slug}', slug)
 
     def _checked_call_api(self, slug):
         try:
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@ class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
     _VIDEO_PATH_RE = r'/(?:\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}/)?(?P<id>.+?)'
     _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE = r'(?:/?\?(?P<filt>[^&#]+))?'
     _VALID_URL = (
-        r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos(?:%s)'
-        % '|'.join((_VIDEO_PATH_RE + r'(?:[/?&#]|$)', _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE)))
+        r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos(?:{})'.format('|'.join((_VIDEO_PATH_RE + r'(?:[/?&#]|$)', _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE))))
     IE_NAME = 'ign.com'
     _PAGE_TYPE = 'video'
 
@@ -152,10 +149,10 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         grids = re.findall(
             r'''(?s)<section\b[^>]+\bclass\s*=\s*['"](?:[\w-]+\s+)*?content-feed-grid(?!\B|-)[^>]+>(.+?)</section[^>]*>''',
             webpage)
-        return filter(None,
-                      (urljoin(url, m.group('path')) for m in re.finditer(
-                          r'''<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*('|")(?P<path>/videos%s)\1'''
-                          % cls._VIDEO_PATH_RE, grids[0] if grids else '')))
+        return filter(
+            None, (urljoin(url, m.group('path')) for m in re.finditer(
+                rf'''<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*('|")(?P<path>/videos{cls._VIDEO_PATH_RE})\1''',
+                grids[0] if grids else '')))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, filt = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'filt')
@@ -224,7 +221,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(embed_url, video_id)
         new_url = urlh.url
-        ign_url = compat_parse_qs(
+        ign_url = urllib.parse.parse_qs(
             urllib.parse.urlparse(new_url).query).get('url', [None])[-1]
         if ign_url:
             return self.url_result(ign_url, IGNIE.ie_key())
@@ -328,7 +325,7 @@ def _checked_call_api(self, slug):
                         'Content not found: expired?', cause=e.cause,
                         expected=True)
                 elif e.cause.status == 503:
-                    self.report_warning(error_to_compat_str(e.cause))
+                    self.report_warning(str(e.cause))
                     return
             raise
 
@@ -367,7 +364,7 @@ def entries():
                     flashvars = self._search_regex(
                         r'''(<param\b[^>]+\bname\s*=\s*("|')flashvars\2[^>]*>)''',
                         m.group('params'), 'flashvars', default='')
-                    flashvars = compat_parse_qs(extract_attributes(flashvars).get('value') or '')
+                    flashvars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(extract_attributes(flashvars).get('value') or '')
                     v_url = url_or_none((flashvars.get('url') or [None])[-1])
                     if v_url:
                         yield self.url_result(v_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
index fb6f51e2c..21870ca04 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class IHeartRadioIE(IHeartRadioBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:96cc7297b3a5a9ebae28643801c96fae',
             'timestamp': 1597741200,
             'upload_date': '20200818',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
index ae98399ee..2868f0c62 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class IlPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'availability': 'public',
             'series_id': '235598',
             'description': '',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
index 0e7e82c9c..37aa47165 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
@@ -47,5 +47,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'state', 'articles', ..., 'items', (('main_media', 'properties'), ('body', ..., 'properties'))))
         video_ids = traverse_obj(props, (lambda _, v: v['provider'] == 'jwplayer', 'id'))
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
-            video_ids, article_id, ie='JWPlatform', getter=lambda id: f'jwplatform:{id}',
+            video_ids, article_id, ie='JWPlatform', getter=lambda video_id: f'jwplatform:{video_id}',
             title=traverse_obj(info, ('state', 'articles', ..., 'items', 'canonical_title'), get_all=False))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
index 557a3b7b7..a786ce32e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class ImdbIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:87bd0bdc61e351f21f20d2d7441cb4e7',
             'duration': 152,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.imdb.com/video/vi3516832537',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ImdbIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:17fcc4fe11ec29b4399be9d4c5ef126c',
             'duration': 153,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.imdb.com/video/_/vi2524815897',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'key': base64.b64encode(json.dumps({
                     'type': 'VIDEO_PLAYER',
                     'subType': 'FORCE_LEGACY',
-                    'id': 'vi%s' % video_id,
+                    'id': f'vi{video_id}',
                 }).encode()).decode(),
             }), lambda x: x[0]['videoLegacyEncodings'])
         quality = qualities(('SD', '480p', '720p', '1080p'))
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, list_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result('http://www.imdb.com' + m, 'Imdb')
-            for m in re.findall(r'href="(/list/ls%s/videoplayer/vi[^"]+)"' % list_id, webpage)]
+            for m in re.findall(rf'href="(/list/ls{list_id}/videoplayer/vi[^"]+)"', webpage)]
 
         list_title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1[^>]+class="[^"]*header[^"]*"[^>]*>(.*?)</h1>',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
index a40aa2176..3a7b5bd5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if not video_id:
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    'https://%s/video/%s' % (domain, video_id),
+                    f'https://{domain}/video/{video_id}',
                     self.ie_key(), video_id))
             return self.playlist_result(
                 entries, media_id, playlist.get('title'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
index f32c116bb..f0c3419d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
@@ -228,21 +228,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if traverse_obj(data, 'is_album'):
 
-            def yield_media_ids():
-                for m_id in traverse_obj(data, (
-                        'media', lambda _, v: v.get('type') == 'video' or v['metadata']['is_animated'],
-                        'id', {lambda x: str_or_none(x) or None})):
-                    yield m_id
+            items = traverse_obj(data, (
+                'media', lambda _, v: v.get('type') == 'video' or v['metadata']['is_animated'],
+                'id', {lambda x: str_or_none(x) or None}))
 
             # if a gallery with exactly one video, apply album metadata to video
-            media_id = (
-                self._GALLERY
-                and traverse_obj(data, ('image_count', {lambda c: c == 1}))
-                and next(yield_media_ids(), None))
+            media_id = None
+            if self._GALLERY and len(items) == 1:
+                media_id = items[0]
 
             if not media_id:
                 result = self.playlist_result(
-                    map(self._imgur_result, yield_media_ids()), gallery_id)
+                    map(self._imgur_result, items), gallery_id)
                 result.update(info)
                 return result
             gallery_id = media_id
@@ -372,13 +369,13 @@ class ImgurAlbumIE(ImgurGalleryBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/iX265HX',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'iX265HX',
-            'title': 'enen-no-shouboutai'
+            'title': 'enen-no-shouboutai',
         },
         'playlist_count': 2,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/8pih2Ed',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8pih2Ed'
+            'id': '8pih2Ed',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
index 857013df3..ba8220176 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class InaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:19f61e2b4844ed4bb2e3df9ab9f527ff',
             'upload_date': '20070712',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-hub.ina.fr/notice/690x517/3c4/I12055569.jpeg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ina.fr/video/S806544_001/don-d-organes-des-avancees-mais-d-importants-besoins-video.html',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
index 9b3fe9ac1..f47b8e1cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             display_id)['vid_kaltura_id']
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, kaltura_id), KalturaIE.ie_key())
+            f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{kaltura_id}', KalturaIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
index 564bf8a02..85e388e0d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             height = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                 r'\.(\d{3,4})\.mp4(?:\?|$)', video_url, 'height', default=None))
             if not height and len(filesh) == 1:
-                height = int_or_none(list(filesh.keys())[0])
+                height = int_or_none(next(iter(filesh.keys())))
             token = filesh.get(str(height))
             if token is None:
                 continue
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             timestamp = parse_iso8601(timestamp + ' +0200', ' ')
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumbnail)
+            'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumbnail),
         } for thumbnail in video.get('thumbnails', [])]
 
         tags = [tag['title'] for tag in video.get('tags') or []]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
index 192bcfe35..5274c9339 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
+import base64
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .bokecc import BokeCCBaseIE
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
-    update_url_query,
     traverse_obj,
+    update_url_query,
 )
-from .bokecc import BokeCCBaseIE
 
 
 class InfoQIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ def _extract_rtmp_video(self, webpage):
         encoded_id = self._search_regex(
             r"jsclassref\s*=\s*'([^']*)'", webpage, 'encoded id', default=None)
 
-        real_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(compat_b64decode(encoded_id).decode('utf-8'))
+        real_id = urllib.parse.unquote(base64.b64decode(encoded_id).decode('utf-8'))
         playpath = 'mp4:' + real_id
 
         return [{
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ def _extract_http_audio(self, webpage, video_id):
 
         # base URL is found in the Location header in the response returned by
         # GET https://www.infoq.com/mp3download.action?filename=... when logged in.
-        http_audio_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin('http://ress.infoq.com/downloads/mp3downloads/', http_audio_url)
+        http_audio_url = urllib.parse.urljoin('http://ress.infoq.com/downloads/mp3downloads/', http_audio_url)
         http_audio_url = update_url_query(http_audio_url, self._extract_cf_auth(webpage))
 
         # audio file seem to be missing some times even if there is a download link
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
index f7f21505e..c8bf7e9c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 _ENCODING_CHARS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_'
 
 
-def _pk_to_id(id):
+def _pk_to_id(media_id):
     """Source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24437823/getting-instagram-post-url-from-media-id"""
-    return encode_base_n(int(id.split('_')[0]), table=_ENCODING_CHARS)
+    return encode_base_n(int(media_id.split('_')[0]), table=_ENCODING_CHARS)
 
 
 def _id_to_pk(shortcode):
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def _extract_nodes(self, nodes, is_direct=False):
                     'height': self._get_dimension('height', node),
                     'http_headers': {
                         'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }
             elif not video_id:
                 continue
@@ -148,25 +148,25 @@ def _extract_product_media(self, product_media):
             return {}
 
         formats = [{
-            'format_id': format.get('id'),
-            'url': format.get('url'),
-            'width': format.get('width'),
-            'height': format.get('height'),
+            'format_id': fmt.get('id'),
+            'url': fmt.get('url'),
+            'width': fmt.get('width'),
+            'height': fmt.get('height'),
             'vcodec': vcodec,
-        } for format in videos_list or []]
+        } for fmt in videos_list or []]
         if dash_manifest_raw:
             formats.extend(self._parse_mpd_formats(self._parse_xml(dash_manifest_raw, media_id), mpd_id='dash'))
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': thumbnail.get('url'),
             'width': thumbnail.get('width'),
-            'height': thumbnail.get('height')
+            'height': thumbnail.get('height'),
         } for thumbnail in traverse_obj(product_media, ('image_versions2', 'candidates')) or []]
         return {
             'id': media_id,
             'duration': float_or_none(product_media.get('video_duration')),
             'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
         }
 
     def _extract_product(self, product_info):
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def _extract_product(self, product_info):
             '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(_pk_to_id(product_info.get('pk'))),
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
         carousel_media = product_info.get('carousel_media')
         if carousel_media:
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ def _extract_product(self, product_info):
 
         return {
             **info_dict,
-            **self._extract_product_media(product_info)
+            **self._extract_product_media(product_info),
         }
 
     def _get_comments(self, video_id):
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class InstagramIOSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'comments': list,
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Instagram']
+        'add_ie': ['Instagram'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class InstagramIE(InstagramBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?instagram\.com(?:/[^/]+)?/(?:p|tv|reel)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:www\.)?instagram\.com(?:/[^/]+)?/(?:p|tv|reels?(?!/audio/))/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?instagram\.com/p/[^/]+/embed.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://instagram.com/p/aye83DjauH/?foo=bar#abc',
@@ -379,6 +379,9 @@ class InstagramIE(InstagramBaseIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.instagram.com/marvelskies.fc/reel/CWqAgUZgCku/',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.instagram.com/reels/Cop84x6u7CP/',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'title': media.get('title') or 'Video by %s' % username,
+            'title': media.get('title') or f'Video by {username}',
             'description': description,
             'duration': float_or_none(media.get('video_duration')),
             'timestamp': traverse_obj(media, 'taken_at_timestamp', 'date', expected_type=int_or_none),
@@ -531,7 +534,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
 
 
@@ -564,10 +567,10 @@ def _extract_graphql(self, data, url):
                 gis_tmpls = [self._gis_tmpl]
             else:
                 gis_tmpls = [
-                    '%s' % rhx_gis,
+                    f'{rhx_gis}',
                     '',
-                    '%s:%s' % (rhx_gis, csrf_token),
-                    '%s:%s:%s' % (rhx_gis, csrf_token, self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent']),
+                    f'{rhx_gis}:{csrf_token}',
+                    '{}:{}:{}'.format(rhx_gis, csrf_token, self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent']),
                 ]
 
             # try all of the ways to generate a GIS query, and not only use the
@@ -576,10 +579,10 @@ def _extract_graphql(self, data, url):
                 try:
                     json_data = self._download_json(
                         'https://www.instagram.com/graphql/query/', uploader_id,
-                        'Downloading JSON page %d' % page_num, headers={
+                        f'Downloading JSON page {page_num}', headers={
                             'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                             'X-Instagram-GIS': hashlib.md5(
-                                ('%s:%s' % (gis_tmpl, variables)).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest(),
+                                (f'{gis_tmpl}:{variables}').encode()).hexdigest(),
                         }, query={
                             'query_hash': self._QUERY_HASH,
                             'variables': variables,
@@ -632,10 +635,10 @@ class InstagramUserIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
             'extract_flat': True,
             'skip_download': True,
             'playlistend': 5,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _QUERY_HASH = '42323d64886122307be10013ad2dcc44',
+    _QUERY_HASH = ('42323d64886122307be10013ad2dcc44',)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_timeline_from(data):
@@ -647,7 +650,7 @@ def _query_vars_for(data):
         # returns a dictionary of variables to add to the timeline query based
         # on the GraphQL of the original page
         return {
-            'id': data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['id']
+            'id': data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['id'],
         }
 
 
@@ -666,10 +669,10 @@ class InstagramTagIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
             'extract_flat': True,
             'skip_download': True,
             'playlistend': 50,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _QUERY_HASH = 'f92f56d47dc7a55b606908374b43a314',
+    _QUERY_HASH = ('f92f56d47dc7a55b606908374b43a314',)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_timeline_from(data):
@@ -682,7 +685,7 @@ def _query_vars_for(data):
         # on the GraphQL of the original page
         return {
             'tag_name':
-                data['entry_data']['TagPage'][0]['graphql']['hashtag']['name']
+                data['entry_data']['TagPage'][0]['graphql']['hashtag']['name'],
         }
 
 
@@ -696,7 +699,7 @@ class InstagramStoryIE(InstagramBaseIE):
             'id': '18090946048123978',
             'title': 'Rare',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
index 1b1cb574a..3c3ad7ea3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'video available aboard', default='1', group='value')
         video_available_abroad = video_available_abroad == '1'
 
-        video_base = 'https://video%s.internazionale.it/%s/%s.' % \
-            ('' if video_available_abroad else '-ita', video_path, video_id)
+        video_base = 'https://video{}.internazionale.it/{}/{}.'.format(
+            '' if video_available_abroad else '-ita', video_path, video_id)
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             video_base + 'm3u8', display_id, 'mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
index f7aa579b3..ab26dc5ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     js_to_json,
-    urlencode_postdata,
-    ExtractorError,
     parse_qs,
-    traverse_obj
+    traverse_obj,
+    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ class IPrimaCNNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'md5:277c6b1ed0577e51b40ddd35602ff43e',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8'
-        }
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
index 3368ab1d9..735b44637 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
@@ -2,22 +2,18 @@
 import itertools
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote
-)
 from .openload import PhantomJSwrapper
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     decode_packed_codes,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
-    get_element_by_id,
     get_element_by_attribute,
+    get_element_by_id,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     ohdave_rsa_encrypt,
@@ -34,7 +30,7 @@
 
 
 def md5_text(text):
-    return hashlib.md5(text.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+    return hashlib.md5(text.encode()).hexdigest()
 
 
 class IqiyiSDK:
@@ -45,17 +41,17 @@ def __init__(self, target, ip, timestamp):
 
     @staticmethod
     def split_sum(data):
-        return compat_str(sum(map(lambda p: int(p, 16), list(data))))
+        return str(sum(int(p, 16) for p in data))
 
     @staticmethod
     def digit_sum(num):
         if isinstance(num, int):
-            num = compat_str(num)
-        return compat_str(sum(map(int, num)))
+            num = str(num)
+        return str(sum(map(int, num)))
 
     def even_odd(self):
-        even = self.digit_sum(compat_str(self.timestamp)[::2])
-        odd = self.digit_sum(compat_str(self.timestamp)[1::2])
+        even = self.digit_sum(str(self.timestamp)[::2])
+        odd = self.digit_sum(str(self.timestamp)[1::2])
         return even, odd
 
     def preprocess(self, chunksize):
@@ -69,7 +65,7 @@ def preprocess(self, chunksize):
 
     def mod(self, modulus):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = chunks[0] + ''.join(map(lambda p: compat_str(p % modulus), ip))
+        self.target = chunks[0] + ''.join(str(p % modulus) for p in ip)
 
     def split(self, chunksize):
         modulus_map = {
@@ -81,7 +77,7 @@ def split(self, chunksize):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(chunksize)
         ret = ''
         for i in range(len(chunks)):
-            ip_part = compat_str(ip[i] % modulus_map[chunksize]) if i < 4 else ''
+            ip_part = str(ip[i] % modulus_map[chunksize]) if i < 4 else ''
             if chunksize == 8:
                 ret += ip_part + chunks[i]
             else:
@@ -108,11 +104,11 @@ def date(self, scheme):
         self.target = md5_text(self.target)
         d = time.localtime(self.timestamp)
         strings = {
-            'y': compat_str(d.tm_year),
+            'y': str(d.tm_year),
             'm': '%02d' % d.tm_mon,
             'd': '%02d' % d.tm_mday,
         }
-        self.target += ''.join(map(lambda c: strings[c], list(scheme)))
+        self.target += ''.join(strings[c] for c in scheme)
 
     def split_time_even_odd(self):
         even, odd = self.even_odd()
@@ -124,11 +120,11 @@ def split_time_odd_even(self):
 
     def split_ip_time_sum(self):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = compat_str(sum(ip)) + chunks[0] + self.digit_sum(self.timestamp)
+        self.target = str(sum(ip)) + chunks[0] + self.digit_sum(self.timestamp)
 
     def split_time_ip_sum(self):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = self.digit_sum(self.timestamp) + chunks[0] + compat_str(sum(ip))
+        self.target = self.digit_sum(self.timestamp) + chunks[0] + str(sum(ip))
 
 
 class IqiyiSDKInterpreter:
@@ -161,7 +157,7 @@ def run(self, target, ip, timestamp):
             elif function in other_functions:
                 other_functions[function]()
             else:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unknown function %s' % function)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unknown function {function}')
 
         return sdk.target
 
@@ -181,7 +177,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '9c1fb1b99d192b21c559e5a1a2cb3c73',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '美国德州空中惊现奇异云团 酷似UFO',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rrhnnclk.html',
         'md5': 'b7dc800a4004b1b57749d9abae0472da',
@@ -253,8 +249,9 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             note='Get token for logging', errnote='Unable to get token for logging')
         sdk = data['sdk']
         timestamp = int(time.time())
-        target = '/apis/reglogin/login.action?lang=zh_TW&area_code=null&email=%s&passwd=%s&agenttype=1&from=undefined&keeplogin=0&piccode=&fromurl=&_pos=1' % (
-            username, self._rsa_fun(password.encode('utf-8')))
+        target = (
+            f'/apis/reglogin/login.action?lang=zh_TW&area_code=null&email={username}'
+            f'&passwd={self._rsa_fun(password.encode())}&agenttype=1&from=undefined&keeplogin=0&piccode=&fromurl=&_pos=1')
 
         interp = IqiyiSDKInterpreter(sdk)
         sign = interp.run(target, data['ip'], timestamp)
@@ -268,7 +265,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             'bird_t': timestamp,
         }
         validation_result = self._download_json(
-            'http://kylin.iqiyi.com/validate?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(validation_params), None,
+            'http://kylin.iqiyi.com/validate?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(validation_params), None,
             note='Validate credentials', errnote='Unable to validate credentials')
 
         MSG_MAP = {
@@ -280,7 +277,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if code != 'A00000':
             msg = MSG_MAP.get(code)
             if not msg:
-                msg = 'error %s' % code
+                msg = f'error {code}'
                 if validation_result.get('msg'):
                     msg += ': ' + validation_result['msg']
             self.report_warning('unable to log in: ' + msg)
@@ -292,7 +289,7 @@ def get_raw_data(self, tvid, video_id):
         tm = int(time.time() * 1000)
 
         key = 'd5fb4bd9d50c4be6948c97edd7254b0e'
-        sc = md5_text(compat_str(tm) + key + tvid)
+        sc = md5_text(str(tm) + key + tvid)
         params = {
             'tvid': tvid,
             'vid': video_id,
@@ -302,7 +299,7 @@ def get_raw_data(self, tvid, video_id):
         }
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://cache.m.iqiyi.com/jp/tmts/%s/%s/' % (tvid, video_id),
+            f'http://cache.m.iqiyi.com/jp/tmts/{tvid}/{video_id}/',
             video_id, transform_source=lambda s: remove_start(s, 'var tvInfoJs='),
             query=params, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
@@ -325,10 +322,10 @@ def _extract_playlist(self, webpage):
         # Start from 2 because links in the first page are already on webpage
         for page_num in itertools.count(2):
             pagelist_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://cache.video.qiyi.com/jp/avlist/%s/%d/%d/' % (album_id, page_num, PAGE_SIZE),
+                f'http://cache.video.qiyi.com/jp/avlist/{album_id}/{page_num}/{PAGE_SIZE}/',
                 album_id,
-                note='Download playlist page %d' % page_num,
-                errnote='Failed to download playlist page %d' % page_num)
+                note=f'Download playlist page {page_num}',
+                errnote=f'Failed to download playlist page {page_num}')
             pagelist = self._parse_json(
                 remove_start(pagelist_page, 'var tvInfoJs='), album_id)
             vlist = pagelist['data']['vlist']
@@ -371,7 +368,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             for stream in data['vidl']:
                 if 'm3utx' not in stream:
                     continue
-                vd = compat_str(stream['vd'])
+                vd = str(stream['vd'])
                 formats.append({
                     'url': stream['m3utx'],
                     'format_id': vd,
@@ -420,11 +417,11 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             'format': '500',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted']
+        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted'],
     }, {
         # VIP-restricted video
         'url': 'https://www.iq.com/play/mermaid-in-the-fog-2021-gbdpx13bs4',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _BID_TAGS = {
         '100': '240P',
@@ -566,7 +563,7 @@ def _update_bid_tags(self, webpage, video_id):
             return
         self._BID_TAGS = {
             bid: traverse_obj(extracted_bid_tags, (bid, 'value'), expected_type=str, default=self._BID_TAGS.get(bid))
-            for bid in extracted_bid_tags.keys()
+            for bid in extracted_bid_tags
         }
 
     def _get_cookie(self, name, default=None):
@@ -584,7 +581,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         uid = traverse_obj(
             self._parse_json(
-                self._get_cookie('I00002', '{}'), video_id, transform_source=compat_urllib_parse_unquote, fatal=False),
+                self._get_cookie('I00002', '{}'), video_id, transform_source=urllib.parse.unquote, fatal=False),
             ('data', 'uid'), default=0)
 
         if uid:
@@ -594,7 +591,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'platformId': 3,
                     'modeCode': self._get_cookie('mod', 'intl'),
                     'langCode': self._get_cookie('lang', 'en_us'),
-                    'deviceId': self._get_cookie('QC005', '')
+                    'deviceId': self._get_cookie('QC005', ''),
                 }, fatal=False)
             ut_list = traverse_obj(vip_data, ('data', 'all_vip', ..., 'vipType'), expected_type=str_or_none)
         else:
@@ -625,7 +622,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         preview_time = traverse_obj(
             initial_format_data, ('boss_ts', (None, 'data'), ('previewTime', 'rtime')), expected_type=float_or_none, get_all=False)
         if traverse_obj(initial_format_data, ('boss_ts', 'data', 'prv'), expected_type=int_or_none):
-            self.report_warning('This preview video is limited%s' % format_field(preview_time, None, ' to %s seconds'))
+            self.report_warning('This preview video is limited{}'.format(format_field(preview_time, None, ' to %s seconds')))
 
         # TODO: Extract audio-only formats
         for bid in set(traverse_obj(initial_format_data, ('program', 'video', ..., 'bid'), expected_type=str_or_none)):
@@ -676,7 +673,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 f.update({
                     'quality': qualities(list(self._BID_TAGS.keys()))(bid),
                     'format_note': self._BID_TAGS[bid],
-                    **parse_resolution(video_format.get('scrsz'))
+                    **parse_resolution(video_format.get('scrsz')),
                 })
             formats.extend(extracted_formats)
 
@@ -684,7 +681,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             lang = self._LID_TAGS.get(str_or_none(sub_format.get('lid')), sub_format.get('_name'))
             subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).extend([{
                 'ext': format_ext,
-                'url': urljoin(initial_format_data.get('dstl', 'http://meta.video.iqiyi.com'), sub_format[format_key])
+                'url': urljoin(initial_format_data.get('dstl', 'http://meta.video.iqiyi.com'), sub_format[format_key]),
             } for format_key, format_ext in [('srt', 'srt'), ('webvtt', 'vtt')] if sub_format.get(format_key)])
 
         extra_metadata = page_data.get('albumInfo') if video_info.get('albumId') and page_data.get('albumInfo') else video_info
@@ -713,9 +710,9 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1bk9icvr331',
             'title': 'One Piece',
-            'description': 'Subtitle available on Sunday 4PM（GMT+8）.'
+            'description': 'Subtitle available on Sunday 4PM（GMT+8）.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 238
+        'playlist_mincount': 238,
     }, {
         # Movie/single video
         'url': 'https://www.iq.com/album/九龙城寨-2021-22yjnij099k',
@@ -732,7 +729,7 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 13,
             'average_rating': float,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted']
+        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted'],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, album_id_num, page_ranges, album_id=None, mode_code='intl', lang_code='en_us'):
@@ -745,7 +742,7 @@ def _entries(self, album_id_num, page_ranges, album_id=None, mode_code='intl', l
                     'modeCode': mode_code,
                     'langCode': lang_code,
                     'endOrder': page_range['to'],
-                    'startOrder': page_range['from']
+                    'startOrder': page_range['from'],
                 })
             for video in page['data']['epg']:
                 yield self.url_result('https://www.iq.com/play/%s' % (video.get('playLocSuffix') or video['qipuIdStr']),
@@ -758,7 +755,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         album_data = next_data['props']['initialState']['album']['videoAlbumInfo']
 
         if album_data.get('videoType') == 'singleVideo':
-            return self.url_result('https://www.iq.com/play/%s' % album_id, IqIE.ie_key())
+            return self.url_result(f'https://www.iq.com/play/{album_id}', IqIE.ie_key())
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(album_data['albumId'], album_data['totalPageRange'], album_id,
                           traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'initialProps', 'pageProps', 'modeCode')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
index 253a846b7..f70c3add4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class IslamChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:5cc7ddecef064ea7afe52eb5e0e33b55',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
index 35040f576..76e54d9cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class IsraelNationalNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/354520',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '354520'
+            'id': '354520',
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class IsraelNationalNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJdKr0Bgd_5saZYqLCa9mng',
                 'upload_date': '20220606',
                 'uploader': 'The Rubin Report',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
index 713fd4ec5..71001c469 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    urljoin
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
 class ITProTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ENDPOINTS = {
         'course': 'course?url={}&brand=00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3',
-        'episode': 'brand/00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3/episode?url={}'
+        'episode': 'brand/00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3/episode?url={}',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, item_id, webpage):
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ class ITProTVIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
             'availability': 'needs_auth',
             'chapter': 'ITProTV 101',
             'chapter_number': 1,
-            'chapter_id': '5dbb3de426b46c0010b5d1b6'
+            'chapter_id': '5dbb3de426b46c0010b5d1b6',
         },
     },
         {
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class ITProTVIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
             'availability': 'needs_auth',
             'chapter': 'Job Development',
             'chapter_number': 2,
-            'chapter_id': '5f7c78d424330c000edf04d9'
+            'chapter_id': '5f7c78d424330c000edf04d9',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'chapter_number': chapter_number,
             'chapter_id': str_or_none(chapter.get('id')),
             'subtitles': {
-                'en': [{'ext': 'vtt', 'data': episode['enCaptionData']}]
+                'en': [{'ext': 'vtt', 'data': episode['enCaptionData']}],
             } if episode.get('enCaptionData') else None,
         }
 
@@ -111,16 +110,16 @@ class ITProTVCourseIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
                 'description': 'md5:b175c2c3061ce35a4dd33865b2c1da4e',
                 'title': 'ITProTV 101',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 6
+            'playlist_count': 6,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://app.itpro.tv/course/beyond-tech',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'beyond-tech',
                 'description': 'md5:44cd99855e7f81a15ce1269bd0621fed',
-                'title': 'Beyond Tech'
+                'title': 'Beyond Tech',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 15
+            'playlist_count': 15,
         },
     ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
index 9ac7be307..89e6f189c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
 import json
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
-
-from ..compat import compat_str
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    JSON_LD_RE,
+    ExtractorError,
     base_url,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     get_element_by_class,
-    JSON_LD_RE,
     merge_dicts,
     parse_duration,
     smuggle_url,
     try_get,
-    url_or_none,
     url_basename,
+    url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
 
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Plebs',
             'season_number': 1,
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'The Jonathan Ross Show',
             'episode_number': 8,
             'season_number': 17,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ def _call_api(self, video_id, playlist_url, headers, platform_tag, featureset, f
                 'user': {
                     'itvUserId': '',
                     'entitlements': [],
-                    'token': ''
+                    'token': '',
                 },
                 'device': {
                     'manufacturer': 'Safari',
@@ -92,20 +90,20 @@ def _call_api(self, video_id, playlist_url, headers, platform_tag, featureset, f
                     'os': {
                         'name': 'Windows NT',
                         'version': '6.1',
-                        'type': 'desktop'
-                    }
+                        'type': 'desktop',
+                    },
                 },
                 'client': {
                     'version': '4.1',
-                    'id': 'browser'
+                    'id': 'browser',
                 },
                 'variantAvailability': {
                     'featureset': {
                         'min': featureset,
-                        'max': featureset
+                        'max': featureset,
                     },
-                    'platformTag': platform_tag
-                }
+                    'platformTag': platform_tag,
+                },
             }).encode(), headers=headers, fatal=fatal)
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, variants, ios_playlist_url, headers, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         params = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)(<[^>]+id="video"[^>]*>)', webpage, 'params'))
         variants = self._parse_json(
-            try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-variants'], compat_str) or '{}',
+            try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-variants'], str) or '{}',
             video_id, fatal=False)
         # Prefer last matching featureset
         # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/986
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         break
 
         thumbnails = []
-        thumbnail_url = try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-posterframe'], compat_str)
+        thumbnail_url = try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-posterframe'], str)
         if thumbnail_url:
             thumbnails.extend([{
                 'url': thumbnail_url.format(width=1920, height=1080, quality=100, blur=0, bg='false'),
@@ -194,7 +192,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'height': 1080,
             }, {
                 'url': urljoin(base_url(thumbnail_url), url_basename(thumbnail_url)),
-                'preference': -2
+                'preference': -2,
             }])
 
         thumbnail_url = self._html_search_meta(['og:image', 'twitter:image'], webpage, default=None)
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, variants, ios_playlist_url, headers),
             'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('Duration')),
             'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('episode-info__synopsis', webpage)),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
         }, info)
 
 
@@ -228,9 +226,9 @@ class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.itv.com/news/2021-10-27/i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
-            'title': 'md5:6ef054dd9f069330db3dcc66cb772d32'
+            'title': 'md5:6ef054dd9f069330db3dcc66cb772d32',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 4
+        'playlist_count': 4,
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -255,7 +253,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     # ITV does not like some GB IP ranges, so here are some
                     # IP blocks it accepts
                     'geo_ip_blocks': [
-                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21'
+                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21',
                     ],
                     'referrer': url,
                 }),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
index fa5ceec95..57c276a67 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'params': [
                 video_id, {
                     'site': 's%d',
-                    'referrer': 'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s' % video_id,
-                    'contentid': video_id
-                }
-            ]
+                    'referrer': f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{video_id}',
+                    'contentid': video_id,
+                },
+            ],
         })
 
         for site in (353, 183):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     self._LIGHT_URL, video_id,
                     'Downloading timestamp JSON', data=json.dumps({
                         'method': 'da.timestamp.get',
-                        'params': []
+                        'params': [],
                     }).encode(), fatal=False) or {}).get('result')
                 if not timestamp:
                     continue
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         compilation = result.get('compilation')
         episode = title if compilation else None
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (compilation, title) if compilation is not None else title
+        title = f'{compilation} - {title}' if compilation is not None else title
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': preview['url'],
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ class IviCompilationIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_entries(self, html, compilation_id):
         return [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s/%s' % (compilation_id, serie), IviIE.ie_key())
+                f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{compilation_id}/{serie}', IviIE.ie_key())
             for serie in re.findall(
-                r'<a\b[^>]+\bhref=["\']/watch/%s/(\d+)["\']' % compilation_id, html)]
+                rf'<a\b[^>]+\bhref=["\']/watch/{compilation_id}/(\d+)["\']', html)]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if season_id is not None:  # Season link
             season_page = self._download_webpage(
-                url, compilation_id, 'Downloading season %s web page' % season_id)
-            playlist_id = '%s/season%s' % (compilation_id, season_id)
+                url, compilation_id, f'Downloading season {season_id} web page')
+            playlist_id = f'{compilation_id}/season{season_id}'
             playlist_title = self._html_search_meta('title', season_page, 'title')
             entries = self._extract_entries(season_page, compilation_id)
         else:  # Compilation link
@@ -239,15 +239,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             playlist_id = compilation_id
             playlist_title = self._html_search_meta('title', compilation_page, 'title')
             seasons = re.findall(
-                r'<a href="/watch/%s/season(\d+)' % compilation_id, compilation_page)
+                rf'<a href="/watch/{compilation_id}/season(\d+)', compilation_page)
             if not seasons:  # No seasons in this compilation
                 entries = self._extract_entries(compilation_page, compilation_id)
             else:
                 entries = []
                 for season_id in seasons:
                     season_page = self._download_webpage(
-                        'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s/season%s' % (compilation_id, season_id),
-                        compilation_id, 'Downloading season %s web page' % season_id)
+                        f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{compilation_id}/season{season_id}',
+                        compilation_id, f'Downloading season {season_id} web page')
                     entries.extend(self._extract_entries(season_page, compilation_id))
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, playlist_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
index 7d1e554c2..eb860c7a6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import qualities
 
 
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class IvideonIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ivideon.com/tv/camera/100-c4ee4cb9ede885cf62dfbe93d7b53783/589824/?lang=ru',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,8 +34,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         server_id, camera_id = mobj.group('id'), mobj.group('camera_id')
         camera_name, description = None, None
-        camera_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
-            url, '/tv/camera/%s/%s/' % (server_id, camera_id))
+        camera_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(
+            url, f'/tv/camera/{server_id}/{camera_id}/')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(camera_url, server_id, fatal=False)
         if webpage:
@@ -57,12 +55,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         quality = qualities(self._QUALITIES)
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'https://streaming.ivideon.com/flv/live?%s' % compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+            'url': 'https://streaming.ivideon.com/flv/live?{}'.format(urllib.parse.urlencode({
                 'server': server_id,
                 'camera': camera_id,
                 'sessionId': 'demo',
                 'q': quality(format_id),
-            }),
+            })),
             'format_id': format_id,
             'ext': 'flv',
             'quality': quality(format_id),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
index e23fdfd6a..df2088f9e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import functools
-import urllib.parse
-import urllib.error
 import hashlib
 import json
 import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _get_user_token(self):
                 'https://api.iwara.tv/user/login', None, note='Logging in',
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps({
                     'email': username,
-                    'password': password
+                    'password': password,
                 }).encode(), expected_status=lambda x: True)
             user_token = traverse_obj(response, ('token', {str}))
             if not user_token:
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def _get_media_token(self):
                 'https://api.iwara.tv/user/token', None, note='Fetching media token',
                 data=b'', headers={
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {IwaraBaseIE._USERTOKEN}',
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 })['accessToken']
 
         return {'Authorization': f'Bearer {IwaraBaseIE._MEDIATOKEN}'}
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class IwaraIE(IwaraBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Lyu ya',
             'uploader_id': 'user792540',
             'tags': [
-                'uncategorized'
+                'uncategorized',
             ],
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class IwaraIE(IwaraBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Fe_Kurosabi',
             'uploader_id': 'fekurosabi',
             'tags': [
-                'pee'
+                'pee',
             ],
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
index 1f086d2bd..2868c2fc7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class IxiguaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.(avif|webp)',
             'timestamp': 1629088414,
             'duration': 1030,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_json_data(self, webpage, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
index 5cdf8709d..cf2a269c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ class IzleseneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140702',
                 'duration': 95.395,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.izlesene.com/video/tarkan-dortmund-2006-konseri/17997',
@@ -48,14 +46,14 @@ class IzleseneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20061112',
                 'duration': 253.666,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('http://www.izlesene.com/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.izlesene.com/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         video = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
@@ -67,14 +65,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
         for stream in video['media']['level']:
             source_url = stream.get('source')
-            if not source_url or not isinstance(source_url, compat_str):
+            if not source_url or not isinstance(source_url, str):
                 continue
             ext = determine_ext(url, 'mp4')
             quality = stream.get('value')
             height = int_or_none(quality)
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': '%sp' % quality if quality else 'sd',
-                'url': compat_urllib_parse_unquote(source_url),
+                'format_id': f'{quality}p' if quality else 'sd',
+                'url': urllib.parse.unquote(source_url),
                 'ext': ext,
                 'height': height,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 71fed49ea..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jable.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    InAdvancePagedList,
-    int_or_none,
-    orderedSet,
-    unified_strdate,
-)
-
-
-class JableIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jable\.tv/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://jable.tv/videos/pppd-812/',
-        'md5': 'f1537283a9bc073c31ff86ca35d9b2a6',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'pppd-812',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'PPPD-812 只要表現好巨乳女教師吉根柚莉愛就獎勵學生們在白虎穴內射出精液',
-            'description': 'md5:5b6d4199a854f62c5e56e26ccad19967',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'view_count': int,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://jable.tv/videos/apak-220/',
-        'md5': '71f9239d69ced58ab74a816908847cc1',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'apak-220',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:5c3861b7cf80112a6e2b70bccf170824',
-            'description': '',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'like_count': int,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20220319',
-        },
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            self._search_regex(r'var\s+hlsUrl\s*=\s*\'([^\']+)', webpage, 'hls_url'), video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
-            'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=''),
-            'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
-                r'class="inactive-color">\D+\s+(\d{4}-\d+-\d+)', webpage, 'upload_date', default=None)),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'#icon-eye"></use></svg>\n*<span class="mr-3">([\d ]+)',
-                webpage, 'view_count', default='').replace(' ', '')),
-            'like_count': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'#icon-heart"></use></svg><span class="count">(\d+)', webpage, 'link_count', default=None)),
-        }
-
-
-class JablePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jable\.tv/(?:categories|models|tags)/(?P<id>[\w-]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://jable.tv/models/kaede-karen/',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'kaede-karen',
-            'title': '楓カレン',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 34,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://jable.tv/categories/roleplay/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://jable.tv/tags/girl/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
-
-        def page_func(page_num):
-            return [
-                self.url_result(player_url, JableIE)
-                for player_url in orderedSet(re.findall(
-                    r'href="(https://jable.tv/videos/[\w-]+/?)"',
-                    self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id, query={
-                        'mode': 'async',
-                        'from': page_num + 1,
-                        'function': 'get_block',
-                        'block_id': 'list_videos_common_videos_list',
-                    }, note=f'Downloading page {page_num + 1}')))]
-
-        return self.playlist_result(
-            InAdvancePagedList(page_func, int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'from:(\d+)">[^<]+\s*&raquo;', webpage, 'last page number', default=1)), 24),
-            playlist_id, self._search_regex(
-                r'<h2 class="h3-md mb-1">([^<]+)', webpage, 'playlist title', default=None))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
index a2bbba397..16540c414 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import hashlib
 import random
 
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
@@ -40,20 +39,20 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'average_rating': int,
             'tags': ['piano', 'peaceful', 'newage', 'strings', 'upbeat'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://licensing.jamendo.com/en/track/1496667/energetic-rock',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, resource, resource_id, fatal=True):
-        path = '/api/%ss' % resource
-        rand = compat_str(random.random())
+        path = f'/api/{resource}s'
+        rand = str(random.random())
         return self._download_json(
             'https://www.jamendo.com' + path, resource_id, fatal=fatal, query={
                 'id[]': resource_id,
             }, headers={
-                'X-Jam-Call': '$%s*%s~' % (hashlib.sha1((path + rand).encode()).hexdigest(), rand)
+                'X-Jam-Call': f'${hashlib.sha1((path + rand).encode()).hexdigest()}*{rand}~',
             })[0]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -72,12 +71,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # if artist_name:
         #     title = '%s - %s' % (artist_name, title)
         # album = get_model('album')
-        artist = self._call_api("artist", track.get('artistId'), fatal=False)
-        album = self._call_api("album", track.get('albumId'), fatal=False)
+        artist = self._call_api('artist', track.get('artistId'), fatal=False)
+        album = self._call_api('album', track.get('albumId'), fatal=False)
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'https://%s.jamendo.com/?trackid=%s&format=%s&from=app-97dab294'
-                   % (sub_domain, track_id, format_id),
+            'url': f'https://{sub_domain}.jamendo.com/?trackid={track_id}&format={format_id}&from=app-97dab294',
             'format_id': format_id,
             'ext': ext,
             'quality': quality,
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             tags.append(tag_name)
 
         stats = track.get('stats') or {}
-        license = track.get('licenseCC') or []
+        video_license = track.get('licenseCC') or []
 
         return {
             'id': track_id,
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'track': track_name,
             'album': album.get('name'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'license': '-'.join(license) if license else None,
+            'license': '-'.join(video_license) if video_license else None,
             'timestamp': int_or_none(track.get('dateCreated')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(stats.get('listenedAll')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(stats.get('favorited')),
@@ -160,7 +158,7 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'average_rating': 4,
                 'tags': ['rock', 'drums', 'bass', 'world', 'punk', 'neutral'],
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '1f358d7b2f98edfe90fd55dac0799d50',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -179,11 +177,11 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'average_rating': 4,
                 'license': 'by',
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 2
-        }
+            'playlistend': 2,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             track_id = track.get('id')
             if not track_id:
                 continue
-            track_id = compat_str(track_id)
+            track_id = str(track_id)
             entries.append({
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
                 'url': 'https://www.jamendo.com/track/' + track_id,
@@ -207,4 +205,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, album_id, album_name,
-            clean_html(try_get(album, lambda x: x['description']['en'], compat_str)))
+            clean_html(try_get(album, lambda x: x['description']['en'], str)))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
index 6c650568a..2ef091aff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -9,9 +10,8 @@
     smuggle_url,
     traverse_obj,
     try_call,
-    unsmuggle_url
+    unsmuggle_url,
 )
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
 def _parse_japanese_date(text):
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _parse_japanese_duration(text):
     mobj = re.search(r'(?:(\d+)日間?)?(?:(\d+)時間?)?(?:(\d+)分)?(?:(\d+)秒)?', re.sub(r'[\s\u3000]+', '', text or ''))
     if not mobj:
         return
-    days, hours, mins, secs = [int_or_none(x, default=0) for x in mobj.groups()]
+    days, hours, mins, secs = (int_or_none(x, default=0) for x in mobj.groups())
     return secs + mins * 60 + hours * 60 * 60 + days * 24 * 60 * 60
 
 
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ class ShugiinItvVodIE(ShugiinItvBaseIE):
             'title': 'ウクライナ大統領国会演説（オンライン）',
             'release_date': '20220323',
             'chapters': 'count:4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shugiintv.go.jp/en/index.php?ex=VL&media_type=&deli_id=53846',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class SangiinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': True,
         },
         'skip': 'this live is turned into archive after it ends',
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5898e1f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+import base64
+import itertools
+import json
+import random
+import re
+import string
+import time
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    jwt_decode_hs256,
+    parse_age_limit,
+    try_call,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class JioCinemaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'jiocinema'
+    _GEO_BYPASS = False
+    _ACCESS_TOKEN = None
+    _REFRESH_TOKEN = None
+    _GUEST_TOKEN = None
+    _USER_ID = None
+    _DEVICE_ID = None
+    _API_HEADERS = {'Origin': 'https://www.jiocinema.com', 'Referer': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/'}
+    _APP_NAME = {'appName': 'RJIL_JioCinema'}
+    _APP_VERSION = {'appVersion': '5.0.0'}
+    _API_SIGNATURES = 'o668nxgzwff'
+    _METADATA_API_BASE = 'https://content-jiovoot.voot.com/psapi'
+    _ACCESS_HINT = 'the `accessToken` from your browser local storage'
+    _LOGIN_HINT = (
+        'Log in with "-u phone -p <PHONE_NUMBER>" to authenticate with OTP, '
+        f'or use "-u token -p <ACCESS_TOKEN>" to log in with {_ACCESS_HINT}. '
+        'If you have previously logged in with yt-dlp and your session '
+        'has been cached, you can use "-u device -p <DEVICE_ID>"')
+
+    def _cache_token(self, token_type):
+        assert token_type in ('access', 'refresh', 'all')
+        if token_type in ('access', 'all'):
+            self.cache.store(
+                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-access', JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN)
+        if token_type in ('refresh', 'all'):
+            self.cache.store(
+                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-refresh', JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN)
+
+    def _call_api(self, url, video_id, note='Downloading API JSON', headers={}, data={}):
+        return self._download_json(
+            url, video_id, note, data=json.dumps(data, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                'Accept': 'application/json',
+                **self._API_HEADERS,
+                **headers,
+            }, expected_status=(400, 403, 474))
+
+    def _call_auth_api(self, service, endpoint, note, headers={}, data={}):
+        return self._call_api(
+            f'https://auth-jiocinema.voot.com/{service}service/apis/v4/{endpoint}',
+            None, note=note, headers=headers, data=data)
+
+    def _refresh_token(self):
+        if not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN or not JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID:
+            raise ExtractorError('User token has expired', expected=True)
+        response = self._call_auth_api(
+            'token', 'refreshtoken', 'Refreshing token',
+            headers={'accesstoken': self._ACCESS_TOKEN}, data={
+                **self._APP_NAME,
+                'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
+                'refreshToken': self._REFRESH_TOKEN,
+                **self._APP_VERSION,
+            })
+        refresh_token = response.get('refreshTokenId')
+        if refresh_token and refresh_token != JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = refresh_token
+            self._cache_token('refresh')
+        JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = response['authToken']
+        self._cache_token('access')
+
+    def _fetch_guest_token(self):
+        JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID = ''.join(random.choices(string.digits, k=10))
+        guest_token = self._call_auth_api(
+            'token', 'guest', 'Downloading guest token', data={
+                **self._APP_NAME,
+                'deviceType': 'phone',
+                'os': 'ios',
+                'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
+                'freshLaunch': False,
+                'adId': self._DEVICE_ID,
+                **self._APP_VERSION,
+            })
+        self._GUEST_TOKEN = guest_token['authToken']
+        self._USER_ID = guest_token['userId']
+
+    def _call_login_api(self, endpoint, guest_token, data, note):
+        return self._call_auth_api(
+            'user', f'loginotp/{endpoint}', note, headers={
+                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
+                'accesstoken': self._GUEST_TOKEN,
+                **self._APP_NAME,
+                **traverse_obj(guest_token, 'data', {
+                    'deviceType': ('deviceType', {str}),
+                    'os': ('os', {str}),
+                })}, data=data)
+
+    def _is_token_expired(self, token):
+        return (try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(token)['exp']) or 0) <= int(time.time() - 180)
+
+    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
+        if self._ACCESS_TOKEN and not self._is_token_expired(self._ACCESS_TOKEN):
+            return
+
+        UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12}'
+
+        if username.lower() == 'token':
+            if try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(password)):
+                JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = password
+                refresh_hint = 'the `refreshToken` UUID from your browser local storage'
+                refresh_token = self._configuration_arg('refresh_token', [''], ie_key=JioCinemaIE)[0]
+                if not refresh_token:
+                    self.to_screen(
+                        'To extend the life of your login session, in addition to your access token, '
+                        'you can pass --extractor-args "jiocinema:refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN" '
+                        f'where REFRESH_TOKEN is {refresh_hint}')
+                elif re.fullmatch(UUID_RE, refresh_token):
+                    JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = refresh_token
+                else:
+                    self.report_warning(f'Invalid refresh_token value. Use {refresh_hint}')
+            else:
+                raise ExtractorError(
+                    f'The password given could not be decoded as a token; use {self._ACCESS_HINT}', expected=True)
+
+        elif username.lower() == 'device' and re.fullmatch(rf'(?:{UUID_RE}|\d+)', password):
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = self.cache.load(JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{password}-refresh')
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = self.cache.load(JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{password}-access')
+            if not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN or not JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN:
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to load cached tokens for device ID "{password}"', expected=True)
+
+        elif username.lower() == 'phone' and re.fullmatch(r'\+?\d+', password):
+            self._fetch_guest_token()
+            guest_token = jwt_decode_hs256(self._GUEST_TOKEN)
+            initial_data = {
+                'number': base64.b64encode(password.encode()).decode(),
+                **self._APP_VERSION,
+            }
+            response = self._call_login_api('send', guest_token, initial_data, 'Requesting OTP')
+            if not traverse_obj(response, ('OTPInfo', {dict})):
+                raise ExtractorError('There was a problem with the phone number login attempt')
+
+            is_iphone = guest_token.get('os') == 'ios'
+            response = self._call_login_api('verify', guest_token, {
+                'deviceInfo': {
+                    'consumptionDeviceName': 'iPhone' if is_iphone else 'Android',
+                    'info': {
+                        'platform': {'name': 'iPhone OS' if is_iphone else 'Android'},
+                        'androidId': self._DEVICE_ID,
+                        'type': 'iOS' if is_iphone else 'Android',
+                    },
+                },
+                **initial_data,
+                'otp': self._get_tfa_info('the one-time password sent to your phone'),
+            }, 'Submitting OTP')
+            if traverse_obj(response, 'code') == 1043:
+                raise ExtractorError('Wrong OTP', expected=True)
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = response['refreshToken']
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN = response['authToken']
+
+        else:
+            raise ExtractorError(self._LOGIN_HINT, expected=True)
+
+        user_token = jwt_decode_hs256(JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN)['data']
+        JioCinemaBaseIE._USER_ID = user_token['userId']
+        JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID = user_token['deviceId']
+        if JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN and username != 'device':
+            self._cache_token('all')
+            if self.get_param('cachedir') is not False:
+                self.to_screen(
+                    f'NOTE: For subsequent logins you can use "-u device -p {JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}"')
+        elif not JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+            JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN = self.cache.load(
+                JioCinemaBaseIE._NETRC_MACHINE, f'{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}-refresh')
+            if JioCinemaBaseIE._REFRESH_TOKEN:
+                self._cache_token('access')
+        self.to_screen(f'Logging in as device ID "{JioCinemaBaseIE._DEVICE_ID}"')
+        if self._is_token_expired(JioCinemaBaseIE._ACCESS_TOKEN):
+            self._refresh_token()
+
+
+class JioCinemaIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'jiocinema'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jiocinema\.com/?(?:movies?/[^/?#]+/|tv-shows/(?:[^/?#]+/){3})(?P<id>\d{3,})'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/agnisakshi-ek-samjhauta/1/pradeep-to-stop-the-wedding/3759931',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3759931',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Pradeep to stop the wedding?',
+            'description': 'md5:75f72d1d1a66976633345a3de6d672b1',
+            'episode': 'Pradeep to stop the wedding?',
+            'episode_number': 89,
+            'season': 'Agnisakshi…Ek Samjhauta-S1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Agnisakshi Ek Samjhauta',
+            'duration': 1238.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'age_limit': 13,
+            'season_id': '3698031',
+            'upload_date': '20230606',
+            'timestamp': 1686009600,
+            'release_date': '20230607',
+            'genres': ['Drama'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/bhediya/3754021/watch',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3754021',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Bhediya',
+            'description': 'md5:a6bf2900371ac2fc3f1447401a9f7bb0',
+            'episode': 'Bhediya',
+            'duration': 8500.0,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
+            'age_limit': 13,
+            'upload_date': '20230525',
+            'timestamp': 1685026200,
+            'release_date': '20230524',
+            'genres': ['Comedy'],
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+    def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, playback, video_id):
+        m3u8_url = traverse_obj(playback, (
+            'data', 'playbackUrls', lambda _, v: v['streamtype'] == 'hls', 'url', {url_or_none}, any))
+        if not m3u8_url:  # DRM-only content only serves dash urls
+            self.report_drm(video_id)
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls')
+        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
+
+        return {
+            # '/_definst_/smil:vod/' m3u8 manifests claim to have 720p+ formats but max out at 480p
+            'formats': traverse_obj(formats, (
+                lambda _, v: '/_definst_/smil:vod/' not in v['url'] or v['height'] <= 480)),
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
+        }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        if not self._ACCESS_TOKEN and self._is_token_expired(self._GUEST_TOKEN):
+            self._fetch_guest_token()
+        elif self._ACCESS_TOKEN and self._is_token_expired(self._ACCESS_TOKEN):
+            self._refresh_token()
+
+        playback = self._call_api(
+            f'https://apis-jiovoot.voot.com/playbackjv/v3/{video_id}', video_id,
+            'Downloading playback JSON', headers={
+                **self.geo_verification_headers(),
+                'accesstoken': self._ACCESS_TOKEN or self._GUEST_TOKEN,
+                **self._APP_NAME,
+                'deviceid': self._DEVICE_ID,
+                'uniqueid': self._USER_ID,
+                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES,
+                'x-platform': 'androidweb',
+                'x-platform-token': 'web',
+            }, data={
+                '4k': False,
+                'ageGroup': '18+',
+                'appVersion': '3.4.0',
+                'bitrateProfile': 'xhdpi',
+                'capability': {
+                    'drmCapability': {
+                        'aesSupport': 'yes',
+                        'fairPlayDrmSupport': 'none',
+                        'playreadyDrmSupport': 'none',
+                        'widevineDRMSupport': 'none',
+                    },
+                    'frameRateCapability': [{
+                        'frameRateSupport': '30fps',
+                        'videoQuality': '1440p',
+                    }],
+                },
+                'continueWatchingRequired': False,
+                'dolby': False,
+                'downloadRequest': False,
+                'hevc': False,
+                'kidsSafe': False,
+                'manufacturer': 'Windows',
+                'model': 'Windows',
+                'multiAudioRequired': True,
+                'osVersion': '10',
+                'parentalPinValid': True,
+                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES,
+            })
+
+        status_code = traverse_obj(playback, ('code', {int}))
+        if status_code == 474:
+            self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['IN'])
+        elif status_code == 1008:
+            error_msg = 'This content is only available for premium users'
+            if self._ACCESS_TOKEN:
+                raise ExtractorError(error_msg, expected=True)
+            self.raise_login_required(f'{error_msg}. {self._LOGIN_HINT}', method=None)
+        elif status_code == 400:
+            raise ExtractorError('The requested content is not available', expected=True)
+        elif status_code is not None and status_code != 200:
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                f'JioCinema says: {traverse_obj(playback, ("message", {str})) or status_code}')
+
+        metadata = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/content/query/asset-details',
+            video_id, fatal=False, query={
+                'ids': f'include:{video_id}',
+                'responseType': 'common',
+                'devicePlatformType': 'desktop',
+            })
+
+        return {
+            'id': video_id,
+            'http_headers': self._API_HEADERS,
+            **self._extract_formats_and_subtitles(playback, video_id),
+            **traverse_obj(playback, ('data', {
+                # fallback metadata
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('fullSynopsis', {str}),
+                'series': ('show', 'name', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'season': ('tournamentName', {str}, {lambda x: x if x != 'Season 0' else None}),
+                'season_number': ('episode', 'season', {int_or_none}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'episode': ('fullTitle', {str}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode', 'episodeNo', {int_or_none}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'age_limit': ('ageNemonic', {parse_age_limit}),
+                'duration': ('totalDuration', {float_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('images', {url_or_none}),
+            })),
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('result', 0, {
+                'title': ('fullTitle', {str}),
+                'description': ('fullSynopsis', {str}),
+                'series': ('showName', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'season': ('seasonName', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
+                'season_id': ('seasonId', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'episode': ('fullTitle', {str}),
+                'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
+                'timestamp': ('uploadTime', {int_or_none}),
+                'release_date': ('telecastDate', {str}),
+                'age_limit': ('ageNemonic', {parse_age_limit}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none}),
+                'genres': ('genres', ..., {str}),
+                'thumbnail': ('seo', 'ogImage', {url_or_none}),
+            })),
+        }
+
+
+class JioCinemaSeriesIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'jiocinema:series'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?jiocinema\.com/tv-shows/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>\d{3,})'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/naagin/3499917',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3499917',
+            'title': 'naagin',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 120,
+    }]
+
+    def _entries(self, series_id):
+        seasons = self._download_json(
+            f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/content/generic/season-by-show', series_id,
+            'Downloading series metadata JSON', query={
+                'sort': 'season:asc',
+                'id': series_id,
+                'responseType': 'common',
+            })
+
+        for season_num, season in enumerate(traverse_obj(seasons, ('result', lambda _, v: v['id'])), 1):
+            season_id = season['id']
+            label = season.get('season') or season_num
+            for page_num in itertools.count(1):
+                episodes = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
+                    f'{self._METADATA_API_BASE}/voot/v1/voot-web/content/generic/series-wise-episode',
+                    season_id, f'Downloading season {label} page {page_num} JSON', query={
+                        'sort': 'episode:asc',
+                        'id': season_id,
+                        'responseType': 'common',
+                        'page': page_num,
+                    }), ('result', lambda _, v: v['id'] and url_or_none(v['slug'])))
+                if not episodes:
+                    break
+                for episode in episodes:
+                    yield self.url_result(
+                        episode['slug'], JioCinemaIE, **traverse_obj(episode, {
+                            'video_id': 'id',
+                            'video_title': ('fullTitle', {str}),
+                            'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
+                            'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
+                        }))
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        slug, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('slug', 'id')
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(series_id), series_id, slug)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
index 35fb3fd6b..542e41b80 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def requested_bitrates(self):
         if invalid_bitrates := set(requested_bitrates) - self._VALID_BITRATES:
             raise ValueError(
                 f'Invalid bitrate(s): {", ".join(invalid_bitrates)}. '
-                + f'Valid bitrates are: {", ".join(sorted(self._VALID_BITRATES, key=int))}')
+                f'Valid bitrates are: {", ".join(sorted(self._VALID_BITRATES, key=int))}')
         return requested_bitrates
 
     def _extract_formats(self, song_data):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
index ea4604240..0c8e999cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'NOVÉ BÝVANIE',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
             'duration': 3118,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/CSM0Na0l0p1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Extrémne rodiny 2 - POKRAČOVANIE (2012/04/09 21:30:00)',
             'duration': 3937,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/9i1cxv',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://media.joj.sk/embed/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://media.joj.sk/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = (self._search_json(r'videoTitle\s*:', webpage, 'title', video_id,
                                    contains_pattern=r'["\'].+["\']', default=None)
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
         for format_url in try_get(bitrates, lambda x: x['mp4'], list) or []:
-            if isinstance(format_url, compat_str):
+            if isinstance(format_url, str):
                 height = self._search_regex(
                     r'(\d+)[pP]|(pal)\.', format_url, 'height', default=None)
                 if height == 'pal':
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 })
         if not formats:
             playlist = self._download_xml(
-                'https://media.joj.sk/services/Video.php?clip=%s' % video_id,
+                f'https://media.joj.sk/services/Video.php?clip={video_id}',
                 video_id)
             for file_el in playlist.findall('./files/file'):
                 path = file_el.get('path')
@@ -86,8 +85,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     continue
                 format_id = file_el.get('id') or file_el.get('label')
                 formats.append({
-                    'url': 'http://n16.joj.sk/storage/%s' % path.replace(
-                        'dat/', '', 1),
+                    'url': 'http://n16.joj.sk/storage/{}'.format(path.replace(
+                        'dat/', '', 1)),
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'height': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                         r'(\d+)[pP]', format_id or path, 'height',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
index 245fe73d4..6b37ccfdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    unified_strdate
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, unified_strdate
 
 
 class JoveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ class JoveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:015dd4509649c0908bc27f049e0262c6',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
                 'upload_date': '20110523',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.jove.com/video/51796/culturing-caenorhabditis-elegans-axenic-liquid-media-creation',
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ class JoveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:35ff029261900583970c4023b70f1dc9',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
                 'upload_date': '20140802',
-            }
+            },
         },
 
     ]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jstream.py
index 3e2e62712..00ac7ccca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jstream.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import base64
-import re
 import json
+import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
index bc47aa6d3..7d5a931b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1227796140,
             'duration': 32.0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/nPripu9l/poster.jpg?width=720',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/players/nPripu9l-ALJ3XQCI.js',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
             # <input value=URL> is used by hyland.com
             # if we find <iframe>, dont look for <input>
             ret = re.findall(
-                r'<%s[^>]+?%s=\\?["\']?((?:https?:)?//(?:content\.jwplatform|cdn\.jwplayer)\.com/players/[a-zA-Z0-9]{8})' % (tag, key),
+                rf'<{tag}[^>]+?{key}=\\?["\']?((?:https?:)?//(?:content\.jwplatform|cdn\.jwplayer)\.com/players/[a-zA-Z0-9]{{8}})',
                 webpage)
             if ret:
                 return ret
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
index 43055e89d..6f3459db8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
-    strip_or_none,
     str_or_none,
+    strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
 )
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 1503,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.kakao.com/channel/2653210/cliplink/300103180',
         'md5': 'a8917742069a4dd442516b86e7d66529',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 184,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # geo restricted
         'url': 'https://tv.kakao.com/channel/3643855/cliplink/412069491',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'description', 'channelId', 'createTime', 'duration', 'playCount',
                 'likeCount', 'commentCount', 'tagList', 'channel', 'name',
                 'clipChapterThumbnailList', 'thumbnailUrl', 'timeInSec', 'isDefault',
-                'videoOutputList', 'width', 'height', 'kbps', 'profile', 'label'])
+                'videoOutputList', 'width', 'height', 'kbps', 'profile', 'label']),
         }
 
         api_json = self._download_json(
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             try:
                 fmt_url_json = self._download_json(
                     cdn_api_base, video_id, query=query,
-                    note='Downloading video URL for profile %s' % profile_name)
+                    note=f'Downloading video URL for profile {profile_name}')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
                     resp = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             thumbs.append({
                 'url': thumb.get('thumbnailUrl'),
                 'id': str(thumb.get('timeInSec')),
-                'preference': -1 if thumb.get('isDefault') else 0
+                'preference': -1 if thumb.get('isDefault') else 0,
             })
         top_thumbnail = clip.get('thumbnailUrl')
         if top_thumbnail:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
index 95e2deea5..e5737b1e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 import base64
+import contextlib
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
-    unsmuggle_url,
+    remove_start,
     smuggle_url,
     traverse_obj,
-    remove_start
+    unsmuggle_url,
 )
 
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*/thumbnail/.*',
                 'timestamp': int,
             },
-            'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked'
+            'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/cache_st/1300318621/wid/_269692/uiconf_id/3873291/entry_id/1_1jc2y3e4',
@@ -124,14 +122,14 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'upload_date': '20140815',
                 'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/691292/sp/69129200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_c076mna6/version/100022',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # html5lib playlist URL using kwidget player
             'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.89/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/2019031/uiconf_id/40436601?wid=1_4j3m32cv&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_&flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]=1_jovey5nu&flashvars[ks]=&&flashvars[imageDefaultDuration]=30&flashvars[localizationCode]=en&flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true&flashvars[forceMobileHTML5]=true&flashvars[nextPrevBtn.plugin]=true&flashvars[hotspots.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left&flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true&flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true&flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical&flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false&flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true&flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder&flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true&flashvars[playlistAPI.playlistUrl]=https://canvasgatechtest.kaf.kaltura.com/playlist/details/{playlistAPI.kpl0Id}/categoryid/126428551',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '1_jovey5nu',
-                'title': '00-00 Introduction'
+                'title': '00-00 Introduction',
             },
             'playlist': [
                 {
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154447,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_jfb7mdpn',
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154489,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_8xflxdp7',
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154512,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_3hqew8kn',
@@ -181,10 +179,10 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154536,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
-                }
-            ]
-        }
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+        },
     ]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -192,14 +190,14 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         # Embed codes: https://knowledge.kaltura.com/embedding-kaltura-media-players-your-site
         finditer = (
             list(re.finditer(
-                r"""(?xs)
+                r'''(?xs)
                     kWidget\.(?:thumb)?[Ee]mbed\(
                     \{.*?
                         (?P<q1>['"])wid(?P=q1)\s*:\s*
                         (?P<q2>['"])_?(?P<partner_id>(?:(?!(?P=q2)).)+)(?P=q2),.*?
                         (?P<q3>['"])entry_?[Ii]d(?P=q3)\s*:\s*
                         (?P<q4>['"])(?P<id>(?:(?!(?P=q4)).)+)(?P=q4)(?:,|\s*\})
-                """, webpage))
+                ''', webpage))
             or list(re.finditer(
                 r'''(?xs)
                     (?P<q1>["'])
@@ -230,34 +228,34 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
             for k, v in embed_info.items():
                 if v:
                     embed_info[k] = v.strip()
-            embed_url = 'kaltura:%(partner_id)s:%(id)s' % embed_info
+            embed_url = 'kaltura:{partner_id}:{id}'.format(**embed_info)
             escaped_pid = re.escape(embed_info['partner_id'])
             service_mobj = re.search(
-                r'<script[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:https?:)?//(?:(?!\1).)+)/p/%s/sp/%s00/embedIframeJs' % (escaped_pid, escaped_pid),
+                rf'<script[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:https?:)?//(?:(?!\1).)+)/p/{escaped_pid}/sp/{escaped_pid}00/embedIframeJs',
                 webpage)
             if service_mobj:
                 embed_url = smuggle_url(embed_url, {'service_url': service_mobj.group('id')})
             urls.append(embed_url)
         return urls
 
-    def _kaltura_api_call(self, video_id, actions, service_url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _kaltura_api_call(self, video_id, actions, service_url=None, **kwargs):
         params = actions[0]
-        params.update({i: a for i, a in enumerate(actions[1:], start=1)})
+        params.update(dict(enumerate(actions[1:], start=1)))
 
         data = self._download_json(
             (service_url or self._SERVICE_URL) + self._SERVICE_BASE,
-            video_id, data=json.dumps(params).encode('utf-8'),
+            video_id, data=json.dumps(params).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
-            }, *args, **kwargs)
+            }, **kwargs)
 
         for idx, status in enumerate(data):
             if not isinstance(status, dict):
                 continue
             if status.get('objectType') == 'KalturaAPIException':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s (%d)' % (self.IE_NAME, status['message'], idx))
+                    '{} said: {} ({})'.format(self.IE_NAME, status['message'], idx))
 
         data[1] = traverse_obj(data, (1, 'objects', 0))
 
@@ -342,7 +340,7 @@ def _get_video_info_kwidget(self, video_id, partner_id, service_url=None):
                 'apiVersion': '3.1',
                 'clientTag': 'kwidget:v2.89',
                 'ignoreNull': 1,
-                'ks': '{1:result:ks}'
+                'ks': '{1:result:ks}',
             },
             # info
             {
@@ -397,10 +395,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
             params = {}
             if query:
-                params = compat_parse_qs(query)
+                params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query)
             if path:
                 splitted_path = path.split('/')
-                params.update(dict((zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]]))))
+                params.update(dict(zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]])))
             if 'wid' in params:
                 partner_id = remove_start(params['wid'][0], '_')
             elif 'p' in params:
@@ -423,14 +421,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 # Unfortunately, data returned in kalturaIframePackageData lacks
                 # captions so we will try requesting the complete data using
                 # regular approach since we now know the entry_id
-                try:
+                # Even if this fails we already have everything extracted
+                # apart from captions and can process at least with this
+                with contextlib.suppress(ExtractorError):
                     _, info, flavor_assets, captions = self._get_video_info(
                         entry_id, partner_id, player_type=player_type)
-                except ExtractorError:
-                    # Regular scenario failed but we already have everything
-                    # extracted apart from captions and can process at least
-                    # with this
-                    pass
             elif 'uiconf_id' in params and 'flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]' in params:
                 playlist_id = params['flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]'][0]
                 webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
@@ -451,16 +446,16 @@ def _per_video_extract(self, smuggled_data, entry_id, info, ks, flavor_assets, c
         source_url = smuggled_data.get('source_url')
         if source_url:
             referrer = base64.b64encode(
-                '://'.join(compat_urlparse.urlparse(source_url)[:2])
-                .encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
+                '://'.join(urllib.parse.urlparse(source_url)[:2])
+                .encode()).decode('utf-8')
         else:
             referrer = None
 
         def sign_url(unsigned_url):
             if ks:
-                unsigned_url += '/ks/%s' % ks
+                unsigned_url += f'/ks/{ks}'
             if referrer:
-                unsigned_url += '?referrer=%s' % referrer
+                unsigned_url += f'?referrer={referrer}'
             return unsigned_url
 
         data_url = info['dataUrl']
@@ -487,8 +482,8 @@ def sign_url(unsigned_url):
                 else:
                     f['fileExt'] = 'mp4'
             video_url = sign_url(
-                '%s/flavorId/%s' % (data_url, f['id']))
-            format_id = '%(fileExt)s-%(bitrate)s' % f
+                '{}/flavorId/{}'.format(data_url, f['id']))
+            format_id = '{fileExt}-{bitrate}'.format(**f)
             # Source format may not be available (e.g. kaltura:513551:1_66x4rg7o)
             if f.get('isOriginal') is True and not self._is_valid_url(
                     video_url, entry_id, format_id):
@@ -527,7 +522,7 @@ def sign_url(unsigned_url):
                     continue
                 caption_format = int_or_none(caption.get('format'))
                 subtitles.setdefault(caption.get('languageCode') or caption.get('language'), []).append({
-                    'url': '%s/api_v3/service/caption_captionasset/action/serve/captionAssetId/%s' % (self._SERVICE_URL, caption['id']),
+                    'url': '{}/api_v3/service/caption_captionasset/action/serve/captionAssetId/{}'.format(self._SERVICE_URL, caption['id']),
                     'ext': caption.get('fileExt') or self._CAPTION_TYPES.get(caption_format) or 'ttml',
                 })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
index 8f247b305..a39ff78ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import time
+import hashlib
 import random
 import string
-import hashlib
+import time
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class KankaNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '视频｜第23个中国记者节，我们在进博切蛋糕',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
index 381dc00ad..8168b1a49 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class KaraoketvIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             servers = ('wowzail.video-cdn.com:80/vodcdn', )
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'rtmp://%s' % server if not server.startswith('rtmp') else server,
+            'url': f'rtmp://{server}' if not server.startswith('rtmp') else server,
             'play_path': play_path,
             'app': 'vodcdn',
             'page_url': video_cdn_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
index bba527e29..0ac0c5eab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class KelbyOneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 90,
                 'upload_date': '20201001',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, playlist):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
index a2c7dd4e8..4ab675178 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class KickerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': r're:https://s\d+\.dmcdn\.net/v/T-x741YeYAx8aSZ0Z/x1080',
             'tags': ['published', 'category.InternationalSoccer'],
-            'upload_date': '20220608'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220608',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.kicker.de/ex-unioner-in-der-bezirksliga-felix-kroos-vereinschallenge-in-pankow-902825/video',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class KickerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'kicker.de',
             'description': 'md5:0c2060c899a91c8bf40f578f78c5846f',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
index f4e5c4c47..99c8a1224 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             ajax/inset|
             embed/video
         )/iframe\?.*?\bid='''
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://%s%s
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)https?://{_DOMAIN_REGEX}{_COMMON_REGEX}
         (?P<type>
             fb|
             imgur|
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             vimeo|
             vine|
             youtube-(?:list|video)
-        )-(?P<id>[^&]+)''' % (_DOMAIN_REGEX, _COMMON_REGEX)
+        )-(?P<id>[^&]+)'''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?x)<iframe[^>]+?src=(?P<q>["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//{_DOMAIN_REGEX})?{_COMMON_REGEX}(?:(?!\1).)+)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://kinja.com/ajax/inset/iframe?id=fb-10103303356633621',
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         provider = self._PROVIDER_MAP.get(video_type)
         if provider:
-            video_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(video_id)
+            video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(video_id)
             if video_type == 'tumblr-post':
                 video_id, blog = video_id.split('-', 1)
                 result_url = provider[0] % (blog, video_id)
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             poster = data.get('poster') or {}
             poster_id = poster.get('id')
             if poster_id:
-                thumbnail = 'https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/%s.%s' % (poster_id, poster.get('format') or 'jpg')
+                thumbnail = 'https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/{}.{}'.format(poster_id, poster.get('format') or 'jpg')
 
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
@@ -190,10 +188,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': title,
-                'thumbnail': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['cloudinaryLink']['link'], compat_str),
+                'thumbnail': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['cloudinaryLink']['link'], str),
                 'uploader': fmg.get('network'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(iptc.get('fileDuration')),
                 'formats': formats,
-                'description': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['description']['en'], compat_str),
+                'description': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['description']['en'], str),
                 'timestamp': parse_iso8601(iptc.get('dateReleased')),
             }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
index 432816cd8..5ec33a9ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ class KommunetvIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '921',
             'title': 'Bystyremøte',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         headers = {
-            'Accept': 'application/json'
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
         }
-        data = self._download_json('https://oslo.kommunetv.no/api/streams?streamType=1&id=%s' % video_id, video_id, headers=headers)
+        data = self._download_json(f'https://oslo.kommunetv.no/api/streams?streamType=1&id={video_id}', video_id, headers=headers)
         title = data['stream']['title']
         file = data['playlist'][0]['playlist'][0]['file']
         url = update_url(file, query=None, fragment=None)
@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'title': title
+            'title': title,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
index 8bad96190..2ef076c1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class KompasVideoIE(JixieBaseIE):
             'categories': ['news'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1001/164474/164474_1280x720.jpg',
             'tags': 'count:9',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
index c78a7b9ca..6ec5b59f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 7000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for koo with long title
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/laxman_kumarDBFEC/33decbf7-5e1e-4bb8-bfd7-04744a064361',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'laxman_kumarDBFEC',
             'uploader': 'Laxman Kumar 🇮🇳',
             'duration': 46000,
-            'upload_date': '20210920'
+            'upload_date': '20210920',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for audio
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/a2a9c88e-ce4b-4d2d-952f-d06361c5b602',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 214000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for video
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/a3e56c53-c1ed-4ac9-ac02-ed1630e6b1d1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 14000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for link
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/01bf5b94-81a5-4d8e-a387-5f732022e15a',
         'skip': 'No video/audio found at the provided url.',
@@ -83,10 +83,11 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.kooapp.com/apiV1/ku/{id}?limit=20&offset=0&showSimilarKoos=true', id)['parentContent']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.kooapp.com/apiV1/ku/{video_id}?limit=20&offset=0&showSimilarKoos=true', video_id)['parentContent']
         item_json = next(content['items'][0] for content in data_json
-                         if try_get(content, lambda x: x['items'][0]['id']) == id)
+                         if try_get(content, lambda x: x['items'][0]['id']) == video_id)
         media_json = item_json['mediaMap']
         formats = []
 
@@ -98,12 +99,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             })
         if video_m3u8_url:
-            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_m3u8_url, id, fatal=False, ext='mp4'))
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_m3u8_url, video_id, fatal=False, ext='mp4'))
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': clean_html(item_json.get('title')),
             'description': f'{clean_html(item_json.get("title"))}\n\n{clean_html(item_json.get("enTransliteration"))}',
             'timestamp': item_json.get('createdAt'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
index e17c6db91..76899fdb8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
@@ -16,13 +16,12 @@ class KTHIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1647345358,
             'upload_date': '20220315',
             'uploader_id': 'md5:0ec23e33a89e795a4512930c8102509f',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        result = self.url_result(
-            smuggle_url('kaltura:308:%s' % video_id, {
+        return self.url_result(
+            smuggle_url(f'kaltura:308:{video_id}', {
                 'service_url': 'https://api.kaltura.nordu.net'}),
             'Kaltura')
-        return result
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
index 31b4ea0c6..00e814cc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Ku6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'JG-8yS14xzBr4bCn1pu0xw',
             'ext': 'f4v',
             'title': 'techniques test',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1 title=.*>(.*?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
-        dataUrl = 'http://v.ku6.com/fetchVideo4Player/%s.html' % video_id
-        jsonData = self._download_json(dataUrl, video_id)
-        downloadUrl = jsonData['data']['f']
+        data_url = f'http://v.ku6.com/fetchVideo4Player/{video_id}.html'
+        json_data = self._download_json(data_url, video_id)
+        download_url = json_data['data']['f']
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
-            'url': downloadUrl
+            'url': download_url,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
index 3c93dedac..80b6b55f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
-    get_element_by_id,
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
+    clean_html,
+    get_element_by_id,
     remove_start,
 )
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class KuwoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         {'format': 'mp3-192', 'ext': 'mp3', 'br': '192kmp3', 'abr': 192, 'preference': 70},
         {'format': 'mp3-128', 'ext': 'mp3', 'br': '128kmp3', 'abr': 128, 'preference': 60},
         {'format': 'wma', 'ext': 'wma', 'preference': 20},
-        {'format': 'aac', 'ext': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'preference': 10}
+        {'format': 'aac', 'ext': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'preference': 10},
     ]
 
     def _get_formats(self, song_id, tolerate_ip_deny=False):
@@ -27,21 +27,21 @@ def _get_formats(self, song_id, tolerate_ip_deny=False):
             query = {
                 'format': file_format['ext'],
                 'br': file_format.get('br', ''),
-                'rid': 'MUSIC_%s' % song_id,
+                'rid': f'MUSIC_{song_id}',
                 'type': 'convert_url',
-                'response': 'url'
+                'response': 'url',
             }
 
             song_url = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://antiserver.kuwo.cn/anti.s',
-                song_id, note='Download %s url info' % file_format['format'],
+                song_id, note='Download {} url info'.format(file_format['format']),
                 query=query, headers=self.geo_verification_headers(),
             )
 
             if song_url == 'IPDeny' and not tolerate_ip_deny:
                 raise ExtractorError('This song is blocked in this region', expected=True)
 
-            if song_url.startswith('http://') or song_url.startswith('https://'):
+            if song_url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': song_url,
                     'format_id': file_format['format'],
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class KuwoIE(KuwoBaseIE):
             'title': '爱我别走',
             'creator': '张震岳',
             'upload_date': '20080122',
-            'description': 'md5:ed13f58e3c3bf3f7fd9fbc4e5a7aa75c'
+            'description': 'md5:ed13f58e3c3bf3f7fd9fbc4e5a7aa75c',
         },
         'skip': 'this song has been offline because of copyright issues',
     }, {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         publish_time = None
         if album_id is not None:
             album_info_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://www.kuwo.cn/album/%s/' % album_id, song_id,
+                f'http://www.kuwo.cn/album/{album_id}/', song_id,
                 note='Download album detail info',
                 errnote='Unable to get album detail info')
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'album name')
         album_intro = remove_start(
             clean_html(get_element_by_id('intro', webpage)),
-            '%s简介：' % album_name)
+            f'{album_name}简介：')
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(song_url, 'Kuwo') for song_url in re.findall(
@@ -238,12 +238,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def page_func(page_num):
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://www.kuwo.cn/artist/contentMusicsAjax',
-                singer_id, note='Download song list page #%d' % (page_num + 1),
-                errnote='Unable to get song list page #%d' % (page_num + 1),
+                singer_id, note=f'Download song list page #{page_num + 1}',
+                errnote=f'Unable to get song list page #{page_num + 1}',
                 query={'artistId': artist_id, 'pn': page_num, 'rn': self.PAGE_SIZE})
 
             return [
-                self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, song_url), 'Kuwo')
+                self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, song_url), 'Kuwo')
                 for song_url in re.findall(
                     r'<div[^>]+class="name"><a[^>]+href="(/yinyue/\d+)',
                     webpage)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         category_desc = remove_start(
             get_element_by_id('intro', webpage).strip(),
-            '%s简介：' % category_name)
+            f'{category_name}简介：')
         if category_desc == '暂无':
             category_desc = None
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'var\s+jsonm\s*=\s*([^;]+);', webpage, 'category songs'), category_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://www.kuwo.cn/yinyue/%s/' % song['musicrid'], 'Kuwo')
+            self.url_result('http://www.kuwo.cn/yinyue/{}/'.format(song['musicrid']), 'Kuwo')
             for song in jsonm['musiclist']
         ]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, category_id, category_name, category_desc)
@@ -314,16 +314,16 @@ class KuwoMvIE(KuwoBaseIE):
             'format': 'mv',
         },
     }
-    _FORMATS = KuwoBaseIE._FORMATS + [
+    _FORMATS = [
+        *KuwoBaseIE._FORMATS,
         {'format': 'mkv', 'ext': 'mkv', 'preference': 250},
-        {'format': 'mp4', 'ext': 'mp4', 'preference': 200},
-    ]
+        {'format': 'mp4', 'ext': 'mp4', 'preference': 200}]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url, song_id, note='Download mv detail info: %s' % song_id,
-            errnote='Unable to get mv detail info: %s' % song_id)
+            url, song_id, note=f'Download mv detail info: {song_id}',
+            errnote=f'Unable to get mv detail info: {song_id}')
 
         mobj = re.search(
             r'<h1[^>]+title="(?P<song>[^"]+)">[^<]+<span[^>]+title="(?P<singer>[^"]+)"',
@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = self._get_formats(song_id, tolerate_ip_deny=True)
 
         mv_url = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.kuwo.cn/yy/st/mvurl?rid=MUSIC_%s' % song_id,
-            song_id, note='Download %s MV URL' % song_id)
+            f'http://www.kuwo.cn/yy/st/mvurl?rid=MUSIC_{song_id}',
+            song_id, note=f'Download {song_id} MV URL')
         formats.append({
             'url': mv_url,
             'format_id': 'mv',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
index f5fd24134..20a5235f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
             'formats': formats,
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(r'datetime="(.+?)"', webpage, 'upload_date', fatal=False))
+            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(r'datetime="(.+?)"', webpage, 'upload_date', fatal=False)),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
index e157f7c08..f6d515b21 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'https://api.laxarxames.cat/Media/GetMediaPlayInfo', video_id,
             data=json.dumps({
                 'MediaId': int(video_id),
-                'StreamType': 'MAIN'
+                'StreamType': 'MAIN',
             }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._TOKEN}',
                 'X-Tenantorigin': 'https://laxarxames.cat',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
index dcb44d07f..c764d4961 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 class LBRYBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _BASE_URL_REGEX = r'(?x)(?:https?://(?:www\.)?(?:lbry\.tv|odysee\.com)/|lbry://)'
     _CLAIM_ID_REGEX = r'[0-9a-f]{1,40}'
-    _OPT_CLAIM_ID = '[^$@:/?#&]+(?:[:#]%s)?' % _CLAIM_ID_REGEX
+    _OPT_CLAIM_ID = f'[^$@:/?#&]+(?:[:#]{_CLAIM_ID_REGEX})?'
     _SUPPORTED_STREAM_TYPES = ['video', 'audio']
     _PAGE_SIZE = 50
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _call_api_proxy(self, method, display_id, params, resource):
             headers['x-lbry-auth-token'] = token
         response = self._download_json(
             'https://api.lbry.tv/api/v1/proxy',
-            display_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource,
+            display_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata',
             headers=headers,
             data=json.dumps({
                 'method': method,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def _resolve_url(self, url, display_id, resource):
     def _permanent_url(self, url, claim_name, claim_id):
         return urljoin(
             url.replace('lbry://', 'https://lbry.tv/'),
-            '/%s:%s' % (claim_name, claim_id))
+            f'/{claim_name}:{claim_id}')
 
     def _parse_stream(self, stream, url):
         stream_type = traverse_obj(stream, ('value', 'stream_type', {str}))
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
                 'lbc',
                 'lbry',
                 'start',
-                'tutorial'
+                'tutorial',
             ],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Audio
         'url': 'https://lbry.tv/@LBRYFoundation:0/Episode-1:e',
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://spee.ch/d/0bc63b0e6bf1492d.png',
             'license': 'None',
             'uploader_id': '@LBRYFoundation',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@gardeningincanada:b/plants-i-will-never-grow-again.-the:e',
         'md5': 'c35fac796f62a14274b4dc2addb5d0ba',
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'formats': 'mincount:3',
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbnails.lbry.com/AgHSc_HzrrE',
             'license': 'Copyrighted (contact publisher)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # HLS live stream (might expire)
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@RT:fd/livestream_RT:d',
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'license': 'None',
             'uploader_id': '@RT',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # original quality format w/higher resolution than HLS formats
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@wickedtruths:2/Biotechnological-Invasion-of-Skin-(April-2023):4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
index e7d2f8a24..708cb548d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lci.py
@@ -1,9 +1,25 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .wat import WatIE
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class LCIIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:lci|tf1info)\.fr/[^/]+/[\w-]+-(?P<id>\d+)\.html'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:lci|tf1info)\.fr/(?:[^/?#]+/)+[\w-]+-(?P<id>\d+)\.html'
     _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.tf1info.fr/replay-lci/videos/video-24h-pujadas-du-vendredi-24-mai-6708-2300831.html',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '14113788',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '24H Pujadas du vendredi 24 mai 2024',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://photos.tf1.fr/1280/720/24h-pujadas-du-24-mai-2024-55bf2d-0@1x.jpg',
+            'upload_date': '20240524',
+            'duration': 6158,
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tf1info.fr/politique/election-presidentielle-2022-second-tour-j-2-marine-le-pen-et-emmanuel-macron-en-interview-de-lci-vendredi-soir-2217486.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '13875948',
@@ -24,5 +40,10 @@ class LCIIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        wat_id = self._search_regex(r'watId["\']?\s*:\s*["\']?(\d+)', webpage, 'wat id')
-        return self.url_result('wat:' + wat_id, 'Wat', wat_id)
+        next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)
+        wat_id = traverse_obj(next_data, (
+            'props', 'pageProps', 'page', 'tms', 'videos', {dict.keys}, ..., {int_or_none}, any))
+        if wat_id is None:
+            raise ExtractorError('Could not find wat_id')
+
+        return self.url_result(f'wat:{wat_id}', WatIE, str(wat_id))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
index 9846319e0..69148be22 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .arkena import ArkenaIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
 class LcpPlayIE(ArkenaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         play_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>%s?(?:(?!\1).)*)\1' % LcpPlayIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>{LcpPlayIE._VALID_URL}?(?:(?!\1).)*)\1',
             webpage, 'play iframe', default=None, group='url')
 
         if not play_url:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
index 10fb5d479..6157f3da3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     determine_protocol,
-    parse_duration,
     int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
 )
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Lecture2GoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
index 629d208fc..4cfb87224 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def is_logged(url_handle):
             r'(?s)<ul[^>]+class=["\']error_list[^>]+>(.+?)</ul>', response,
             'errors', default=None)
         if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % errors, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {errors}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             f = {
                 'url': file_url,
                 'format_id': label,
-                'filesize': float_or_none(filesize, invscale=1000)
+                'filesize': float_or_none(filesize, invscale=1000),
             }
             if label:
                 mobj = re.match(r'(\d+)p\s*\(([^)]+)\)', label)
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if lecture_url:
                 lecture_url = urljoin(url, lecture_url)
             else:
-                lecture_url = 'https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/c/%s/%s' % (course_id, lecture_id)
+                lecture_url = f'https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/c/{course_id}/{lecture_id}'
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 lecture_url, ie=LecturioIE.ie_key(), video_id=lecture_id))
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
index 5d61a607f..58baa3fea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
+import base64
 import datetime as dt
 import hashlib
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     encode_data_uri,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     orderedSet,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def get_flash_urls(media_url, format_id):
             nodes_data = self._download_json(
                 media_url, media_id,
-                'Download JSON metadata for format %s' % format_id,
+                f'Download JSON metadata for format {format_id}',
                 query={
                     'm3v': 1,
                     'format': 1,
@@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ def get_flash_urls(media_url, format_id):
 
             req = self._request_webpage(
                 nodes_data['nodelist'][0]['location'], media_id,
-                note='Downloading m3u8 information for format %s' % format_id)
+                note=f'Downloading m3u8 information for format {format_id}')
 
             m3u8_data = self.decrypt_m3u8(req.read())
 
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ def get_flash_urls(media_url, format_id):
                 f = {
                     'url': format_url,
                     'ext': determine_ext(format_data[1]),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (protocol, format_id),
+                    'format_id': f'{protocol}-{format_id}',
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if protocol == 'hls' else 'http',
                     'quality': int_or_none(format_id),
                 }
@@ -207,18 +204,18 @@ class LePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '46177',
             'title': '美人天下',
-            'description': 'md5:395666ff41b44080396e59570dbac01c'
+            'description': 'md5:395666ff41b44080396e59570dbac01c',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 35
+        'playlist_count': 35,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.le.com/izt/wuzetian/index.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wuzetian',
             'title': '武媚娘传奇',
-            'description': 'md5:e12499475ab3d50219e5bba00b3cb248'
+            'description': 'md5:e12499475ab3d50219e5bba00b3cb248',
         },
         # This playlist contains some extra videos other than the drama itself
-        'playlist_mincount': 96
+        'playlist_mincount': 96,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.le.com/pzt/lswjzzjc/index.shtml',
         # This series is moved to http://www.le.com/tv/10005297.html
@@ -233,7 +230,7 @@ class LePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if LeIE.suitable(url) else super(LePlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if LeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -294,7 +291,7 @@ def sign_data(obj):
             salt = 'fbeh5player12c43eccf2bec3300344'
             items = ['cf', 'ran', 'uu', 'bver', 'vu']
         input_data = ''.join([item + obj[item] for item in items]) + salt
-        obj['sign'] = hashlib.md5(input_data.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+        obj['sign'] = hashlib.md5(input_data.encode()).hexdigest()
 
     def _get_formats(self, cf, uu, vu, media_id):
         def get_play_json(cf, timestamp):
@@ -305,12 +302,12 @@ def get_play_json(cf, timestamp):
                 'format': 'json',
                 'uu': uu,
                 'vu': vu,
-                'ran': compat_str(timestamp),
+                'ran': str(timestamp),
             }
             self.sign_data(data)
             return self._download_json(
-                'http://api.letvcloud.com/gpc.php?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(data),
-                media_id, 'Downloading playJson data for type %s' % cf)
+                'http://api.letvcloud.com/gpc.php?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(data),
+                media_id, f'Downloading playJson data for type {cf}')
 
         play_json = get_play_json(cf, time.time())
         # The server time may be different from local time
@@ -319,14 +316,14 @@ def get_play_json(cf, timestamp):
 
         if not play_json.get('data'):
             if play_json.get('message'):
-                raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud said: %s' % play_json['message'], expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud said: {}'.format(play_json['message']), expected=True)
             elif play_json.get('code'):
                 raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud returned error %d' % play_json['code'], expected=True)
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud returned an unknown error')
 
         def b64decode(s):
-            return compat_b64decode(s).decode('utf-8')
+            return base64.b64decode(s).decode('utf-8')
 
         formats = []
         for media in play_json['data']['video_info']['media'].values():
@@ -349,7 +346,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         vu_mobj = re.search(r'vu=([\w]+)', url)
 
         if not uu_mobj or not vu_mobj:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}', expected=True)
 
         uu = uu_mobj.group(1)
         vu = vu_mobj.group(1)
@@ -359,6 +356,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             'id': media_id,
-            'title': 'Video %s' % media_id,
+            'title': f'Video {media_id}',
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
index 46fc7a9b6..5a98cc749 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 # https://contentfeed.services.lego.com/api/v2/item/[VIDEO_ID]?culture=[LOCALE]&contentType=Video
                 'https://services.slingshot.lego.com/mediaplayer/v2',
                 video_id, query={
-                    'videoId': '%s_%s' % (uuid.UUID(video_id), locale),
+                    'videoId': f'{uuid.UUID(video_id)}_{locale}',
                 }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 451:
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'abr': quality[0],
                         'height': quality[1],
                         'width': quality[2],
-                    }),
+                    })
                 formats.append(f)
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_version = video.get('VideoVersion')
             if net_storage_path and invariant_id and video_file_id and video_version:
                 subtitles.setdefault(locale[:2], []).append({
-                    'url': 'https://lc-mediaplayerns-live-s.legocdn.com/public/%s/%s_%s_%s_%s_sub.srt' % (net_storage_path, invariant_id, video_file_id, locale, video_version),
+                    'url': f'https://lc-mediaplayerns-live-s.legocdn.com/public/{net_storage_path}/{invariant_id}_{video_file_id}_{locale}_{video_version}_sub.srt',
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
index fe01bda1c..105ec371e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             default=None)
         if video_id:
             return self.url_result(
-                'eagleplatform:lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com:%s' % video_id,
+                f'eagleplatform:lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com:{video_id}',
                 ie='EaglePlatform', video_id=video_id)
 
         return self.url_result(url, ie='Generic')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
index b76ca0908..618560574 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'media id', group='id')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://media.loc.gov/services/v1/media?id=%s&context=json' % media_id,
+            f'https://media.loc.gov/services/v1/media?id={media_id}&context=json',
             media_id)['mediaObject']
 
         derivative = data['derivatives'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
index 29bbb03de..4ca521a10 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6385796',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': "Champion Minded - Developing a Growth Mindset",
+            'title': 'Champion Minded - Developing a Growth Mindset',
             # description fetched using another request:
             # http://html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/getitemdetails?item_id=6385796
             # 'description': 'In this episode, Allistair talks about the importance of developing a growth mindset, not only in sports, but in life too.',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Clients From Hell Podcast - How a Sex Toy Company Kickstarted my Freelance Career',
             'upload_date': '20150818',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'<h3>([^<]+)</h3>', webpage, 'podcast title',
             default=None) or get_element_by_class('podcast-title', webpage)))
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (podcast_title, episode_title) if podcast_title else episode_title
+        title = f'{podcast_title} - {episode_title}' if podcast_title else episode_title
 
         formats = []
         for k, format_id in (('media_url_libsyn', 'libsyn'), ('media_url', 'main'), ('download_link', 'download')):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
index 919cfcb37..60d50b1d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     remove_end,
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1344154740,
             'upload_date': '20120805',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # single video embedded via iframe
         'url': 'https://life.ru/t/новости/152125',
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1427961840,
             'upload_date': '20150402',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # two videos embedded via iframe
         'url': 'https://life.ru/t/новости/153461',
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage)
 
         if not video_urls and not iframe_links:
-            raise ExtractorError('No media links available for %s' % video_id)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'No media links available for {video_id}')
 
         title = remove_end(
             self._og_search_title(webpage),
@@ -125,14 +122,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def make_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
             cur_info = dict(common_info)
             cur_info.update({
-                'id': video_id if not index else '%s-video%s' % (video_id, index),
+                'id': video_id if not index else f'{video_id}-video{index}',
                 'url': video_url,
-                'title': title if not index else '%s (Видео %s)' % (title, index),
+                'title': title if not index else f'{title} (Видео {index})',
             })
             return cur_info
 
         def make_video_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
-            video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url)
+            video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url)
             return make_entry(video_id, video_url, index)
 
         def make_iframe_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ class LifeEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'e50c2dec2867350528e2574c899b8291',
             'thumbnail': r're:http://.*\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # with 1080p
         'url': 'https://embed.life.ru/video/e50c2dec2867350528e2574c899b8291',
@@ -207,17 +204,17 @@ def extract_original(original_url):
             video_id).get('playlist', {})
         if playlist:
             master = playlist.get('master')
-            if isinstance(master, compat_str) and determine_ext(master) == 'm3u8':
-                extract_m3u8(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, master))
+            if isinstance(master, str) and determine_ext(master) == 'm3u8':
+                extract_m3u8(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, master))
             original = playlist.get('original')
-            if isinstance(original, compat_str):
+            if isinstance(original, str):
                 extract_original(original)
             thumbnail = playlist.get('image')
 
         # Old rendition fallback
         if not formats:
             for video_url in re.findall(r'"file"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage):
-                video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url)
+                video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url)
                 if determine_ext(video_url) == 'm3u8':
                     extract_m3u8(video_url)
                 else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
index 324463136..f6a51c8ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def _entries(self, user_name, user_id):
                     'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                     'lastPostId': last_post_id,
                     'tabType': 0,
-                }).encode('utf-8'),
+                }).encode(),
                 headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
                 note=f'Get user info with lastPostId #{last_post_id}')
             items = traverse_obj(user_videos, ('data', 'videoList'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
index 4e50f106f..763a01448 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     smuggle_url,
     try_get,
     unsmuggle_url,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ def smuggle(url):
                 r'LimelightPlayer\.doLoad(Media|Channel|ChannelList)\(["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
                 webpage):
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:%s:%s' % (lm[kind], video_id)),
-                'Limelight%s' % kind, video_id))
+                smuggle(f'limelight:{lm[kind]}:{video_id}'),
+                f'Limelight{kind}', video_id))
         for mobj in re.finditer(
                 # As per [1] class attribute should be exactly equal to
                 # LimelightEmbeddedPlayerFlash but numerous examples seen
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ def smuggle(url):
                 ''', webpage):
             kind, video_id = mobj.group('kind'), mobj.group('id')
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:%s:%s' % (kind, video_id)),
-                'Limelight%s' % kind.capitalize(), video_id))
+                smuggle(f'limelight:{kind}:{video_id}'),
+                f'Limelight{kind.capitalize()}', video_id))
         # http://support.3playmedia.com/hc/en-us/articles/115009517327-Limelight-Embedding-the-Audio-Description-Plugin-with-the-Limelight-Player-on-Your-Web-Page)
         for video_id in re.findall(
                 r'(?s)LimelightPlayerUtil\.embed\s*\(\s*{.*?\bmediaId["\']\s*:\s*["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
                 webpage):
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:media:%s' % video_id),
+                smuggle(f'limelight:media:{video_id}'),
                 LimelightMediaIE.ie_key(), video_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _call_playlist_service(self, item_id, method, fatal=True, referer=None):
         try:
             return self._download_json(
                 self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_URL % (self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH, item_id, method),
-                item_id, 'Downloading PlaylistService %s JSON' % method,
+                item_id, f'Downloading PlaylistService {method} JSON',
                 fatal=fatal, headers=headers)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, pc, mobile, i, referer):
                     for cdn_host, http_host in CDN_HOSTS:
                         if cdn_host not in rtmp.group('host').lower():
                             continue
-                        http_url = 'http://%s/%s' % (http_host, rtmp.group('playpath')[4:])
+                        http_url = 'http://{}/{}'.format(http_host, rtmp.group('playpath')[4:])
                         urls.append(http_url)
                         if self._is_valid_url(http_url, video_id, http_format_id):
                             http_fmt = fmt.copy()
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             channel_list_id, 'getMobileChannelListById')
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('limelight:channel:%s' % channel['id'], 'LimelightChannel')
+            self.url_result('limelight:channel:{}'.format(channel['id']), 'LimelightChannel')
             for channel in channel_list['channelList']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
index e12f467ef..c8c8ae52a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
     extract_attributes,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    srt_subtitles_timecode,
     mimetype2ext,
+    srt_subtitles_timecode,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     url_or_none,
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ def _call_api(self, course_slug, fields, video_slug=None, resolution=None):
         if video_slug:
             query.update({
                 'videoSlug': video_slug,
-                'resolution': '_%s' % resolution,
+                'resolution': f'_{resolution}',
             })
             sub = ' %dp' % resolution
         api_url = 'https://www.linkedin.com/learning-api/detailedCourses'
         if not self._get_cookies(api_url).get('JSESSIONID'):
             self.raise_login_required()
         return self._download_json(
-            api_url, video_slug, 'Downloading%s JSON metadata' % sub, headers={
+            api_url, video_slug, f'Downloading{sub} JSON metadata', headers={
                 'Csrf-Token': self._get_cookies(api_url)['JSESSIONID'].value,
             }, query=query)['elements'][0]
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def _get_urn_id(self, video_data):
                 return mobj.group(1)
 
     def _get_video_id(self, video_data, course_slug, video_slug):
-        return self._get_urn_id(video_data) or '%s/%s' % (course_slug, video_slug)
+        return self._get_urn_id(video_data) or f'{course_slug}/{video_slug}'
 
 
 class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:2998a31f6f479376dd62831f53a80f71',
             'uploader': 'Mishal K.',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://media.licdn.com/dms/image/.*$',
-            'like_count': int
+            'like_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/posts/the-mathworks_2_what-is-mathworks-cloud-center-activity-7151241570371948544-4Gu7',
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'MathWorks',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://media.licdn.com/dms/image/.*$',
             'like_count': int,
-            'subtitles': 'mincount:1'
+            'subtitles': 'mincount:1',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -159,9 +159,10 @@ def json2srt(self, transcript_lines, duration=None):
         for line, (line_dict, next_dict) in enumerate(itertools.zip_longest(transcript_lines, transcript_lines[1:])):
             start_time, caption = line_dict['transcriptStartAt'] / 1000, line_dict['caption']
             end_time = next_dict['transcriptStartAt'] / 1000 if next_dict else duration or start_time + 1
-            srt_data += '%d\n%s --> %s\n%s\n\n' % (line + 1, srt_subtitles_timecode(start_time),
-                                                   srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time),
-                                                   caption)
+            srt_data += (
+                f'{line + 1}\n'
+                f'{srt_subtitles_timecode(start_time)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time)}\n'
+                f'{caption}\n\n')
         return srt_data
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             progressive_url = video_url_data.get('progressiveUrl')
             if progressive_url:
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': 'progressive-%dp' % height,
+                    'format_id': f'progressive-{height}p',
                     'url': progressive_url,
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'height': height,
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if transcript_lines:
             subtitles['en'] = [{
                 'ext': 'srt',
-                'data': self.json2srt(transcript_lines, duration)
+                'data': self.json2srt(transcript_lines, duration),
             }]
 
         return {
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             # It seems like this would be correctly handled by default
             # However, unless someone can confirm this, the old
             # behaviour is being kept as-is
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference')
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference'),
         }
 
 
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningCourseIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if LinkedInLearningIE.suitable(url) else super(LinkedInLearningCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if LinkedInLearningIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_slug = self._match_id(url)
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'id': self._get_video_id(video, course_slug, video_slug),
                     'title': video.get('title'),
-                    'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/learning/%s/%s' % (course_slug, video_slug),
+                    'url': f'https://www.linkedin.com/learning/{course_slug}/{video_slug}',
                     'chapter': chapter_title,
                     'chapter_number': chapter_number,
                     'chapter_id': chapter_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
index c4477b93e..a29234a3a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class Liputan6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['perawat indonesia', 'rumah sakit', 'Medan', 'viral hari ini', 'viral', 'enamplus'],
             'channel': 'Default Channel',
             'dislike_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20220707'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220707',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.liputan6.com/tv/read/5007719/video-program-minyakita-minyak-goreng-kemasan-sederhana-seharga-rp-14-ribu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Liputan6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbor.prod.vidiocdn.com/AAIOjz-64hKojjdw5hr0oNNEeJg=/640x360/filters:quality(70)/vidio-web-prod-video/uploads/video/image/7082543/program-minyakita-minyak-goreng-kemasan-sederhana-seharga-rp14-ribu-_-liputan-6-7d9fbb.jpg',
             'channel': 'Liputan 6 Pagi',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
index 4ebc9be4d..61eae95ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ListenNotesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://production.listennotes.com/podcasts/thriving-on-overload-ross-dawson-1wb_KospA3P-ed84wITivxF.300x300.jpg',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/thriving-on-overload-ross-dawson-ed84wITivxF/',
             'cast': ['Tim O’Reilly', 'Cookie Monster', 'Lao Tzu', 'Wallace Steven', 'Eric Raymond', 'Christine Peterson', 'John Maynard Keyne', 'Ross Dawson'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show/episode-177-wireguard-with-lwEA3154JzG/',
         'md5': '62fb4ffe7fc525632a1138bf72a5ce53',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class ListenNotesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show-noah-j-chelliah-4DQTzdS5-j7/',
             'thumbnail': 'https://production.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show-noah-j-chelliah-cfbRUw9Gs3F-4DQTzdS5-j7.300x300.jpg',
             'cast': ['noah showlink', 'noah show', 'noah dashboard', 'jason donenfeld'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _clean_description(self, description):
@@ -82,5 +82,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'cast': ('nlp_entities', ..., 'name'),
                 'channel_url': 'channel_url',
                 'channel_id': 'channel_short_uuid',
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
index 1003fb2fd..93f926a9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 endpoint = 'getMainUrlNoAuth'
             video_data = self._download_json(
                 f'https://www.litv.tv/vod/ajax/{endpoint}', video_id,
-                data=json.dumps(payload).encode('utf-8'),
+                data=json.dumps(payload).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'})
 
         if not video_data.get('fullpath'):
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if error_msg == 'vod.error.outsideregionerror':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted('This video is available in Taiwan only')
             if error_msg:
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_msg), expected=True)
-            raise ExtractorError('Unexpected result from %s' % self.IE_NAME)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_msg}', expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unexpected result from {self.IE_NAME}')
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             video_data['fullpath'], video_id, ext='mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
index 96bd8b233..c61f9bec7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ class LiveJournalIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Истребители против БПЛА',
             'upload_date': '20190624',
             'timestamp': 1561406715,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         record = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'Site\.page\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
             'page data'), video_id)['video']['record']
-        storage_id = compat_str(record['storageid'])
+        storage_id = str(record['storageid'])
         title = record.get('name')
         if title:
             # remove filename extension(.mp4, .mov, etc...)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
index a05a0fa9e..7f7947ee7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import itertools
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     find_xpath_attr,
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://livestream.com/coheedandcambria/websterhall',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1585861',
-            'title': 'Live From Webster Hall'
+            'title': 'Live From Webster Hall',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1331042383,
             'thumbnail': 'http://img.new.livestream.com/videos/0000000000000372/cacbeed6-fb68-4b5e-ad9c-e148124e68a9_640x427.jpg',
             'duration': 15.332,
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://new.livestream.com/accounts/362/events/3557232/videos/67864563/player?autoPlay=false&height=360&mute=false&width=640',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
         for vn in video_nodes:
             tbr = int_or_none(vn.attrib.get('system-bitrate'), 1000)
             furl = (
-                update_url_query(compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, vn.attrib['src']), {
+                update_url_query(urllib.parse.urljoin(base, vn.attrib['src']), {
                     'v': '3.0.3',
                     'fp': 'WIN% 14,0,0,145',
                 }))
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
         return formats, {}
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
 
         FORMAT_KEYS = (
             ('sd', 'progressive_url'),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
                 if ext == 'm3u8':
                     continue
                 bitrate = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                    r'(\d+)\.%s' % ext, video_url, 'bitrate', default=None))
+                    rf'(\d+)\.{ext}', video_url, 'bitrate', default=None))
                 formats.append({
                     'url': video_url,
                     'format_id': format_id,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
         }
 
     def _extract_stream_info(self, stream_info):
-        broadcast_id = compat_str(stream_info['broadcast_id'])
+        broadcast_id = str(stream_info['broadcast_id'])
         is_live = stream_info.get('is_live')
 
         formats = []
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ def _extract_stream_info(self, stream_info):
         }
 
     def _generate_event_playlist(self, event_data):
-        event_id = compat_str(event_data['id'])
-        account_id = compat_str(event_data['owner_account_id'])
+        event_id = str(event_data['id'])
+        account_id = str(event_data['owner_account_id'])
         feed_root_url = self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % (account_id, event_id) + '/feed.json'
 
         stream_info = event_data.get('stream_info')
@@ -212,15 +212,14 @@ def _generate_event_playlist(self, event_data):
             if last_video is None:
                 info_url = feed_root_url
             else:
-                info_url = '{root}?&id={id}&newer=-1&type=video'.format(
-                    root=feed_root_url, id=last_video)
+                info_url = f'{feed_root_url}?&id={last_video}&newer=-1&type=video'
             videos_info = self._download_json(
                 info_url, event_id, f'Downloading page {i}')['data']
             videos_info = [v['data'] for v in videos_info if v['type'] == 'video']
             if not videos_info:
                 break
             for v in videos_info:
-                v_id = compat_str(v['id'])
+                v_id = str(v['id'])
                 yield self.url_result(
                     f'http://livestream.com/accounts/{account_id}/events/{event_id}/videos/{v_id}',
                     LivestreamIE, v_id, v.get('caption'))
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class LivestreamOriginalIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, user, video_id):
-        api_url = 'http://x%sx.api.channel.livestream.com/2.0/clipdetails?extendedInfo=true&id=%s' % (user, video_id)
+        api_url = f'http://x{user}x.api.channel.livestream.com/2.0/clipdetails?extendedInfo=true&id={video_id}'
         info = self._download_xml(api_url, video_id)
 
         item = info.find('channel').find('item')
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ def _extract_folder(self, url, folder_id):
 
         entries = [{
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, p),
+            'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, p),
         } for p in paths]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, folder_id)
@@ -349,10 +348,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self._extract_folder(url, content_id)
         else:
             # this url is used on mobile devices
-            stream_url = 'http://x%sx.api.channel.livestream.com/3.0/getstream.json' % user
+            stream_url = f'http://x{user}x.api.channel.livestream.com/3.0/getstream.json'
             info = {}
             if content_id:
-                stream_url += '?id=%s' % content_id
+                stream_url += f'?id={content_id}'
                 info = self._extract_video_info(user, content_id)
             else:
                 content_id = user
@@ -381,8 +380,7 @@ class LivestreamShortenerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://livestre\.am/(?P<id>.+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        id = mobj.group('id')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         return self.url_result(self._og_search_url(webpage))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
index 0df638422..c18d05d50 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class LivestreamfailsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
             'timestamp': 1656271785,
             'upload_date': '20220626',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://livestreamfails.com/post/139200',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'url': f'https://livestreamfails-video-prod.b-cdn.net/video/{api_response["videoId"]}',
             'title': api_response.get('label'),
             'creator': traverse_obj(api_response, ('streamer', 'label')),
-            'thumbnail': format_field(api_response, 'imageId', 'https://livestreamfails-image-prod.b-cdn.net/image/%s')
+            'thumbnail': format_field(api_response, 'imageId', 'https://livestreamfails-image-prod.b-cdn.net/image/%s'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
index 6282d2eaf..31a7cefd8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     format_field,
@@ -58,10 +57,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         video_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://lnk.lt/api/main/video-page/%s/%s/false' % (display_id, video_id or '0'),
+            'https://lnk.lt/api/main/video-page/{}/{}/false'.format(display_id, video_id or '0'),
             display_id)['videoConfig']['videoInfo']
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video_info['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_info['id'])
         title = video_info['title']
         prefix = 'smil' if video_info.get('isQualityChangeAvailable') else 'mp4'
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -98,9 +97,9 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 13431,
             'series': 'Naujausi žinių reportažai',
-            'episode': 'Episode 13431'
+            'episode': 'Episode 13431',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lnk.lt/istorijos-trumpai/152546',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -114,9 +113,9 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 1036,
             'series': 'Istorijos trumpai',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1036'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1036',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lnk.lt/gyvunu-pasaulis/151549',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -130,26 +129,26 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 16,
             'series': 'Gyvūnų pasaulis',
-            'episode': 'Episode 16'
+            'episode': 'Episode 16',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_json = self._download_json(f'https://lnk.lt/api/video/video-config/{id}', id)['videoInfo']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_json = self._download_json(f'https://lnk.lt/api/video/video-config/{video_id}', video_id)['videoInfo']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         if video_json.get('videoUrl'):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoUrl'], id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoUrl'], video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
         if video_json.get('videoFairplayUrl') and not video_json.get('drm'):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoFairplayUrl'], id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoFairplayUrl'], video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_json.get('title'),
             'description': video_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': video_json.get('viewsCount'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
index ba5a13acd..63b75a3d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class LoveHomePornIE(NuevoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         info = self._extract_nuevo(
-            'http://lovehomeporn.com/media/nuevo/config.php?key=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://lovehomeporn.com/media/nuevo/config.php?key={video_id}',
             video_id)
         info.update({
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         })
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
index 80d4d1cdb..1a0b6da23 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class LRTStreamIE(LRTBaseIE):
             'id': 'lrt-opus',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': 're:^LRT Opus.+$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'is_live': True,
-            'title': f'{self._og_search_title(webpage)} - {stream_title}'
+            'title': f'{self._og_search_title(webpage)} - {stream_title}',
         }
 
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class LRTVODIE(LRTBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1604079000,
             'upload_date': '20201030',
             'tags': ['LRT TELEVIZIJA', 'Beatos virtuvė', 'Beata Nicholson', 'Makaronai', 'Baklažanai', 'Vakarienė', 'Receptas'],
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2020/10/30/764041-126478-1287x836.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2020/10/30/764041-126478-1287x836.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         # direct mp3 download
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
index 35a831fa2..f5be08f97 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class LSMLREmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1823,
             'title': '#138 Nepilnīgā kompensējamo zāļu sistēma pat mēnešiem dzenā pacientus pa aptiekām',
             'thumbnail': 'https://pic.latvijasradio.lv/public/assets/media/9/d/gallery_fd4675ac.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radioteatris.lsm.lv/lv/embed/?id=&show=1270&theme=white&size=16x9',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class LSMLREmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jens Ahlboms "Spārni". Radioizrāde ar Mārtiņa Freimaņa mūziku',
             'thumbnail': 'https://radioteatris.lsm.lv/public/assets/shows/62f13023a457c.jpg',
             'duration': 1788,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lr1.lsm.lv/lv/embed/?id=166557&show=0&theme=white&size=16x9',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/embed?enablesdkjs=1&c=eyJpdiI6IncwVzZmUFk2MU12enVWK1I3SUcwQ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3FhV29vamc3T2sxL1RaRmJ5Rm1GTXozU0o2dVczdUtLK0cwZEZJMDQ2a3ZIRG5DK2pneGlnbktBQy9uazVleHN6VXhxdWIweWNvcHRDSnlISlNYOHlVZ1lpcTUrcWZSTUZPQW14TVdkMW9aOUtRWVNDcFF4eWpHNGcrT0VZbUNFQStKQk91cGpndW9FVjJIa0lpbkh3PT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZGI1NDJlMWRlM2QyMGNhOGEwYTM2MmNlN2JlOGRhY2QyYjdkMmEzN2RlOTEzYTVkNzI1ODlhZDlhZjU4MjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0=',
         'md5': 'a1711e190fe680fdb68fd8413b378e87',
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LTV16plus',
             'like_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:7ff0c42ba971e3c13e4b8a2ff03b70b5',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': '4. studija. Zolitūdes traģēdija un Inčupes stacija',
             'thumbnail': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/storage/media/8/7/large/5/1f9604e1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/lr/183522/138-nepilniga-kompensejamo-zalu-sistema-pat-menesiem-dzena-pacientus-pa-aptiekam',
         'md5': '719b33875cd1429846eeeaeec6df2830',
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231102',
             'timestamp': 1698921060,
             'description': 'md5:7bac3b2dd41e44325032943251c357b1',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/ru/statja/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
index 5a9538336..8c26f5b47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class LumniIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
             'title': "L'homme et son environnement dans la révolution industrielle - L'ère de l'homme",
             'thumbnail': 'https://assets.webservices.francetelevisions.fr/v1/assets/images/a7/17/9f/a7179f5f-63a5-4e11-8d4d-012ab942d905.jpg',
             'duration': 230,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
index 768ce913e..bfd461933 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -21,11 +18,11 @@ class LyndaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _check_error(json_string, key_or_keys):
-        keys = [key_or_keys] if isinstance(key_or_keys, compat_str) else key_or_keys
+        keys = [key_or_keys] if isinstance(key_or_keys, str) else key_or_keys
         for key in keys:
             error = json_string.get(key)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
 
     def _perform_login_step(self, form_html, fallback_action_url, extra_form_data, note, referrer_url):
         action_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ def _perform_login_step(self, form_html, fallback_action_url, extra_form_data, n
             'post url', default=fallback_action_url, group='url')
 
         if not action_url.startswith('http'):
-            action_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._SIGNIN_URL, action_url)
+            action_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._SIGNIN_URL, action_url)
 
         form_data = self._hidden_inputs(form_html)
         form_data.update(extra_form_data)
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ def _perform_login_step(self, form_html, fallback_action_url, extra_form_data, n
             headers={
                 'Referer': referrer_url,
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-            }, expected_status=(418, 500, ))
+            }, expected_status=(418, 500))
 
         self._check_error(response, ('email', 'password', 'ErrorMessage'))
 
@@ -97,8 +94,8 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
             'id': '114408',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Using the exercise files',
-            'duration': 68
-        }
+            'duration': 68,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lynda.com/player/embed/133770?tr=foo=1;bar=g;fizz=rt&fs=0',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
 
     def _raise_unavailable(self, video_id):
         self.raise_login_required(
-            'Video %s is only available for members' % video_id)
+            f'Video {video_id} is only available for members')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -137,8 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query['courseId'] = course_id
 
             play = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/course/%s/%s/play'
-                % (course_id, video_id), video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')
+                f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/course/{course_id}/{video_id}/play', video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')
 
             if not play:
                 self._raise_unavailable(video_id)
@@ -154,7 +150,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         continue
                     formats.append({
                         'url': format_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (cdn, format_id) if cdn else format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'{cdn}-{format_id}' if cdn else format_id,
                         'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                     })
 
@@ -174,12 +170,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if 'Status' in video:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'lynda returned error: %s' % video['Message'], expected=True)
+                'lynda returned error: {}'.format(video['Message']), expected=True)
 
         if video.get('HasAccess') is False:
             self._raise_unavailable(video_id)
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video.get('ID') or video_id)
+        video_id = str(video.get('ID') or video_id)
         duration = int_or_none(video.get('DurationInSeconds'))
         title = video['Title']
 
@@ -193,7 +189,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'width': int_or_none(f.get('Width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(f.get('Height')),
                 'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('FileSize')),
-                'format_id': compat_str(f.get('Resolution')) if f.get('Resolution') else None,
+                'format_id': str(f.get('Resolution')) if f.get('Resolution') else None,
             } for f in fmts if f.get('Url')])
 
         prioritized_streams = video.get('PrioritizedStreams')
@@ -202,7 +198,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.extend([{
                     'url': video_url,
                     'height': int_or_none(format_id),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (prioritized_stream_id, format_id),
+                    'format_id': f'{prioritized_stream_id}-{format_id}',
                 } for format_id, video_url in prioritized_stream.items()])
 
         self._check_formats(formats, video_id)
@@ -214,18 +210,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': title,
             'duration': duration,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
     def _fix_subtitles(self, subs):
         srt = ''
         seq_counter = 0
-        for pos in range(0, len(subs) - 1):
-            seq_current = subs[pos]
+        for seq_current, seq_next in zip(subs, subs[1:]):
             m_current = re.match(self._TIMECODE_REGEX, seq_current['Timecode'])
             if m_current is None:
                 continue
-            seq_next = subs[pos + 1]
             m_next = re.match(self._TIMECODE_REGEX, seq_next['Timecode'])
             if m_next is None:
                 continue
@@ -234,12 +228,12 @@ def _fix_subtitles(self, subs):
             text = seq_current['Caption'].strip()
             if text:
                 seq_counter += 1
-                srt += '%s\r\n%s --> %s\r\n%s\r\n\r\n' % (seq_counter, appear_time, disappear_time, text)
+                srt += f'{seq_counter}\r\n{appear_time} --> {disappear_time}\r\n{text}\r\n\r\n'
         if srt:
             return srt
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, video_id):
-        url = 'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?videoId=%s&type=transcript' % video_id
+        url = f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?videoId={video_id}&type=transcript'
         subs = self._download_webpage(
             url, video_id, 'Downloading subtitles JSON', fatal=False)
         if not subs or 'Status="NotFound"' in subs:
@@ -274,10 +268,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_path = mobj.group('coursepath')
         course_id = mobj.group('courseid')
 
-        item_template = 'https://www.lynda.com/%s/%%s-4.html' % course_path
+        item_template = f'https://www.lynda.com/{course_path}/%s-4.html'
 
         course = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?courseId=%s&type=course' % course_id,
+            f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?courseId={course_id}&type=course',
             course_id, 'Downloading course JSON', fatal=False)
 
         if not course:
@@ -295,7 +289,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if course.get('Status') == 'NotFound':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Course %s does not exist' % course_id, expected=True)
+                f'Course {course_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         unaccessible_videos = 0
         entries = []
@@ -316,13 +310,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'ie_key': LyndaIE.ie_key(),
                         'chapter': chapter.get('Title'),
                         'chapter_number': int_or_none(chapter.get('ChapterIndex')),
-                        'chapter_id': compat_str(chapter.get('ID')),
+                        'chapter_id': str(chapter.get('ID')),
                     })
 
         if unaccessible_videos > 0:
             self.report_warning(
-                '%s videos are only available for members (or paid members) and will not be downloaded. '
-                % unaccessible_videos + self._ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS_HINT)
+                f'{unaccessible_videos} videos are only available for members (or paid members) '
+                f'and will not be downloaded. {self._ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS_HINT}')
 
         course_title = course.get('Title')
         course_description = course.get('Description')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
index 9d86a1b21..5bfc0a154 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class MagentaMusikIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Musikkonzert'],
             'release_year': 2023,
             'location': 'Deutschland',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
index 0f0550c92..cca678f14 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class MailRuIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://videoapi.my.mail.ru/videos/embed/mail/cloud-strife/Games/2009.html',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         video_id = None
         if meta_id:
-            meta_url = 'https://my.mail.ru/+/video/meta/%s' % meta_id
+            meta_url = f'https://my.mail.ru/+/video/meta/{meta_id}'
         else:
             video_id = mobj.group('idv1')
             if not video_id:
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # Fallback old approach
         if not video_data:
             video_data = self._download_json(
-                'http://api.video.mail.ru/videos/%s.json?new=1' % video_id,
+                f'http://api.video.mail.ru/videos/{video_id}.json?new=1',
                 video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         video_key = self._get_cookies('https://my.mail.ru').get('video_key')
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         acc_id = meta_data.get('accId')
         item_id = meta_data.get('itemId')
-        content_id = '%s_%s' % (acc_id, item_id) if acc_id and item_id else video_id
+        content_id = f'{acc_id}_{item_id}' if acc_id and item_id else video_id
 
         thumbnail = meta_data.get('poster')
         duration = int_or_none(meta_data.get('duration'))
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ class MailRuMusicSearchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _search(self, query, url, audio_id, limit=100, offset=0):
         search = self._download_json(
             'https://my.mail.ru/cgi-bin/my/ajax', audio_id,
-            'Downloading songs JSON page %d' % (offset // limit + 1),
+            f'Downloading songs JSON page {offset // limit + 1}',
             headers={
                 'Referer': url,
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ def _extract_track(t, fatal=True):
         artist = t.get('Author') or t.get('Author_Text_HTML')
 
         if track:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+            title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
         else:
             title = audio_id
 
@@ -307,7 +306,7 @@ class MailRuMusicSearchIE(MailRuMusicSearchBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        query = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url))
+        query = urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url))
 
         entries = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
index fd9bba8bc..fb9350584 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     parse_duration,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
-    urljoin
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -31,9 +30,9 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
                 'Ignoring alternative content ID: WDAF1KOWUpH3',
-                'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE'
+                'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE',
             ],
-            'skip': 'live stream offline'
+            'skip': 'live stream offline',
         }, {
             # playlist
             'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/WDAF1KOWUpH3',
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'WDAF1KOWUpH3',
                 'title': 'Playlist homepage',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2
+            'playlist_mincount': 2,
         }, {
             # livestream
             'url': 'https://webtools-859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
             },
-            'skip': 'live stream'
+            'skip': 'live stream',
         }, {
             'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/EUlZfGWkGpOd?autoPlay=false',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -62,8 +61,8 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512
-            }
+                'duration': 1512,
+            },
         }, {
             # video without webtools- prefix
             'url': 'https://f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA?autoplay=false&T=1635860445',
@@ -74,8 +73,8 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 789.04
-            }
+                'duration': 789.04,
+            },
         }, {
             # always-on livestream with DVR
             'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/HVvPMzy',
@@ -93,14 +92,14 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
         }, {
             # no host
             'url': 'https://webtools.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/amp_embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/content/tDoFkZD3T1Lw#',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _playlist_entries(self, host, playlist_content):
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ def _playlist_entries(self, host, playlist_content):
                 'id': content_id,
                 'duration': int_or_none(traverse_obj(entry, ('duration', 'totalSeconds'))),
                 'title': entry.get('title'),
-                'url': f'https://{host}/embed/{content_id}'
+                'url': f'https://{host}/embed/{content_id}',
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -206,5 +205,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': parse_duration(content_info.get('duration')),
             'tags': content_info.get('tags'),
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnail': urljoin(self._get_webtools_base_url(host), f'image/{video_id}/poster')
+            'thumbnail': urljoin(self._get_webtools_base_url(host), f'image/{video_id}/poster'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
index efaf66fa2..2231f71e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
+import base64
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import classproperty, int_or_none
 
 
@@ -33,14 +32,14 @@ def _get_real_id(self, page_id):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         page_id = self._get_real_id(self._match_id(url))
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://player.mangomolo.com/v1/%s?%s' % (self._TYPE, url.split('?')[1]), page_id)
+            'https://player.mangomolo.com/v1/{}?{}'.format(self._TYPE, url.split('?')[1]), page_id)
         hidden_inputs = self._hidden_inputs(webpage)
         m3u8_entry_protocol = 'm3u8' if self._IS_LIVE else 'm3u8_native'
 
         format_url = self._html_search_regex(
             [
                 r'(?:file|src)\s*:\s*"(https?://[^"]+?/playlist\.m3u8)',
-                r'<a[^>]+href="(rtsp://[^"]+)"'
+                r'<a[^>]+href="(rtsp://[^"]+)"',
             ], webpage, 'format url')
         formats = self._extract_wowza_formats(
             format_url, page_id, m3u8_entry_protocol, ['smil'])
@@ -70,4 +69,4 @@ class MangomoloLiveIE(MangomoloBaseIE):
     _IS_LIVE = True
 
     def _get_real_id(self, page_id):
-        return compat_b64decode(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(page_id)).decode()
+        return base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(page_id)).decode()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
index 2792e6e70..1dd0b15c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
-    int_or_none,
-    traverse_obj
-)
-
+from ..utils import clean_html, int_or_none, traverse_obj
 
 _API_URL = 'https://dak1vd5vmi7x6.cloudfront.net/api/v1/publicrole/{}/{}?id={}'
 
@@ -25,11 +20,11 @@ class ManotoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'کارول و جان',
             'description': 'md5:d0fff1f8ba5c6775d312a00165d1a97e',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpeg|png|jpg)$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.manototv.com/episode/12576',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -42,11 +37,11 @@ class ManotoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'سه ماه تعطیلی',
             'description': 'سه ماه تعطیلی فیلمی به کارگردانی و نویسندگی شاپور قریب ساختهٔ سال ۱۳۵۶ است.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpeg|png|jpg)$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -98,7 +93,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://www.manototv.com/episode/%s' % item['slideID'], ie=ManotoTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=item['slideID'])
+                'https://www.manototv.com/episode/{}'.format(item['slideID']), ie=ManotoTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=item['slideID'])
             for item in playlist]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, show_id, title, description)
 
@@ -116,7 +111,7 @@ class ManotoTVLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
index 2aa3a3c93..8caa8f87f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        real_url = 'https://www.manyvids.com/video/%s/gtm.js' % (video_id, )
+        real_url = f'https://www.manyvids.com/video/{video_id}/gtm.js'
         try:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(real_url, video_id)
         except Exception:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def txt_or_none(s, default=None):
 
         def mung_title(s):
             if uploader:
-                s = re.sub(r'^\s*%s\s+[|-]' % (re.escape(uploader), ), '', s)
+                s = re.sub(rf'^\s*{re.escape(uploader)}\s+[|-]', '', s)
             return txt_or_none(s)
 
         title = (
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def mung_title(s):
                     'vid': video_id,
                 }), headers={
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                 })
 
         formats = []
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def mung_title(s):
 
         def get_likes():
             likes = self._search_regex(
-                r'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"])%s\2[^>]*>)''' % (video_id, ),
+                rf'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"]){video_id}\2[^>]*>)''',
                 webpage, 'likes', default='')
             likes = extract_attributes(likes)
             return int_or_none(likes.get('data-likes'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
index ca465eae9..088b60d55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     orderedSet,
     parse_duration,
@@ -60,11 +59,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             info.update({
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': try_get(
-                    data, lambda x: x['details']['name'], compat_str),
+                    data, lambda x: x['details']['name'], str),
             })
         else:
             info['duration'] = parse_duration(
-                try_get(data, lambda x: x['details']['duration'], compat_str))
+                try_get(data, lambda x: x['details']['duration'], str))
         return info
 
 
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class MarkizaPageIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MarkizaIE.suitable(url) else super(MarkizaPageIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MarkizaIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             url, playlist_id, expected_status=500)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://videoarchiv.markiza.sk/video/%s' % video_id)
+            self.url_result(f'http://videoarchiv.markiza.sk/video/{video_id}')
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(
                 r'(?:initPlayer_|data-entity=["\']|id=["\']player_)(\d+)',
                 webpage))]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
index 1490e9b21..43c087334 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class MassengeschmackTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'fktv202',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Fernsehkritik-TV #202',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cache.massengeschmack.tv/img/mag/fktv202.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cache.massengeschmack.tv/img/mag/fktv202.jpg',
         },
     }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
index c3c58d7d0..4aa2c989a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class MastersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Sungjae Im: Thursday Interview 2022',
             'upload_date': '20220407',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
index 49f5b49a4..46097fa20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'data url', group='url').replace(r'\/', '/')
 
         doc = self._download_xml(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, data_url), video_id)
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(url, data_url), video_id)
 
         title = xpath_text(doc, ['./title', './broadcast/broadcastName'], 'title', fatal=True)
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'progressiveDownload',
                     'dynamicHttpStreamingRedirector',
                     'adaptiveHttpStreamingRedirector'):
-                url_el = asset.find('./%sUrl' % source)
+                url_el = asset.find(f'./{source}Url')
                 if url_el is None:
                     continue
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
index 675ad8ccc..d64dbfe63 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    format_field,
     float_or_none,
+    format_field,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/cod-cold-war/clips/2mA60jWAGQCBH',
         'md5': 'fc7a3e4552ae8993c1c4006db46be447',
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 23,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/cod-cold-war/clips/2um24TWdty0NA',
         'md5': 'b6dc76b78195fff0b4f8bf4a33ec2148',
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 9,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/valorant/clips/37rMeFpryCC-9',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -108,13 +107,13 @@ def add_item(container, item_url, height, id_key='format_id', item_id=None):
                 'url': item_url,
                 id_key: item_id,
                 'width': width,
-                'height': height
+                'height': height,
             })
 
         formats = []
         thumbnails = []
         for k, v in clip.items():
-            if not (v and isinstance(v, compat_str)):
+            if not (v and isinstance(v, str)):
                 continue
             mobj = re.match(r'(contentUrl|thumbnail)(?:(\d+)p)?$', k)
             if not mobj:
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ def add_item(container, item_url, height, id_key='format_id', item_id=None):
                     expected=True, video_id=video_id)
             else:
                 self.raise_no_formats(
-                    'An unknown error occurred ({0}).'.format(error),
+                    f'An unknown error occurred ({error}).',
                     video_id=video_id)
 
         # Necessary because the id of the author is not known in advance.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
index 32887cbde..b3fa6a197 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631630185,
             'upload_date': '20210914',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/tv/joe-scarborough-goes-off-on-tax-breaks-for-super-wealthy-largest-income-redistribution-scam-in-american-history/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631618057,
             'upload_date': '20210914',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/politics/watch-rudy-giuliani-impersonates-queen-elizabeth-calls-mark-milley-an-asshle-in-bizarre-9-11-speech/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631536476,
             'upload_date': '20210913',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/podcasts/clarissa-ward-says-she-decided-to-become-a-journalist-on-9-11/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631311188,
             'upload_date': '20210910',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/opinion/mainstream-media-ignores-rose-mcgowans-bombshell-allegation-that-newsoms-wife-tried-to-silence-her-on-weinstein/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631553328,
             'upload_date': '20210913',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/news/watch-cnbcs-jim-cramer-says-nobody-wants-to-die-getting-infected-by-unvaccinated-coworker-even-for-22-an-hour/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1633014214,
             'upload_date': '20210930',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/politics/i-cant-read-it-fast-enough-while-defending-trump-larry-kudlow-overwhelmed-by-volume-of-ex-presidents-legal-troubles/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1691015535,
             'upload_date': '20230802',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
index fcc4827b5..bd1a27fcc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
 )
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_str
-)
 
 
 class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Hazajáró, DÉLNYUGAT-BÁCSKA – A Duna mentén Palánkától Doroszlóig',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210901',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
     }, {
@@ -37,8 +35,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'hazajaro-fabova-hegyseg-kishont-koronaja',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230903',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) m4sport
         'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/video/2021/08/30/gyemant-liga-parizs/',
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Gyémánt Liga, Párizs',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210830',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/vlcsnap-2021-08-30-18h21m20s10-1024x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/vlcsnap-2021-08-30-18h21m20s10-1024x576.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
     }, {
@@ -59,8 +57,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'atletika-gyemant-liga-brusszel',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230908',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-08-22h43m18s691.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-08-22h43m18s691.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # m4sport with *video/ url and no date
         'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/bl-video/real-madrid-chelsea-1-1/',
@@ -69,8 +67,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Real Madrid - Chelsea 1-1',
             'display_id': 'real-madrid-chelsea-1-1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Sequence-01.Still001-1024x576.png'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Sequence-01.Still001-1024x576.png',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) hirado
         'url': 'https://hirado.hu/videok/felteteleket-szabott-a-fovaros/',
@@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '4760120',
             'title': 'Feltételeket szabott a főváros',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/vlcsnap-2021-09-01-20h20m37s165.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/vlcsnap-2021-09-01-20h20m37s165.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to video list page',
     }, {
@@ -90,8 +88,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'marad-az-eves-elszamolas-a-napelemekre-beruhazo-csaladoknal',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230911',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-11-09h16m09s882.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-11-09h16m09s882.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) petofilive
         'url': 'https://petofilive.hu/video/2021/06/07/tha-shudras-az-akusztikban/',
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tha Shudras az Akusztikban',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210607',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/vlcsnap-2021-06-07-22h14m23s915-1024x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/vlcsnap-2021-06-07-22h14m23s915-1024x576.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to empty page',
     }, {
@@ -112,8 +110,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'futball-fesztival-a-margitszigeten',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230909',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/Clipboard11-2.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/Clipboard11-2.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -123,13 +121,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         player_data_str = self._html_search_regex(
             r'mtva_player_manager\.player\(document.getElementById\(.*\),\s?(\{.*\}).*\);', webpage, 'player data')
-        player_data = self._parse_json(player_data_str, display_id, compat_urllib_parse_unquote)
-        video_id = compat_str(player_data['contentId'])
+        player_data = self._parse_json(player_data_str, display_id, urllib.parse.unquote)
+        video_id = str(player_data['contentId'])
         title = player_data.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or \
             self._html_search_regex(r'<h\d+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_title">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'title')
 
         upload_date = unified_strdate(
-            '%s-%s-%s' % (mobj.group('year'), mobj.group('month'), mobj.group('day')))
+            '{}-{}-{}'.format(mobj.group('year'), mobj.group('month'), mobj.group('day')))
         if not upload_date:
             upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<p+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_date">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
@@ -152,5 +150,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'thumbnail': player_data.get('bgImage') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
+            'thumbnail': player_data.get('bgImage') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
index e04a1ce90..8cb18e609 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     GeoRestrictedError,
-    int_or_none,
     OnDemandPagedList,
+    int_or_none,
     try_get,
-    urljoin,
     update_url_query,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
                     '''
 
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
-        rf'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:\w+\.)+mediaset\.it/player/(?:v\d+/)?index\.html\?\S*?programGuid={_GUID_RE})[\'"&]'
+        rf'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:\w+\.)+mediaset\.it/player/(?:v\d+/)?index\.html\?\S*?programGuid={_GUID_RE})[\'"&]',
     ]
     _TESTS = [{
         # full episode
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
             self, smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace=None, f4m_params=None, transform_rtmp_url=None):
         for video in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//video', namespace)):
             video.attrib['src'] = re.sub(r'(https?://vod05)t(-mediaset-it\.akamaized\.net/.+?.mpd)\?.+', r'\1\2', video.attrib['src'])
-        return super(MediasetIE, self)._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
+        return super()._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
             smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace, f4m_params, transform_rtmp_url)
 
     def _check_drm_formats(self, tp_formats, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
index 7ea78ab69..beb12f8a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
@@ -1,31 +1,27 @@
-import re
 import json
+import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
+    smuggle_url,
     str_or_none,
     try_call,
     try_get,
-    smuggle_url,
     unsmuggle_url,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
 
-
 _ID_RE = r'(?:[0-9a-f]{32,34}|[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12,14})'
 
 
 class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?xi)https?://[^/]+/Mediasite/(?:Play|Showcase/[^/#?]+/Presentation)/(?P<id>%s)(?P<query>\?[^#]+|)' % _ID_RE
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?xi)<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//[^/]+)?/Mediasite/Play/%s(?:\?.*?)?)\1' % _ID_RE]
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?xi)https?://[^/]+/Mediasite/(?:Play|Showcase/[^/#?]+/Presentation)/(?P<id>{_ID_RE})(?P<query>\?[^#]+|)'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?xi)<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//[^/]+)?/Mediasite/Play/{_ID_RE}(?:\?.*?)?)\1']
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'https://hitsmediaweb.h-its.org/mediasite/Play/2db6c271681e4f199af3c60d1f82869b1d',
@@ -87,7 +83,7 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20120409',
                 'timestamp': 1333983600,
                 'duration': 7794,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Showcase/livebroadcast/Presentation/ada7020854f743c49fbb45c9ec7dbb351d',
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             # dashed id
             'url': 'https://hitsmediaweb.h-its.org/mediasite/Play/2db6c271-681e-4f19-9af3-c60d1f82869b1d',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     # look in Mediasite.Core.js (Mediasite.ContentStreamType[*])
@@ -118,16 +114,16 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         for embed_url in super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):
             yield smuggle_url(embed_url, {'UrlReferrer': url})
 
-    def __extract_slides(self, *, stream_id, snum, Stream, duration, images):
-        slide_base_url = Stream['SlideBaseUrl']
+    def __extract_slides(self, *, stream_id, snum, stream, duration, images):
+        slide_base_url = stream['SlideBaseUrl']
 
-        fname_template = Stream['SlideImageFileNameTemplate']
+        fname_template = stream['SlideImageFileNameTemplate']
         if fname_template != 'slide_{0:D4}.jpg':
             self.report_warning('Unusual slide file name template; report a bug if slide downloading fails')
         fname_template = re.sub(r'\{0:D([0-9]+)\}', r'{0:0\1}', fname_template)
 
         fragments = []
-        for i, slide in enumerate(Stream['Slides']):
+        for i, slide in enumerate(stream['Slides']):
             if i == 0:
                 if slide['Time'] > 0:
                     default_slide = images.get('DefaultSlide')
@@ -142,18 +138,18 @@ def __extract_slides(self, *, stream_id, snum, Stream, duration, images):
                         })
 
             next_time = try_call(
-                lambda: Stream['Slides'][i + 1]['Time'],
+                lambda: stream['Slides'][i + 1]['Time'],
                 lambda: duration,
                 lambda: slide['Time'],
                 expected_type=(int, float))
 
             fragments.append({
                 'path': fname_template.format(slide.get('Number', i + 1)),
-                'duration': (next_time - slide['Time']) / 1000
+                'duration': (next_time - slide['Time']) / 1000,
             })
 
         return {
-            'format_id': '%s-%u.slides' % (stream_id, snum),
+            'format_id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}.slides',
             'ext': 'mhtml',
             'url': slide_base_url,
             'protocol': 'mhtml',
@@ -174,12 +170,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         redirect_url = urlh.url
 
         # XXX: might have also extracted UrlReferrer and QueryString from the html
-        service_path = compat_urlparse.urljoin(redirect_url, self._html_search_regex(
+        service_path = urllib.parse.urljoin(redirect_url, self._html_search_regex(
             r'<div[^>]+\bid=["\']ServicePath[^>]+>(.+?)</div>', webpage, resource_id,
             default='/Mediasite/PlayerService/PlayerService.svc/json'))
 
         player_options = self._download_json(
-            '%s/GetPlayerOptions' % service_path, resource_id,
+            f'{service_path}/GetPlayerOptions', resource_id,
             headers={
                 'Content-type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
@@ -190,25 +186,25 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'QueryString': query,
                     'UrlReferrer': data.get('UrlReferrer', ''),
                     'UseScreenReader': False,
-                }
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['d']
+                },
+            }).encode())['d']
 
         presentation = player_options['Presentation']
         title = presentation['Title']
 
         if presentation is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Mediasite says: %s' % player_options['PlayerPresentationStatusMessage'],
+                'Mediasite says: {}'.format(player_options['PlayerPresentationStatusMessage']),
                 expected=True)
 
         thumbnails = []
         formats = []
-        for snum, Stream in enumerate(presentation['Streams']):
-            stream_type = Stream.get('StreamType')
+        for snum, stream in enumerate(presentation['Streams']):
+            stream_type = stream.get('StreamType')
             if stream_type is None:
                 continue
 
-            video_urls = Stream.get('VideoUrls')
+            video_urls = stream.get('VideoUrls')
             if not isinstance(video_urls, list):
                 video_urls = []
 
@@ -216,36 +212,36 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 stream_type, 'type%u' % stream_type)
 
             stream_formats = []
-            for unum, VideoUrl in enumerate(video_urls):
-                video_url = url_or_none(VideoUrl.get('Location'))
+            for unum, video_url in enumerate(video_urls):
+                video_url = url_or_none(video_url.get('Location'))
                 if not video_url:
                     continue
                 # XXX: if Stream.get('CanChangeScheme', False), switch scheme to HTTP/HTTPS
 
-                media_type = VideoUrl.get('MediaType')
+                media_type = video_url.get('MediaType')
                 if media_type == 'SS':
                     stream_formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
                         video_url, resource_id,
-                        ism_id='%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        ism_id=f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         fatal=False))
                 elif media_type == 'Dash':
                     stream_formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                         video_url, resource_id,
-                        mpd_id='%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        mpd_id=f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         fatal=False))
                 else:
                     stream_formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        'format_id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         'url': video_url,
-                        'ext': mimetype2ext(VideoUrl.get('MimeType')),
+                        'ext': mimetype2ext(video_url.get('MimeType')),
                     })
 
-            if Stream.get('HasSlideContent', False):
+            if stream.get('HasSlideContent', False):
                 images = player_options['PlayerLayoutOptions']['Images']
                 stream_formats.append(self.__extract_slides(
                     stream_id=stream_id,
                     snum=snum,
-                    Stream=Stream,
+                    stream=stream,
                     duration=presentation.get('Duration'),
                     images=images,
                 ))
@@ -255,10 +251,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 for fmt in stream_formats:
                     fmt['quality'] = -10
 
-            thumbnail_url = Stream.get('ThumbnailUrl')
+            thumbnail_url = stream.get('ThumbnailUrl')
             if thumbnail_url:
                 thumbnails.append({
-                    'id': '%s-%u' % (stream_id, snum),
+                    'id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}',
                     'url': urljoin(redirect_url, thumbnail_url),
                     'preference': -1 if stream_type != 0 else 0,
                 })
@@ -279,15 +275,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class MediasiteCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?xi)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?xi)
                         (?P<url>https?://[^/]+/Mediasite)
                         /Catalog/Full/
-                        (?P<catalog_id>{0})
+                        (?P<catalog_id>{_ID_RE})
                         (?:
-                            /(?P<current_folder_id>{0})
-                            /(?P<root_dynamic_folder_id>{0})
+                            /(?P<current_folder_id>{_ID_RE})
+                            /(?P<root_dynamic_folder_id>{_ID_RE})
                         )?
-                    '''.format(_ID_RE)
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://events7.mediasite.com/Mediasite/Catalog/Full/631f9e48530d454381549f955d08c75e21',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -369,7 +365,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             headers[anti_forgery_header] = anti_forgery_token
 
         catalog = self._download_json(
-            '%s/Catalog/Data/GetPresentationsForFolder' % mediasite_url,
+            f'{mediasite_url}/Catalog/Data/GetPresentationsForFolder',
             catalog_id, data=json.dumps(data).encode(), headers=headers)
 
         entries = []
@@ -380,13 +376,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not video_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                '%s/Play/%s' % (mediasite_url, video_id),
+                f'{mediasite_url}/Play/{video_id}',
                 ie=MediasiteIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id))
 
         title = try_get(
-            catalog, lambda x: x['CurrentFolder']['Name'], compat_str)
+            catalog, lambda x: x['CurrentFolder']['Name'], str)
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, catalog_id, title,)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, catalog_id, title)
 
 
 class MediasiteNamedCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -404,8 +400,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, catalog_name)
 
         catalog_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'CatalogId\s*:\s*["\'](%s)' % _ID_RE, webpage, 'catalog id')
+            rf'CatalogId\s*:\s*["\']({_ID_RE})', webpage, 'catalog id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            '%s/Catalog/Full/%s' % (mediasite_url, catalog_id),
+            f'{mediasite_url}/Catalog/Full/{catalog_id}',
             ie=MediasiteCatalogIE.ie_key(), video_id=catalog_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
index 62e37d24a..be67b631e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1604268608,
             'upload_date': '20201101',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'channel': 'George FM'
-        }
+            'channel': 'George FM',
+        },
     }, {
         # has audio-only format
         'url': 'https://vodupload-api.mediaworks.nz/library/asset/published/VID02627',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20220822',
             'timestamp': 1661152289,
         },
-        'params': {'format': 'ba[ext=mp3]'}
+        'params': {'format': 'ba[ext=mp3]'},
     }]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'Socrates Walks Into A Bar Podcast Episode 1',
             'upload_date': '20220720',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         for mobj in re.finditer(
             rf'''(?x)<div\s+\bid=["']Player-Attributes-JWID[^>]+\b
             data-request-url=["']{cls._VALID_URL_BASE_RE}["'][^>]+\b
-            data-asset-id=["']{cls._VALID_URL_ID_RE}["']''', webpage
+            data-asset-id=["']{cls._VALID_URL_ID_RE}["']''', webpage,
         ):
             yield f'https://vodupload-api.mediaworks.nz/library/asset/published/{mobj.group("id")}'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
index 1a6f3cd74..e4c145c72 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class MeipaiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': 35511,
             'creator': '她她-TATA',
             'tags': ['葉子', '阿桑', '余姿昀', '超級女聲'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # record of live streaming
         'url': 'http://www.meipai.com/media/585526361',
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MeipaiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20160919',
             'view_count': 1215,
             'creator': '她她-TATA',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
index 1d3fff856..05d9de8dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class MelonVODIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8 download',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
             'duration': duration,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
index 14410549a..41e20a58e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         clip = next(c for c in info.findall('playList/clip') if c.find('id').text == video_id)
         formats = []
-        for videoFile in clip.findall('httpURI/videoFile'):
-            rate_str = videoFile.find('rate').text
-            video_url = videoFile.find('filePath').text
+        for video_file in clip.findall('httpURI/videoFile'):
+            rate_str = video_file.find('rate').text
+            video_url = video_file.find('filePath').text
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
index 31ccf004e..d5dda06f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ class MGTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         tk2 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
-            f'did={str(uuid.uuid4())}|pno=1030|ver=0.3.0301|clit={int(time.time())}'.encode())[::-1]
+            f'did={uuid.uuid4()}|pno=1030|ver=0.3.0301|clit={int(time.time())}'.encode())[::-1]
         try:
             api_data = self._download_json(
                 'https://pcweb.api.mgtv.com/player/video', video_id, query={
                     'tk2': tk2,
                     'video_id': video_id,
-                    'type': 'pch5'
+                    'type': 'pch5',
                 }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())['data']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -160,6 +160,6 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, domain):
             subtitles.setdefault(locale.lower(), []).append({
                 'url': sub_url,
                 'name': sub.get('name'),
-                'ext': 'srt'
+                'ext': 'srt',
             })
         return subtitles
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
index f71ab3e92..98d50b18a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class MicrosoftEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'http://img-prod-cms-rt-microsoft-com.akamaized.net/cms/api/am/imageFileData/RWL7Ju?ver=cae5',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'timestamp': 1631658316,
-            'upload_date': '20210914'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20210914',
+        },
     }]
     _API_URL = 'https://prod-video-cms-rt-microsoft-com.akamaized.net/vhs/api/videos/'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
index 5f5f16087..b13881083 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     merge_dicts,
-    parse_iso8601,
     parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
     parse_resolution,
     try_get,
     url_basename,
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ def _get_all_subtitles(self, api_url, video_id, headers):
             sub_dict = automatic_captions if track.get('autoGenerated') else subtitles
             sub_dict.setdefault(track['language'], []).append({
                 'ext': 'vtt',
-                'url': track.get('url')
+                'url': track.get('url'),
             })
         return {
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'automatic_captions': automatic_captions
+            'automatic_captions': automatic_captions,
         }
 
     def extract_all_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             f'{api_url}/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers=headers, query={
                 '$expand': 'creator,tokens,status,liveEvent,extensions',
-                'api-version': '1.4-private'
+                'api-version': '1.4-private',
             })
         video_id = video_data.get('id') or video_id
         language = video_data.get('language')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
index b759b1860..e354d8a50 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_base_url(self, course_id, display_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api-mlxprod.microsoft.com/services/products/anonymous/%s' % course_id,
+            f'https://api-mlxprod.microsoft.com/services/products/anonymous/{course_id}',
             display_id, 'Downloading course base URL')
 
     def _extract_chapter_and_title(self, title):
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def _extract_chapter_and_title(self, title):
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'mva'
     IE_DESC = 'Microsoft Virtual Academy videos'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:%s:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/[^/?#&]+-)(?P<course_id>\d+)(?::|\?l=)(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+_\d+)' % IE_NAME
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:{IE_NAME}:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/[^/?#&]+-)(?P<course_id>\d+)(?::|\?l=)(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+_\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://mva.microsoft.com/en-US/training-courses/microsoft-azure-fundamentals-virtual-machines-11788?l=gfVXISmEB_6804984382',
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
                     'ext': 'ttml',
                 }],
             },
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'mva:11788:gfVXISmEB_6804984382',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         base_url = smuggled_data.get('base_url') or self._extract_base_url(course_id, video_id)
 
         settings = self._download_xml(
-            '%s/content/content_%s/videosettings.xml?v=1' % (base_url, video_id),
+            f'{base_url}/content/content_{video_id}/videosettings.xml?v=1',
             video_id, 'Downloading video settings XML')
 
         _, title = self._extract_chapter_and_title(xpath_text(
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not subtitle_url:
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': '%s/%s' % (base_url, subtitle_url),
+                'url': f'{base_url}/{subtitle_url}',
                 'ext': source.get('type'),
             })
 
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'mva:course'
     IE_DESC = 'Microsoft Virtual Academy courses'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:%s:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+)-)(?P<id>\d+)' % IE_NAME
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:{IE_NAME}:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+)-)(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://mva.microsoft.com/en-US/training-courses/microsoft-azure-fundamentals-virtual-machines-11788',
@@ -142,8 +142,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         base_url = self._extract_base_url(course_id, display_id)
 
         manifest = self._download_json(
-            '%s/imsmanifestlite.json' % base_url,
+            f'{base_url}/imsmanifestlite.json',
             display_id, 'Downloading course manifest JSON')['manifest']
 
         organization = manifest['organizations']['organization'][0]
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 entries.append({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'url': smuggle_url(
-                        'mva:%s:%s' % (course_id, item_id), {'base_url': base_url}),
+                        f'mva:{course_id}:{item_id}', {'base_url': base_url}),
                     'title': title,
                     'description': description,
                     'duration': duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
index f64d575dc..88a2b9e89 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     traverse_obj,
 )
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class MildomBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, query=None, note='Downloading JSON metadata', body=None):
         if not self._GUEST_ID:
-            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{str(uuid.uuid4())}'
+            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{uuid.uuid4()}'
 
         content = self._download_json(
             url, video_id, note=note, data=json.dumps(body).encode() if body else None,
@@ -150,18 +150,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'acodec': 'aac',
-            'ext': 'm4a'
+            'ext': 'm4a',
         }]
         for fmt in autoplay['video_link']:
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': 'video-%s' % fmt['name'],
+                'format_id': 'video-{}'.format(fmt['name']),
                 'url': fmt['url'],
                 'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                 'width': fmt['level'] * autoplay['video_width'] // autoplay['video_height'],
                 'height': fmt['level'],
                 'vcodec': 'h264',
                 'acodec': 'aac',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             })
 
         return {
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, user_id, page):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        self.to_screen('This will download all VODs belonging to user. To download ongoing live video, use "https://www.mildom.com/%s" instead' % user_id)
+        self.to_screen(f'This will download all VODs belonging to user. To download ongoing live video, use "https://www.mildom.com/{user_id}" instead')
 
         profile = self._call_api(
             'https://cloudac.mildom.com/nonolive/gappserv/user/profileV2', user_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
index 27a6e3805..71c82f208 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     format_field,
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ def _call_api(self, path, video_id, resource, query=None):
         api_url = 'https://www.minds.com/api/' + path
         token = self._get_cookies(api_url).get('XSRF-TOKEN')
         return self._download_json(
-            api_url, video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource, headers={
+            api_url, video_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata', headers={
                 'Referer': 'https://www.minds.com/',
                 'X-XSRF-TOKEN': token.value if token else '',
             }, query=query)
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id = owner.get('username')
 
         tags = entity.get('tags')
-        if tags and isinstance(tags, compat_str):
+        if tags and isinstance(tags, str):
             tags = [tags]
 
         thumbnail = None
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@ def _entries(self, feed_id):
         i = 1
         while True:
             data = self._call_api(
-                'v2/feeds/container/%s/videos' % feed_id,
-                feed_id, 'page %s' % i, query)
+                f'v2/feeds/container/{feed_id}/videos',
+                feed_id, f'page {i}', query)
             entities = data.get('entities') or []
             for entity in entities:
                 guid = entity.get('guid')
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ def _entries(self, feed_id):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         feed_id = self._match_id(url)
         feed = self._call_api(
-            'v1/%s/%s' % (self._FEED_PATH, feed_id),
+            f'v1/{self._FEED_PATH}/{feed_id}',
             feed_id, self._FEED_TYPE)[self._FEED_TYPE]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
index 032bf3b71..69832560d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         player_id = mobj.group('player_id') or '1'
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        video_data = self._download_json('http://play.minoto-video.com/%s/%s.js' % (player_id, video_id), video_id)
+        video_data = self._download_json(f'http://play.minoto-video.com/{player_id}/{video_id}.js', video_id)
         video_metadata = video_data['video-metadata']
         formats = []
         for fmt in video_data['video-files']:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
index 0a8ee0c3a..4e24371a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class MirrativBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def assert_error(self, response):
         error_message = traverse_obj(response, ('status', 'error'))
         if error_message:
-            raise ExtractorError('Mirrativ says: %s' % error_message, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Mirrativ says: {error_message}', expected=True)
 
 
 class MirrativIE(MirrativBaseIE):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class MirrativIE(MirrativBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://www.mirrativ.com/live/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/{video_id}', video_id)
         live_response = self._download_json(f'https://www.mirrativ.com/api/live/live?live_id={video_id}', video_id)
         self.assert_error(live_response)
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def _entries(self, user_id):
                     # or the service will ban your IP address for a while
                     continue
                 live_id = live.get('live_id')
-                url = 'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/%s' % live_id
+                url = f'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/{live_id}'
                 yield self.url_result(url, video_id=live_id, video_title=live.get('title'))
             page = api_response.get('next_page')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
index 38cc0c274..e75c540a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import re
 import json
+import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     get_element_by_id,
 )
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TechTVMITIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         raw_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
         clean_page = re.compile(r'<!--.*?-->', re.S).sub('', raw_page)
 
         base_url = self._proto_relative_url(self._search_regex(
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class OCWMITIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20121109',
                 'uploader_id': 'MIT',
                 'uploader': 'MIT OpenCourseWare',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-01sc-single-variable-calculus-fall-2010/1.-differentiation/part-a-definition-and-basic-rules/session-1-introduction-to-derivatives/',
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class OCWMITIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'MIT',
                 'uploader': 'MIT OpenCourseWare',
                 'description': 'This section contains lecture video excerpts, lecture notes, an interactive mathlet with supporting documents, and problem solving videos.',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
index b980fd01a..9b7c7b89b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import ExtractorError, UserNotLive, int_or_none, url_or_none
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    UserNotLive,
+    int_or_none,
+    str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
@@ -9,17 +15,20 @@ class MixchIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?mixch\.tv/u/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://mixch.tv/u/16236849/live',
+        'url': 'https://mixch.tv/u/16943797/live',
         'skip': 'don\'t know if this live persists',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '16236849',
-            'title': '24配信シェア⭕️投票🙏💦',
-            'comment_count': 13145,
-            'view_count': 28348,
-            'timestamp': 1636189377,
-            'uploader': '🦥伊咲👶🏻#フレアワ',
-            'uploader_id': '16236849',
-        }
+            'id': '16943797',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '#EntView #カリナ #セブチ 2024-05-05 06:58',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'view_count': int,
+            'timestamp': 1714726805,
+            'uploader': 'Ent.View K-news🎶💕',
+            'uploader_id': '16943797',
+            'live_status': 'is_live',
+            'upload_date': '20240503',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mixch.tv/u/16137876/live',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -48,8 +57,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'protocol': 'm3u8',
             }],
             'is_live': True,
+            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(video_id),
         }
 
+    def _get_comments(self, video_id):
+        yield from traverse_obj(self._download_json(
+            f'https://mixch.tv/api-web/lives/{video_id}/messages', video_id,
+            note='Downloading comments', errnote='Failed to download comments'), (..., {
+                'author': ('name', {str}),
+                'author_id': ('user_id', {str_or_none}),
+                'id': ('message_id', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'text': ('body', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('created', {int}),
+            }))
+
 
 class MixchArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'mixch:archive'
@@ -62,7 +83,7 @@ class MixchArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '421',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '96NEKO SHOW TIME',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mixch.tv/archive/1213',
         'skip': 'paid video, no DRM. expires at Dec 31, 2023',
@@ -72,7 +93,7 @@ class MixchArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '【特別トーク番組アーカイブス】Merm4id×燐舞曲 2nd LIVE「VERSUS」',
             'release_date': '20231201',
             'thumbnail': str,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mixch.tv/archive/1214',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
index 8a95d1a5d..19b7fd4e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
+import base64
 import itertools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ def _call_api(self, object_type, object_fields, display_id, username, slug=None)
   %s(lookup: {username: "%s"%s}) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (lookup_key, username, ', slug: "%s"' % slug if slug else '', object_fields)
+}''' % (lookup_key, username, f', slug: "{slug}"' if slug else '', object_fields),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][lookup_key]
 
 
@@ -91,8 +88,8 @@ def _decrypt_xor_cipher(key, ciphertext):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        username, slug = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(username), compat_urllib_parse_unquote(slug)
-        track_id = '%s_%s' % (username, slug)
+        username, slug = urllib.parse.unquote(username), urllib.parse.unquote(slug)
+        track_id = f'{username}_{slug}'
 
         cloudcast = self._call_api('cloudcast', '''audioLength
     comments(first: 100) {
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not format_url:
                 continue
             decrypted = self._decrypt_xor_cipher(
-                self._DECRYPTION_KEY, compat_b64decode(format_url))
+                self._DECRYPTION_KEY, base64.b64decode(format_url))
             if url_key == 'hlsUrl':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     decrypted, track_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
@@ -200,7 +197,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         tags = []
         for t in cloudcast.get('tags'):
-            tag = try_get(t, lambda x: x['tag']['name'], compat_str)
+            tag = try_get(t, lambda x: x['tag']['name'], str)
             if not tag:
                 tags.append(tag)
 
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
             'description': cloudcast.get('description'),
-            'thumbnail': try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['picture']['url'], compat_str),
+            'thumbnail': try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['picture']['url'], str),
             'uploader': owner.get('displayName'),
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(cloudcast.get('publishDate')),
             'uploader_id': owner.get('username'),
@@ -238,12 +235,12 @@ def _get_playlist_title(self, title, slug):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        username = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(username)
+        username = urllib.parse.unquote(username)
         if not slug:
             slug = 'uploads'
         else:
-            slug = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(slug)
-        playlist_id = '%s_%s' % (username, slug)
+            slug = urllib.parse.unquote(slug)
+        playlist_id = f'{username}_{slug}'
 
         is_playlist_type = self._ROOT_TYPE == 'playlist'
         playlist_type = 'items' if is_playlist_type else slug
@@ -265,7 +262,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         endCursor
         hasNextPage
       }
-    }''' % (self._TITLE_KEY, self._DESCRIPTION_KEY, playlist_type, list_filter, self._NODE_TEMPLATE),
+    }''' % (self._TITLE_KEY, self._DESCRIPTION_KEY, playlist_type, list_filter, self._NODE_TEMPLATE),  # noqa: UP031
                 playlist_id, username, slug if is_playlist_type else None)
 
             items = playlist.get(playlist_type) or {}
@@ -274,15 +271,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 cloudcast_url = cloudcast.get('url')
                 if not cloudcast_url:
                     continue
-                item_slug = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['slug'], compat_str)
-                owner_username = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['owner']['username'], compat_str)
+                item_slug = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['slug'], str)
+                owner_username = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['owner']['username'], str)
                 video_id = f'{owner_username}_{item_slug}' if item_slug and owner_username else None
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     cloudcast_url, MixcloudIE.ie_key(), video_id))
 
             page_info = items['pageInfo']
             has_next_page = page_info['hasNextPage']
-            list_filter = ', after: "%s"' % page_info['endCursor']
+            list_filter = ', after: "{}"'.format(page_info['endCursor'])
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, playlist_id,
@@ -351,7 +348,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
           owner { username }'''
 
     def _get_playlist_title(self, title, slug):
-        return '%s (%s)' % (title, slug)
+        return f'{title} ({slug})'
 
 
 class MixcloudPlaylistIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
index d715b9789..8a693dc0b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def _extract_mlb_subtitles(feed, language):
 
     def _download_video_data(self, display_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://content.mlb.com/mlb/item/id/v1/%s/details/web-v1.json' % display_id,
+            f'http://content.mlb.com/mlb/item/id/v1/{display_id}/details/web-v1.json',
             display_id)
 
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class MLBVideoIE(MLBBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MLBIE.suitable(url) else super(MLBVideoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MLBIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_feed(video):
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ def _download_video_data(self, display_id):
     timestamp
     title
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['mediaPlayback'][0]
 
 
@@ -300,14 +300,14 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             'https://ids.mlb.com/oauth2/aus1m088yK07noBfh356/v1/token', None,
             headers={
                 'User-Agent': 'okhttp/3.12.1',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             }, data=data.encode())['access_token']
 
         entitlement = self._download_webpage(
-            f'https://media-entitlement.mlb.com/api/v3/jwt?os=Android&appname=AtBat&did={str(uuid.uuid4())}', None,
+            f'https://media-entitlement.mlb.com/api/v3/jwt?os=Android&appname=AtBat&did={uuid.uuid4()}', None,
             headers={
                 'User-Agent': 'okhttp/3.12.1',
-                'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}',
             })
 
         data = f'grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange&subject_token={entitlement}&subject_token_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt&platform=android-tv'
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
                 'Authorization': 'Bearer bWxidHYmYW5kcm9pZCYxLjAuMA.6LZMbH2r--rbXcgEabaDdIslpo4RyZrlVfWZhsAgXIk',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             }, data=data.encode())['access_token']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 airing['playbackUrls'][0]['href'].format(scenario='browser~csai'), video_id,
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': self._access_token,
-                    'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=2'
+                    'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=2',
                 })['stream']['complete']
             f, s = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                 m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=join_nonempty(airing.get('feedType'), airing.get('feedLanguage')))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
index 9383f1358..a0b141ae8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 class MLSSoccerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_DOMAINS = r'(?:(?:cfmontreal|intermiamicf|lagalaxy|lafc|houstondynamofc|dcunited|atlutd|mlssoccer|fcdallas|columbuscrew|coloradorapids|fccincinnati|chicagofirefc|austinfc|nashvillesc|whitecapsfc|sportingkc|soundersfc|sjearthquakes|rsl|timbers|philadelphiaunion|orlandocitysc|newyorkredbulls|nycfc)\.com|(?:torontofc)\.ca|(?:revolutionsoccer)\.net)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?%s/video/#?(?P<id>[^/&$#?]+)' % _VALID_DOMAINS
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?{_VALID_DOMAINS}/video/#?(?P<id>[^/&$#?]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.mlssoccer.com/video/the-octagon-can-alphonso-davies-lead-canada-to-first-world-cup-since-1986#the-octagon-can-alphonso-davies-lead-canada-to-first-world-cup-since-1986',
@@ -19,96 +19,97 @@ class MLSSoccerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['club/canada'],
             'is_live': False,
             'upload_date': '20211007',
-            'filesize_approx': 255193528.83200002
+            'filesize_approx': 255193528.83200002,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.whitecapsfc.com/video/highlights-san-jose-earthquakes-vs-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-october-23-2021#highlights-san-jose-earthquakes-vs-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.torontofc.ca/video/highlights-toronto-fc-vs-cf-montreal-october-23-2021-x6733#highlights-toronto-fc-vs-cf-montreal-october-23-2021-x6733',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sportingkc.com/video/post-match-press-conference-john-pulskamp-oct-27-2021#post-match-press-conference-john-pulskamp-oct-27-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.soundersfc.com/video/highlights-seattle-sounders-fc-vs-sporting-kansas-city-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sjearthquakes.com/video/#highlights-austin-fc-vs-san-jose-earthquakes-june-19-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rsl.com/video/2021-u-of-u-health-mic-d-up-vs-colorado-10-16-21#2021-u-of-u-health-mic-d-up-vs-colorado-10-16-21',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.timbers.com/video/highlights-d-chara-asprilla-with-goals-in-portland-timbers-2-0-win-over-san-jose#highlights-d-chara-asprilla-with-goals-in-portland-timbers-2-0-win-over-san-jose',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/video/highlights-torvphi',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.orlandocitysc.com/video/highlight-columbus-crew-vs-orlando-city-sc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/video/all-access-matchday-double-derby-week#all-access-matchday-double-derby-week',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nycfc.com/video/highlights-nycfc-1-0-chicago-fire-fc#highlights-nycfc-1-0-chicago-fire-fc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.revolutionsoccer.net/video/two-minute-highlights-revs-1-rapids-0-october-27-2021#two-minute-highlights-revs-1-rapids-0-october-27-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nashvillesc.com/video/goal-c-j-sapong-nashville-sc-92nd-minute',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cfmontreal.com/video/faits-saillants-tor-v-mtl#faits-saillants-orl-v-mtl-x5645',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.intermiamicf.com/video/all-access-victory-vs-nashville-sc-by-ukg#all-access-victory-vs-nashville-sc-by-ukg',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lagalaxy.com/video/#moment-of-the-month-presented-by-san-manuel-casino-rayan-raveloson-scores-his-se',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lafc.com/video/breaking-down-lafc-s-final-6-matches-of-the-2021-mls-regular-season#breaking-down-lafc-s-final-6-matches-of-the-2021-mls-regular-season',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.houstondynamofc.com/video/postgame-press-conference-michael-nelson-presented-by-coushatta-casino-res-x9660#postgame-press-conference-michael-nelson-presented-by-coushatta-casino-res-x9660',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dcunited.com/video/tony-alfaro-my-family-pushed-me-to-believe-everything-was-possible',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.fcdallas.com/video/highlights-fc-dallas-vs-minnesota-united-fc-october-02-2021#highlights-fc-dallas-vs-minnesota-united-fc-october-02-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.columbuscrew.com/video/match-rewind-columbus-crew-vs-new-york-red-bulls-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.coloradorapids.com/video/postgame-reaction-robin-fraser-october-27#postgame-reaction-robin-fraser-october-27',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.fccincinnati.com/video/#keeping-cincy-chill-presented-by-coors-lite',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.chicagofirefc.com/video/all-access-fire-score-dramatic-road-win-in-cincy#all-access-fire-score-dramatic-road-win-in-cincy',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.austinfc.com/video/highlights-colorado-rapids-vs-austin-fc-september-29-2021#highlights-colorado-rapids-vs-austin-fc-september-29-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.atlutd.com/video/goal-josef-martinez-scores-in-the-73rd-minute#goal-josef-martinez-scores-in-the-73rd-minute',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(r'data-options\=\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'json'), id)['videoList'][0]
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(
+            self._html_search_regex(r'data-options\=\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'json'), video_id)['videoList'][0]
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % (data_json['accountId'], data_json['videoId']),
+            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/{}/default_default/index.html?videoId={}'.format(data_json['accountId'], data_json['videoId']),
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
index 2fbc0e911..c3f4055ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class MochaVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1652254203,
             'upload_date': '20220511',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'categories': ['Kids']
-        }
+            'categories': ['Kids'],
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
index d47ad0742..6bc362a53 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class MojvideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'V avtu pred mano rdečelaska - Alfi Nipič',
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 242,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         # XML is malformed
         playerapi = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.mojvideo.com/playerapi.php?v=%s&t=1' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.mojvideo.com/playerapi.php?v={video_id}&t=1', display_id)
 
         if '<error>true</error>' in playerapi:
             error_desc = self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<errordesc>([^<]*)</errordesc>', playerapi, 'error description', fatal=False)
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_desc), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_desc}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_extract_title(playerapi)
         video_url = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
index a69a12e18..930c13e27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
     get_element_html_by_class,
     get_element_text_and_html_by_tag,
     int_or_none,
-    unified_strdate,
     strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
     try_call,
+    unified_strdate,
 )
 
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class MonstercatIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230711',
             'album': 'The Secret Language of Trees',
             'album_artist': 'BT',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_tracks(self, table, album_meta):
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _extract_tracks(self, table, album_meta):
             track_number = int_or_none(try_call(lambda: get_element_by_class('py-xsmall', td)))
             if not track_id or not release_id:
                 self.report_warning(f'Skipping track {track_number}, ID(s) not found')
-                self.write_debug(f'release_id={repr(release_id)} track_id={repr(track_id)}')
+                self.write_debug(f'release_id={release_id!r} track_id={track_id!r}')
                 continue
             yield {
                 **album_meta,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def _extract_tracks(self, table, album_meta):
                 'artist': clean_html(try_call(lambda: get_element_by_class('d-block fs-xxsmall', td))),
                 'url': f'https://www.monstercat.com/api/release/{release_id}/track-stream/{track_id}',
                 'id': track_id,
-                'ext': 'mp3'
+                'ext': 'mp3',
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
index b6c18fe5b..86551950b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if any(p in webpage for p in (
                 '<title>404 - MOTHERLESS.COM<',
                 ">The page you're looking for cannot be found.<")):
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         if '>The content you are trying to view is for friends only.' in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s is for friends only' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} is for friends only', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']media-meta-title[^>]+>(.+?)</div>',
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             (r'setup\(\{\s*["\']file["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
              r'fileurl\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1'),
             webpage, 'video URL', default=None, group='url')
-            or 'http://cdn4.videos.motherlessmedia.com/videos/%s.mp4?fs=opencloud' % video_id)
+            or f'http://cdn4.videos.motherlessmedia.com/videos/{video_id}.mp4?fs=opencloud')
         age_limit = self._rta_search(webpage)
         view_count = str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
             (r'>([\d,.]+)\s+Views<', r'<strong>Views</strong>\s+([^<]+)<'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
index 167d85fa9..017836710 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 
 
 class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'mcomstaff',
             'uploader_id': 'UC334JIYKkVnyFoNCclfZtHQ',
             'upload_date': '20140903',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$',
         },
         'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
         'params': {
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self.url_result(iframe_path)
 
         iframe = self._download_webpage(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, iframe_path), display_id,
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(url, iframe_path), display_id,
             'Downloading iframe')
         youtube_id = self._search_regex(
             r'www.youtube.com/embed/(.{11})', iframe, 'youtube id')
@@ -48,5 +47,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=%s' % youtube_id,
+            'url': f'https://youtube.com/watch?v={youtube_id}',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
index 668c0984e..ed5be4fa6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviepilot.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
+from .dailymotion import DailymotionIE
 
 
 class MoviepilotIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class MoviepilotIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'interstellar-2',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Interstellar',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.dmcdn\.net/v/SaV-q1ZganMw4HVXg/x1080',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.dmcdn\.net/v/SaV-q1.*/x1080',
             'timestamp': 1605010596,
             'description': 'md5:0ae9cb452af52610c9ffc60f2fd0474c',
             'uploader': 'Moviepilot',
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class MoviepilotIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'duration': 82,
             'upload_date': '20201109',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.dmcdn\.net/v/SaMes1Zg3lxLv9j5u/x1080',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.dmcdn\.net/v/SaMes1Z.*/x1080',
             'uploader': 'Moviepilot',
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
@@ -92,6 +92,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'ie_key': DailymotionIE.ie_key(),
             'display_id': video_id,
             'title': clip.get('title'),
-            'url': f'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/{clip["videoRemoteId"]}',
+            'url': f'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/{clip["video"]["remoteId"]}',
             'description': clip.get('summary'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
index 678b2eb06..560154e1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class MoviewPlayIE(JixieBaseIE):
                 'title': 'Candy Monster',
                 'description': 'Mengapa Candy Monster ingin mengambil permen Chloe?',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1034/146182/146182_1280x720.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # non-drm hls
             'url': 'https://www.moview.id/play/75/Paris-Van-Java-Episode-16',
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class MoviewPlayIE(JixieBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1003/28210/28210_1280x720.jpg',
                 'description': 'md5:2a5e18d98eef9b39d7895029cac96c63',
                 'title': 'Paris Van Java Episode 16',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
index cffcdcfb5..331a56234 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        jsplayer = self._download_webpage('http://www.moviezine.se/api/player.js?video=%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading js api player')
+        jsplayer = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.moviezine.se/api/player.js?video={video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading js api player')
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': 'sd',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
index cdd8ba4dc..7b1c7979c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    unescapeHTML,
     parse_duration,
+    unescapeHTML,
 )
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def search_field(field_name, fatal=False):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'<span\s+class="field_title">%s:</span>\s*<span\s+class="field_content">([^<]+)</span>' % field_name,
+                rf'<span\s+class="field_title">{field_name}:</span>\s*<span\s+class="field_content">([^<]+)</span>',
                 webpage, 'title', fatal=fatal)
 
         title = unescapeHTML(search_field('Title', fatal=True)).strip('()[]')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
index 77d1806a3..dd864952c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 format_code = file_.get('formatCode')
                 if not format_url or not format_code:
                     continue
-                if compat_str(format_code) == '3100':
+                if str(format_code) == '3100':
                     subtitles.setdefault(file_.get('culture', 'en'), []).append({
                         'ext': determine_ext(format_url, 'ttml'),
                         'url': format_url,
@@ -163,6 +162,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             error = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
                 r'data-error=(["\'])(?P<error>.+?)\1',
                 webpage, 'error', group='error'))
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, page_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
index 404e431bc..34e015dfc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@
 
 
 def _media_xml_tag(tag):
-    return '{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}%s' % tag
+    return f'{{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}}{tag}'
 
 
 class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         return self._FEED_URL
 
     def _get_thumbnail_url(self, uri, itemdoc):
-        search_path = '%s/%s' % (_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('thumbnail'))
+        search_path = '{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('thumbnail'))
         thumb_node = itemdoc.find(search_path)
         if thumb_node is None:
             return None
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ def _extract_mobile_video_formats(self, mtvn_id):
         response = self._request_webpage(req, mtvn_id, 'Resolving url')
         url = response.url
         # Transform the url to get the best quality:
-        url = re.sub(r'.+pxE=mp4', 'http://mtvnmobile.vo.llnwd.net/kip0/_pxn=0+_pxK=18639+_pxE=mp4', url, 1)
+        url = re.sub(r'.+pxE=mp4', 'http://mtvnmobile.vo.llnwd.net/kip0/_pxn=0+_pxK=18639+_pxE=mp4', url, count=1)
         return [{'url': url, 'ext': 'mp4'}]
 
     def _extract_video_formats(self, mdoc, mtvn_id, video_id):
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ def _extract_video_formats(self, mdoc, mtvn_id, video_id):
                     rtmp_video_url = rendition.find('./src').text
                     if 'error_not_available.swf' in rtmp_video_url:
                         raise ExtractorError(
-                            '%s said: video is not available' % self.IE_NAME,
+                            f'{self.IE_NAME} said: video is not available',
                             expected=True)
                     if rtmp_video_url.endswith('siteunavail.png'):
                         continue
@@ -118,8 +117,8 @@ def _extract_subtitles(self, mdoc, mtvn_id):
                 if ext == 'cea-608':
                     ext = 'scc'
                 subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': compat_str(sub_src),
-                    'ext': ext
+                    'url': str(sub_src),
+                    'ext': ext,
                 })
         return subtitles
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ def _get_video_info(self, itemdoc, use_hls=True):
         uri = itemdoc.find('guid').text
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         self.report_extraction(video_id)
-        content_el = itemdoc.find('%s/%s' % (_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('content')))
+        content_el = itemdoc.find('{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('content')))
         mediagen_url = self._remove_template_parameter(content_el.attrib['url'])
         mediagen_url = mediagen_url.replace('device={device}', '')
         if 'acceptMethods' not in mediagen_url:
@@ -143,9 +142,9 @@ def _get_video_info(self, itemdoc, use_hls=True):
 
         item = mediagen_doc.find('./video/item')
         if item is not None and item.get('type') == 'text':
-            message = '%s returned error: ' % self.IE_NAME
+            message = f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: '
             if item.get('code') is not None:
-                message += '%s - ' % item.get('code')
+                message += '{} - '.format(item.get('code'))
             message += item.text
             raise ExtractorError(message, expected=True)
 
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ def _get_video_info(self, itemdoc, use_hls=True):
         episode = episode.text if episode is not None else None
         if season and episode:
             # episode number includes season, so remove it
-            episode = re.sub(r'^%s' % season, '', episode)
+            episode = re.sub(rf'^{season}', '', episode)
 
         # This a short id that's used in the webpage urls
         mtvn_id = None
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ def _extract_triforce_mgid(self, webpage, data_zone=None, video_id=None):
 
         feed_url = try_get(
             triforce_feed, lambda x: x['manifest']['zones'][data_zone]['feed'],
-            compat_str)
+            str)
         if not feed_url:
             return
 
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ def _extract_triforce_mgid(self, webpage, data_zone=None, video_id=None):
         if not feed:
             return
 
-        return try_get(feed, lambda x: x['result']['data']['id'], compat_str)
+        return try_get(feed, lambda x: x['result']['data']['id'], str)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_child_with_type(parent, t):
@@ -320,8 +319,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = url_basename(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, title)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage)
-        videos_info = self._get_videos_info(mgid, url=url)
-        return videos_info
+        return self._get_videos_info(mgid, url=url)
 
 
 class MTVServicesEmbeddedIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ class MTVServicesEmbeddedIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge' % uri, video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -443,8 +441,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'(?s)isVevoVideo = true;.*?vevoVideoId = "(.*?)";', webpage)
             if m_vevo:
                 vevo_id = m_vevo.group(1)
-                self.to_screen('Vevo video detected: %s' % vevo_id)
-                return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % vevo_id, ie='Vevo')
+                self.to_screen(f'Vevo video detected: {vevo_id}')
+                return self.url_result(f'vevo:{vevo_id}', ie='Vevo')
 
             uri = self._html_search_regex(r'/uri/(.*?)\?', webpage, 'uri')
         return self._get_videos_info(uri)
@@ -577,9 +575,9 @@ class MTVItaliaProgrammaIE(MTVItaliaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
     def _get_entries(self, title, url):
         while True:
             pg = self._search_regex(r'/(\d+)$', url, 'entries', '1')
-            entries = self._download_json(url, title, 'page %s' % pg)
+            entries = self._download_json(url, title, f'page {pg}')
             url = try_get(
-                entries, lambda x: x['result']['nextPageURL'], compat_str)
+                entries, lambda x: x['result']['nextPageURL'], str)
             entries = try_get(
                 entries, (
                     lambda x: x['result']['data']['items'],
@@ -598,15 +596,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = self._download_json(info_url, video_id).get('manifest')
 
         redirect = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['newLocation']['url'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['newLocation']['url'], str)
         if redirect:
             return self.url_result(redirect)
 
         title = info.get('title')
         video_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['itemId'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['itemId'], str)
         parent_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['parentId'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['parentId'], str)
 
         playlist_url = current_url = None
         for z in (info.get('zones') or {}).values():
@@ -630,15 +628,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             info, (
                 lambda x: x['title'],
                 lambda x: x['headline']),
-            compat_str)
-        description = try_get(info, lambda x: x['content'], compat_str)
+            str)
+        description = try_get(info, lambda x: x['content'], str)
 
         if current_url:
             season = try_get(
                 self._download_json(playlist_url, video_id, 'Seasons info'),
                 lambda x: x['result']['data'], dict)
             current = try_get(
-                season, lambda x: x['currentSeason'], compat_str)
+                season, lambda x: x['currentSeason'], str)
             seasons = try_get(
                 season, lambda x: x['seasons'], list) or []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
index 934cd4fbc..5d2dd392b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ class MuenchenTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 're:^münchen.tv-Livestream [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
             'is_live': True,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             ext = determine_ext(s['file'], None)
             label_str = s.get('label')
             if label_str is None:
-                label_str = '_%d' % format_num
+                label_str = f'_{format_num}'
 
             if ext is None:
                 format_id = label_str
             else:
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, label_str)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{label_str}'
 
             formats.append({
                 'url': s['file'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
index 74365c0c0..3b39a1b9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class MurrtubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['hump', 'breed', 'Fursuit', 'murrsuit', 'bareback'],
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _download_gql(self, video_id, op, note=None, fatal=True):
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ def _fetch_page(self, username, user_id, page):
     __typename
   }
 }'''},
-            'Downloading page {0}'.format(page + 1))
+            f'Downloading page {page + 1}')
         if data is None:
             raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to retrieve video list for page {page + 1}')
 
         media = data['media']
 
         for entry in media:
-            yield self.url_result('murrtube:{0}'.format(entry['id']), MurrtubeIE.ie_key())
+            yield self.url_result('murrtube:{}'.format(entry['id']), MurrtubeIE.ie_key())
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
index 289ae5733..0ef2fa0c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'PapyPiano',
             'creator': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/user/36164500/scores/6837638',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'roxbelviolin',
             'creator': 'Guns N´Roses Arr. Roxbel Violin',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/classicman/fur-elise',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'ClassicMan',
             'creator': 'Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/minh_cuteee/scores/6555384',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, None)
         url = self._og_search_url(webpage) or url
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        mp3_url = self._download_json(f'https://musescore.com/api/jmuse?id={id}&index=0&type=mp3&v2=1', id,
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        mp3_url = self._download_json(f'https://musescore.com/api/jmuse?id={video_id}&index=0&type=mp3&v2=1', video_id,
                                       headers={'authorization': '63794e5461e4cfa046edfbdddfccc1ac16daffd2'})['info']['url']
         formats = [{
             'url': mp3_url,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         }]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
index a86351458..5ca390ef9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 
 
 class MusicdexBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _return_info(self, track_json, album_json, id):
+    def _return_info(self, track_json, album_json, video_id):
         return {
-            'id': str(id),
+            'id': str(video_id),
             'title': track_json.get('name'),
             'track': track_json.get('name'),
             'description': track_json.get('description'),
@@ -50,15 +50,16 @@ class MusicdexSongIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
             'album_artists': ['fripSide'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.musicdex.org/storage/album/9iDIam1DHTVqUG4UclFIEq1WAFGXfPW4y0TtZa91.png',
             'album': 'To Aru Kagaku no Railgun T OP2 Single - dual existence',
-            'release_year': 2020
+            'release_year': 2020,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/tracks/{id}?defaultRelations=true', id)['track']
-        return self._return_info(data_json, data_json.get('album') or {}, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/tracks/{video_id}?defaultRelations=true', video_id)['track']
+        return self._return_info(data_json, data_json.get('album') or {}, video_id)
 
 
 class MusicdexAlbumIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
@@ -79,13 +80,15 @@ class MusicdexAlbumIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/albums/{id}?defaultRelations=true', id)['album']
-        entries = [self._return_info(track, data_json, track['id']) for track in data_json.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id')]
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/albums/{playlist_id}?defaultRelations=true', playlist_id)['album']
+        entries = [self._return_info(track, data_json, track['id'])
+                   for track in data_json.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id')]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'genres': [genre.get('name') for genre in data_json.get('genres') or []],
@@ -98,12 +101,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class MusicdexPageIE(MusicdexBaseIE):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
-    def _entries(self, id):
-        next_page_url = self._API_URL % id
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
+        next_page_url = self._API_URL % playlist_id
         while next_page_url:
-            data_json = self._download_json(next_page_url, id)['pagination']
-            for data in data_json.get('data') or []:
-                yield data
+            data_json = self._download_json(next_page_url, playlist_id)['pagination']
+            yield from data_json.get('data') or []
             next_page_url = data_json.get('next_page_url')
 
 
@@ -123,15 +125,15 @@ class MusicdexArtistIE(MusicdexPageIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/artists/{id}', id)['artist']
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/artists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)['artist']
         entries = []
-        for album in self._entries(id):
+        for album in self._entries(playlist_id):
             entries.extend(self._return_info(track, album, track['id']) for track in album.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id'))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('plays'),
             'thumbnail': format_field(data_json, 'image_small', 'https://www.musicdex.org/%s'),
@@ -156,14 +158,14 @@ class MusicdexPlaylistIE(MusicdexPageIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/playlists/{id}', id)['playlist']
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/playlists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)['playlist']
         entries = [self._return_info(track, track.get('album') or {}, track['id'])
-                   for track in self._entries(id) or [] if track.get('id')]
+                   for track in self._entries(playlist_id) or [] if track.get('id')]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('plays'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
index cb9f50e0c..5c42f4d15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'title': "S'envoler",
             'release_year': 2021,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mx3.ch/t/1LIY',
         'md5': '48293cb908342547827f963a5a2e9118',
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'release_year': 2023,
             'tags': ['the broots', 'cassata records', 'larytta'],
             'description': '"Begging for Help" Larytta Remix Official Video\nRealized By Kali Donkilie in 2023',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mx3.ch/t/1C6E',
         'md5': '1afcd578493ddb8e5008e94bb6d97e25',
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'title': 'Wide Awake',
             'release_year': 2021,
             'tags': ['alien bubblegum', 'bubblegum', 'alien', 'pop punk', 'poppunk'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class Mx3NeoIE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://neo.mx3.ch/pictures/neo/file/0000/0241/square_xlarge/kammerorchester-basel-group-photo-2_c_-lukasz-rajchert.jpg?1560341252',
             'release_year': 2023,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -167,5 +167,5 @@ class Mx3VolksmusikIE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://volksmusik.mx3.ch/pictures/vxm/file/0000/3815/square_xlarge/grischart1.jpg?1450530120',
             'release_year': 2012,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
index 1fdb08edf..8d3e35a7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2451,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'My Girlfriend Is An Alien (Hindi Dubbed)',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -56,13 +55,13 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2332,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Shaitaan',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'best',
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available.'
+        'skip': 'No longer available.',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-aashram/chapter-1/duh-swapna-online-d445579792b0135598ba1bc9088a84cb',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2568,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Aashram',
-            'episode': 'Episode 3'
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1305,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Dangerous',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'format': 'best',
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available. Cannot be played on browser'
+        'skip': 'No longer available. Cannot be played on browser',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-kitne-door-kitne-paas-movie-online-a9e9c76c566205955f70d8b2cb88a6a2',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -206,11 +205,11 @@ class MxplayerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'a8f44e3cc0814b5601d17772cedf5417',
             'title': 'Watch Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat Series Online',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _API_SHOW_URL = "https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowseasons?type=tv_show&id={}&device-density=2&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en"
-    _API_EPISODES_URL = "https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowepisodes?type=season&id={}&device-density=1&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en&{}"
+    _API_SHOW_URL = 'https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowseasons?type=tv_show&id={}&device-density=2&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en'
+    _API_EPISODES_URL = 'https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowepisodes?type=season&id={}&device-density=1&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en&{}'
 
     def _entries(self, show_id):
         show_json = self._download_json(
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ def _entries(self, show_id):
             video_id=show_id, headers={'Referer': 'https://mxplayer.in'})
         page_num = 0
         for season in show_json.get('items') or []:
-            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
+            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], str)
             next_url = ''
             while next_url is not None:
                 page_num += 1
@@ -226,11 +225,11 @@ def _entries(self, show_id):
                     self._API_EPISODES_URL.format(season_id, next_url),
                     video_id=season_id,
                     headers={'Referer': 'https://mxplayer.in'},
-                    note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)
+                    note=f'Downloading JSON metadata page {page_num}')
                 for episode in season_json.get('items') or []:
                     video_url = episode['webUrl']
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://mxplayer.in%s' % video_url,
+                        f'https://mxplayer.in{video_url}',
                         ie=MxplayerIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_url.split('-')[-1])
                 next_url = season_json.get('next')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
index 345109837..fa2ef14e1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
@@ -95,17 +95,17 @@ def formats_from_stream_urls(stream_url, hls_stream_url, http_stream_url, width=
         if is_song:
             # songs don't store any useful info in the 'context' variable
             song_data = self._search_regex(
-                r'''<button.*data-song-id=(["\'])%s\1.*''' % video_id,
+                rf'''<button.*data-song-id=(["\']){video_id}\1.*''',
                 webpage, 'song_data', default=None, group=0)
             if song_data is None:
                 # some songs in an album are not playable
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s: No downloadable song on this page' % video_id)
+                    f'{video_id}: No downloadable song on this page')
                 return
 
             def search_data(name):
                 return self._search_regex(
-                    r'''data-%s=([\'"])(?P<data>.*?)\1''' % name,
+                    rf'''data-{name}=([\'"])(?P<data>.*?)\1''',
                     song_data, name, default='', group='data')
             formats = formats_from_stream_urls(
                 search_data('stream-url'), search_data('hls-stream-url'),
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ def search_data(name):
                 vevo_id = search_data('vevo-id')
                 youtube_id = search_data('youtube-id')
                 if vevo_id:
-                    self.to_screen('Vevo video detected: %s' % vevo_id)
-                    return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % vevo_id, ie='Vevo')
+                    self.to_screen(f'Vevo video detected: {vevo_id}')
+                    return self.url_result(f'vevo:{vevo_id}', ie='Vevo')
                 elif youtube_id:
-                    self.to_screen('Youtube video detected: %s' % youtube_id)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Youtube video detected: {youtube_id}')
                     return self.url_result(youtube_id, ie='Youtube')
                 else:
                     raise ExtractorError(
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         tracks_paths = re.findall(r'"music:song" content="(.*?)"', webpage)
         if not tracks_paths:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s: No songs found, try using proxy' % display_id,
+                f'{display_id}: No songs found, try using proxy',
                 expected=True)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(t_path, ie=MySpaceIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
index 28ac982d6..3e8d506c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for group in self._search_regex(r'/myspass2009/\d+/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/', video_url, 'myspass', group=(1, 2, 3), default=[]):
             group_int = int(group)
             if group_int > video_id_int:
-                video_url = video_url.replace(group, compat_str(group_int // video_id_int))
+                video_url = video_url.replace(group, str(group_int // video_id_int))
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
index 1996368cc..52e5ea89e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Drama'],
             'age_limit': 13,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # Shows
         'url': 'https://www.mzaalo.com/play/original/93d42b2b-f373-4c2d-bca4-997412cb069d/Modi-Season-2-CM-TO-PM/Episode-1:Decision,-Not-Promises',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Drama'],
             'age_limit': 13,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # Streams/Clips
         'url': 'https://www.mzaalo.com/play/clip/83cdbcb5-400a-42f1-a1d2-459053cfbda5/Manto-Ki-Kahaaniya',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1937.0,
             'language': 'hin',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mzaalo.com/watch/MOVIE/389c892d-0b65-4019-bf73-d4edcb1c014f/Chalo-Dilli',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
index edc41443a..bbb327e75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    unified_timestamp,
     extract_attributes,
+    unified_timestamp,
 )
 
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class N1InfoAssetIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'ljsottomazilirija3060921-n1info-si-worldwide',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ljsottomazilirija3060921-n1info-si-worldwide',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:467f330af1effedd2e290f10dc31bb8e',
             'uploader': 'Sport Klub',
             'uploader_id': 'sportklub',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/djilas-los-plan-za-metro-nece-resiti-nijedan-saobracajni-problem/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ćuta: Biti u Kosovskoj Mitrovici znači da te dočekaju eksplozivnim napravama',
             'upload_date': '20230620',
             'timestamp': 1687290536,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.brid.tv/live/partners/26827/snapshot/1332368_th_6492013a8356f_1687290170.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.brid.tv/live/partners/26827/snapshot/1332368_th_6492013a8356f_1687290170.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/pravobraniteljica-o-ubojstvu-u-zagrebu-radi-se-o-doista-nezapamcenoj-situaciji/',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
index 5e74caa7f..bbc641f0e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '3606',
             'tags': 'count:59',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tv.nate.com/clip/4300566',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '27987',
             'tags': 'count:20',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     _QUALITY = {
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/clip/{id}', id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/clip/{video_id}', video_id)
         formats = [{
             'format_id': f_url[-2:],
             'url': f_url,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'quality': int_or_none(f_url[-2:]),
         } for f_url in video_data.get('smcUriList') or []]
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_data.get('clipTitle'),
             'description': video_data.get('synopsis'),
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('contentImg'),
@@ -102,19 +102,19 @@ class NateProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-            program_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/program/{id}/clip/ranking?size=20&page={page_num}',
-                                               id, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
+            program_data = self._download_json(
+                f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/program/{playlist_id}/clip/ranking?size=20&page={page_num}',
+                playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
             for clip in program_data.get('content') or []:
                 clip_id = clip.get('clipSeq')
                 if clip_id:
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://tv.nate.com/clip/%s' % clip_id,
-                        ie=NateIE.ie_key(), video_id=clip_id)
+                        f'https://tv.nate.com/clip/{clip_id}', NateIE, playlist_id)
             if program_data.get('last'):
                 break
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
index 6f046bc29..43f84a952 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
             'url': smuggle_url(
-                'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ngs/media/guid/2423130747/%s?mbr=true' % guid,
+                f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ngs/media/guid/2423130747/{guid}?mbr=true',
                 {'force_smil_url': True}),
             'id': guid,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
index 885557e91..a9f7f4607 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
-import urllib.parse
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def process_subtitles(vod_data, process_url):
             type_ = 'automatic_captions' if caption.get('type') == 'auto' else 'subtitles'
             lang = caption.get('locale') or join_nonempty('language', 'country', from_dict=caption) or 'und'
             if caption.get('type') == 'fan':
-                lang += '_fan%d' % next(i for i in itertools.count(1) if f'{lang}_fan{i}' not in ret[type_])
+                lang += '_fan{}'.format(next(i for i in itertools.count(1) if f'{lang}_fan{i}' not in ret[type_]))
             ret[type_].setdefault(lang, []).extend({
                 'url': sub_url,
                 'name': join_nonempty('label', 'fanName', from_dict=caption, delim=' - '),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def extract_formats(streams, stream_type, query={}):
                 encoding_option = stream.get('encodingOption', {})
                 bitrate = stream.get('bitrate', {})
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s_%s' % (stream.get('type') or stream_type, dict_get(encoding_option, ('name', 'id'))),
+                    'format_id': '{}_{}'.format(stream.get('type') or stream_type, dict_get(encoding_option, ('name', 'id'))),
                     'url': stream_url,
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'width': int_or_none(encoding_option.get('width')),
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'thumbnail': ('thumbnailImageUrl', {url_or_none}),
                 'start_time': (('startTime', 'startDateTime', 'startYmdt'), {parse_iso8601}),
             }), get_all=False),
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
 
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class NaverNowIE(NaverBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://now.naver.com/s/now.4759?shareHightlight=26601461#highlight=',
         'md5': '9f6118e398aa0f22b2152f554ea7851b',
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class NaverNowIE(NaverBaseIE):
             'id': '4759',
             'title': '아이키의 떰즈업',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 101
+        'playlist_mincount': 101,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://now.naver.com/s/now.4759?shareReplayId=26331132#replay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ def _extract_show_replays(self, show_id):
             show_vod_info = self._download_json(
                 f'{self._API_URL}/vod-shows/now.{show_id}', show_id,
                 query={'page': page, 'page_size': page_size},
-                note=f'Downloading JSON vod list for show {show_id} - page {page}'
+                note=f'Downloading JSON vod list for show {show_id} - page {page}',
             )['response']['result']
             for v in show_vod_info.get('vod_list') or []:
                 yield self._extract_replay(show_id, v['id'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
index 81d11e3a5..91ae1d14c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 import functools
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@
 class NBACVPBaseIE(TurnerBaseIE):
     def _extract_nba_cvp_info(self, path, video_id, fatal=False):
         return self._extract_cvp_info(
-            'http://secure.nba.com/%s' % path, video_id, {
+            f'http://secure.nba.com/{path}', video_id, {
                 'default': {
                     'media_src': 'http://nba.cdn.turner.com/nba/big',
                 },
@@ -185,7 +182,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, collection_id, page):
         page += 1
         videos = self._download_json(
             'https://content-api-prod.nba.com/public/1/endeavor/video-list/collection/' + collection_id,
-            collection_id, 'Downloading page %d JSON metadata' % page, query={
+            collection_id, f'Downloading page {page} JSON metadata', query={
                 'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'page': page,
             })['results']['videos']
@@ -260,14 +257,14 @@ def _embed_url_result(self, team, content_id):
 
     def _call_api(self, team, content_id, query, resource):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.nba.net/2/%s/video,imported_video,wsc/' % team,
-            content_id, 'Download %s JSON metadata' % resource,
+            f'https://api.nba.net/2/{team}/video,imported_video,wsc/',
+            content_id, f'Download {resource} JSON metadata',
             query=query, headers={
                 'accessToken': 'internal|bb88df6b4c2244e78822812cecf1ee1b',
             })['response']['result']
 
     def _extract_video(self, video, team, extract_all=True):
-        video_id = compat_str(video['nid'])
+        video_id = str(video['nid'])
         team = video['brand']
 
         info = {
@@ -330,7 +327,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, video, team, extract_all=True):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         team, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if '/play#/' in url:
-            display_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(display_id)
+            display_id = urllib.parse.unquote(display_id)
         else:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
             display_id = self._search_regex(
@@ -362,7 +359,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class NBAIE(NBABaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nba'
-    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + '(?!%s)video/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)' % NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?!{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})video/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nba.com/bulls/video/teams/bulls/2020/12/04/3478774/1607105587854-20201204schedulereleasefinaldrupal-3478774',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -389,7 +386,7 @@ def _extract_url_results(self, team, content_id):
 
 class NBAChannelIE(NBABaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nba:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + '(?:%s)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)' % NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?:{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nba.com/blazers/video/channel/summer_league',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, team, channel, page):
             'channels': channel,
             'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
             'offset': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
-        }, 'page %d' % (page + 1))
+        }, f'page {page + 1}')
         for video in results:
             yield self._extract_video(video, team, False)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
index 267fa8353..1da2cad3d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import base64
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
+from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE, default_ns
-from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             # Percent escaped url
             'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/up-all-night/video/day-after-valentine%27s-day/n2189',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         permalink, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        permalink = 'http' + compat_urllib_parse_unquote(permalink)
+        permalink = 'http' + urllib.parse.unquote(permalink)
         video_data = self._download_json(
             'https://friendship.nbc.co/v2/graphql', video_id, query={
                 'query': '''query bonanzaPage(
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'switch': 'HLSServiceSecure',
         }
         video_id = video_data['mpxGuid']
-        tp_path = 'NnzsPC/media/guid/%s/%s' % (video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id)
+        tp_path = 'NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id)
         tpm = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, video_id)
         title = tpm.get('title') or video_data.get('secondaryTitle')
         if video_data.get('locked'):
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
                 url, video_id, 'nbcentertainment', resource)
         theplatform_url = smuggle_url(update_url_query(
-            'http://link.theplatform.com/s/NnzsPC/media/guid/%s/%s' % (video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id),
+            'http://link.theplatform.com/s/NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id),
             query), {'force_smil_url': True})
 
         # Empty string or 0 can be valid values for these. So the check must be `is None`
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:vplayer\.nbcsports\.com|(?:www\.)?nbcsports\.com/vplayer)/'
     _VALID_URL = _VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z_]+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?:iframe[^>]+|var video|div[^>]+data-(?:mpx-)?)[sS]rc\s?=\s?"(?P<url>%s[^\"]+)' % _VALID_URL_BASE]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:iframe[^>]+|var video|div[^>]+data-(?:mpx-)?)[sS]rc\s?=\s?"(?P<url>{_VALID_URL_BASE}[^\"]+)']
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vplayer.nbcsports.com/p/BxmELC/nbcsports_embed/select/9CsDKds0kvHI',
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'NBCU-SPORTS',
             'duration': 72.818,
             'chapters': [],
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vplayer.nbcsports.com/p/BxmELC/nbcsports_embed/select/media/PEgOtlNcC_y2',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class NBCSportsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': [],
             'thumbnail': 'https://hdliveextra-a.akamaihd.net/HD/image_sports/NBCU_Sports_Group_-_nbcsports/253/303/izzodps.jpg',
             'duration': 528.395,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # data-mpx-src
         'url': 'https://www.nbcsports.com/philadelphia/philadelphia-phillies/bruce-bochy-hector-neris-hes-idiot',
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class NBCSportsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         live_source = self._download_json(
-            'http://stream.nbcsports.com/data/live_sources_%s.json' % video_id,
+            f'http://stream.nbcsports.com/data/live_sources_{video_id}.json',
             video_id)
         video_source = live_source['videoSources'][0]
         title = video_source['title']
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             tbr = int_or_none(va.get('bitrate'), 1000)
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % tbr
+                format_id += f'-{tbr}'
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'url': public_url,
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         except RegexNotFoundError:
             theplatform_url = self._search_regex(
                 r"([\"'])embedUrl\1: *([\"'])(?P<embedUrl>.+)\2",
-                webpage, 'embedding URL', group="embedUrl")
+                webpage, 'embedding URL', group='embedUrl')
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         source_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://api-leap.nbcsports.com/feeds/assets/{pid}?application=NBCOlympics&platform=desktop&format=nbc-player&env=staging',
-            pid, 'Downloading leap config'
+            pid, 'Downloading leap config',
         )['videoSources'][0]['cdnSources']['primary'][0]['sourceUrl']
 
         if event_config.get('cdnToken'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
index 41ea3629a..5181c7f20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@ def _extract_embed(self, webpage, display_id, url):
         # some more work needed if we only found sophoraID
         if re.match(r'^[a-z]+\d+$', embed_url):
             # get the initial part of the url path,. eg /panorama/archiv/2022/
-            parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-            path = self._search_regex(r'(.+/)%s' % display_id, parsed_url.path or '', 'embed URL', default='')
+            parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+            path = self._search_regex(rf'(.+/){display_id}', parsed_url.path or '', 'embed URL', default='')
             # find tell-tale image with the actual ID
-            ndr_id = self._search_regex(r'%s([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b' % (path, ), webpage, 'embed URL', default=None)
+            ndr_id = self._search_regex(rf'{path}([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b', webpage, 'embed URL', default=None)
             # or try to use special knowledge!
             NDR_INFO_URL_TPL = 'https://www.ndr.de/info/%s-player.html'
-            embed_url = 'ndr:%s' % (ndr_id, ) if ndr_id else NDR_INFO_URL_TPL % (embed_url, )
+            embed_url = f'ndr:{ndr_id}' if ndr_id else NDR_INFO_URL_TPL % (embed_url, )
         if not embed_url:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract embedUrl')
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def _extract_embed(self, webpage, display_id, url):
         timestamp = parse_iso8601(
             self._search_regex(
                 (r'<span[^>]+itemprop="(?:datePublished|uploadDate)"[^>]+content="(?P<cont>[^"]+)"',
-                 r'\bvar\s*pdt\s*=\s*(?P<q>["\'])(?P<cont>(?:(?!(?P=q)).)+)(?P=q)', ),
+                 r'\bvar\s*pdt\s*=\s*(?P<q>["\'])(?P<cont>(?:(?!(?P=q)).)+)(?P=q)'),
                 webpage, 'upload date', group='cont', default=None))
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, default={})
         return merge_dicts({
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ def _extract_embed(self, webpage, display_id, url=None):
         # find tell-tale URL with the actual ID, or ...
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             (r'''\bsrc\s*=\s*["']?(?:/\w+)+/([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b''',
-             r'<iframe[^>]+id="pp_([\da-z]+)"', ),
+             r'<iframe[^>]+id="pp_([\da-z]+)"'),
             webpage, 'NDR id', default=None)
 
         description = (
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def _extract_embed(self, webpage, display_id, url=None):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'NDREmbedBase',
-            'url': 'ndr:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'ndr:{video_id}',
             'display_id': display_id,
             'description': description,
             'title': display_id.replace('-', ' ').strip(),
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_s')
 
         ppjson = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.ndr.de/%s-ppjson.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.ndr.de/{video_id}-ppjson.json', video_id)
 
         playlist = ppjson['playlist']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
index d099db37b..c328bd4d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ class NDTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '468818',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "प्राइम टाइम: सिस्टम बीमार, स्कूल बदहाल",
+                'title': 'प्राइम टाइम: सिस्टम बीमार, स्कूल बदहाल',
                 'description': 'md5:f410512f1b49672e5695dea16ef2731d',
                 'upload_date': '20170928',
                 'duration': 2218,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # __filename is url
@@ -29,45 +29,45 @@ class NDTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '470304',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Cracker-Free Diwali Wishes From Karan Johar, Kriti Sanon & Other Stars",
+                'title': 'Cracker-Free Diwali Wishes From Karan Johar, Kriti Sanon & Other Stars',
                 'description': 'md5:f115bba1adf2f6433fa7c1ade5feb465',
                 'upload_date': '20171019',
                 'duration': 137,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/delhi-s-air-quality-status-report-after-diwali-is-very-poor-470372',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://auto.ndtv.com/videos/the-cnb-daily-october-13-2017-469935',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/videos/2nd-t20i-rock-thrown-at-australia-cricket-team-bus-after-win-over-india-469764',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://gadgets.ndtv.com/videos/uncharted-the-lost-legacy-review-465568',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/news/video-indian-economy-on-very-solid-track-international-monetary-fund-chief-470040',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://food.ndtv.com/video-basil-seeds-coconut-porridge-419083',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://doctor.ndtv.com/videos/top-health-stories-of-the-week-467396',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://swirlster.ndtv.com/video/how-to-make-friends-at-work-469324',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
index 24b66570e..537158e87 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Spaceship',
                     'track_number': 1,
-                    'duration': 195.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 195.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/02-City-Runner.mp3',
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'City Runner',
                     'track_number': 2,
-                    'duration': 148.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 148.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/03-Nature-Talk.mp3',
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Nature Talk',
                     'track_number': 3,
-                    'duration': 174.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 174.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/04-Crystal-World.mp3',
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Crystal World',
                     'track_number': 4,
-                    'duration': 199.0
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                    'duration': 199.0,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/susume/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'md5:1a5fcbc96ca3c3265b1c6f9f79f30fd0',
                     'track_number': 1,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/むじな-de-なじむ-feat.-六科なじむ-CV_-日高里菜-.mp3',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'むじな de なじむ feat. 六科なじむ (CV: 日高里菜 )',
                     'track_number': 2,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/進め！むじなカンパニー-instrumental.mp3',
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': '進め！むじなカンパニー (instrumental)',
                     'track_number': 3,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/むじな-de-なじむ-instrumental.mp3',
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'むじな de なじむ (instrumental)',
                     'track_number': 4,
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
index 73b33a9f9..dd50efe51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _download_eapi_json(self, path, video_id, query_body, headers={}, **kwargs):
             'requestId': f'{int(time.time() * 1000)}_{random.randint(0, 1000):04}',
             **traverse_obj(self._get_cookies(self._API_BASE), {
                 'MUSIC_U': ('MUSIC_U', {lambda i: i.value}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
         return self._download_json(
             urljoin('https://interface3.music.163.com/', f'/eapi{path}'), video_id,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20180405',
             'description': 'md5:3650af9ee22c87e8637cb2dde22a765c',
             'subtitles': {'lyrics': [{'ext': 'lrc'}]},
-            "duration": 256,
+            'duration': 256,
             'thumbnail': r're:^http.*\.jpg',
             'album': '偶像练习生 表演曲目合集',
             'average_rating': int,
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = self._download_eapi_json(
             '/v3/playlist/detail', list_id,
             {'id': list_id, 't': '-1', 'n': '500', 's': '0'},
-            note="Downloading playlist info")
+            note='Downloading playlist info')
 
         metainfo = traverse_obj(info, ('playlist', {
             'title': ('name', {str}),
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicProgramIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
             'duration': 1104,
         },
         'params': {
-            'noplaylist': True
+            'noplaylist': True,
         },
     }]
 
@@ -561,7 +561,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': ('createTime', {self.kilo_or_none}),
         })
 
-        if not self._yes_playlist(info['songs'] and program_id, info['mainSong']['id']):
+        if not self._yes_playlist(
+                info['songs'] and program_id, info['mainSong']['id'], playlist_label='program', video_label='song'):
             formats = self.extract_formats(info['mainSong'])
 
             return {
@@ -584,7 +585,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicDjRadioIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '42',
             'title': '声音蔓延',
-            'description': 'md5:c7381ebd7989f9f367668a5aee7d5f08'
+            'description': 'md5:c7381ebd7989f9f367668a5aee7d5f08',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
index ef53e15da..2ddec5c0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1626919804,
             'like_count': int,
             'uploader': 'Net Prime',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # series
         'url': 'https://www.netverse.id/watch/jadoo-seorang-model',
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Net Prime',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'video get Geo-blocked for some country'
+        'skip': 'video get Geo-blocked for some country',
     }, {
         # non www host
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/watch/tetangga-baru',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1645764984,
             'upload_date': '20220225',
         },
-        'skip': 'This video get Geo-blocked for some country'
+        'skip': 'This video get Geo-blocked for some country',
     }, {
         # video with comments
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/video/episode-1-season-2016-ok-food',
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # video with multiple page comment
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/video/match-island-eps-1-fix',
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
index e9422eebf..c07b1715a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class NetzkinoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Download only works from Germany',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.netzkino.de/#!/filme/dr-jekyll-mrs-hyde-2',
         'md5': 'c7728b2dadd04ff6727814847a51ef03',
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ class NetzkinoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Download only works from Germany',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
-        api_url = 'https://api.netzkino.de.simplecache.net/capi-2.0a/movies/%s.json?d=www' % video_id
+        api_url = f'https://api.netzkino.de.simplecache.net/capi-2.0a/movies/{video_id}.json?d=www'
         info = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)
         custom_fields = info['custom_fields']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
index 67e52efd6..9f5a464e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9246c181614e23754571995104da92e0',
             'age_limit': 13,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/297000/flash_297383_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/297383/format/flash',
         'md5': '5d05585a9a0caca059f5abfbd3865524',
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'age_limit': 13,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/297000/flash_297383_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/823109',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/823000/flash_823109_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _AGE_LIMIT = {
         'e': 0,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         result = self._download_json(login_url, None, 'Logging in', headers={
             'Accept': 'application/json',
             'Referer': self._LOGIN_URL,
-            'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+            'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
         }, data=urlencode_postdata({
             **self._hidden_inputs(login_webpage),
             'username': username,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             json_video = self._download_json(f'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/video/{media_id}', media_id, headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
                 'Referer': url,
-                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
             })
 
             formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
index a5a7b168c..941cb9331 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class NewsyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1621339200,
             'duration': 339630,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.newsy.com/images/videos/x/1620927824_xyrrP4.jpg',
-            'upload_date': '20210518'
+            'upload_date': '20210518',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
index 871d3e669..81da3ffde 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     get_element_by_class,
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class NextMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:28222b9912b6665a21011b034c70fcc7',
             'timestamp': 1415456273,
             'upload_date': '20141108',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _URL_PATTERN = r'\{ url: \'(.+)\' \}'
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ def _extract_from_nextmedia_page(self, news_id, url, page):
             r'window\.location\.href\s*=\s*([\'"])(?P<url>(?!\1).+)\1',
             page, 'redirection URL', default=None, group='url')
         if redirection_url:
-            return self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, redirection_url))
+            return self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, redirection_url))
 
         title = self._fetch_title(page)
         video_url = self._search_regex(self._URL_PATTERN, page, 'video url')
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@ def _fetch_thumbnail(self, page):
         return self._og_search_thumbnail(page)
 
     def _fetch_timestamp(self, page):
-        dateCreated = self._search_regex('"dateCreated":"([^"]+)"', page, 'created time')
-        return parse_iso8601(dateCreated)
+        date_created = self._search_regex('"dateCreated":"([^"]+)"', page, 'created time')
+        return parse_iso8601(date_created)
 
     def _fetch_upload_date(self, url):
         return self._search_regex(self._VALID_URL, url, 'upload date', group='date')
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class NextMediaActionNewsIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
             'description': 'md5:cd802fad1f40fd9ea178c1e2af02d659',
             'timestamp': 1421791200,
             'upload_date': '20150120',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class AppleDailyIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'md5:2acd430e59956dc47cd7f67cb3c003f4',
             'upload_date': '20150128',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/strange/20150128/550549/%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF%E8%A2%AB%E8%B8%A9%E8%85%B3%E3%80%80%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%85%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AA%BD%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E6%89%93%E4%B8%8B%E8%BB%8A',
         'md5': '86b4e9132d158279c7883822d94ccc49',
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class AppleDailyIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'md5:175b4260c1d7c085993474217e4ab1b4',
             'upload_date': '20150128',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.appledaily.com.tw/animation/realtimenews/new/20150128/5003671',
         'md5': '03df296d95dedc2d5886debbb80cb43f',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
index b4874c8f3..cd32892fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1384264416,
             'upload_date': '20131112',
         },
-        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled'
+        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled',
     }, {
         # episode with captions
         'url': 'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3.1/741/videos/byid/1701834',
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1527874460,
             'upload_date': '20180601',
         },
-        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled'
+        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://api.nexxcdn.com/v3/748/videos/byid/128907',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -128,8 +127,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
                     r'(?is)onPLAYReady.+?_play\.(?:init|(?:control\.)?addPlayer)\s*\(.+?\s*,\s*["\']?(\d+)',
                     webpage):
                 entries.append(
-                    'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/%s/videos/byid/%s'
-                    % (domain_id, video_id))
+                    f'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/{domain_id}/videos/byid/{video_id}')
 
         # TODO: support more embed formats
 
@@ -137,20 +135,20 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
 
     def _handle_error(self, response):
         if traverse_obj(response, ('metadata', 'notice'), expected_type=str):
-            self.report_warning('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['notice']))
+            self.report_warning('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['notice']))
         status = int_or_none(try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['metadata']['status']) or 200)
         if 200 <= status < 300:
             return
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['errorhint']),
+            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['errorhint']),
             expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, domain_id, path, video_id, data=None, headers={}):
         headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'
         result = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/%s/%s' % (domain_id, path), video_id,
-            'Downloading %s JSON' % path, data=urlencode_postdata(data),
+            f'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/{domain_id}/{path}', video_id,
+            f'Downloading {path} JSON', data=urlencode_postdata(data),
             headers=headers)
         self._handle_error(result)
         return result['result']
@@ -160,20 +158,20 @@ def _extract_free_formats(self, video, video_id):
         cdn = stream_data['cdnType']
         assert cdn == 'free'
 
-        hash = video['general']['hash']
+        video_hash = video['general']['hash']
 
-        ps = compat_str(stream_data['originalDomain'])
+        ps = str(stream_data['originalDomain'])
         if stream_data['applyFolderHierarchy'] == 1:
             s = ('%04d' % int(video_id))[::-1]
-            ps += '/%s/%s' % (s[0:2], s[2:4])
-        ps += '/%s/%s_' % (video_id, hash)
+            ps += f'/{s[0:2]}/{s[2:4]}'
+        ps += f'/{video_id}/{video_hash}_'
 
         t = 'http://%s' + ps
         fd = stream_data['azureFileDistribution'].split(',')
         cdn_provider = stream_data['cdnProvider']
 
         def p0(p):
-            return '_%s' % p if stream_data['applyAzureStructure'] == 1 else ''
+            return f'_{p}' if stream_data['applyAzureStructure'] == 1 else ''
 
         formats = []
         if cdn_provider == 'ak':
@@ -191,10 +189,10 @@ def p0(p):
             for i in fd:
                 p = i.split(':')
                 tbr = int(p[0])
-                filename = '%s%s%s.mp4' % (h, p[1], p0(tbr))
+                filename = f'{h}{p[1]}{p0(tbr)}.mp4'
                 f = {
                     'url': http_base + '/' + filename,
-                    'format_id': '%s-http-%d' % (cdn, tbr),
+                    'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{tbr}',
                     'tbr': tbr,
                 }
                 width_height = p[1].split('x')
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ def p0(p):
                         'height': int_or_none(width_height[1]),
                     })
                 formats.append(f)
-                a = filename + ':%s' % (tbr * 1000)
+                a = filename + f':{tbr * 1000}'
                 t += a + ','
             t = t[:-1] + '&audiostream=' + a.split(':')[0]
         else:
@@ -213,10 +211,10 @@ def p0(p):
         if cdn_provider == 'ce':
             formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                 t % (stream_data['cdnPathDASH'], 'mpd'), video_id,
-                mpd_id='%s-dash' % cdn, fatal=False))
+                mpd_id=f'{cdn}-dash', fatal=False))
         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             t % (stream_data['cdnPathHLS'], 'm3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
-            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='%s-hls' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id=f'{cdn}-hls', fatal=False))
 
         return formats
 
@@ -231,9 +229,9 @@ def _extract_3q_formats(self, video, video_id):
 
         def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type=''):
             for secure in ('', 's'):
-                cdn_shield = stream_data.get('cdnShield%sHTTP%s' % (shield_type, secure.upper()))
+                cdn_shield = stream_data.get(f'cdnShield{shield_type}HTTP{secure.upper()}')
                 if cdn_shield:
-                    return 'http%s://%s' % (secure, cdn_shield)
+                    return f'http{secure}://{cdn_shield}'
             return f'http://sdn-global-{"prog" if shield_type.lower() == "prog" else "streaming"}-cache.3qsdn.com/' + (f's/{protection_key}/' if protection_key else '')
 
         stream_base = get_cdn_shield_base()
@@ -256,7 +254,7 @@ def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type=''):
             tbr = int_or_none(ss[1], scale=1000)
             formats.append({
                 'url': f'{progressive_base}{q_acc}/uploads/{q_acc}-{ss[2]}.webm',
-                'format_id': f'{cdn}-{ss[0]}{"-%s" % tbr if tbr else ""}',
+                'format_id': f'{cdn}-{ss[0]}{f"-{tbr}" if tbr else ""}',
                 'tbr': tbr,
             })
 
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type=''):
             width, height = ss[1].split('x') if len(ss[1].split('x')) == 2 else (None, None)
             f = {
                 'url': f'{progressive_base}{q_acc}/files/{q_prefix}/{q_locator}/{ss[2]}.mp4',
-                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{"-%s" % tbr if tbr else ""}',
+                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{f"-{tbr}" if tbr else ""}',
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': int_or_none(width),
                 'height': int_or_none(height),
@@ -288,38 +286,37 @@ def _extract_azure_formats(self, video, video_id):
 
         def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type='', static=False):
             for secure in ('', 's'):
-                cdn_shield = stream_data.get('cdnShield%sHTTP%s' % (shield_type, secure.upper()))
+                cdn_shield = stream_data.get(f'cdnShield{shield_type}HTTP{secure.upper()}')
                 if cdn_shield:
-                    return 'http%s://%s' % (secure, cdn_shield)
+                    return f'http{secure}://{cdn_shield}'
+            if 'fb' in stream_data['azureAccount']:
+                prefix = 'df' if static else 'f'
             else:
-                if 'fb' in stream_data['azureAccount']:
-                    prefix = 'df' if static else 'f'
-                else:
-                    prefix = 'd' if static else 'p'
-                account = int(stream_data['azureAccount'].replace('nexxplayplus', '').replace('nexxplayfb', ''))
-                return 'http://nx-%s%02d.akamaized.net/' % (prefix, account)
+                prefix = 'd' if static else 'p'
+            account = int(stream_data['azureAccount'].replace('nexxplayplus', '').replace('nexxplayfb', ''))
+            return 'http://nx-%s%02d.akamaized.net/' % (prefix, account)
 
         language = video['general'].get('language_raw') or ''
 
         azure_stream_base = get_cdn_shield_base()
         is_ml = ',' in language
-        azure_manifest_url = '%s%s/%s_src%s.ism/Manifest' % (
+        azure_manifest_url = '{}{}/{}_src{}.ism/Manifest'.format(
             azure_stream_base, azure_locator, video_id, ('_manifest' if is_ml else '')) + '%s'
 
         protection_token = try_get(
-            video, lambda x: x['protectiondata']['token'], compat_str)
+            video, lambda x: x['protectiondata']['token'], str)
         if protection_token:
-            azure_manifest_url += '?hdnts=%s' % protection_token
+            azure_manifest_url += f'?hdnts={protection_token}'
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             azure_manifest_url % '(format=m3u8-aapl)',
             video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-            m3u8_id='%s-hls' % cdn, fatal=False)
+            m3u8_id=f'{cdn}-hls', fatal=False)
         formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
             azure_manifest_url % '(format=mpd-time-csf)',
-            video_id, mpd_id='%s-dash' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            video_id, mpd_id=f'{cdn}-dash', fatal=False))
         formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
-            azure_manifest_url % '', video_id, ism_id='%s-mss' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            azure_manifest_url % '', video_id, ism_id=f'{cdn}-mss', fatal=False))
 
         azure_progressive_base = get_cdn_shield_base('Prog', True)
         azure_file_distribution = stream_data.get('azureFileDistribution')
@@ -332,9 +329,8 @@ def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type='', static=False):
                         tbr = int_or_none(ss[0])
                         if tbr:
                             f = {
-                                'url': '%s%s/%s_src_%s_%d.mp4' % (
-                                    azure_progressive_base, azure_locator, video_id, ss[1], tbr),
-                                'format_id': '%s-http-%d' % (cdn, tbr),
+                                'url': f'{azure_progressive_base}{azure_locator}/{video_id}_src_{ss[1]}_{tbr}.mp4',
+                                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{tbr}',
                                 'tbr': tbr,
                             }
                             width_height = ss[1].split('x')
@@ -365,7 +361,7 @@ def find_video(result):
             return None
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://arc.nexx.cloud/api/video/%s.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://arc.nexx.cloud/api/video/{video_id}.json',
             video_id, fatal=False)
         if response and isinstance(response, dict):
             result = response.get('result')
@@ -375,9 +371,7 @@ def find_video(result):
         # not all videos work via arc, e.g. nexx:741:1269984
         if not video:
             # Reverse engineered from JS code (see getDeviceID function)
-            device_id = '%d:%d:%d%d' % (
-                random.randint(1, 4), int(time.time()),
-                random.randint(1e4, 99999), random.randint(1, 9))
+            device_id = f'{random.randint(1, 4)}:{int(time.time())}:{random.randint(1e4, 99999)}{random.randint(1, 9)}'
 
             result = self._call_api(domain_id, 'session/init', video_id, data={
                 'nxp_devh': device_id,
@@ -416,10 +410,10 @@ def find_video(result):
             # Reversed from JS code for _play.api.call function (search for
             # X-Request-Token)
             request_token = hashlib.md5(
-                ''.join((op, domain_id, secret)).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+                ''.join((op, domain_id, secret)).encode()).hexdigest()
 
             result = self._call_api(
-                domain_id, 'videos/%s/%s' % (op, video_id), video_id, data={
+                domain_id, f'videos/{op}/{video_id}', video_id, data={
                     'additionalfields': 'language,channel,format,licenseby,slug,fileversion,episode,season',
                     'addInteractionOptions': '1',
                     'addStatusDetails': '1',
@@ -460,13 +454,13 @@ def find_video(result):
                     'data': '\n\n'.join(
                         f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["fromms"] / 1000)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["toms"] / 1000)}\n{line["caption"]}'
                         for i, line in enumerate(sub['data'])),
-                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title')
+                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title'),
                 })
             elif sub.get('url'):
                 subtitles.setdefault(sub.get('language', 'en'), []).append({
                     'url': sub['url'],
                     'ext': sub.get('format'),
-                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title')
+                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title'),
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -477,7 +471,7 @@ def find_video(result):
             'release_year': int_or_none(general.get('year')),
             'creator': general.get('studio') or general.get('studio_adref') or None,
             'thumbnail': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['imagedata']['thumb'], compat_str),
+                video, lambda x: x['imagedata']['thumb'], str),
             'duration': parse_duration(general.get('runtime')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(general.get('uploaded')),
             'episode_number': traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
index 6f7872825..968c9728b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfb.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
     merge_dicts,
     parse_count,
     url_or_none,
-    urljoin,
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
@@ -16,8 +15,7 @@ class NFBBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_ep_data(self, webpage, video_id, fatal=False):
         return self._search_json(
-            r'const\s+episodesData\s*=', webpage, 'episode data', video_id,
-            contains_pattern=r'\[\s*{(?s:.+)}\s*\]', fatal=fatal) or []
+            r'episodesData\s*:', webpage, 'episode data', video_id, fatal=fatal) or {}
 
     def _extract_ep_info(self, data, video_id, slug=None):
         info = traverse_obj(data, (lambda _, v: video_id in v['embed_url'], {
@@ -224,18 +222,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # type_ can change from film to serie(s) after redirect; new slug may have episode number
         type_, slug = self._match_valid_url(urlh.url).group('type', 'id')
 
-        embed_url = urljoin(f'https://www.{site}.ca', self._html_search_regex(
-            r'<[^>]+\bid=["\']player-iframe["\'][^>]*\bsrc=["\']([^"\']+)', webpage, 'embed url'))
-        video_id = self._match_id(embed_url)  # embed url has unique slug
-        player = self._download_webpage(embed_url, video_id, 'Downloading player page')
-        if 'MESSAGE_GEOBLOCKED' in player:
-            self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        player_data = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.PLAYER_OPTIONS\[[^\]]+\]\s*=', webpage, 'player data', slug)
+        video_id = self._match_id(player_data['overlay']['url'])  # overlay url always has unique slug
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            self._html_search_regex(r'source:\s*\'([^\']+)', player, 'm3u8 url'),
-            video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
+            player_data['source'], video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
 
-        if dv_source := self._html_search_regex(r'dvSource:\s*\'([^\']+)', player, 'dv', default=None):
+        if dv_source := url_or_none(player_data.get('dvSource')):
             fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                 dv_source, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='dv', preference=-2, fatal=False)
             for fmt in fmts:
@@ -246,17 +240,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<[^>]+\bid=["\']titleHeader["\'][^>]*>\s*<h1[^>]*>\s*([^<]+?)\s*</h1>',
+                r'["\']nfb_version_title["\']\s*:\s*["\']([^"\']+)',
                 webpage, 'title', default=None),
             'description': self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<[^>]+\bid=["\']tabSynopsis["\'][^>]*>\s*<p[^>]*>\s*([^<]+)',
                 webpage, 'description', default=None),
-            'thumbnail': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'poster:\s*\'([^\']+)', player, 'thumbnail', default=None),
+            'thumbnail': url_or_none(player_data.get('poster')),
             'uploader': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<[^>]+\bitemprop=["\']name["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)', webpage, 'uploader', default=None),
+                r'<[^>]+\bitemprop=["\']director["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)', webpage, 'uploader', default=None),
             'release_year': int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<[^>]+\bitemprop=["\']datePublished["\'][^>]*>([^<]+)',
+                r'["\']nfb_version_year["\']\s*:\s*["\']([^"\']+)',
                 webpage, 'release_year', default=None)),
         } if type_ == 'film' else self._extract_ep_info(self._extract_ep_data(webpage, video_id, slug), video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
index febad8fdf..ec746ecb1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-
-from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    unified_strdate,
-    unified_timestamp
-)
+from ..utils import try_get, unified_strdate, unified_timestamp
 
 
 class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -23,12 +17,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/schools/rockford-high-school-rockford-mi',
             'location': 'Rockford, Michigan',
             'timestamp': 1616859000,
-            'upload_date': '20210327'
+            'upload_date': '20210327',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Non-sport activity with description
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/limon-high-school-limon-co/evt4a30e3726c',
@@ -42,12 +36,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/schools/limon-high-school-limon-co',
             'location': 'Limon, Colorado',
             'timestamp': 1607893200,
-            'upload_date': '20201213'
+            'upload_date': '20201213',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Postseason game
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/nfhs-network-special-events/dd8de71d45',
@@ -60,12 +54,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/affiliates/socal-sports-productions',
             'location': 'San Diego, California',
             'timestamp': 1451187000,
-            'upload_date': '20151226'
+            'upload_date': '20151226',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Video with no broadcasts object
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/wiaa-wi/9aa2f92f82',
@@ -79,13 +73,13 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/associations/wiaa-wi',
             'location': 'Stevens Point, Wisconsin',
             'timestamp': 1421856000,
-            'upload_date': '20150121'
+            'upload_date': '20150121',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
-    }
+        },
+    },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -97,17 +91,17 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         publisher = data.get('publishers')[0]  # always exists
         broadcast = (publisher.get('broadcasts') or publisher.get('vods'))[0]  # some (older) videos don't have a broadcasts object
         uploader = publisher.get('formatted_name') or publisher.get('name')
-        uploaderID = publisher.get('publisher_key')
-        pubType = publisher.get('type')
-        uploaderPrefix = (
-            "schools" if pubType == "school"
-            else "associations" if "association" in pubType
-            else "affiliates" if (pubType == "publisher" or pubType == "affiliate")
-            else "schools")
-        uploaderPage = 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/%s/%s' % (uploaderPrefix, publisher.get('slug'))
-        location = '%s, %s' % (data.get('city'), data.get('state_name'))
+        uploader_id = publisher.get('publisher_key')
+        pub_type = publisher.get('type')
+        uploader_prefix = (
+            'schools' if pub_type == 'school'
+            else 'associations' if 'association' in pub_type
+            else 'affiliates' if (pub_type == 'publisher' or pub_type == 'affiliate')
+            else 'schools')
+        uploader_page = 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/{}/{}'.format(uploader_prefix, publisher.get('slug'))
+        location = '{}, {}'.format(data.get('city'), data.get('state_name'))
         description = broadcast.get('description')
-        isLive = broadcast.get('on_air') or broadcast.get('status') == 'on_air' or False
+        is_live = broadcast.get('on_air') or broadcast.get('status') == 'on_air' or False
 
         timestamp = unified_timestamp(data.get('local_start_time'))
         upload_date = unified_strdate(data.get('local_start_time'))
@@ -117,13 +111,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             or self._html_search_regex(r'<h1 class="sr-hidden">(.*?)</h1>', webpage, 'title'))
         title = title.split('|')[0].strip()
 
-        video_type = 'broadcasts' if isLive else 'vods'
-        key = broadcast.get('key') if isLive else try_get(publisher, lambda x: x['vods'][0]['key'])
+        video_type = 'broadcasts' if is_live else 'vods'
+        key = broadcast.get('key') if is_live else try_get(publisher, lambda x: x['vods'][0]['key'])
         m3u8_url = self._download_json(
-            'https://cfunity.nfhsnetwork.com/v2/%s/%s/url' % (video_type, key),
+            f'https://cfunity.nfhsnetwork.com/v2/{video_type}/{key}/url',
             video_id).get('video_url')
 
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=isLive)
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=is_live)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -132,10 +126,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': description,
             'timestamp': timestamp,
             'uploader': uploader,
-            'uploader_id': uploaderID,
-            'uploader_url': uploaderPage,
+            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
+            'uploader_url': uploader_page,
             'location': location,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'is_live': isLive,
+            'is_live': is_live,
             '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'tbr'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
index 3f83cd20e..c537c1c47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class NFLIE(NFLBaseIE):
             'tags': 'count:6',
             'duration': 157,
             'categories': 'count:3',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.chiefs.com/listen/patrick-mahomes-travis-kelce-react-to-win-over-dolphins-the-breakdown',
         'md5': '6886b32c24b463038c760ceb55a34566',
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def entries():
             for replay in traverse_obj(
-                replays, ('items', lambda _, v: v['mcpPlaybackId'] and v['subType'] in requested_types)
+                replays, ('items', lambda _, v: v['mcpPlaybackId'] and v['subType'] in requested_types),
             ):
                 video_id = replay['mcpPlaybackId']
                 yield self.url_result(f'{self._ANVATO_PREFIX}{video_id}', AnvatoIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
index 8bb017a73..0ff25a690 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def get_clean_field(key):
             if not img_path:
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({
-                'id': '%dp' % h,
+                'id': f'{h}p',
                 'height': h,
                 'width': w,
                 'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp' + img_path,
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class NhkVodIE(NhkBaseIE):
             'series': 'Living in Japan',
             'description': 'md5:0a0e2077d8f07a03071e990a6f51bfab',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
-            'episode': 'Tips for Travelers to Japan / Ramen Vending Machines'
+            'episode': 'Tips for Travelers to Japan / Ramen Vending Machines',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/video/2015173/',
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class NhkForSchoolBangumiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20140402',
             'ext': 'mp4',
 
-            'chapters': 'count:12'
+            'chapters': 'count:12',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -521,7 +521,8 @@ class NhkForSchoolSubjectIE(InfoExtractor):
         'eigo', 'tokkatsu',
         'tokushi', 'sonota',
     )
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>%s)/?(?:[\?#].*)?$' % '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in KNOWN_SUBJECTS)
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>{})/?(?:[\?#].*)?$'.format(
+        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in KNOWN_SUBJECTS))
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/school/sougou/',
@@ -551,9 +552,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class NhkForSchoolProgramListIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>(?:%s)/[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)' % (
-        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in NhkForSchoolSubjectIE.KNOWN_SUBJECTS)
-    )
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>(?:{})/[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)'.format(
+        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in NhkForSchoolSubjectIE.KNOWN_SUBJECTS))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/school/sougou/q/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ class NhkRadioNewsPageIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'NHKラジオ第1',
             'uploader': 'NHKラジオ第1',
             'title': 'NHKラジオニュース',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/common/img/media/fm-200x200.png',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _NOA_STATION_IDS = {'r1': 'n1', 'r2': 'n2', 'fm': 'n3'}
@@ -803,8 +803,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         data = config.find(f'.//data//area[.="{area}"]/..')
 
         if not data:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid area. Valid areas are: %s' % ', '.join(
-                [i.text for i in config.findall('.//data//area')]), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Invalid area. Valid areas are: {}'.format(', '.join(
+                [i.text for i in config.findall('.//data//area')])), expected=True)
 
         noa_info = self._download_json(
             f'https:{config.find(".//url_program_noa").text}'.format(area=data.find('areakey').text),
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         present_info = traverse_obj(noa_info, ('nowonair_list', self._NOA_STATION_IDS.get(station), 'present'))
 
         return {
-            'title': ' '.join(traverse_obj(present_info, (('service', 'area',), 'name', {str}))),
+            'title': ' '.join(traverse_obj(present_info, (('service', 'area'), 'name', {str}))),
             'id': join_nonempty(station, area),
             'thumbnails': traverse_obj(present_info, ('service', 'images', ..., {
                 'url': 'url',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
index 2521c40e0..83dd480cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
     parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
 )
 
 
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ class NHLBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         site, tmp_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/%s/%sid/v1/%s/details/web-v1.json'
-            % (self._CONTENT_DOMAIN, site[:3], 'item/' if site == 'mlb' else '', tmp_id), tmp_id)
+            'https://{}/{}/{}id/v1/{}/details/web-v1.json'.format(
+                self._CONTENT_DOMAIN, site[:3], 'item/' if site == 'mlb' else '', tmp_id), tmp_id)
         if video_data.get('type') != 'video':
             video_data = video_data['media']
             video = video_data.get('video')
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if videos:
                     video_data = videos[0]
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         title = video_data['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 height = int_or_none(playback.get('height'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': playback.get('name', 'http' + ('-%dp' % height if height else '')),
+                    'format_id': playback.get('name', 'http' + (f'-{height}p' if height else '')),
                     'url': playback_url,
                     'width': int_or_none(playback.get('width')),
                     'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
index 165d8ce9d..653b10b9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S1',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '839a04f49900a1fcbf517020d94e0737',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S2',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'f1145699f199770e2919ee8646955d46',
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S3',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'd463116875aee2585ee58de3b12caebd',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S4',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
         ],
     }, {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9d65a66df38e02254852794b2809d1cf',
             'title': 'Blue\'s Imagination Station',
         },
-        'skip': 'Not accessible?'
+        'skip': 'Not accessible?',
     }]
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, video_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if video_type.startswith("episodes"):
+        if video_type.startswith('episodes'):
             return super()._real_extract(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/data/video.endLevel.json' % domain,
+            f'http://{domain}/data/video.endLevel.json',
             display_id, query={
                 'urlKey': display_id,
             })
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class NickDeIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge&ref=%s' % (uri, url), video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
 
@@ -221,4 +221,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result('http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/%s' % mgid)
+        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
index b04ce9615..9d7b010c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 urljoin('https://account.nicovideo.jp', post_url), None,
                 note='Performing MFA', errnote='Unable to complete MFA',
                 data=urlencode_postdata({
-                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digits code')
+                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digits code'),
                 }), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 })
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def ping():
                 'http_output_download_parameters': {
                     'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
                     'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                }
+                },
             }
         elif dmc_protocol == 'hls':
             protocol = 'm3u8'
@@ -277,14 +277,14 @@ def ping():
                     'transfer_preset': '',
                     'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
                     'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                }
+                },
             }
             if 'hls_encryption' in parsed_token and encryption:
                 protocol_parameters['hls_parameters']['encryption'] = {
                     parsed_token['hls_encryption']: {
                         'encrypted_key': encryption['encryptedKey'],
                         'key_uri': encryption['keyUri'],
-                    }
+                    },
                 }
             else:
                 protocol = 'm3u8_native'
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ def ping():
             session_api_endpoint['url'], video_id,
             query={'_format': 'json'},
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-            note='Downloading JSON metadata for %s' % info_dict['format_id'],
+            note='Downloading JSON metadata for {}'.format(info_dict['format_id']),
             data=json.dumps({
                 'session': {
                     'client_info': {
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ def ping():
                         'auth_type': try_get(session_api_data, lambda x: x['authTypes'][session_api_data['protocols'][0]]),
                         'content_key_timeout': session_api_data.get('contentKeyTimeout'),
                         'service_id': 'nicovideo',
-                        'service_user_id': session_api_data.get('serviceUserId')
+                        'service_user_id': session_api_data.get('serviceUserId'),
                     },
                     'content_id': session_api_data.get('contentId'),
                     'content_src_id_sets': [{
@@ -313,34 +313,34 @@ def ping():
                             'src_id_to_mux': {
                                 'audio_src_ids': [audio_src_id],
                                 'video_src_ids': [video_src_id],
-                            }
-                        }]
+                            },
+                        }],
                     }],
                     'content_type': 'movie',
                     'content_uri': '',
                     'keep_method': {
                         'heartbeat': {
-                            'lifetime': session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime')
-                        }
+                            'lifetime': session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'),
+                        },
                     },
                     'priority': session_api_data['priority'],
                     'protocol': {
                         'name': 'http',
                         'parameters': {
                             'http_parameters': {
-                                'parameters': protocol_parameters
-                            }
-                        }
+                                'parameters': protocol_parameters,
+                            },
+                        },
                     },
                     'recipe_id': session_api_data.get('recipeId'),
                     'session_operation_auth': {
                         'session_operation_auth_by_signature': {
                             'signature': session_api_data.get('signature'),
                             'token': session_api_data.get('token'),
-                        }
+                        },
                     },
-                    'timing_constraint': 'unlimited'
-                }
+                    'timing_constraint': 'unlimited',
+                },
             }).encode())
 
         info_dict['url'] = session_response['data']['session']['content_uri']
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def ping():
             'data': json.dumps(session_response['data']),
             # interval, convert milliseconds to seconds, then halve to make a buffer.
             'interval': float_or_none(session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'), scale=3000),
-            'ping': ping
+            'ping': ping,
         }
 
         return info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ def _extract_format_for_quality(self, video_id, audio_quality, video_quality, dm
         vid_qual_label = traverse_obj(video_quality, ('metadata', 'label'))
 
         return {
-            'url': 'niconico_dmc:%s/%s/%s' % (video_id, video_quality['id'], audio_quality['id']),
+            'url': 'niconico_dmc:{}/{}/{}'.format(video_id, video_quality['id'], audio_quality['id']),
             'format_id': format_id,
             'format_note': join_nonempty('DMC', vid_qual_label, dmc_protocol.upper(), delim=' '),
             'ext': 'mp4',  # Session API are used in HTML5, which always serves mp4
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ def _extract_format_for_quality(self, video_id, audio_quality, video_quality, dm
             'http_headers': {
                 'Origin': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
                 'Referer': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id,
-            }
+            },
         }
 
     def _yield_dmc_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ def _yield_dms_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
         dms_m3u8_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/watch/{video_id}/access-rights/hls', video_id,
             data=json.dumps({
-                'outputs': list(itertools.product((v['id'] for v in videos), (a['id'] for a in audios)))
+                'outputs': list(itertools.product((v['id'] for v in videos), (a['id'] for a in audios))),
             }).encode(), query={'actionTrackId': track_id}, headers={
                 'x-access-right-key': access_key,
                 'x-frontend-id': 6,
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         except ExtractorError as e:
             try:
                 api_data = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/%s?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_%d' % (video_id, round(time.time() * 1000)), video_id,
+                    f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/{video_id}?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time.time() * 1000)}', video_id,
                     note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to fetch data')['data']
             except ExtractorError:
                 if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class NiconicoPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _API_HEADERS = {
         'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
         'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
-        'X-Niconico-Language': 'en-us'
+        'X-Niconico-Language': 'en-us',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, list_id, resource, query):
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ def _parse_owner(item):
 
     def _fetch_page(self, list_id, page):
         page += 1
-        resp = self._call_api(list_id, 'page %d' % page, {
+        resp = self._call_api(list_id, f'page {page}', {
             'page': page,
             'pageSize': self._PAGE_SIZE,
         })
@@ -789,14 +789,14 @@ class NicovideoSearchURLIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/search/sm9',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'sm9',
-            'title': 'sm9'
+            'title': 'sm9',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/search/sm9?sort=h&order=d&end=2020-12-31&start=2020-01-01',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'sm9',
-            'title': 'sm9'
+            'title': 'sm9',
         },
         'playlist_count': 31,
     }]
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ class NicovideoSearchDateIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'url': 'nicosearchdateall:a',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'a',
-            'title': 'a'
+            'title': 'a',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1610,
     }]
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ class NicovideoTagURLIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/tag/ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
-            'title': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢'
+            'title': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 400,
     }]
@@ -880,12 +880,12 @@ class NiconicoUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 101,
     }
-    _API_URL = "https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/users/%s/videos?sortKey=registeredAt&sortOrder=desc&pageSize=%s&page=%s"
+    _API_URL = 'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/users/%s/videos?sortKey=registeredAt&sortOrder=desc&pageSize=%s&page=%s'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
     _API_HEADERS = {
         'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
-        'X-Frontend-Version': '0'
+        'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
     }
 
     def _entries(self, list_id):
@@ -895,12 +895,12 @@ def _entries(self, list_id):
             json_parsed = self._download_json(
                 self._API_URL % (list_id, self._PAGE_SIZE, page_num + 1), list_id,
                 headers=self._API_HEADERS,
-                note='Downloading JSON metadata%s' % (' page %d' % page_num if page_num else ''))
+                note='Downloading JSON metadata%s' % (f' page {page_num}' if page_num else ''))
             if not page_num:
                 total_count = int_or_none(json_parsed['data'].get('totalCount'))
-            for entry in json_parsed["data"]["items"]:
+            for entry in json_parsed['data']['items']:
                 count += 1
-                yield self.url_result('https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/%s' % entry['id'])
+                yield self.url_result('https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/{}'.format(entry['id']))
             page_num += 1
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'lv339533123',
-            'title': '激辛ペヤング食べます‪( ;ᯅ; )‬（歌枠オーディション参加中）',
+            'title': '激辛ペヤング食べます\u202a( ;ᯅ; )\u202c（歌枠オーディション参加中）',
             'view_count': 1526,
             'comment_count': 1772,
             'description': '初めましてもかって言います❕\nのんびり自由に適当に暮らしてます',
@@ -973,14 +973,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'quality': 'abr',
                     'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
                     'latency': latency,
-                    'chasePlay': False
+                    'chasePlay': False,
                 },
                 'room': {
                     'protocol': 'webSocket',
-                    'commentable': True
+                    'commentable': True,
                 },
                 'reconnect': False,
-            }
+            },
         }))
 
         while True:
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             elif self.get_param('verbose', False):
                 if len(recv) > 100:
                     recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                self.write_debug('Server said: %s' % recv)
+                self.write_debug(f'Server said: {recv}')
 
         title = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'title')) or self._html_search_meta(
             ('og:title', 'twitter:title'), webpage, 'live title', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
index 89af3f7b5..f39d0000d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 class NiconicoChannelPlusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WEBPAGE_BASE_URL = 'https://nicochannel.jp'
 
-    def _call_api(self, path, item_id, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _call_api(self, path, item_id, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(
-            f'https://nfc-api.nicochannel.jp/fc/{path}', video_id=item_id, *args, **kwargs)
+            f'https://nfc-api.nicochannel.jp/fc/{path}', video_id=item_id, **kwargs)
 
     def _find_fanclub_site_id(self, channel_name):
         fanclub_list_json = self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
index ea57c5f38..c8063fbd1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_id': '4ceG4zsb7VVxBTGPtZMqDZWGHo3VUg2xRvzC2b17ymWP',
                 'upload_date': '20231201',
                 'album_artist': 'Post Present Medium ',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_2',
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1701417610,
                 'album': 'The Spatulas - March Chant',
                 'uploader_id': '2bGjgdKUddJoj2shYGqfNcUfoSoABP21RJoiwGMZDq3A',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_3',
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': ['punk', 'postpresentmedium', 'cambridge'],
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
                 'channel': 'ppm',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_4',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel': 'ppm',
                 'uploader_id': '2bGjgdKUddJoj2shYGqfNcUfoSoABP21RJoiwGMZDq3A',
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_5',
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
                 'channel_id': '4ceG4zsb7VVxBTGPtZMqDZWGHo3VUg2xRvzC2b17ymWP',
                 'upload_date': '20231201',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_6',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
index 579370f1b..93e28624b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = content['Name']
         content_package = content['ContentPackages'][0]
         package_id = content_package['Id']
-        content_package_url = api_base_url + 'contentpackages/%s/' % package_id
+        content_package_url = api_base_url + f'contentpackages/{package_id}/'
         content_package = self._download_json(
             content_package_url, content_id, query={
                 '$include': '[HasClosedCaptions]',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 }, {
                     'url': manifest_base_url + 'srt',
                     'ext': 'srt',
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
         return info
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ class CPTwentyFourIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'http://images2.9c9media.com/image_asset/2014_11_5_2eb609a0-475b-0132-fbd6-34b52f6f1279_jpg_2000x1125.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211122',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        id, destination = self._search_regex(
+        video_id, destination = self._search_regex(
             r'getAuthStates\("(?P<id>[^"]+)",\s?"(?P<destination>[^"]+)"\);',
             webpage, 'video id and destination', group=('id', 'destination'))
-        return self.url_result(f'9c9media:{destination}:{id}', ie=NineCNineMediaIE.ie_key(), video_id=id)
+        return self.url_result(f'9c9media:{destination}:{video_id}', NineCNineMediaIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
index 865ad99ac..2979f3a50 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class NineGagIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # HTML escaped title
         'url': 'https://9gag.com/gag/av5nvyb',
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ class NineGagIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Peter Klaus',
             'uploader_id': 'peterklaus12',
             'uploader_url': 'https://9gag.com/u/peterklaus12',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         post_id = self._match_id(url)
         post = self._download_json(
             'https://9gag.com/v1/post', post_id, query={
-                'id': post_id
+                'id': post_id,
             })['data']['post']
 
         if post.get('type') != 'Animated':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
index 900d9ba60..08d7fe47d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class NineNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231222',
             'uploader_id': '664969388001',
             'tags': ['networkclip', 'aunews_aunationalninenews', 'christmas presents', 'toys', 'fair trading', 'au_news'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.9news.com.au/world/tape-reveals-donald-trump-pressured-michigan-officials-not-to-certify-2020-vote-a-new-report-says/0b8b880e-7d3c-41b9-b2bd-55bc7e492259',
         'md5': 'a885c44d20898c3e70e9a53e8188cea1',
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class NineNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231220',
             'uploader_id': '664969388001',
             'tags': ['networkclip', 'aunews_aunationalninenews', 'ineligible', 'presidential candidate', 'donald trump', 'au_news'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.9news.com.au/national/outrage-as-parents-banned-from-giving-gifts-to-kindergarten-teachers/e19b49d4-a1a4-4533-9089-6e10e2d9386a',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
index c655b75f4..f17531e62 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     smuggle_url,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
         'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks'],
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/4460760524001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -72,15 +71,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         for kind in ('episode', 'clip'):
             current_key = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(
-                'current%sKey' % kind.capitalize())
+                f'current{kind.capitalize()}Key')
             if not current_key:
                 continue
-            cache = page_data.get(kind, {}).get('%sCache' % kind, {})
+            cache = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(f'{kind}Cache', {})
             if not cache:
                 continue
             common_data = {
-                'episode': (cache.get(current_key) or list(cache.values())[0])[kind],
-                'season': (cache.get(current_key) or list(cache.values())[0]).get('season', None)
+                'episode': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values())))[kind],
+                'season': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values()))).get('season', None),
             }
             break
         else:
@@ -89,14 +88,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['drm'], bool):
             self.report_drm(display_id)
         brightcove_id = try_get(
-            common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['brightcoveId'], compat_str) or 'ref:%s' % common_data['episode']['video']['referenceId']
+            common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['brightcoveId'], str) or 'ref:{}'.format(common_data['episode']['video']['referenceId'])
         video_id = str_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['id'])) or brightcove_id
 
-        title = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['name'], compat_str)
+        title = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['name'], str)
         season_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['season']['seasonNumber'], int)
         episode_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['episodeNumber'], int)
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['airDate'], compat_str))
-        release_date = unified_strdate(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['availability'], compat_str))
+        timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['airDate'], str))
+        release_date = unified_strdate(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['availability'], str))
         thumbnails_data = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['image']['sizes'], dict) or {}
         thumbnails = [{
             'id': thumbnail_id,
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 {'geo_countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES}),
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
-            'description': try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['description'], compat_str),
+            'description': try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['description'], str),
             'duration': float_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['duration'], float), 1000),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
index 853a169bb..d8eb85306 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'extensions': json.dumps({
                 'persistedQuery': {
                     'version': 1,
-                    'sha256Hash': '969b16fe9f08b686fa37bc44d1fd913b6188e65794bb5e341c54fa683a8004cb'
+                    'sha256Hash': '969b16fe9f08b686fa37bc44d1fd913b6188e65794bb5e341c54fa683a8004cb',
                 },
             }, separators=(',', ':')),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
index 35d1311dc..7609b4017 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
-from ..utils import (
-    parse_count,
-    unified_timestamp,
-    remove_end,
-    determine_ext,
-)
-import re
 import random
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
+    parse_count,
+    remove_end,
+    unified_timestamp,
+)
 
 
 class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }, {  # no OpenGraph title
             'url': f'https://{current_instance}/LocalBateman/status/1678455464038735895#m',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -285,12 +286,12 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
             'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, uploader_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'uploader_id')
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
         base_url = f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.netloc}'
 
         self._set_cookie(parsed_url.netloc, 'hlsPlayback', 'on')
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if main_tweet_start > 0:
             webpage = full_webpage[main_tweet_start:]
 
-        video_url = '%s%s' % (base_url, self._html_search_regex(
+        video_url = '{}{}'.format(base_url, self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?:<video[^>]+data-url|<source[^>]+src)="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'video url'))
         ext = determine_ext(video_url)
 
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             formats = [{
                 'url': video_url,
-                'ext': ext
+                'ext': ext,
             }]
 
         title = description = self._og_search_description(full_webpage, default=None) or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -333,12 +334,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         thumbnail = (
             self._html_search_meta('og:image', full_webpage, 'thumbnail url')
-            or remove_end('%s%s' % (base_url, self._html_search_regex(
+            or remove_end('{}{}'.format(base_url, self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<video[^>]+poster="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'thumbnail url', fatal=False)), '%3Asmall'))
 
         thumbnails = [
-            {'id': id, 'url': f'{thumbnail}%3A{id}'}
-            for id in ('thumb', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'orig')
+            {'id': id_, 'url': f'{thumbnail}%3A{id_}'}
+            for id_ in ('thumb', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'orig')
         ]
 
         date = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
index cddc72f71..536ca27f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    js_to_json,
-    mimetype2ext,
     determine_ext,
-    update_url_query,
     get_element_by_attribute,
     int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    update_url_query,
 )
 
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class NobelPrizeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Announcement of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics',
             'description': 'md5:05beba57f4f5a4bbd4cf2ef28fcff739',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
index e6e343303..f413055b3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class NoicePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://open.noice.id/content/222134e4-99f2-456f-b8a2-b8be404bf063',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class NoicePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'channel': 'Dear Jerome',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, media_url, video_id):
@@ -112,5 +112,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'dislike_count': 'dislikes',
                 'comment_count': 'comments',
                 'channel_follower_count': 'followers',
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
index f191be33b..192e6bb52 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class NonkTubeIE(NuevoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nonktube.com/embed/118636',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
index 1c1a763dc..6414f46ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class NoodleMagazineIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Aria alexander manojob',
             'tags': ['aria', 'alexander', 'manojob'],
             'upload_date': '20190218',
-            'age_limit': 18
-        }
+            'age_limit': 18,
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ def build_url(url_or_path):
             'view_count': view_count,
             'like_count': like_count,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
index acbb74c6e..772d4ed9e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         title = try_get(
             data, lambda x: x['video']['nom'],
-            compat_str) or self._html_search_meta(
+            str) or self._html_search_meta(
             'dcterms.Title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
 
         description = self._html_search_meta(
@@ -77,11 +76,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'series', default=None)
 
         season_el = try_get(data, lambda x: x['emission']['saison'], dict) or {}
-        season = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['nom'], compat_str)
+        season = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
         season_number = int_or_none(try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
 
         episode_el = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['episode'], dict) or {}
-        episode = try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['nom'], compat_str)
+        episode = try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
         episode_number = int_or_none(try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
index cea54c98e..13f908c2c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class NOSNLArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': '\'We hebben een huis vol met scheuren\'',
                 'duration': 95.0,
                 'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.nos.nl/image/2022/08/12/887149/3840x2160a.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # more than 1 video
             'url': 'https://nos.nl/artikel/2440409-vannacht-sliepen-weer-enkele-honderden-asielzoekers-in-ter-apel-buiten',
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class NOSNLArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': ['Buitenland'],
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 1,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _entries(self, nextjs_json, display_id):
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def _entries(self, nextjs_json, display_id):
                     'thumbnails': [{
                         'url': traverse_obj(image, ('url', ...), get_all=False),
                         'width': image.get('width'),
-                        'height': image.get('height')
+                        'height': image.get('height'),
                     } for image in traverse_obj(item, ('imagesByRatio', ...))[0]],
                 }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
index 72884aaaa..e7b69e370 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         duration = None
         formats = []
 
-        def process_format_list(format_list, format_id=""):
+        def process_format_list(format_list, format_id=''):
             nonlocal formats, has_drm
             if not isinstance(format_list, list):
                 format_list = [format_list]
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class NovaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:f0a42dd239c26f61c28f19e62d20ef53',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg)',
             'duration': 151,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fanda.nova.cz/clanek/fun-and-games/krvavy-epos-zaklinac-3-divoky-hon-vychazi-vyhrajte-ho-pro-sebe.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -216,11 +216,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if embed_id:
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                'url': 'https://media.cms.nova.cz/embed/%s' % embed_id,
+                'url': f'https://media.cms.nova.cz/embed/{embed_id}',
                 'ie_key': NovaEmbedIE.ie_key(),
                 'id': embed_id,
                 'description': description,
-                'upload_date': upload_date
+                'upload_date': upload_date,
             }
 
         video_id = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
index adab33f59..77d7ce186 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class NovaPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://nbg-img.fite.tv/img/606609_460x260.jpg',
                 'description': '29 сек',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _access_token = None
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_id, headers={
                 'x-flipps-user-agent': 'Flipps/75/9.7',
                 'x-flipps-version': '2022-05-17',
-                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._access_token}'
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._access_token}',
             })[0]['links']['play']['href']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
index a3c29f62c..c001a82e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
     BrightcoveNewIE,
 )
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ def _extract_url_result(self, post):
                     source = media['source']
                     if source == 'brightcove':
                         player_code = self._download_webpage(
-                            'http://www.nowness.com/iframe?id=%s' % video_id, video_id,
+                            f'http://www.nowness.com/iframe?id={video_id}', video_id,
                             note='Downloading player JavaScript',
                             errnote='Unable to download player JavaScript')
                         bc_url = BrightcoveLegacyIE._extract_brightcove_url(player_code)
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def _extract_url_result(self, post):
                             return self.url_result(bc_url, BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key())
                         raise ExtractorError('Could not find player definition')
                     elif source == 'vimeo':
-                        return self.url_result('http://vimeo.com/%s' % video_id, 'Vimeo')
+                        return self.url_result(f'http://vimeo.com/{video_id}', 'Vimeo')
                     elif source == 'youtube':
                         return self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube')
                     elif source == 'cinematique':
@@ -139,4 +138,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             series_title = translations[0].get('title') or translations[0]['seoTitle']
             series_description = translations[0].get('seoDescription')
         return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, compat_str(series['id']), series_title, series_description)
+            entries, str(series['id']), series_title, series_description)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
index c7b803803..8476a857f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     find_xpath_attr,
-    xpath_text,
+    int_or_none,
     update_url_query,
+    xpath_text,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class NozIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -35,9 +36,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         config_url_encoded = self._search_regex(
             r'so\.addVariable\("config_url","[^,]*,(.*?)"',
-            edge_content, 'config URL'
+            edge_content, 'config URL',
         )
-        config_url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(config_url_encoded)
+        config_url = urllib.parse.unquote(config_url_encoded)
 
         doc = self._download_xml(config_url, 'video configuration')
         title = xpath_text(doc, './/title')
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': http_url,
                     'format_name': xpath_text(qnode, './name'),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % ('http', xpath_text(qnode, './id')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format('http', xpath_text(qnode, './id')),
                     'height': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './height')),
                     'width': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './width')),
                     'tbr': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './bitrate'), scale=1000),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
index 4d5ff50de..178fd98bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class NPOIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if any(ie.suitable(url)
                 for ie in (NPOLiveIE, NPORadioIE, NPORadioFragmentIE))
-                else super(NPOIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'hasAdConsent': 0,
                 }), headers={
                     'x-xsrf-token': try_call(lambda: urllib.parse.unquote(
-                        self._get_cookies('https://www.npostart.nl')['XSRF-TOKEN'].value))
+                        self._get_cookies('https://www.npostart.nl')['XSRF-TOKEN'].value)),
                 })
 
         player_token = player['token']
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
         for profile in ('hls', 'dash-widevine', 'dash-playready', 'smooth'):
             streams = self._download_json(
-                'https://start-player.npo.nl/video/%s/streams' % video_id,
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s profile JSON' % profile, fatal=False,
+                f'https://start-player.npo.nl/video/{video_id}/streams',
+                video_id, f'Downloading {profile} profile JSON', fatal=False,
                 query={
                     'profile': profile,
                     'quality': 'npoplus',
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class NPOLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.npo.nl/live',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'npo:%s' % live_id,
+            'url': f'npo:{live_id}',
             'ie_key': NPOIE.ie_key(),
             'id': live_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
@@ -379,16 +379,16 @@ class NPORadioIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if NPORadioFragmentIE.suitable(url) else super(NPORadioIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if NPORadioFragmentIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _html_get_attribute_regex(attribute):
-        return r'{0}\s*=\s*\'([^\']+)\''.format(attribute)
+        return rf'{attribute}\s*=\s*\'([^\']+)\''
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, audio_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'href="/radio/[^/]+/fragment/%s" title="([^"]+)"' % audio_id,
+            rf'href="/radio/[^/]+/fragment/{audio_id}" title="([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'title')
 
         audio_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -456,8 +456,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'NPO',
-            'url': 'npo:%s' % video_id,
-            'display_id': display_id
+            'url': f'npo:{video_id}',
+            'display_id': display_id,
         }
 
 
@@ -472,12 +472,12 @@ class SchoolTVIE(NPODataMidEmbedIE):
             'display_id': 'ademhaling-de-hele-dag-haal-je-adem-maar-wat-gebeurt-er-dan-eigenlijk-in-je-lichaam',
             'title': 'Ademhaling: De hele dag haal je adem. Maar wat gebeurt er dan eigenlijk in je lichaam?',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'description': 'md5:abfa0ff690adb73fd0297fd033aaa631'
+            'description': 'md5:abfa0ff690adb73fd0297fd033aaa631',
         },
         'params': {
             # Skip because of m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }
 
 
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ class HetKlokhuisIE(NPODataMidEmbedIE):
             'upload_date': '20170223',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }
 
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('npo:%s' % video_id if not video_id.startswith('http') else video_id)
+            self.url_result(f'npo:{video_id}' if not video_id.startswith('http') else video_id)
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(self._PLAYLIST_ENTRY_RE, webpage))
         ]
 
@@ -574,9 +574,9 @@ class VPROIE(NPOPlaylistBaseIE):
             },
             'params': {
                 # Skip because of m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True
+                'skip_download': True,
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
index 4b6855c93..06103ff38 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ class NprIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2015/10/21/449974205/new-music-from-beach-house-chairlift-cmj-discoveries-and-more',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '449974205',
-            'title': 'New Music From Beach House, Chairlift, CMJ Discoveries And More'
+            'title': 'New Music From Beach House, Chairlift, CMJ Discoveries And More',
         },
         'playlist_count': 7,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/10/09/446928052/music-from-the-shadows-ancient-armenian-hymns-and-piano-jazz',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '446928052',
-            'title': "Songs We Love: Tigran Hamasyan, 'Your Mercy is Boundless'"
+            'title': "Songs We Love: Tigran Hamasyan, 'Your Mercy is Boundless'",
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'md5': '12fa60cb2d3ed932f53609d4aeceabf1',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
index 384865acc..658ae5f91 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -53,12 +52,12 @@ def _raise_error(self, data):
                 msg=MESSAGES.get('ProgramIsGeoBlocked'),
                 countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
         message = data.get('endUserMessage') or MESSAGES.get(message_type, message_type)
-        raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+        raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, item=None, note=None, fatal=True, query=None):
         return self._download_json(
             urljoin('https://psapi.nrk.no/', path),
-            video_id, note or 'Downloading %s JSON' % item,
+            video_id, note or f'Downloading {item} JSON',
             fatal=fatal, query=query)
 
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             'title': 'Dompap og andre fugler i Piip-Show',
             'description': 'md5:d9261ba34c43b61c812cb6b0269a5c8f',
             'duration': 262,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # audio
         'url': 'http://www.nrk.no/video/PS*154915',
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             'title': 'Slik høres internett ut når du er blind',
             'description': 'md5:a621f5cc1bd75c8d5104cb048c6b8568',
             'duration': 20,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'nrk:ecc1b952-96dc-4a98-81b9-5296dc7a98d9',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ def call_playback_api(item, query=None):
         # known values for preferredCdn: akamai, iponly, minicdn and telenor
         manifest = call_playback_api('manifest', {'preferredCdn': 'akamai'})
 
-        video_id = try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str) or video_id
+        video_id = try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['id'], str) or video_id
 
         if manifest.get('playability') == 'nonPlayable':
             self._raise_error(manifest['nonPlayable'])
@@ -216,13 +215,13 @@ def call_playback_api(item, query=None):
             sub_key = str_or_none(sub.get('language')) or 'nb'
             sub_type = str_or_none(sub.get('type'))
             if sub_type:
-                sub_key += '-%s' % sub_type
+                sub_key += f'-{sub_type}'
             subtitles.setdefault(sub_key, []).append({
                 'url': sub_url,
             })
 
         legal_age = try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['legalAge']['body']['rating']['code'], compat_str)
+            data, lambda x: x['legalAge']['body']['rating']['code'], str)
         # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Media_Authority
         age_limit = None
         if legal_age:
@@ -243,13 +242,13 @@ def call_playback_api(item, query=None):
             'age_limit': age_limit,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['availability']['onDemand']['from'], str))
+            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['availability']['onDemand']['from'], str)),
         }
 
         if is_series:
             series = season_id = season_number = episode = episode_number = None
             programs = self._call_api(
-                'programs/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'programs', fatal=False)
+                f'programs/{video_id}', video_id, 'programs', fatal=False)
             if programs and isinstance(programs, dict):
                 series = str_or_none(programs.get('seriesTitle'))
                 season_id = str_or_none(programs.get('seasonId'))
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ def call_playback_api(item, query=None):
             if not series:
                 series = title
             if alt_title:
-                title += ' - %s' % alt_title
+                title += f' - {alt_title}'
             if not season_number:
                 season_number = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                     r'Sesong\s+(\d+)', description or '', 'season number',
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ def call_playback_api(item, query=None):
 class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'NRK TV and NRK Radio'
     _EPISODE_RE = r'(?P<id>[a-zA-Z]{4}\d{8})'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:tv|radio)\.nrk(?:super)?\.no/(?:[^/]+/)*%s' % _EPISODE_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:tv|radio)\.nrk(?:super)?\.no/(?:[^/]+/)*{_EPISODE_RE}'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tv.nrk.no/program/MDDP12000117',
         'md5': 'c4a5960f1b00b40d47db65c1064e0ab1',
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }],
                 'nb-ttv': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
         },
     }, {
@@ -411,7 +410,7 @@ class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'nrk:%s' % video_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+            f'nrk:{video_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
 class NRKTVEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -461,14 +460,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, default={})
         nrk_id = info.get('@id') or self._html_search_meta(
             'nrk:program-id', webpage, default=None) or self._search_regex(
-            r'data-program-id=["\'](%s)' % NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, webpage,
+            rf'data-program-id=["\']({NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE})', webpage,
             'nrk id')
         assert re.match(NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, nrk_id)
 
         info.update({
             '_type': 'url',
             'id': nrk_id,
-            'url': 'nrk:%s' % nrk_id,
+            'url': f'nrk:{nrk_id}',
             'ie_key': NRKIE.ie_key(),
             'season_number': int(season_number),
             'episode_number': int(episode_number),
@@ -483,13 +482,13 @@ def _extract_entries(self, entry_list):
         entries = []
         for episode in entry_list:
             nrk_id = episode.get('prfId') or episode.get('episodeId')
-            if not nrk_id or not isinstance(nrk_id, compat_str):
+            if not nrk_id or not isinstance(nrk_id, str):
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'nrk:%s' % nrk_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=nrk_id))
+                f'nrk:{nrk_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=nrk_id))
         return entries
 
-    _ASSETS_KEYS = ('episodes', 'instalments',)
+    _ASSETS_KEYS = ('episodes', 'instalments')
 
     def _extract_assets_key(self, embedded):
         for asset_key in self._ASSETS_KEYS:
@@ -514,19 +513,18 @@ def _entries(self, data, display_id):
                 (lambda x: x[assets_key]['_embedded'][assets_key],
                  lambda x: x[assets_key]),
                 list)
-            for e in self._extract_entries(entries):
-                yield e
+            yield from self._extract_entries(entries)
             # Find next URL
             next_url_path = try_get(
                 data,
                 (lambda x: x['_links']['next']['href'],
                  lambda x: x['_embedded'][assets_key]['_links']['next']['href']),
-                compat_str)
+                str)
             if not next_url_path:
                 break
             data = self._call_api(
                 next_url_path, display_id,
-                note='Downloading %s JSON page %d' % (assets_key, page_num),
+                note=f'Downloading {assets_key} JSON page {page_num}',
                 fatal=False)
             if not data:
                 break
@@ -593,7 +591,7 @@ class NRKTVSeasonIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if NRKTVIE.suitable(url) or NRKTVEpisodeIE.suitable(url) or NRKRadioPodkastIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(NRKTVSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -601,14 +599,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         serie_kind = mobj.group('serie_kind')
         serie = mobj.group('serie')
         season_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_2')
-        display_id = '%s/%s' % (serie, season_id)
+        display_id = f'{serie}/{season_id}'
 
         data = self._call_api(
-            '%s/catalog/%s/%s/seasons/%s'
-            % (domain, self._catalog_name(serie_kind), serie, season_id),
+            f'{domain}/catalog/{self._catalog_name(serie_kind)}/{serie}/seasons/{season_id}',
             display_id, 'season', query={'pageSize': 50})
 
-        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['titles']['title'], compat_str) or display_id
+        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['titles']['title'], str) or display_id
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(data, display_id),
             display_id, title)
@@ -691,7 +688,7 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
         return (
             False if any(ie.suitable(url)
                          for ie in (NRKTVIE, NRKTVEpisodeIE, NRKRadioPodkastIE, NRKTVSeasonIE))
-            else super(NRKTVSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url))
+            else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         site, serie_kind, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -700,8 +697,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         size_prefix = 'p' if is_radio else 'embeddedInstalmentsP'
         series = self._call_api(
-            '%s/catalog/%s/%s'
-            % (domain, self._catalog_name(serie_kind), series_id),
+            f'{domain}/catalog/{self._catalog_name(serie_kind)}/{series_id}',
             series_id, 'serie', query={size_prefix + 'ageSize': 50})
         titles = try_get(series, [
             lambda x: x['titles'],
@@ -719,8 +715,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 season_url = urljoin(url, season.get('href'))
                 if not season_url:
                     season_name = season.get('name')
-                    if season_name and isinstance(season_name, compat_str):
-                        season_url = 'https://%s.nrk.no/serie/%s/sesong/%s' % (domain, series_id, season_name)
+                    if season_name and isinstance(season_name, str):
+                        season_url = f'https://{domain}.nrk.no/serie/{series_id}/sesong/{season_name}'
                 if season_url:
                     entries.append(self.url_result(
                         season_url, ie=NRKTVSeasonIE.ie_key(),
@@ -777,7 +773,7 @@ class NRKRadioPodkastIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'nrk:%s' % video_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+            f'nrk:{video_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
 class NRKPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -790,7 +786,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('nrk:%s' % video_id, NRKIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'nrk:{video_id}', NRKIE.ie_key())
             for video_id in re.findall(self._ITEM_RE, webpage)
         ]
 
@@ -831,7 +827,7 @@ def _extract_description(self, webpage):
 
 class NRKTVEpisodesIE(NRKPlaylistBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.nrk\.no/program/[Ee]pisodes/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _ITEM_RE = r'data-episode=["\']%s' % NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE
+    _ITEM_RE = rf'data-episode=["\']{NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE}'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tv.nrk.no/program/episodes/nytt-paa-nytt/69031',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -869,7 +865,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         nrk_id = self._download_json(
-            'https://nrkno-skole-prod.kube.nrk.no/skole/api/media/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://nrkno-skole-prod.kube.nrk.no/skole/api/media/{video_id}',
             video_id)['psId']
 
-        return self.url_result('nrk:%s' % nrk_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'nrk:{nrk_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nts.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a801740fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import parse_iso8601, url_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class NTSLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
+    IE_NAME = 'nts.live'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?nts\.live/shows/[^/?#]+/episodes/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    _TESTS = [
+        {
+            # embedded soundcloud
+            'url': 'https://www.nts.live/shows/yu-su/episodes/yu-su-2nd-april-2024',
+            'md5': 'b5444c04888c869d68758982de1a27d8',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '1791563518',
+                'ext': 'opus',
+                'uploader_id': '995579326',
+                'title': 'Pender Street Steppers & YU SU',
+                'timestamp': 1712073600,
+                'upload_date': '20240402',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-qKcNO0z0AQGGbv9s-GljJCw-original.jpg',
+                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+                'repost_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/user-643553014',
+                'uploader': 'NTS Latest',
+                'description': 'md5:cd00ac535a63caaad722483ae3ff802a',
+                'duration': 10784.157,
+                'genres': ['Deep House', 'House', 'Leftfield Disco', 'Jazz Fusion', 'Dream Pop'],
+                'modified_timestamp': 1712564687,
+                'modified_date': '20240408',
+            },
+        },
+        {
+            # embedded mixcloud
+            'url': 'https://www.nts.live/shows/absolute-fiction/episodes/absolute-fiction-23rd-july-2022',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'NTSRadio_absolute-fiction-23rd-july-2022',
+                'ext': 'webm',
+                'like_count': int,
+                'title': 'Absolute Fiction',
+                'comment_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.mixcloud.com/NTSRadio/',
+                'description': 'md5:ba49da971ae8d71ee45813c52c5e2a04',
+                'tags': [],
+                'duration': 3529,
+                'timestamp': 1658588400,
+                'repost_count': int,
+                'upload_date': '20220723',
+                'uploader_id': 'NTSRadio',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://thumbnailer.mixcloud.com/unsafe/1024x1024/extaudio/5/1/a/d/ae3e-1be9-4fd4-983e-9c3294226eac',
+                'uploader': 'Mixcloud NTS Radio',
+                'genres': ['Minimal Synth', 'Post Punk', 'Industrial '],
+                'modified_timestamp': 1658842165,
+                'modified_date': '20220726',
+            },
+            'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+        },
+    ]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+
+        data = self._search_json(r'window\._REACT_STATE_\s*=', webpage, 'react state', video_id)
+
+        return {
+            '_type': 'url_transparent',
+            **traverse_obj(data, ('episode', {
+                'url': ('audio_sources', ..., 'url', {url_or_none}, any),
+                'title': ('name', {str}),
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'genres': ('genres', ..., 'value', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('broadcast', {parse_iso8601}),
+                'modified_timestamp': ('updated', {parse_iso8601}),
+            })),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
index fe3965729..1ab1be0f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self._VIDEO_ID_REGEXES, webpage, 'video id')
 
         player = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.ntv.ru/vi%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.ntv.ru/vi{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video XML')
 
         title = strip_or_none(unescapeHTML(xpath_text(player, './data/title', 'title', fatal=True)))
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
         for format_id in ['', 'hi', 'webm']:
-            file_ = xpath_text(video, './%sfile' % format_id)
+            file_ = xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}file')
             if not file_:
                 continue
             if file_.startswith('//'):
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 file_ = 'http://media.ntv.ru/vod/' + file_
             formats.append({
                 'url': file_,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './%ssize' % format_id)),
+                'filesize': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}size')),
             })
         hls_manifest = xpath_text(video, './playback/hls')
         if hls_manifest:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
index 1d630f547..c2079d8b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class NubilesPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'season_number': 3,
             'episode': 'Episode 1',
-            'episode_number': 1
-        }
+            'episode_number': 1,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'series': channel_name,
             'series_id': channel_id,
             'season_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('season')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('episode'))
+            'episode_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('episode')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
index ec54041f1..945fd0c9c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-from ..utils import (
-    float_or_none,
-    xpath_text
-)
+from ..utils import float_or_none, xpath_text
 
 
 class NuevoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -32,5 +28,5 @@ def _extract_nuevo(self, config_url, video_id, headers={}):
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'duration': duration,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
index 6ac351cb0..99a426b25 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_duration,
     int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
     strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
     url_or_none,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 321.0,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://m.nuvid.com/video/6523263',
         'md5': 'ebd22ce8e47e1d9a4d0756a15c67da52',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'thumbnails': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://m.nuvid.com/video/6415801/',
         'md5': '638d5ececb138d5753593f751ae3f697',
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1882,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             })
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://m.nuvid.com/video/%s' % (video_id, ),
+            f'http://m.nuvid.com/video/{video_id}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video page', fatal=False) or ''
 
         title = strip_or_none(video_data.get('title') or self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
index 3019202a2..5ec3cdd67 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def _extract_content_from_block(self, block):
             'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(traverse_obj(
                 block, ('promotionalMedia', 'crops', ..., 'renditions', ...))),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
index 062f9a875..7c09e9ee8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
 
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    traverse_obj
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, traverse_obj
 
 
 class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -27,7 +23,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': [],
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'description': 'md5:2f17713fcbfcfbe38bb9e7dfccbb0f2e',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Webpage has brightcove embed player url
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/pencarrow-coastal-trail/HDVTPJEPP46HJ2UEMK4EGD2DFI/',
@@ -42,7 +38,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'tags': ['travel', 'video'],
                 'duration': 43.627,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # two video embeds of the same video
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/truck-driver-captured-cutting-off-motorist-on-state-highway-1-in-canterbury/FIHNJB7PLLPHWQPK4S7ZBDUC4I/',
@@ -53,7 +49,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1619730509,
                 'upload_date': '20210429',
                 'uploader_id': '1308227299001',
-                'description': 'md5:4cae7dfb7613ac4c73b9e73a75c6b5d7'
+                'description': 'md5:4cae7dfb7613ac4c73b9e73a75c6b5d7',
             },
             'skip': 'video removed',
         }, {
@@ -70,17 +66,17 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': ['video', 'nz herald focus', 'politics', 'politics videos'],
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'duration': 99.584,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/kaupapa-companies-my-taiao-supporting-maori-in-study-and-business/PQBO2J25WCG77VGRX7W7BVYEAI/',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://nzherald.co.nz/the-country/video/focus-nzs-first-mass-covid-19-vaccination-event/N5I7IL3BRFLZSD33TLDLYJDGK4/',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-vision-is-clear/news/tvic-damian-roper-planting-trees-an-addiction/AN2AAEPNRK5VLISDWQAJZB6ATQ',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/1308227299001/S1BXZn8t_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
@@ -89,7 +85,7 @@ def _extract_bc_embed_url(self, webpage):
         """The initial webpage may include the brightcove player embed url"""
         bc_url = BrightcoveNewIE._extract_url(self, webpage)
         return bc_url or self._search_regex(
-            r'(?:embedUrl)\"\s*:\s*\"(?P<embed_url>%s)' % BrightcoveNewIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'(?:embedUrl)\"\s*:\s*\"(?P<embed_url>{BrightcoveNewIE._VALID_URL})',
             webpage, 'embed url', default=None, group='embed_url')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             bc_video_id = traverse_obj(
                 video_metadata or fusion_metadata,  # fusion metadata is the video metadata for video-only pages
                 'brightcoveId', ('content_elements', ..., 'referent', 'id'),
-                get_all=False, expected_type=compat_str)
+                get_all=False, expected_type=str)
 
             if not bc_video_id:
                 if isinstance(video_metadata, dict) and len(video_metadata) == 0:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
index bf2dbca59..5fc516daf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
@@ -89,5 +89,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.nzonscreen.com/',
                 'Origin': 'https://www.nzonscreen.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
index b852160b9..766cb941b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     GeoRestrictedError,
     float_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    try_call
+    try_call,
 )
 
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class OnDemandChinaEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d2y2efdi5wgkcl.cloudfront.net/fit-in/256x256/media-io/2020/9/11/image.d9816e81.jpg',
             'description': '疫情严峻，党政军民学、东西南北中协同应考',
             'tags': ['Social Humanities', 'Documentary', 'Medical', 'Social'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _QUERY = '''
@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 or self._html_search_meta(['og:description', 'twitter:description', 'description'], webpage)),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', '))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', ')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
index 1be45d8ad..d27d1c3f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -257,8 +252,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 raise e
 
     def _extract_desktop(self, url):
-        start_time = int_or_none(compat_parse_qs(
-            compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get('fromTime', [None])[0])
+        start_time = int_or_none(urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get('fromTime', [None])[0])
 
         url, smuggled = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
         video_id, is_embed = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'embed')
@@ -281,7 +276,7 @@ def _extract_desktop(self, url):
 
         player = self._parse_json(
             unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
-                r'data-options=(?P<quote>["\'])(?P<player>{.+?%s.+?})(?P=quote)' % video_id,
+                rf'data-options=(?P<quote>["\'])(?P<player>{{.+?{video_id}.+?}})(?P=quote)',
                 webpage, 'player', group='player')),
             video_id)
 
@@ -300,7 +295,7 @@ def _extract_desktop(self, url):
             if st_location:
                 data['st.location'] = st_location
             metadata = self._download_json(
-                compat_urllib_parse_unquote(flashvars['metadataUrl']),
+                urllib.parse.unquote(flashvars['metadataUrl']),
                 video_id, 'Downloading metadata JSON',
                 data=urlencode_postdata(data))
 
@@ -434,7 +429,7 @@ def _extract_mobile(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://m.ok.ru/video/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'http://m.ok.ru/video/{video_id}', video_id,
             note='Downloading mobile webpage')
 
         error = self._search_regex(
@@ -460,5 +455,5 @@ def _extract_mobile(self, url):
                 'format_id': 'mobile',
                 'url': redirect_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }]
+            }],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
index 4cac51846..415694cee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class OfTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1652391300,
             'upload_date': '20220512',
             'view_count': 0,
-            'creator': 'This is Fire'
-        }
+            'creator': 'This is Fire',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class OfTVPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://of.tv/creators/this-is-fire/',
         'playlist_count': 8,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'this-is-fire'
-        }
+            'id': 'this-is-fire',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
index e0ac8563a..b4bcdc741 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class OktoberfestTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
index 61d1f4048..becf052f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    try_get
-)
+from ..utils import int_or_none, try_get
 
 
 class OlympicsReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -27,9 +24,9 @@ class OlympicsReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         title = self._html_search_meta(('title', 'og:title', 'twitter:title'), webpage)
         uuid = self._html_search_meta('episode_uid', webpage)
         m3u8_url = self._html_search_meta('video_url', webpage)
@@ -49,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'url': thumbnail,
                 'width': width,
-                'height': int_or_none(try_get(width, lambda x: x * height_a / width_a))
+                'height': int_or_none(try_get(width, lambda x: x * height_a / width_a)),
             })
         m3u8_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://olympics.com/tokenGenerator?url={m3u8_url}', uuid, note='Downloading m3u8 url')
@@ -61,5 +58,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            **json_ld
+            **json_ld,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
index 9a4abc98d..05218e9de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200219',
             'timestamp': 1582149600.0,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://event.on24.com/wcc/r/2639291/82829018E813065A122363877975752E?mode=login&email=johnsmith@gmail.com',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'eventId': event_id,
                 'displayProfile': 'player',
                 'key': event_key,
-                'contentType': 'A'
+                'contentType': 'A',
             })
         event_id = str(try_get(event_data, lambda x: x['presentationLogInfo']['eventid'])) or event_id
         language = event_data.get('localelanguagecode')
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'language': language,
                     'ext': 'wav',
                     'vcodec': 'none',
-                    'acodec': 'wav'
+                    'acodec': 'wav',
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
index e1b726830..ee432e8ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class OneFootballIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['Football', 'Soccer', 'OneFootball'],
             '_old_archive_ids': ['onefootball 34041020'],
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
index a46211e77..c849da081 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    traverse_obj
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, traverse_obj
 
 
 class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -30,8 +26,8 @@ class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'duration': 38.272,
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                     'description': 'Greenpeace accused the Government of "greenwashing" instead of taking climate action.',
-                }
-            }]
+                },
+            }],
         }, {
             # YouTube video
             'url': 'https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/30/now-is-the-time-to-care-about-womens-rugby/',
@@ -63,8 +59,8 @@ class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'availability': 'public',
                     'playable_in_embed': True,
                     'live_status': 'not_live',
-                }
-            }]
+                },
+            }],
         }, {
             # 2 Brightcove videos
             'url': 'https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/29/raw-videos-capture-hurricane-ians-fury-as-it-slams-florida/',
@@ -93,7 +89,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 brightcove_config = traverse_obj(item, ('embed', 'config'))
                 brightcove_url = self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
                     traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveAccount') or '963482464001',
-                    traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveVideoId')
+                    traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveVideoId'),
                 )
                 entries.append(self.url_result(brightcove_url, BrightcoveNewIE))
             elif item_type == 'youtube':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
index 86337ad0a..12e6ef64c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class OnePlacePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Living in the Last Days Part 2 | A Daily Walk with John Randall',
             'description': 'md5:fbb8f1cf21447ac54ecaa2887fc20c6e',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.oneplace.com/ministries/ankerberg-show/listen/ep-3-relying-on-the-constant-companionship-of-the-holy-spirit-part-2-922513.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class OnePlacePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'description': 'md5:8b810b4349aa40a5d033b4536fe428e1',
             'title': 'md5:ce10f7d8d5ddcf485ed8905ef109659d',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
index 0d59e8cb4..05e4d692a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
+    NO_DEFAULT,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     get_element_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     parse_iso8601,
     remove_start,
     strip_or_none,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _extract_from_id(self, video_id, webpage=None):
         error = response.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error['message']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, error['message']), expected=True)
 
         video = response['result'].get('0')
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self._extract_from_id(video_id, webpage)
 
         matches = re.findall(
-            r'<a[^>]+href=[\'"](%s[a-z]+/[0-9a-z-]+/[0-9a-z]+)' % self._URL_BASE_RE,
+            rf'<a[^>]+href=[\'"]({self._URL_BASE_RE}[a-z]+/[0-9a-z-]+/[0-9a-z]+)',
             webpage)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(video_link, OnetIE.ie_key())
@@ -256,4 +256,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             mvp_id = self._search_mvp_id(webpage)
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'onetmvp:%s' % mvp_id, OnetMVPIE.ie_key(), video_id=mvp_id)
+            f'onetmvp:{mvp_id}', OnetMVPIE.ie_key(), video_id=mvp_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
index 5fa49e142..7e30b2d33 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
             'http://onionstudios.com/embed/dc94dc2899fe644c0e7241fa04c1b732.js',
             video_id)
-        mcp_id = compat_str(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
+        mcp_id = str(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'window\.mcpMapping\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
             'MCP Mapping'), video_id, js_to_json)[video_id]['mcp_id'])
         return self.url_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
index 1fafd9afb..a4b0a1989 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class OpencastIE(OpencastBaseIE):
                 'series': 'Kryptographie - WiSe 15/16',
                 'creator': 'Alexander May',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
index 56b8330ff..2d56252b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
+import urllib.parse
 
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     Popen,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def __init__(self, extractor, required_version=None, timeout=10000):
             if is_outdated_version(version, required_version):
                 self.extractor._downloader.report_warning(
                     'Your copy of PhantomJS is outdated, update it to version '
-                    '%s or newer if you encounter any errors.' % required_version)
+                    f'{required_version} or newer if you encounter any errors.')
 
         for name in self._TMP_FILE_NAMES:
             tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ def _save_cookies(self, url):
             if 'path' not in cookie:
                 cookie['path'] = '/'
             if 'domain' not in cookie:
-                cookie['domain'] = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc
+                cookie['domain'] = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).netloc
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['cookies'].name, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(json.dumps(cookies).encode('utf-8'))
+            f.write(json.dumps(cookies).encode())
 
     def _load_cookies(self):
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['cookies'].name, 'rb') as f:
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ def get(self, url, html=None, video_id=None, note=None, note2='Executing JS on w
         if not html:
             html = self.extractor._download_webpage(url, video_id, note=note, headers=headers)
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['html'].name, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(html.encode('utf-8'))
+            f.write(html.encode())
 
         self._save_cookies(url)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
index 82a81c6c2..b4f1c7d85 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
     unified_strdate,
     unified_timestamp,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class OpenRecBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -120,9 +119,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': capture_data.get('title'),
             'thumbnail': capture_data.get('thumbnailUrl'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(movie_store, 'createdAt', expected_type=compat_str)),
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'name'), expected_type=compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'id'), expected_type=compat_str),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(movie_store, 'createdAt', expected_type=str)),
+            'uploader': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'name'), expected_type=str),
+            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'id'), expected_type=str),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(capture_data.get('createdAt')),
             'http_headers': self._M3U8_HEADERS,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
index d49909d52..c6ba4b0d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     get_element_by_attribute,
     qualities,
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class OraTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Vine & YouTube Stars Zach King & King Bach On Their Viral Videos!',
             'description': 'md5:ebbc5b1424dd5dba7be7538148287ac1',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.unsafespeech.com/video/2016/5/10/student-self-censorship-and-the-thought-police-on-university-campuses-0_6622bnkppw4d',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -37,14 +38,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 m3u8_url, display_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                 m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
             # similar to GameSpotIE
-            m3u8_path = compat_urlparse.urlparse(m3u8_url).path
+            m3u8_path = urllib.parse.urlparse(m3u8_url).path
             QUALITIES_RE = r'((,[a-z]+\d+)+,?)'
             available_qualities = self._search_regex(
                 QUALITIES_RE, m3u8_path, 'qualities').strip(',').split(',')
             http_path = m3u8_path[1:].split('/', 1)[1]
             http_template = re.sub(QUALITIES_RE, r'%s', http_path)
             http_template = http_template.replace('.csmil/master.m3u8', '')
-            http_template = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
+            http_template = urllib.parse.urljoin(
                 'http://videocdn-pmd.ora.tv/', http_template)
             preference = qualities(
                 ['mobile400', 'basic400', 'basic600', 'sd900', 'sd1200', 'sd1500', 'hd720', 'hd1080'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
index 526e9acaf..f1403d920 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
@@ -3,203 +3,26 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
-    InAdvancePagedList,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    join_nonempty,
     make_archive_id,
     mimetype2ext,
     orderedSet,
+    parse_age_limit,
+    parse_iso8601,
     remove_end,
-    smuggle_url,
+    str_or_none,
     strip_jsonp,
     try_call,
-    unescapeHTML,
     unified_strdate,
-    unsmuggle_url,
     url_or_none,
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class ORFTVthekIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = 'orf:tvthek'
-    IE_DESC = 'ORF TVthek'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://tvthek\.orf\.at/(?:(?:[^/]+/){2}){1,2}(?P<id>\d+))(/[^/]+/(?P<vid>\d+))?(?:$|[?#])'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/ZIB-2/1211/ZIB-2/14121079',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '14121079',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 11,
-        'params': {'noplaylist': True}
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/ZIB-2/1211/ZIB-2/14121079/Umfrage-Welches-Tier-ist-Sebastian-Kurz/15083150',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '14121079',
-        },
-        'playlist_count': 1,
-        'params': {'playlist_items': '5'}
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/ZIB-2/1211/ZIB-2/14121079/Umfrage-Welches-Tier-ist-Sebastian-Kurz/15083150',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '14121079',
-        },
-        'playlist': [{
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '15083150',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'description': 'md5:7be1c485425f5f255a5e4e4815e77d04',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/uploads/media/segments/0130/59/824271ea35cd8931a0fb08ab316a5b0a1562342c.jpeg',
-                'title': 'Umfrage: Welches Tier ist Sebastian Kurz?',
-            }
-        }],
-        'playlist_count': 1,
-        'params': {'noplaylist': True, 'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://tvthek.orf.at/program/Aufgetischt/2745173/Aufgetischt-Mit-der-Steirischen-Tafelrunde/8891389',
-        'playlist': [{
-            'md5': '2942210346ed779588f428a92db88712',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '8896777',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Aufgetischt: Mit der Steirischen Tafelrunde',
-                'description': 'md5:c1272f0245537812d4e36419c207b67d',
-                'duration': 2668,
-                'upload_date': '20141208',
-            },
-        }],
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside of Austria / Germany',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://tvthek.orf.at/topic/Im-Wandel-der-Zeit/8002126/Best-of-Ingrid-Thurnher/7982256',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7982259',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Best of Ingrid Thurnher',
-            'upload_date': '20140527',
-            'description': 'Viele Jahre war Ingrid Thurnher das "Gesicht" der ZIB 2. Vor ihrem Wechsel zur ZIB 2 im Jahr 1995 moderierte sie unter anderem "Land und Leute", "Österreich-Bild" und "Niederösterreich heute".',
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,  # rtsp downloads
-        },
-        'skip': 'Blocked outside of Austria / Germany',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://tvthek.orf.at/topic/Fluechtlingskrise/10463081/Heimat-Fremde-Heimat/13879132/Senioren-betreuen-Migrantenkinder/13879141',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://tvthek.orf.at/profile/Universum/35429',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _pagefunc(self, url, data_jsb, n, *, image=None):
-        sd = data_jsb[n]
-        video_id, title = str(sd['id']), sd['title']
-        formats = []
-        for fd in sd['sources']:
-            src = url_or_none(fd.get('src'))
-            if not src:
-                continue
-            format_id = join_nonempty('delivery', 'quality', 'quality_string', from_dict=fd)
-            ext = determine_ext(src)
-            if ext == 'm3u8':
-                m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    src, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {format_id} m3u8 manifest')
-                if any('/geoprotection' in f['url'] for f in m3u8_formats):
-                    self.raise_geo_restricted()
-                formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-            elif ext == 'f4m':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                    src, video_id, f4m_id=format_id, fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'mpd':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    src, video_id, mpd_id=format_id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {format_id} mpd manifest'))
-            else:
-                formats.append({
-                    'format_id': format_id,
-                    'url': src,
-                    'protocol': fd.get('protocol'),
-                })
-
-        # Check for geoblocking.
-        # There is a property is_geoprotection, but that's always false
-        geo_str = sd.get('geoprotection_string')
-        http_url = next(
-            (f['url'] for f in formats if re.match(r'^https?://.*\.mp4$', f['url'])),
-            None) if geo_str else None
-        if http_url:
-            self._request_webpage(
-                HEADRequest(http_url), video_id, fatal=False, note='Testing for geoblocking',
-                errnote=f'This video seems to be blocked outside of {geo_str}. You may want to try the streaming-* formats')
-
-        subtitles = {}
-        for sub in sd.get('subtitles', []):
-            sub_src = sub.get('src')
-            if not sub_src:
-                continue
-            subtitles.setdefault(sub.get('lang', 'de-AT'), []).append({
-                'url': sub_src,
-            })
-
-        upload_date = unified_strdate(sd.get('created_date'))
-
-        thumbnails = []
-        preview = sd.get('preview_image_url')
-        if preview:
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'id': 'preview',
-                'url': preview,
-                'preference': 0,
-            })
-        image = sd.get('image_full_url') or image
-        if image:
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'id': 'full',
-                'url': image,
-                'preference': 1,
-            })
-
-        yield {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'webpage_url': smuggle_url(f'{url}/part/{video_id}', {'force_noplaylist': True}),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'description': sd.get('description'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(sd.get('duration_in_seconds')),
-            'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-        }
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url)
-        playlist_id, video_id, base_url = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'vid', 'url')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
-
-        data_jsb = self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'<div[^>]+class=(["\']).*?VideoPlaylist.*?\1[^>]+data-jsb=(["\'])(?P<json>.+?)\2',
-                webpage, 'playlist', group='json'),
-            playlist_id, transform_source=unescapeHTML)['playlist']['videos']
-
-        if not self._yes_playlist(playlist_id, video_id, smuggled_data):
-            data_jsb = [sd for sd in data_jsb if str(sd.get('id')) == video_id]
-
-        playlist_count = len(data_jsb)
-        image = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage) if playlist_count == 1 else None
-
-        page_func = functools.partial(self._pagefunc, base_url, data_jsb, image=image)
-        return {
-            '_type': 'playlist',
-            'entries': InAdvancePagedList(page_func, playlist_count, 1),
-            'id': playlist_id,
-        }
-
-
 class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'orf:radio'
 
@@ -242,8 +65,8 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 18000,
                 'timestamp': 1659322789,
                 'description': 'md5:a3f6083399ef92b8cbe2d421b180835a',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://ooe.orf.at/player/20220801/OGMO',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -261,8 +84,8 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 18000,
                 'timestamp': 1659322789,
                 'description': 'md5:a3f6083399ef92b8cbe2d421b180835a',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fm4.orf.at/player/20170107/4CC',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -304,7 +127,7 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1483858796,
             'upload_date': '20170108',
         },
-        'skip': 'Shows from ORF radios are only available for 7 days.'
+        'skip': 'Shows from ORF radios are only available for 7 days.',
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, data, station):
@@ -352,7 +175,7 @@ class ORFPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 3396.0,
             'series': 'Frühstück bei mir',
         },
-        'skip': 'ORF podcasts are only available for a limited time'
+        'skip': 'ORF podcasts are only available for a limited time',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -398,13 +221,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         story_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://iptv.orf.at/stories/%s' % story_id, story_id)
+            f'http://iptv.orf.at/stories/{story_id}', story_id)
 
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'data-video(?:id)?="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file={video_id}',
             video_id)[0]
 
         duration = float_or_none(data['duration'], 1000)
@@ -503,7 +326,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         all_ids = orderedSet(re.findall(r'data-video(?:id)?="(\d+)"', webpage))
         for idx, video_id in enumerate(all_ids):
             data = self._download_json(
-                'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file=%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file={video_id}',
                 video_id)[0]
 
             duration = float_or_none(data['duration'], 1000)
@@ -569,7 +392,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class ORFONIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'orf:on'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://on\.orf\.at/video/(?P<id>\d{8})/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://on\.orf\.at/video/(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<segment>\d+))?'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://on.orf.at/video/14210000/school-of-champions-48',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -580,51 +403,156 @@ class ORFONIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'School of Champions (4/8)',
             'description': 'md5:d09ad279fc2e8502611e7648484b6afd',
             'media_type': 'episode',
-            'timestamp': 1706472362,
-            'upload_date': '20240128',
-        }
+            'timestamp': 1706558922,
+            'upload_date': '20240129',
+            'release_timestamp': 1706472362,
+            'release_date': '20240128',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1712756663,
+            'modified_date': '20240410',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['orftvthek 14210000'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://on.orf.at/video/3220355',
+        'md5': 'f94d98e667cf9a3851317efb4e136662',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '3220355',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'duration': 445.04,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/assets/segments/0002/60/thumb_159573_segments_highlight_teaser.png',
+            'title': '50 Jahre Burgenland: Der Festumzug',
+            'description': 'md5:1560bf855119544ee8c4fa5376a2a6b0',
+            'media_type': 'episode',
+            'timestamp': 52916400,
+            'upload_date': '19710905',
+            'release_timestamp': 52916400,
+            'release_date': '19710905',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1498536049,
+            'modified_date': '20170627',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['orftvthek 3220355'],
+        },
+    }, {
+        # Video with multiple segments selecting the second segment
+        'url': 'https://on.orf.at/video/14226549/15639808/jugendbande-einbrueche-aus-langeweile',
+        'md5': '90f4ebff86b4580837b8a361d0232a9e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '15639808',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'duration': 97.707,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/assets/segments/0175/43/thumb_17442704_segments_highlight_teaser.jpg',
+            'title': 'Jugendbande: Einbrüche aus Langeweile',
+            'description': 'md5:193df0bf0d91cf16830c211078097120',
+            'media_type': 'segment',
+            'timestamp': 1715792400,
+            'upload_date': '20240515',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1715794394,
+            'modified_date': '20240515',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['orftvthek 15639808'],
+        },
+        'params': {'noplaylist': True},
+    }, {
+        # Video with multiple segments and no combined version
+        'url': 'https://on.orf.at/video/14227864/formel-1-grosser-preis-von-monaco-2024',
+        'info_dict': {
+            '_type': 'multi_video',
+            'id': '14227864',
+            'duration': 18410.52,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/assets/segments/0176/04/thumb_17503881_segments_highlight_teaser.jpg',
+            'title': 'Formel 1: Großer Preis von Monaco 2024',
+            'description': 'md5:aeeb010710ccf70ce28ccb4482243d4f',
+            'media_type': 'episode',
+            'timestamp': 1716721200,
+            'upload_date': '20240526',
+            'release_timestamp': 1716721802,
+            'release_date': '20240526',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1716967501,
+            'modified_date': '20240529',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 42,
+    }, {
+        # Video with multiple segments, but with combined version
+        'url': 'https://on.orf.at/video/14228172',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '14228172',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'duration': 3294.878,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/assets/segments/0176/17/thumb_17516455_segments_highlight_teaser.jpg',
+            'title': 'Willkommen Österreich mit Stermann & Grissemann',
+            'description': 'md5:5de034d033a9c27f989343be3bbd4839',
+            'media_type': 'episode',
+            'timestamp': 1716926584,
+            'upload_date': '20240528',
+            'release_timestamp': 1716919202,
+            'release_date': '20240528',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1716968045,
+            'modified_date': '20240529',
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['orftvthek 14228172'],
+        },
     }]
 
-    def _extract_video(self, video_id, display_id):
-        encrypted_id = base64.b64encode(f'3dSlfek03nsLKdj4Jsd{video_id}'.encode()).decode()
-        api_json = self._download_json(
-            f'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/api/v4.3/public/episode/encrypted/{encrypted_id}', display_id)
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_metadata(api_json):
+        return traverse_obj(api_json, {
+            'id': ('id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+            'age_limit': ('age_classification', {parse_age_limit}),
+            'duration': ('exact_duration', {functools.partial(float_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+            'title': (('title', 'headline'), {str}),
+            'description': (('description', 'teaser_text'), {str}),
+            'media_type': ('video_type', {str}),
+            'thumbnail': ('_embedded', 'image', 'public_urls', 'highlight_teaser', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+            'timestamp': (('date', 'episode_date'), {parse_iso8601}),
+            'release_timestamp': ('release_date', {parse_iso8601}),
+            'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+        }, get_all=False)
 
+    def _extract_video_info(self, video_id, api_json):
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for manifest_type in traverse_obj(api_json, ('sources', {dict.keys}, ...)):
             for manifest_url in traverse_obj(api_json, ('sources', manifest_type, ..., 'src', {url_or_none})):
                 if manifest_type == 'hls':
                     fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                        manifest_url, display_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='hls')
+                        manifest_url, video_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='hls')
                 elif manifest_type == 'dash':
                     fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                        manifest_url, display_id, fatal=False, mpd_id='dash')
+                        manifest_url, video_id, fatal=False, mpd_id='dash')
                 else:
                     continue
                 formats.extend(fmts)
                 self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
 
+        for sub_url in traverse_obj(api_json, (
+                '_embedded', 'subtitle',
+                ('xml_url', 'sami_url', 'stl_url', 'ttml_url', 'srt_url', 'vtt_url'), {url_or_none})):
+            self._merge_subtitles({'de': [{'url': sub_url}]}, target=subtitles)
+
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            **traverse_obj(api_json, {
-                'duration': ('duration_second', {float_or_none}),
-                'title': (('title', 'headline'), {str}),
-                'description': (('description', 'teaser_text'), {str}),
-                'media_type': ('video_type', {str}),
-            }, get_all=False),
+            '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id('ORFTVthek', video_id)],
+            **self._parse_metadata(api_json),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'slug')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        video_id, segment_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'segment')
 
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._html_search_meta(['og:title', 'twitter:title'], webpage, default=None),
-            'description': self._html_search_meta(
-                ['description', 'og:description', 'twitter:description'], webpage, default=None),
-            **self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, fatal=False),
-            **self._extract_video(video_id, display_id),
-        }
+        encrypted_id = base64.b64encode(f'3dSlfek03nsLKdj4Jsd{video_id}'.encode()).decode()
+        api_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api-tvthek.orf.at/api/v4.3/public/episode/encrypted/{encrypted_id}', video_id)
+
+        if traverse_obj(api_json, 'is_drm_protected'):
+            self.report_drm(video_id)
+
+        segments = traverse_obj(api_json, ('_embedded', 'segments', lambda _, v: v['id']))
+        selected_segment = traverse_obj(segments, (lambda _, v: str(v['id']) == segment_id, any))
+
+        # selected_segment will be falsy if input URL did not include a valid segment_id
+        if selected_segment and not self._yes_playlist(video_id, segment_id, playlist_label='episode', video_label='segment'):
+            return self._extract_video_info(segment_id, selected_segment)
+
+        # Even some segmented videos have an unsegmented version available in API response root
+        if not traverse_obj(api_json, ('sources', ..., ..., 'src', {url_or_none})):
+            return self.playlist_result(
+                (self._extract_video_info(str(segment['id']), segment) for segment in segments),
+                video_id, **self._parse_metadata(api_json), multi_video=True)
+
+        return self._extract_video_info(video_id, api_json)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
index b1fcbd6a7..b9191c9cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class OutsideTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:41a12e94f3db3ca253b04bb1e8d8f4cd',
             'upload_date': '20181225',
             'timestamp': 1545742800,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.outsidetv.com/home/play/ZjQYboH6/1/10/Hdg0jukV/4',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
index 56203306f..38ffd3451 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     # remove_end,
     str_or_none,
     strip_or_none,
     unified_timestamp,
-    # urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             headers['Authorization'] = 'Bearer ' + self._TOKEN
         try:
             video_url = self._download_json(
-                'https://services.packtpub.com/products-v1/products/%s/%s/%s' % (course_id, chapter_id, video_id), video_id,
+                f'https://services.packtpub.com/products-v1/products/{course_id}/{chapter_id}/{video_id}', video_id,
                 'Downloading JSON video', headers=headers)['data']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
@@ -110,17 +109,16 @@ class PacktPubCourseIE(PacktPubBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PacktPubIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            PacktPubCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PacktPubIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         url, course_id = mobj.group('url', 'id')
 
         course = self._download_json(
-            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + '%s/toc' % course_id, course_id)
+            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + f'{course_id}/toc', course_id)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + '%s/summary' % course_id,
+            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + f'{course_id}/summary',
             course_id, fatal=False) or {}
 
         entries = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
index 4b0801c1a..138a7853a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def _call_api(self, artist_slug, artist_fields):
             })['data']
 
     def _parse_music(self, music):
-        music_id = compat_str(music['musicID'])
+        music_id = str(music['musicID'])
         title = music['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -77,12 +76,12 @@ class PalcoMP3IE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
             'title': 'Nossas Composições - CUIDA BEM DELA',
             'duration': 210,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PalcoMP3VideoIE.suitable(url) else super(PalcoMP3IE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PalcoMP3VideoIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
 
 class PalcoMP3ArtistIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ class PalcoMP3ArtistIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PalcoMP3IE._match_valid_url(url) else super(PalcoMP3ArtistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PalcoMP3IE._match_valid_url(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         artist_slug = self._match_id(url)
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ class PalcoMP3VideoIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20161107',
             'uploader_id': 'maiaramaraisaoficial',
             'uploader': 'Maiara e Maraisa',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _MUSIC_FIELDS = 'youtubeID'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
index 63c5fd68f..91f105519 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
@@ -3,19 +3,15 @@
 import functools
 import json
 import random
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_urlparse
-)
-
 from ..utils import (
-    bug_reports_message,
     ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
+    bug_reports_message,
     get_first,
     int_or_none,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     parse_qs,
     srt_subtitles_timecode,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ class PanoptoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         18: 'hu-HU',
         19: 'nb-NO',
         20: 'sv-SE',
-        21: 'it-IT'
+        21: 'it-IT',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, base_url, path, video_id, data=None, fatal=True, **kwargs):
@@ -70,7 +66,7 @@ def _call_api(self, base_url, path, video_id, data=None, fatal=True, **kwargs):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_fragment(url):
-        return {k: json.loads(v[0]) for k, v in compat_urlparse.parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).fragment).items()}
+        return {k: json.loads(v[0]) for k, v in urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(url).fragment).items()}
 
 
 class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
@@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'average_rating': int,
                 'uploader_id': '2db6b718-47a0-4b0b-9e17-ab0b00f42b1e',
                 'channel_id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'channel': 'Showcase Videos'
+                'channel': 'Showcase Videos',
             },
         },
         {
@@ -135,7 +131,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'uploader': 'Kathryn Kelly',
                 'channel_id': 'fb93bc3c-6750-4b80-a05b-a921013735d3',
                 'channel': 'Getting Started',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Does not allow normal Viewer.aspx. AUDIO livestream has no url, so should be skipped and only give one stream.
@@ -178,7 +174,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'chapters': 'count:28',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
             },
-            'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
@@ -200,7 +196,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'subtitles': {'en-US': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:a3f4d25963fdeace838f327097c13265'}],
                               'es-ES': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:57e9dad365fd0fbaf0468eac4949f189'}]},
             },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # On Panopto there are two subs: "Default" and en-US. en-US is blank and should be skipped.
             'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
@@ -222,15 +218,15 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'upload_date': '20191129',
 
             },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://ucc.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=0e8484a4-4ceb-4d98-a63f-ac0200b455cb',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://brown.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=0b3ff73b-36a0-46c5-8455-aadf010a3638',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
 
@@ -258,7 +254,7 @@ def _mark_watched(self, base_url, video_id, delivery_info):
                         'StopReason': None,
                         'StreamID': stream_id,
                         'TimeStamp': timestamp_str,
-                        'UpdatesRejected': 0
+                        'UpdatesRejected': 0,
                     },
                 ]}
 
@@ -278,7 +274,7 @@ def _extract_chapters(timestamps):
             chapters.append({
                 'start_time': start,
                 'end_time': start + duration,
-                'title': caption
+                'title': caption,
             })
         return chapters
 
@@ -287,11 +283,11 @@ def _extract_mhtml_formats(base_url, timestamps):
         image_frags = {}
         for timestamp in timestamps or []:
             duration = timestamp.get('Duration')
-            obj_id, obj_sn = timestamp.get('ObjectIdentifier'), timestamp.get('ObjectSequenceNumber'),
+            obj_id, obj_sn = timestamp.get('ObjectIdentifier'), timestamp.get('ObjectSequenceNumber')
             if timestamp.get('EventTargetType') == 'PowerPoint' and obj_id is not None and obj_sn is not None:
                 image_frags.setdefault('slides', []).append({
                     'url': base_url + f'/Pages/Viewer/Image.aspx?id={obj_id}&number={obj_sn}',
-                    'duration': duration
+                    'duration': duration,
                 })
 
             obj_pid, session_id, abs_time = timestamp.get('ObjectPublicIdentifier'), timestamp.get('SessionID'), timestamp.get('AbsoluteTime')
@@ -308,7 +304,7 @@ def _extract_mhtml_formats(base_url, timestamps):
                 'acodec': 'none',
                 'vcodec': 'none',
                 'url': 'about:invalid',
-                'fragments': fragments
+                'fragments': fragments,
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -333,8 +329,8 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, base_url, video_id, delivery):
                     'deliveryId': video_id,
                     'getCaptions': True,
                     'language': str(lang),
-                    'responseType': 'json'
-                }
+                    'responseType': 'json',
+                },
             )
             if not isinstance(response, list):
                 continue
@@ -363,12 +359,12 @@ def _extract_streams_formats_and_subtitles(self, video_id, streams, **fmt_kwargs
                     subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, stream_subtitles)
                 else:
                     stream_formats.append({
-                        'url': stream_url
+                        'url': stream_url,
                     })
             for fmt in stream_formats:
                 fmt.update({
                     'format_note': stream.get('Tag'),
-                    **fmt_kwargs
+                    **fmt_kwargs,
                 })
             formats.extend(stream_formats)
 
@@ -388,7 +384,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'isKollectiveAgentInstalled': 'false',
                 'isEmbed': 'false',
                 'responseType': 'json',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         delivery = delivery_info['Delivery']
@@ -425,7 +421,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'channel_id': delivery.get('SessionGroupPublicID'),
             'channel': traverse_obj(delivery, 'SessionGroupLongName', 'SessionGroupShortName', get_all=False),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
@@ -439,7 +435,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'id': 'f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36',
                 'description': '',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 36
+            'playlist_mincount': 36,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://utsa.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
@@ -448,7 +444,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'id': 'e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
                 'description': 'md5:f958bca50a1cbda15fdc1e20d32b3ecb',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 4
+            'playlist_mincount': 4,
         },
 
     ]
@@ -470,7 +466,7 @@ def _entries(self, base_url, playlist_id, session_list_id):
                 'description': item.get('Description'),
                 'duration': item.get('Duration'),
                 'channel': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Name')),
-                'channel_id': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Id'))
+                'channel_id': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Id')),
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -479,7 +475,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = get_first(parse_qs(url), 'id')
         if video_id:
             if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
-                self.to_screen('Downloading just video %s because of --no-playlist' % video_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
                 return self.url_result(base_url + f'/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id={video_id}', ie_key=PanoptoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
             else:
                 self.to_screen(f'Downloading playlist {playlist_id}; add --no-playlist to just download video {video_id}')
@@ -499,28 +495,28 @@ class PanoptoListIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
             'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#folderID=%22e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a%22',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'title': 'Showcase Videos'
+                'title': 'Showcase Videos',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 140
+            'playlist_mincount': 140,
 
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#view=2&maxResults=250',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'panopto_list',
-                'title': 'panopto_list'
+                'title': 'panopto_list',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 300
+            'playlist_mincount': 300,
         },
         {
             # Folder that contains 8 folders and a playlist
             'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx?noredirect=true#folderID=%224b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e%22',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '4b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e',
-                'title': 'Video Tutorials'
+                'title': 'Video Tutorials',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 9
-        }
+            'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        },
 
     ]
 
@@ -563,7 +559,7 @@ def _extract_folder_metadata(self, base_url, folder_id):
             base_url, '/Services/Data.svc/GetFolderInfo', folder_id,
             data={'folderID': folder_id}, fatal=False)
         return {
-            'title': get_first(response, 'Name')
+            'title': get_first(response, 'Name'),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
index 7e472a63e..317f53b2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import itertools
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .cbs import CBSBaseIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -170,19 +170,19 @@ class ParamountPlusSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 50,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'drake-josh',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/hawaii_five_0/',
         'playlist_mincount': 240,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'hawaii_five_0',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants/',
         'playlist_mincount': 248,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'spongebob-squarepants',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, show_name):
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ def _entries(self, show_name):
                 return
             for episode in show_json['result']['data']:
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://www.paramountplus.com%s' % episode['url'],
+                    'https://www.paramountplus.com{}'.format(episode['url']),
                     ie=ParamountPlusIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode['content_id'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
index 563012f35..9be288a7d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
@@ -87,5 +87,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'view_count': ('views', {int_or_none}),
                 'comment_count': ('total_comments', {int_or_none}),
                 'repost_count': ('echos', {int_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
index 777b00889..b93b5edac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class ParlviewIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/mediaPlayer.php?videoID=539936',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         media = self._download_json(self._API_URL % video_id, video_id).get('media')
-        timestamp = try_get(media, lambda x: x['timeMap']['source']['timecode_offsets'][0], compat_str) or '/'
+        timestamp = try_get(media, lambda x: x['timeMap']['source']['timecode_offsets'][0], str) or '/'
 
         stream = try_get(media, lambda x: x['renditions'][0], dict)
         if not stream:
             self.raise_no_formats('No streams were detected')
         elif stream.get('streamType') != 'VOD':
-            self.raise_no_formats('Unknown type of stream was detected: "%s"' % str(stream.get('streamType')))
+            self.raise_no_formats('Unknown type of stream was detected: "{}"'.format(str(stream.get('streamType'))))
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(stream['url'], video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native')
 
         media_info = self._download_webpage(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
index d4f822f52..26ca84ab3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import itertools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
 )
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def _call_api(self, ep, item_id, query=None, headers=None, fatal=True, note=None
         try:
             return self._download_json(
                 f'https://www.patreon.com/api/{ep}',
-                item_id, note='Downloading API JSON' if not note else note,
+                item_id, note=note if note else 'Downloading API JSON',
                 query=query, fatal=fatal, headers=headers)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or mimetype2ext(e.cause.response.headers.get('Content-Type')) != 'json':
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/episode-166-of-743933',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:557a409bd79d3898689419094934ba79',
             'uploader_id': '14936315',
         },
-        'skip': 'Patron-only content'
+        'skip': 'Patron-only content',
     }, {
         # m3u8 video (https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2277)
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/video-sketchbook-32452882',
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'channel_id': '1641751',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/loish',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # bad videos under media (if media is included). Real one is under post_file
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/premium-access-70282931',
@@ -199,7 +198,50 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'channel_id': '2147162',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/yaboyroshi',
         },
+    }, {
+        # NSFW vimeo embed URL
+        'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/4k-spiderman-4k-96414599',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '902250943',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': '❤️(4K) Spiderman Girl Yeonhwa’s Gift ❤️(4K) 스파이더맨걸 연화의 선물',
+            'description': '❤️(4K) Spiderman Girl Yeonhwa’s Gift \n❤️(4K) 스파이더맨걸 연화의 선물',
+            'uploader': 'Npickyeonhwa',
+            'uploader_id': '90574422',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/Yeonhwa726',
+            'channel_id': '10237902',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/Yeonhwa726',
+            'duration': 70,
+            'timestamp': 1705150153,
+            'upload_date': '20240113',
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        # multiple attachments/embeds
+        'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/holy-wars-solos-100601977',
+        'playlist_count': 3,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '100601977',
+            'title': '"Holy Wars" (Megadeth) Solos Transcription & Lesson/Analysis',
+            'description': 'md5:d099ab976edfce6de2a65c2b169a88d3',
+            'uploader': 'Bradley Hall',
+            'uploader_id': '24401883',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/bradleyhallguitar',
+            'channel_id': '3193932',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/bradleyhallguitar',
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+            'timestamp': 1710777855,
+            'upload_date': '20240318',
+            'like_count': int,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
+        },
+        'skip': 'Patron-only content',
     }]
+    _RETURN_TYPE = 'video'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -214,95 +256,108 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'include': 'audio,user,user_defined_tags,campaign,attachments_media',
             })
         attributes = post['data']['attributes']
-        title = attributes['title'].strip()
-        image = attributes.get('image') or {}
-        info = {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': clean_html(attributes.get('content')),
-            'thumbnail': image.get('large_url') or image.get('url'),
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(attributes.get('published_at')),
-            'like_count': int_or_none(attributes.get('like_count')),
-            'comment_count': int_or_none(attributes.get('comment_count')),
-        }
-        can_view_post = traverse_obj(attributes, 'current_user_can_view')
-        if can_view_post and info['comment_count']:
-            info['__post_extractor'] = self.extract_comments(video_id)
+        info = traverse_obj(attributes, {
+            'title': ('title', {str.strip}),
+            'description': ('content', {clean_html}),
+            'thumbnail': ('image', ('large_url', 'url'), {url_or_none}, any),
+            'timestamp': ('published_at', {parse_iso8601}),
+            'like_count': ('like_count', {int_or_none}),
+            'comment_count': ('comment_count', {int_or_none}),
+        })
 
-        for i in post.get('included', []):
-            i_type = i.get('type')
-            if i_type == 'media':
-                media_attributes = i.get('attributes') or {}
-                download_url = media_attributes.get('download_url')
+        entries = []
+        idx = 0
+        for include in traverse_obj(post, ('included', lambda _, v: v['type'])):
+            include_type = include['type']
+            if include_type == 'media':
+                media_attributes = traverse_obj(include, ('attributes', {dict})) or {}
+                download_url = url_or_none(media_attributes.get('download_url'))
                 ext = mimetype2ext(media_attributes.get('mimetype'))
 
                 # if size_bytes is None, this media file is likely unavailable
                 # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4608
                 size_bytes = int_or_none(media_attributes.get('size_bytes'))
                 if download_url and ext in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS and size_bytes is not None:
-                    # XXX: what happens if there are multiple attachments?
-                    return {
-                        **info,
+                    idx += 1
+                    entries.append({
+                        'id': f'{video_id}-{idx}',
                         'ext': ext,
                         'filesize': size_bytes,
                         'url': download_url,
-                    }
-            elif i_type == 'user':
-                user_attributes = i.get('attributes')
-                if user_attributes:
-                    info.update({
-                        'uploader': user_attributes.get('full_name'),
-                        'uploader_id': str_or_none(i.get('id')),
-                        'uploader_url': user_attributes.get('url'),
                     })
 
-            elif i_type == 'post_tag':
-                info.setdefault('tags', []).append(traverse_obj(i, ('attributes', 'value')))
+            elif include_type == 'user':
+                info.update(traverse_obj(include, {
+                    'uploader': ('attributes', 'full_name', {str}),
+                    'uploader_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                    'uploader_url': ('attributes', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+                }))
 
-            elif i_type == 'campaign':
-                info.update({
-                    'channel': traverse_obj(i, ('attributes', 'title')),
-                    'channel_id': str_or_none(i.get('id')),
-                    'channel_url': traverse_obj(i, ('attributes', 'url')),
-                    'channel_follower_count': int_or_none(traverse_obj(i, ('attributes', 'patron_count'))),
-                })
+            elif include_type == 'post_tag':
+                if post_tag := traverse_obj(include, ('attributes', 'value', {str})):
+                    info.setdefault('tags', []).append(post_tag)
+
+            elif include_type == 'campaign':
+                info.update(traverse_obj(include, {
+                    'channel': ('attributes', 'title', {str}),
+                    'channel_id': ('id', {str_or_none}),
+                    'channel_url': ('attributes', 'url', {url_or_none}),
+                    'channel_follower_count': ('attributes', 'patron_count', {int_or_none}),
+                }))
 
         # handle Vimeo embeds
-        if try_get(attributes, lambda x: x['embed']['provider']) == 'Vimeo':
-            embed_html = try_get(attributes, lambda x: x['embed']['html'])
-            v_url = url_or_none(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                self._search_regex(r'(https(?:%3A%2F%2F|://)player\.vimeo\.com.+app_id(?:=|%3D)+\d+)', embed_html, 'vimeo url', fatal=False)))
-            if v_url:
-                v_url = VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(v_url, 'https://patreon.com')
-                if self._request_webpage(v_url, video_id, 'Checking Vimeo embed URL', fatal=False, errnote=False):
-                    return self.url_result(v_url, VimeoIE, url_transparent=True, **info)
+        if traverse_obj(attributes, ('embed', 'provider')) == 'Vimeo':
+            v_url = urllib.parse.unquote(self._html_search_regex(
+                r'(https(?:%3A%2F%2F|://)player\.vimeo\.com.+app_id(?:=|%3D)+\d+)',
+                traverse_obj(attributes, ('embed', 'html', {str})), 'vimeo url', fatal=False) or '')
+            if url_or_none(v_url) and self._request_webpage(
+                    v_url, video_id, 'Checking Vimeo embed URL',
+                    headers={'Referer': 'https://patreon.com/'},
+                    fatal=False, errnote=False):
+                entries.append(self.url_result(
+                    VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(v_url, 'https://patreon.com/'),
+                    VimeoIE, url_transparent=True))
 
-        embed_url = try_get(attributes, lambda x: x['embed']['url'])
+        embed_url = traverse_obj(attributes, ('embed', 'url', {url_or_none}))
         if embed_url and self._request_webpage(embed_url, video_id, 'Checking embed URL', fatal=False, errnote=False):
-            return self.url_result(embed_url, **info)
+            entries.append(self.url_result(embed_url))
 
-        post_file = traverse_obj(attributes, 'post_file')
+        post_file = traverse_obj(attributes, ('post_file', {dict}))
         if post_file:
             name = post_file.get('name')
             ext = determine_ext(name)
             if ext in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS:
-                return {
-                    **info,
+                entries.append({
+                    'id': video_id,
                     'ext': ext,
                     'url': post_file['url'],
-                }
+                })
             elif name == 'video' or determine_ext(post_file.get('url')) == 'm3u8':
                 formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(post_file['url'], video_id)
-                return {
-                    **info,
+                entries.append({
+                    'id': video_id,
                     'formats': formats,
                     'subtitles': subtitles,
-                }
+                })
 
-        if can_view_post is False:
+        can_view_post = traverse_obj(attributes, 'current_user_can_view')
+        comments = None
+        if can_view_post and info.get('comment_count'):
+            comments = self.extract_comments(video_id)
+
+        if not entries and can_view_post is False:
             self.raise_no_formats('You do not have access to this post', video_id=video_id, expected=True)
-        else:
+        elif not entries:
             self.raise_no_formats('No supported media found in this post', video_id=video_id, expected=True)
+        elif len(entries) == 1:
+            info.update(entries[0])
+        else:
+            for entry in entries:
+                entry.update(info)
+            return self.playlist_result(entries, video_id, **info, __post_extractor=comments)
+
+        info['id'] = video_id
+        info['__post_extractor'] = comments
         return info
 
     def _get_comments(self, post_id):
@@ -323,7 +378,7 @@ def _get_comments(self, post_id):
 
             params.update({'page[cursor]': cursor} if cursor else {})
             response = self._call_api(
-                f'posts/{post_id}/comments', post_id, query=params, note='Downloading comments page %d' % page)
+                f'posts/{post_id}/comments', post_id, query=params, note=f'Downloading comments page {page}')
 
             cursor = None
             for comment in traverse_obj(response, (('data', ('included', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'comment')), ...)):
@@ -391,18 +446,18 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': '37306634',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*$',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 71
+        'playlist_mincount': 71,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/dissonancepod/posts',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/m/5932659',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PatreonIE.suitable(url) else super(PatreonCampaignIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PatreonIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _entries(self, campaign_id):
         cursor = None
@@ -417,7 +472,7 @@ def _entries(self, campaign_id):
         for page in itertools.count(1):
 
             params.update({'page[cursor]': cursor} if cursor else {})
-            posts_json = self._call_api('posts', campaign_id, query=params, note='Downloading posts page %d' % page)
+            posts_json = self._call_api('posts', campaign_id, query=params, note=f'Downloading posts page {page}')
 
             cursor = traverse_obj(posts_json, ('meta', 'pagination', 'cursors', 'next'))
             for post_url in traverse_obj(posts_json, ('data', ..., 'attributes', 'patreon_url')):
@@ -431,13 +486,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         campaign_id, vanity = self._match_valid_url(url).group('campaign_id', 'vanity')
         if campaign_id is None:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, vanity, headers={'User-Agent': self.USER_AGENT})
-            campaign_id = self._search_regex(r'https://www.patreon.com/api/campaigns/(\d+)/?', webpage, 'Campaign ID')
+            campaign_id = self._search_nextjs_data(
+                webpage, vanity)['props']['pageProps']['bootstrapEnvelope']['pageBootstrap']['campaign']['data']['id']
 
         params = {
             'json-api-use-default-includes': 'false',
             'fields[user]': 'full_name,url',
             'fields[campaign]': 'name,summary,url,patron_count,creation_count,is_nsfw,avatar_photo_url',
-            'include': 'creator'
+            'include': 'creator',
         }
 
         campaign_response = self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
index 2bb2ea9f1..686796491 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    US_RATINGS,
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     orderedSet,
     strip_jsonp,
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
     traverse_obj,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
-    US_RATINGS,
 )
 
 
@@ -182,18 +181,18 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
     )
 
     IE_NAME = 'pbs'
-    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: %s' % ', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[1])
+    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: {}'.format(', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[1]))
 
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://
         (?:
            # Direct video URL
-           (?:%s)/(?:(?:vir|port)alplayer|video)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)(?:[?/]|$) |
+           (?:{})/(?:(?:vir|port)alplayer|video)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)(?:[?/]|$) |
            # Article with embedded player (or direct video)
-           (?:www\.)?pbs\.org/(?:[^/]+/){1,5}(?P<presumptive_id>[^/]+?)(?:\.html)?/?(?:$|[?\#]) |
+           (?:www\.)?pbs\.org/(?:[^/]+/){{1,5}}(?P<presumptive_id>[^/]+?)(?:\.html)?/?(?:$|[?\#]) |
            # Player
            (?:video|player)\.pbs\.org/(?:widget/)?partnerplayer/(?P<player_id>[^/]+)
         )
-    ''' % '|'.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[0])
+    '''.format('|'.join(next(zip(*_STATIONS))))
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
 
@@ -415,7 +414,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://player.pbs.org/portalplayer/3004638221/?uid=',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _ERRORS = {
         101: 'We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.',
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ def _extract_webpage(self, url):
             if not video_id:
                 video_info = self._extract_video_data(
                     player_page, 'video data', display_id)
-                video_id = compat_str(
+                video_id = str(
                     video_info.get('id') or video_info['contentID'])
         else:
             video_id = mobj.group('id')
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if isinstance(video_id, list):
             entries = [self.url_result(
-                'http://video.pbs.org/video/%s' % vid_id, 'PBS', vid_id)
+                f'http://video.pbs.org/video/{vid_id}', 'PBS', vid_id)
                 for vid_id in video_id]
             return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id)
 
@@ -568,11 +567,11 @@ def extract_redirect_urls(info):
         # Player pages may also serve different qualities
         for page in ('widget/partnerplayer', 'portalplayer'):
             player = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://player.pbs.org/%s/%s' % (page, video_id),
-                display_id, 'Downloading %s page' % page, fatal=False)
+                f'http://player.pbs.org/{page}/{video_id}',
+                display_id, f'Downloading {page} page', fatal=False)
             if player:
                 video_info = self._extract_video_data(
-                    player, '%s video data' % page, display_id, fatal=False)
+                    player, f'{page} video data', display_id, fatal=False)
                 if video_info:
                     extract_redirect_urls(video_info)
                     if not info:
@@ -603,7 +602,7 @@ def extract_redirect_urls(info):
             redirect_id = redirect.get('eeid')
 
             redirect_info = self._download_json(
-                '%s?format=json' % redirect['url'], display_id,
+                '{}?format=json'.format(redirect['url']), display_id,
                 'Downloading %s video url info' % (redirect_id or num),
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
@@ -614,7 +613,7 @@ def extract_redirect_urls(info):
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(
                         msg=message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
             format_url = redirect_info.get('url')
             if not format_url:
@@ -649,7 +648,7 @@ def extract_redirect_urls(info):
                 f_url = re.sub(r'\d+k|baseline', bitrate + 'k', http_url)
                 # This may produce invalid links sometimes (e.g.
                 # http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/suicide-plan)
-                if not self._is_valid_url(f_url, display_id, 'http-%sk video' % bitrate):
+                if not self._is_valid_url(f_url, display_id, f'http-{bitrate}k video'):
                     continue
                 f = m3u8_format.copy()
                 f.update({
@@ -671,7 +670,7 @@ def extract_redirect_urls(info):
         captions = info.get('cc') or {}
         for caption_url in captions.values():
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': caption_url
+                'url': caption_url,
             })
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, hls_subs)
 
@@ -715,7 +714,7 @@ class PBSKidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:d006b2211633685d8ebc8d03b6d5611e',
                 'categories': ['Episode'],
                 'upload_date': '20190718',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://pbskids.org/video/plum-landing/2365205059',
@@ -730,8 +729,8 @@ class PBSKidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:657e5fc4356a84ead1c061eb280ff05d',
                 'categories': ['Episode'],
                 'upload_date': '20140302',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -753,5 +752,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'series': ('video_obj', 'program_title', {str}),
                 'title': ('video_obj', 'title', {str}),
                 'upload_date': ('video_obj', 'air_date', {unified_strdate}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
index e27e5a7ba..4bea04bf2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     qualities,
-    unified_timestamp,
     traverse_obj,
+    unified_timestamp,
 )
 
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class PearVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:01d576b747de71be0ee85eb7cac25f9d',
             'timestamp': 1494275280,
             'upload_date': '20170508',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 query={'contId': video_id}, headers={'Referer': url})
             formats = [{
                 'format_id': k,
-                'url': v.replace(info['systemTime'], f'cont-{video_id}') if k == 'srcUrl' else v
+                'url': v.replace(info['systemTime'], f'cont-{video_id}') if k == 'srcUrl' else v,
             } for k, v in traverse_obj(info, ('videoInfo', 'videos'), default={}).items() if v]
 
         title = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
index 730b2393e..2b69c7e6c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
     parse_resolution,
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
     unified_timestamp,
     url_or_none,
     urljoin,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
 )
 
 
@@ -1316,13 +1315,13 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
                         )'''
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-zA-Z]{22}|[\da-fA-F]{8}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{12}'
     _API_BASE = 'https://%s/api/v1/videos/%s/%s'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     (?:
                         peertube:(?P<host>[^:]+):|
-                        https?://(?P<host_2>%s)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|api/v\d/videos|w)/
+                        https?://(?P<host_2>{_INSTANCES_RE})/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|api/v\d/videos|w)/
                     )
-                    (?P<id>%s)
-                    ''' % (_INSTANCES_RE, _UUID_RE)
+                    (?P<id>{_UUID_RE})
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'''(?x)<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//{_INSTANCES_RE}/videos/embed/{cls._UUID_RE})''']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://framatube.org/videos/watch/9c9de5e8-0a1e-484a-b099-e80766180a6d',
@@ -1349,7 +1348,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'tags': ['framasoft', 'peertube'],
             'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/122d093a-1ede-43bd-bd34-59d2931ffc5e',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1360,7 +1359,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1589276219,
             'upload_date': '20200512',
             'uploader': 'chocobozzz',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1394,7 +1393,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1587401293,
             'upload_date': '20200420',
             'uploader': 'Drew DeVault',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube.debian.social/videos/watch/0b04f13d-1e18-4f1d-814e-4979aa7c9c44',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -1416,14 +1415,13 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_peertube_url(webpage, source_url):
         mobj = re.match(
-            r'https?://(?P<host>[^/]+)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|w)/(?P<id>%s)'
-            % PeerTubeIE._UUID_RE, source_url)
+            rf'https?://(?P<host>[^/]+)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|w)/(?P<id>{PeerTubeIE._UUID_RE})', source_url)
         if mobj and any(p in webpage for p in (
                 'meta property="og:platform" content="PeerTube"',
                 '<title>PeerTube<',
                 'There will be other non JS-based clients to access PeerTube',
                 '>We are sorry but it seems that PeerTube is not compatible with your web browser.<')):
-            return 'peertube:%s:%s' % mobj.group('host', 'id')
+            return 'peertube:{}:{}'.format(*mobj.group('host', 'id'))
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -1451,8 +1449,8 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, host, video_id):
             return
         subtitles = {}
         for e in data:
-            language_id = try_get(e, lambda x: x['language']['id'], compat_str)
-            caption_url = urljoin('https://%s' % host, e.get('captionPath'))
+            language_id = try_get(e, lambda x: x['language']['id'], str)
+            caption_url = urljoin(f'https://{host}', e.get('captionPath'))
             if not caption_url:
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault(language_id or 'en', []).append({
@@ -1470,11 +1468,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         title = video['name']
 
-        formats = []
+        formats, is_live = [], False
         files = video.get('files') or []
         for playlist in (video.get('streamingPlaylists') or []):
             if not isinstance(playlist, dict):
                 continue
+            if playlist_url := url_or_none(playlist.get('playlistUrl')):
+                is_live = True
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    playlist_url, video_id, fatal=False, live=True))
             playlist_files = playlist.get('files')
             if not (playlist_files and isinstance(playlist_files, list)):
                 continue
@@ -1487,7 +1489,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             file_size = int_or_none(file_.get('size'))
             format_id = try_get(
-                file_, lambda x: x['resolution']['label'], compat_str)
+                file_, lambda x: x['resolution']['label'], str)
             f = parse_resolution(format_id)
             f.update({
                 'url': file_url,
@@ -1498,6 +1500,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 f['vcodec'] = 'none'
             else:
                 f['fps'] = int_or_none(file_.get('fps'))
+            is_live = False
             formats.append(f)
 
         description = video.get('description')
@@ -1521,7 +1524,7 @@ def account_data(field, type_):
         def channel_data(field, type_):
             return data('channel', field, type_)
 
-        category = data('category', 'label', compat_str)
+        category = data('category', 'label', str)
         categories = [category] if category else None
 
         nsfw = video.get('nsfw')
@@ -1530,7 +1533,7 @@ def channel_data(field, type_):
         else:
             age_limit = None
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://%s/videos/watch/%s' % (host, video_id)
+        webpage_url = f'https://{host}/videos/watch/{video_id}'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -1538,14 +1541,14 @@ def channel_data(field, type_):
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': urljoin(webpage_url, video.get('thumbnailPath')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('publishedAt')),
-            'uploader': account_data('displayName', compat_str),
+            'uploader': account_data('displayName', str),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(account_data('id', int)),
-            'uploader_url': url_or_none(account_data('url', compat_str)),
-            'channel': channel_data('displayName', compat_str),
+            'uploader_url': url_or_none(account_data('url', str)),
+            'channel': channel_data('displayName', str),
             'channel_id': str_or_none(channel_data('id', int)),
-            'channel_url': url_or_none(channel_data('url', compat_str)),
-            'language': data('language', 'id', compat_str),
-            'license': data('licence', 'label', compat_str),
+            'channel_url': url_or_none(channel_data('url', str)),
+            'language': data('language', 'id', str),
+            'license': data('licence', 'label', str),
             'duration': int_or_none(video.get('duration')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('views')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(video.get('likes')),
@@ -1555,6 +1558,7 @@ def channel_data(field, type_):
             'categories': categories,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
+            'is_live': is_live,
             'webpage_url': webpage_url,
         }
 
@@ -1567,9 +1571,9 @@ class PeerTubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'w/p': 'video-playlists',
     }
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        https?://(?P<host>%s)/(?P<type>(?:%s))/
+                        https?://(?P<host>{})/(?P<type>(?:{}))/
                     (?P<id>[^/]+)
-                    ''' % (PeerTubeIE._INSTANCES_RE, '|'.join(_TYPES.keys()))
+                    '''.format(PeerTubeIE._INSTANCES_RE, '|'.join(_TYPES.keys()))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://peertube.debian.social/w/p/hFdJoTuyhNJVa1cDWd1d12',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1611,21 +1615,21 @@ def call_api(self, host, name, path, base, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(
             self._API_BASE % (host, base, name, path), name, **kwargs)
 
-    def fetch_page(self, host, id, type, page):
+    def fetch_page(self, host, playlist_id, playlist_type, page):
         page += 1
         video_data = self.call_api(
-            host, id,
+            host, playlist_id,
             f'/videos?sort=-createdAt&start={self._PAGE_SIZE * (page - 1)}&count={self._PAGE_SIZE}&nsfw=both',
-            type, note=f'Downloading page {page}').get('data', [])
+            playlist_type, note=f'Downloading page {page}').get('data', [])
         for video in video_data:
-            shortUUID = video.get('shortUUID') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['shortUUID'])
+            short_uuid = video.get('shortUUID') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['shortUUID'])
             video_title = video.get('name') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['name'])
             yield self.url_result(
-                f'https://{host}/w/{shortUUID}', PeerTubeIE.ie_key(),
-                video_id=shortUUID, video_title=video_title)
+                f'https://{host}/w/{short_uuid}', PeerTubeIE.ie_key(),
+                video_id=short_uuid, video_title=video_title)
 
-    def _extract_playlist(self, host, type, id):
-        info = self.call_api(host, id, '', type, note='Downloading playlist information', fatal=False)
+    def _extract_playlist(self, host, playlist_type, playlist_id):
+        info = self.call_api(host, playlist_id, '', playlist_type, note='Downloading playlist information', fatal=False)
 
         playlist_title = info.get('displayName')
         playlist_description = info.get('description')
@@ -1635,13 +1639,12 @@ def _extract_playlist(self, host, type, id):
         thumbnail = format_field(info, 'thumbnailPath', f'https://{host}%s')
 
         entries = OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-            self.fetch_page, host, id, type), self._PAGE_SIZE)
+            self.fetch_page, host, playlist_id, playlist_type), self._PAGE_SIZE)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, id, playlist_title, playlist_description,
+            entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description,
             timestamp=playlist_timestamp, channel=channel, channel_id=channel_id, thumbnail=thumbnail)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        type, host, id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'host', 'id')
-        type = self._TYPES[type]
-        return self._extract_playlist(host, type, id)
+        playlist_type, host, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'host', 'id')
+        return self._extract_playlist(host, self._TYPES[playlist_type], playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
index a709e21b4..726d5e14c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': self._html_search_regex(r'<h1>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title').replace('\xa0', ' '),
             'formats': formats,
             'description': self._html_search_meta(('og:description', 'description'), webpage),
-            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(('og:image', 'image'), webpage)
+            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(('og:image', 'image'), webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
index 786429988..c0443e9c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:1',
             'subtitles': {'en': [{
                 'url': r're:^https?://.+',
-                'ext': 'vtt'
+                'ext': 'vtt',
             }]},
         }, 'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/26603d53d6bb4de1b340514864a6a6a8',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1802,
             'categories': ['Running'],
             'is_live': False,
-            'chapters': 'count:3'
+            'chapters': 'count:3',
         }, 'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }]
 
     _MANIFEST_URL_TEMPLATE = '%s?hdnea=%s'
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _login(self, video_id):
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'username_or_email': username,
                     'password': password,
-                    'with_pubsub': False
+                    'with_pubsub': False,
                 }).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'User-Agent': 'web'})
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 raise
 
-        metadata = self._download_json('https://api.onepeloton.com/api/ride/%s/details?stream_source=multichannel' % video_id, video_id)
+        metadata = self._download_json(f'https://api.onepeloton.com/api/ride/{video_id}/details?stream_source=multichannel', video_id)
         ride_data = metadata.get('ride')
         if not ride_data:
             raise ExtractorError('Missing stream metadata')
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             subtitles = {}
         else:
             if ride_data.get('vod_stream_url'):
-                url = 'https://members.onepeloton.com/.netlify/functions/m3u8-proxy?displayLanguage=en&acceptedSubtitles=%s&url=%s?hdnea=%s' % (
+                url = 'https://members.onepeloton.com/.netlify/functions/m3u8-proxy?displayLanguage=en&acceptedSubtitles={}&url={}?hdnea={}'.format(
                     ','.join([re.sub('^([a-z]+)-([A-Z]+)$', r'\1', caption) for caption in ride_data['captions']]),
                     ride_data['vod_stream_url'],
                     urllib.parse.quote(urllib.parse.quote(token)))
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if metadata.get('instructor_cues'):
             subtitles['cues'] = [{
                 'data': json.dumps(metadata.get('instructor_cues')),
-                'ext': 'json'
+                'ext': 'json',
             }]
 
         category = ride_data.get('fitness_discipline_display_name')
         chapters = [{
             'start_time': segment.get('start_time_offset'),
             'end_time': segment.get('start_time_offset') + segment.get('length'),
-            'title': segment.get('name')
+            'title': segment.get('name'),
         } for segment in traverse_obj(metadata, ('segments', 'segment_list'))]
 
         return {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
             'tags': traverse_obj(ride_data, ('equipment_tags', ..., 'name')),
             'is_live': is_live,
-            'chapters': chapters
+            'chapters': chapters,
         }
 
 
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@ class PelotonLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2014,
             'categories': ['Cycling'],
             'is_live': False,
-            'chapters': 'count:3'
+            'chapters': 'count:3',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if peloton.get('ride_id'):
             if not peloton.get('is_live') or peloton.get('is_encore') or peloton.get('status') != 'PRE_START':
-                return self.url_result('https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/%s' % peloton['ride_id'])
+                return self.url_result('https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/{}'.format(peloton['ride_id']))
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError('Ride has not started', expected=True)
         else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
index f4d7f22d0..c0d557591 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ class PerformGroupIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7cd3b459c82725b021e046ab10bf1c5b',
             'timestamp': 1511533477,
             'upload_date': '20171124',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, service, auth_token, content_id, referer_url):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://ep3.performfeeds.com/ep%s/%s/%s/' % (service, auth_token, content_id),
+            f'http://ep3.performfeeds.com/ep{service}/{auth_token}/{content_id}/',
             content_id, headers={
                 'Referer': referer_url,
                 'Origin': 'http://player.performgroup.com',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             tbr = int_or_none(c.get('bitrate'), 1000)
             format_id = 'http'
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % tbr
+                format_id += f'-{tbr}'
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'url': c_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
index d2351df1a..e3b33c4d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@
 
 class PeriscopeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _M3U8_HEADERS = {
-        'Referer': 'https://www.periscope.tv/'
+        'Referer': 'https://www.periscope.tv/',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, method, query, item_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.periscope.tv/api/v2/%s' % method,
+            f'https://api.periscope.tv/api/v2/{method}',
             item_id, query=query)
 
     def _parse_broadcast_data(self, broadcast, video_id):
         title = broadcast.get('status') or 'Periscope Broadcast'
         uploader = broadcast.get('user_display_name') or broadcast.get('username')
-        title = '%s - %s' % (uploader, title) if uploader else title
+        title = f'{uploader} - {title}' if uploader else title
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': broadcast[image],
         } for image in ('image_url', 'image_url_medium', 'image_url_small') if broadcast.get(image)]
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _parse_broadcast_data(self, broadcast, video_id):
             'live_status': {
                 'running': 'is_live',
                 'not_started': 'is_upcoming',
-            }.get(traverse_obj(broadcast, ('state', {str.lower}))) or 'was_live'
+            }.get(traverse_obj(broadcast, ('state', {str.lower}))) or 'was_live',
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 webpage, 'data store', default='{}', group='data')),
             user_name)
 
-        user = list(data_store['UserCache']['users'].values())[0]['user']
+        user = next(iter(data_store['UserCache']['users'].values()))['user']
         user_id = user['id']
         session_id = data_store['SessionToken']['public']['broadcastHistory']['token']['session_id']
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://www.periscope.tv/%s/%s' % (user_name, broadcast_id))
+                f'https://www.periscope.tv/{user_name}/{broadcast_id}')
             for broadcast_id in broadcast_ids]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, user_id, title, description)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
index e8494a084..310ea0f74 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import try_get
 
 
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         config = self._download_json(
-            'https://otoplayer.philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/config/%s.json' % video_id, video_id, query={
+            f'https://otoplayer.philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/config/{video_id}.json', video_id, query={
                 'id': video_id,
                 'lang': 'fr-FR',
             })
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def extract_entry(source):
             formats = []
             for format_id in ('mobile', 'desktop'):
                 format_url = try_get(
-                    files, lambda x: x[format_id]['file'], compat_str)
+                    files, lambda x: x[format_id]['file'], str)
                 if not format_url or format_url in format_urls:
                     continue
                 format_urls.add(format_url)
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ def extract_entry(source):
             entry = extract_entry(chapter)
             if entry is None:
                 continue
-            entry['id'] = '%s-%d' % (video_id, num)
+            entry['id'] = f'{video_id}-{num}'
             entries.append(entry)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, video_id, config.get('title'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
index 5fa133afe..63c256019 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from .zdf import ZDFBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         article_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         article = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.phoenix.de/response/id/%s' % article_id, article_id,
+            f'https://www.phoenix.de/response/id/{article_id}', article_id,
             'Downloading article JSON')
 
         video = article['absaetze'][0]
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 video_id, ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id,
                 video_title=title)
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video.get('basename') or video.get('content'))
+        video_id = str(video.get('basename') or video.get('content'))
 
         details = self._download_json(
             'https://www.phoenix.de/php/mediaplayer/data/beitrags_details.php',
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         content_id = details['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['assetid']
 
         info = self._extract_ptmd(
-            'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/ngplayer_2_3/vod/ptmd/phoenix/%s' % content_id,
+            f'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/ngplayer_2_3/vod/ptmd/phoenix/{content_id}',
             content_id, None, url)
 
         duration = int_or_none(try_get(
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         timestamp = unified_timestamp(details.get('editorialDate'))
         series = try_get(
             details, lambda x: x['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['program'],
-            compat_str)
+            str)
         episode = title if details.get('contentType') == 'episode' else None
 
         thumbnails = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
index 71e9a4805..a7e5bc007 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class PhotobucketIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class PhotobucketIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20130504',
             'uploader': 'rachaneronas',
             'title': 'Tired of Link Building? Try BacklinkMyDomain.com!',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info_json = self._search_regex(r'Pb\.Data\.Shared\.put\(Pb\.Data\.Shared\.MEDIA, (.*?)\);',
                                        webpage, 'info json')
         info = json.loads(info_json)
-        url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._html_search_regex(r'file=(.+\.mp4)', info['linkcodes']['html'], 'url'))
+        url = urllib.parse.unquote(self._html_search_regex(r'file=(.+\.mp4)', info['linkcodes']['html'], 'url'))
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'url': url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
index 3ae985da2..72e3748a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
+    get_element_by_class,
     parse_duration,
     parse_filesize,
     str_to_int,
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:png|jpg)$',
             'upload_date': '20090901',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'There are break lines in description, mandating (?s) flag',
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/t/9cSd',
@@ -45,13 +48,13 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:png|jpg)$',
             'uploader_id': 'cyankino',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/content/hcw0z3a169wtemz6',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/t/-SO-',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _login_status = False
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             '_username': username,
             '_password': password,
             '_remember_me': 'on',
-            'login': 'ログイン'
+            'login': 'ログイン',
         }
         self._request_webpage('https://piapro.jp/login/', None)
         urlh = self._request_webpage(
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if urlh is False:
             login_ok = False
         else:
-            parts = compat_urlparse.urlparse(urlh.url)
+            parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url)
             if parts.path != '/':
                 login_ok = False
         if not login_ok:
@@ -88,34 +91,22 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if category_id not in ('1', '2', '21', '22', '23', '24', '25'):
             raise ExtractorError('The URL does not contain audio.', expected=True)
 
-        str_duration, str_filesize = self._search_regex(
-            r'サイズ：</span>(.+?)/\(([0-9,]+?[KMG]?B)）', webpage, 'duration and size',
-            group=(1, 2), default=(None, None))
-        str_viewcount = self._search_regex(r'閲覧数：</span>([0-9,]+)\s+', webpage, 'view count', fatal=False)
-
-        uploader_id, uploader = self._search_regex(
-            r'<a\s+class="cd_user-name"\s+href="/(.*)">([^<]+)さん<', webpage, 'uploader',
-            group=(1, 2), default=(None, None))
-        content_id = self._search_regex(r'contentId\:\'(.+)\'', webpage, 'content ID')
-        create_date = self._search_regex(r'createDate\:\'(.+)\'', webpage, 'timestamp')
-
-        player_webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'https://piapro.jp/html5_player_popup/?id={content_id}&cdate={create_date}',
-            video_id, note='Downloading player webpage')
+        def extract_info(name, description):
+            return self._search_regex(rf'{name}[：:]\s*([\d\s,:/]+)\s*</p>', webpage, description, default=None)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': self._html_search_regex(r'<h1\s+class="cd_works-title">(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title', fatal=False),
-            'description': self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)<p\s+class="cd_dtl_cap">(.+?)</p>\s*<div', webpage, 'description', fatal=False),
-            'uploader': uploader,
-            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(create_date, False),
-            'duration': parse_duration(str_duration),
-            'view_count': str_to_int(str_viewcount),
+            'title': clean_html(get_element_by_class('contents_title', webpage)),
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('contents_description', webpage)),
+            'uploader': clean_html(get_element_by_class('contents_creator_txt', webpage)),
+            'uploader_id': self._search_regex(
+                r'<a\s+href="/([^"]+)"', get_element_by_class('contents_creator', webpage), 'uploader id', default=None),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(extract_info('投稿日', 'timestamp'), False),
+            'duration': parse_duration(extract_info('長さ', 'duration')),
+            'view_count': str_to_int(extract_info('閲覧数', 'view count')),
             'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta('twitter:image', webpage),
-
-            'filesize_approx': parse_filesize(str_filesize.replace(',', '')),
-            'url': self._search_regex(r'mp3:\s*\'(.*?)\'\}', player_webpage, 'url'),
+            'filesize_approx': parse_filesize((extract_info('サイズ', 'size') or '').replace(',', '')),
+            'url': self._search_regex(r'\"url\":\s*\"(.*?)\"', webpage, 'url'),
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'vcodec': 'none',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
index d415ba28e..726fe4142 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 're:^Setz [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
             'timestamp': int,
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         },
         'skip': 'Stream is offline',
     }
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PicartoVodIE.suitable(url) else super(PicartoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PicartoVodIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
   getLoadBalancerUrl(channel_name: "%s") {
     url
   }
-}''' % (channel_id, channel_id),
+}''' % (channel_id, channel_id),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']
         metadata = data['channel']
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'is_live': True,
             'channel': channel_id,
             'channel_id': metadata.get('id'),
-            'channel_url': 'https://picarto.tv/%s' % channel_id,
+            'channel_url': f'https://picarto.tv/{channel_id}',
             'age_limit': age_limit,
             'formats': formats,
         }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'The VOD does not exist',
     }, {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'channel': 'ArtofZod',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/Plague',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       name
     }}
   }}
-}}'''
+}}''',
             })['data']['video']
 
         file_name = data['file_name']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
index 97a9bf574..ceb65627a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
+    dict_get,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -25,29 +25,31 @@ class PikselIE(InfoExtractor):
                     )|
                 (?:api|player)\.multicastmedia|
                 (?:api-ovp|player)\.piksel
-            )\.com|
+            )\.(?:com|tech)|
             (?:
                 mz-edge\.stream\.co|
                 movie-s\.nhk\.or
             )\.jp|
             vidego\.baltimorecity\.gov
         )/v/(?:refid/(?P<refid>[^/]+)/prefid/)?(?P<id>[\w-]+)'''
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.piksel\.com/v/[a-z0-9]+)']
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.piksel\.(?:com|tech)/v/[a-z0-9]+)']
     _TESTS = [
         {
-            'url': 'http://player.piksel.com/v/ums2867l',
+            'url': 'http://player.piksel.tech/v/ums2867l',
             'md5': '34e34c8d89dc2559976a6079db531e85',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'ums2867l',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'GX-005 with Caption',
                 'timestamp': 1481335659,
-                'upload_date': '20161210'
-            }
+                'upload_date': '20161210',
+                'description': '',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.piksel.tech/thumbs/aid/t1488331553/3238987.jpg?w=640&h=480',
+            },
         },
         {
             # Original source: http://www.uscourts.gov/cameras-courts/state-washington-vs-donald-j-trump-et-al
-            'url': 'https://player.piksel.com/v/v80kqp41',
+            'url': 'https://player.piksel.tech/v/v80kqp41',
             'md5': '753ddcd8cc8e4fa2dda4b7be0e77744d',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'v80kqp41',
@@ -55,17 +57,18 @@ class PikselIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'WAW- State of Washington vs. Donald J. Trump, et al',
                 'description': 'State of Washington vs. Donald J. Trump, et al, Case Number 17-CV-00141-JLR, TRO Hearing, Civil Rights Case, 02/3/2017, 1:00 PM (PST), Seattle Federal Courthouse, Seattle, WA, Judge James L. Robart presiding.',
                 'timestamp': 1486171129,
-                'upload_date': '20170204'
-            }
+                'upload_date': '20170204',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.piksel.tech/thumbs/aid/t1495569155/3279887.jpg?w=640&h=360',
+            },
         },
         {
             # https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/video/2019240/
             'url': 'http://player.piksel.com/v/refid/nhkworld/prefid/nw_vod_v_en_2019_240_20190823233000_02_1566873477',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
-    def _call_api(self, app_token, resource, display_id, query, host='https://player.piksel.com', fatal=True):
+    def _call_api(self, app_token, resource, display_id, query, host='https://player.piksel.tech', fatal=True):
         url = urljoin(host, f'/ws/ws_{resource}/api/{app_token}/mode/json/apiv/5')
         response = traverse_obj(
             self._download_json(url, display_id, query=query, fatal=fatal), ('response', {dict})) or {}
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         app_token = self._search_regex([
             r'clientAPI\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"',
-            r'data-de-api-key\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"'
+            r'data-de-api-key\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"',
         ], webpage, 'app token')
         query = {'refid': ref_id, 'prefid': display_id} if ref_id else {'v': display_id}
         program = self._call_api(
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ def process_asset_files(asset_files):
 
         smil_url = dict_get(video_data, ['httpSmil', 'hdSmil', 'rtmpSmil'])
         if smil_url:
-            transform_source = None
+            transform_source = lambda x: x.replace('src="/', 'src="')
             if ref_id == 'nhkworld':
                 # TODO: figure out if this is something to be fixed in urljoin,
                 # _parse_smil_formats or keep it here
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
index e4e1caaa2..0cd9632c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PinkbikeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'location': 'Victoria, British Columbia, Canada',
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://es.pinkbike.org/i/kvid/kvid-y5.swf?id=406629',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.pinkbike.com/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.pinkbike.com/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for _, format_id, src in re.findall(
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def extract_count(webpage, label):
             return str_to_int(self._search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+class="stat-num"[^>]*>([\d,.]+)</span>\s*<span[^>]+class="stat-label"[^>]*>%s' % label,
+                rf'<span[^>]+class="stat-num"[^>]*>([\d,.]+)</span>\s*<span[^>]+class="stat-label"[^>]*>{label}',
                 webpage, label, fatal=False))
 
         view_count = extract_count(webpage, 'Views')
@@ -89,5 +89,5 @@ def extract_count(webpage, label):
             'location': location,
             'view_count': view_count,
             'comment_count': comment_count,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
index 8361fbbc5..07f249498 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ class PinterestBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, resource, video_id, options):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://www.pinterest.com/resource/%sResource/get/' % resource,
-            video_id, 'Download %s JSON metadata' % resource, query={
-                'data': json.dumps({'options': options})
+            f'https://www.pinterest.com/resource/{resource}Resource/get/',
+            video_id, f'Download {resource} JSON metadata', query={
+                'data': json.dumps({'options': options}),
             })['resource_response']
 
     def _extract_video(self, data, extract_formats=True):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, data, extract_formats=True):
         thumbnails = []
         images = data.get('images')
         if isinstance(images, dict):
-            for thumbnail_id, thumbnail in images.items():
+            for thumbnail in images.values():
                 if not isinstance(thumbnail, dict):
                     continue
                 thumbnail_url = url_or_none(thumbnail.get('url'))
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, data, extract_formats=True):
 
 
 class PinterestIE(PinterestBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/pin/(?P<id>\d+)' % PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/pin/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # formats found in data['videos']
         'url': 'https://www.pinterest.com/pin/664281013778109217/',
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class PinterestCollectionIE(PinterestBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/(?P<username>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)' % PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/(?P<username>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pinterest.ca/mashal0407/cool-diys/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -207,15 +207,14 @@ class PinterestCollectionIE(PinterestBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PinterestIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            PinterestCollectionIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PinterestIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         board = self._call_api(
             'Board', slug, {
                 'slug': slug,
-                'username': username
+                'username': username,
             })['data']
         board_id = board['id']
         options = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
index 850c6f23d..344cdb3d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'channel_id': str(traverse_obj(data, ('user', 'pixiv_user_id'), ('owner', 'user', 'pixiv_user_id'))),
             'age_limit': 18 if data.get('is_r18') else 15 if data.get('is_r15') else 0,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(data.get('created_at')),
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
 
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class PixivSketchUserIE(PixivSketchBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return super(PixivSketchUserIE, cls).suitable(url) and not PixivSketchIE.suitable(url)
+        return super().suitable(url) and not PixivSketchIE.suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
index d67f6005c..f4355d0cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
-    xpath_text,
     qualities,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class PladformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Comedy Club',
             'duration': 367,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 404: Not Found']
+        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 404: Not Found'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://out.pladform.ru/player?pl=64471&videoid=3777899&vk_puid15=0&vk_puid34=0',
         'md5': '53362fac3a27352da20fa2803cc5cd6f',
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def fail(text):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, text),
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {text}',
                 expected=True)
 
         if not video:
-            targetUrl = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, note='Resolving final URL').url
-            if targetUrl == url:
+            target_url = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, note='Resolving final URL').url
+            if target_url == url:
                 raise ExtractorError('Can\'t parse page')
-            return self.url_result(targetUrl)
+            return self.url_result(target_url)
 
         if video.tag == 'error':
             fail(video.text)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def fail(text):
                 fail(error)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or xpath_text(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
index a4b612a6e..94861836a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class PlanetMarathiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 5539,
                 'upload_date': '20210829',
             },
-        }]  # Trailer skipped
+        }],  # Trailer skipped
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.planetmarathi.com/titles/baap-beep-baap-season-1',
         'playlist_mincount': 10,
@@ -43,18 +43,19 @@ class PlanetMarathiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 29,
                 'upload_date': '20210829',
             },
-        }]  # Trailers, Episodes, other Character profiles skipped
+        }],  # Trailers, Episodes, other Character profiles skipped
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
         entries = []
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://www.planetmarathi.com/api/v1/titles/{id}/assets', id)['assets']
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.planetmarathi.com/api/v1/titles/{playlist_id}/assets', playlist_id)['assets']
         for asset in json_data:
             asset_title = asset['mediaAssetName']['en']
             if asset_title == 'Movie':
-                asset_title = id.replace('-', ' ')
-            asset_id = f'{asset["sk"]}_{id}'.replace('#', '-')
+                asset_title = playlist_id.replace('-', ' ')
+            asset_id = f'{asset["sk"]}_{playlist_id}'.replace('#', '-')
             formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(asset['mediaAssetURL'], asset_id)
             entries.append({
                 'id': asset_id,
@@ -68,4 +69,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'formats': formats,
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
             })
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
index 166b98c4a..e29f4c209 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -48,10 +46,10 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             None)
 
         for kind in ('error', 'password', 'nonFields'):
-            error = str_or_none(login.get('%sError' % kind))
+            error = str_or_none(login.get(f'{kind}Error'))
             if error:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -120,16 +118,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                         format_url, lecture_id, 'mp4',
                         entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id=format_id,
-                        note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % server_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading {server_id} m3u8 information',
                         fatal=False))
                 elif format_id == 'dash':
                     formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                         format_url, lecture_id, mpd_id=format_id,
-                        note='Downloading %s MPD manifest' % server_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading {server_id} MPD manifest',
                         fatal=False))
 
         content = str_or_none(desc.get('content'))
-        description = (clean_html(compat_b64decode(content).decode('utf-8'))
+        description = (clean_html(base64.b64decode(content).decode('utf-8'))
                        if content else None)
         duration = int_or_none(material.get('duration'), invscale=60)
 
@@ -168,7 +166,7 @@ class PlatziCourseIE(PlatziBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PlatziIE.suitable(url) else super(PlatziCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PlatziIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_name = self._match_id(url)
@@ -207,7 +205,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'chapter_id': chapter_id,
                 })
 
-        course_id = compat_str(try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['id']))
-        course_title = try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['name'], compat_str)
+        course_id = str(try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['id']))
+        course_title = try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['name'], str)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, course_id, course_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
index 7c5cad1be..905f8fc2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'episode': 'Knochen',
                 'episode_number': 1,
                 'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # film
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/watch/808675',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:9f61265c7e6dcc3e046137a792b275fd',
                 'duration': 5280,
                 'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # series (treated as a playlist)
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/detail/1115687',
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 1',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 2',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 3',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
-                }
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                },
             }],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _GRAPHQL_QUERY = '''
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             query=query, headers={'X-CSRF-TOKEN': csrf_token}, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'request_type': 'RESPONSE',
                 'signInName': username,
-                'password': password
+                'password': password,
             }), expected_status=400), ('status', {int_or_none}))
         if status == 400:
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid username or password', expected=True)
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ def _get_media_data(self, media_id):
             media_id, data=json.dumps({
                 'operationName': 'AssetWatch',
                 'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
-                'variables': {'assetId': media_id}
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+                'variables': {'assetId': media_id},
+            }).encode(),
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'locale': 'de'})
 
         return response['data']['assetV2']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
index c418f88cb..12e2fa255 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1438732860,
             'upload_date': '20150805',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # live video test
         'url': 'http://slowtv.playtvak.cz/planespotting-0pr-/planespotting.aspx?c=A150624_164934_planespotting_cat',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1438969140,
             'upload_date': '20150807',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # lidovky.cz
         'url': 'http://www.lidovky.cz/dalsi-demonstrace-v-praze-o-migraci-duq-/video.aspx?c=A150808_214044_ln-video_ELE',
         'md5': 'c7209ac4ba9d234d4ad5bab7485bcee8',
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1439052180,
             'upload_date': '20150808',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # metro.cz
         'url': 'http://www.metro.cz/video-pod-billboardem-se-na-vltavske-roztocil-kolotoc-deti-vozil-jen-par-hodin-1hx-/metro-extra.aspx?c=A141111_173251_metro-extra_row',
         'md5': '84fc1deedcac37b7d4a6ccae7c716668',
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1415725500,
             'upload_date': '20141111',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.playtvak.cz/embed.aspx?idvideo=V150729_141549_play-porad_kuko',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -104,16 +102,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info_url = self._html_search_regex(
             r'Misc\.video(?:FLV)?\(\s*{\s*data\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', webpage, 'info url')
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(info_url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(info_url)
 
-        qs = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         qs.update({
             'reklama': ['0'],
             'type': ['js'],
         })
 
-        info_url = compat_urlparse.urlunparse(
-            parsed_url._replace(query=compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(qs, True)))
+        info_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+            parsed_url._replace(query=urllib.parse.urlencode(qs, True)))
 
         json_info = self._download_json(
             info_url, video_id,
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
 
             format_ = fmt['format']
-            format_id = '%s_%s' % (format_, fmt['quality'])
+            format_id = '{}_{}'.format(format_, fmt['quality'])
             preference = None
 
             if format_ in ('mp4', 'webm'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
index 1057bff3a..8539a4b56 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         publisher_id, video_id = mobj.group('publisher_id'), mobj.group('id')
 
         player = self._download_json(
-            'http://config.playwire.com/%s/videos/v2/%s/zeus.json' % (publisher_id, video_id),
+            f'http://config.playwire.com/{publisher_id}/videos/v2/{video_id}/zeus.json',
             video_id)
 
         title = player['settings']['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
index 809b65608..d3f03f7ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
@@ -3,15 +3,12 @@
 import os
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
+    dict_get,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@
 class PluralsightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _API_BASE = 'https://app.pluralsight.com'
 
-    _GRAPHQL_EP = '%s/player/api/graphql' % _API_BASE
+    _GRAPHQL_EP = f'{_API_BASE}/player/api/graphql'
     _GRAPHQL_HEADERS = {
         'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8',
     }
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ def _download_course_rpc(self, course_id, url, display_id):
         response = self._download_json(
             self._GRAPHQL_EP, display_id, data=json.dumps({
                 'query': self._GRAPHQL_COURSE_TMPL % course_id,
-                'variables': {}
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)
+                'variables': {},
+            }).encode(), headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)
 
         course = try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['data']['rpc']['bootstrapPlayer']['course'],
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ def _download_course_rpc(self, course_id, url, display_id):
             return course
 
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['error']['message']),
+            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['error']['message']),
             expected=True)
 
 
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             'post url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in',
@@ -187,7 +184,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             r'<span[^>]+class="field-validation-error"[^>]*>([^<]+)</span>',
             response, 'error message', default=None)
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
 
         if all(not re.search(p, response) for p in (
                 r'__INITIAL_STATE__', r'["\']currentUser["\']',
@@ -196,13 +193,12 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             BLOCKED = 'Your account has been blocked due to suspicious activity'
             if BLOCKED in response:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % BLOCKED, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {BLOCKED}', expected=True)
             MUST_AGREE = 'To continue using Pluralsight, you must agree to'
             if any(p in response for p in (MUST_AGREE, '>Disagree<', '>Agree<')):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s some documents. Go to pluralsight.com, '
-                    'log in and agree with what Pluralsight requires.'
-                    % MUST_AGREE, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {MUST_AGREE} some documents. Go to pluralsight.com, '
+                    'log in and agree with what Pluralsight requires.', expected=True)
 
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
@@ -210,8 +206,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, author, clip_idx, clip_id, lang, name, duration, video_
         captions = None
         if clip_id:
             captions = self._download_json(
-                '%s/transcript/api/v1/caption/json/%s/%s'
-                % (self._API_BASE, clip_id, lang), video_id,
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/transcript/api/v1/caption/json/{clip_id}/{lang}', video_id,
                 'Downloading captions JSON', 'Unable to download captions JSON',
                 fatal=False)
         if not captions:
@@ -222,9 +217,9 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, author, clip_idx, clip_id, lang, name, duration, video_
                 'm': name,
             }
             captions = self._download_json(
-                '%s/player/retrieve-captions' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/player/retrieve-captions', video_id,
                 'Downloading captions JSON', 'Unable to download captions JSON',
-                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(captions_post).encode('utf-8'),
+                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(captions_post).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'})
         if captions:
             return {
@@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, author, clip_idx, clip_id, lang, name, duration, video_
                 }, {
                     'ext': 'srt',
                     'data': self._convert_subtitles(duration, captions),
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -255,10 +250,8 @@ def _convert_subtitles(duration, subs):
                 continue
             srt += os.linesep.join(
                 (
-                    '%d' % num,
-                    '%s --> %s' % (
-                        srt_subtitles_timecode(start),
-                        srt_subtitles_timecode(end)),
+                    f'{num}',
+                    f'{srt_subtitles_timecode(start)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(end)}',
                     text,
                     os.linesep,
                 ))
@@ -272,10 +265,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         clip_idx = qs.get('clip', [None])[0]
         course_name = qs.get('course', [None])[0]
 
-        if any(not f for f in (author, name, clip_idx, course_name,)):
+        if any(not f for f in (author, name, clip_idx, course_name)):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
-        display_id = '%s-%s' % (name, clip_idx)
+        display_id = f'{name}-{clip_idx}'
 
         course = self._download_course(course_name, url, display_id)
 
@@ -291,7 +284,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         clip_index = clip_.get('index')
                     if clip_index is None:
                         continue
-                    if compat_str(clip_index) == clip_idx:
+                    if str(clip_index) == clip_idx:
                         clip = clip_
                         break
 
@@ -308,14 +301,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'high-widescreen': {'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
         }
 
-        QUALITIES_PREFERENCE = ('low', 'medium', 'high', 'high-widescreen',)
+        QUALITIES_PREFERENCE = ('low', 'medium', 'high', 'high-widescreen')
         quality_key = qualities(QUALITIES_PREFERENCE)
 
         AllowedQuality = collections.namedtuple('AllowedQuality', ['ext', 'qualities'])
 
         ALLOWED_QUALITIES = (
-            AllowedQuality('webm', ['high', ]),
-            AllowedQuality('mp4', ['low', 'medium', 'high', ]),
+            AllowedQuality('webm', ['high']),
+            AllowedQuality('mp4', ['low', 'medium', 'high']),
         )
 
         # Some courses also offer widescreen resolution for high quality (see
@@ -359,23 +352,23 @@ def guess_allowed_qualities():
                     'mediaType': ext,
                     'quality': '%dx%d' % (f['width'], f['height']),
                 }
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, quality)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{quality}'
 
                 try:
                     viewclip = self._download_json(
                         self._GRAPHQL_EP, display_id,
-                        'Downloading %s viewclip graphql' % format_id,
+                        f'Downloading {format_id} viewclip graphql',
                         data=json.dumps({
                             'query': self.GRAPHQL_VIEWCLIP_TMPL % clip_post,
-                            'variables': {}
-                        }).encode('utf-8'),
+                            'variables': {},
+                        }).encode(),
                         headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)['data']['viewClip']
                 except ExtractorError:
                     # Still works but most likely will go soon
                     viewclip = self._download_json(
-                        '%s/video/clips/viewclip' % self._API_BASE, display_id,
-                        'Downloading %s viewclip JSON' % format_id, fatal=False,
-                        data=json.dumps(clip_post).encode('utf-8'),
+                        f'{self._API_BASE}/video/clips/viewclip', display_id,
+                        f'Downloading {format_id} viewclip JSON', fatal=False,
+                        data=json.dumps(clip_post).encode(),
                         headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'})
 
                 # Pluralsight tracks multiple sequential calls to ViewClip API and start
@@ -404,7 +397,7 @@ def guess_allowed_qualities():
                     clip_f.update({
                         'url': clip_url,
                         'ext': ext,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, cdn) if cdn else format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{cdn}' if cdn else format_id,
                         'quality': quality_key(quality),
                         'source_preference': int_or_none(clip_url_data.get('rank')),
                     })
@@ -472,7 +465,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if clip_index is None:
                     continue
                 clip_url = update_url_query(
-                    '%s/player' % self._API_BASE, query={
+                    f'{self._API_BASE}/player', query={
                         'mode': 'live',
                         'course': course_name,
                         'author': author,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
index 5898d927c..234ee987b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -31,14 +28,14 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _INFO_QUERY_PARAMS = {
         'appName': 'web',
         'appVersion': 'na',
-        'clientID': compat_str(uuid.uuid1()),
+        'clientID': str(uuid.uuid1()),
         'clientModelNumber': 'na',
         'serverSideAds': 'false',
         'deviceMake': 'unknown',
         'deviceModel': 'web',
         'deviceType': 'web',
         'deviceVersion': 'unknown',
-        'sid': compat_str(uuid.uuid1()),
+        'sid': str(uuid.uuid1()),
     }
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -54,21 +51,21 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'season_number': 2,
                 'episode_number': 3,
                 'duration': 3600,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/series/i-love-money/season/1/',
             'playlist_count': 11,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '5de6c582e9379ae4912dedbd',
                 'title': 'I Love Money - Season 1',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/series/i-love-money/',
             'playlist_count': 26,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '5de6c582e9379ae4912dedbd',
                 'title': 'I Love Money',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/movies/arrival-2015-1-1',
             'md5': '3cead001d317a018bf856a896dee1762',
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Arrival',
                 'description': 'When mysterious spacecraft touch down across the globe, an elite team - led by expert translator Louise Banks (Academy Award® nominee Amy Adams) – races against time to decipher their intent.',
                 'duration': 9000,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/en/on-demand/series/manhunters-fugitive-task-force/seasons/1/episode/third-times-the-charm-1-1',
             'only_matching': True,
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Attack of the Killer Tomatoes',
                 'description': 'A group of scientists band together to save the world from mutated tomatoes that KILL! (1978)',
                 'duration': 5700,
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _to_ad_free_formats(self, video_id, formats, subtitles):
@@ -112,14 +109,14 @@ def _to_ad_free_formats(self, video_id, formats, subtitles):
                 re.MULTILINE)
             if first_segment_url:
                 m3u8_urls.add(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), '0-end/master.m3u8'))
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), '0-end/master.m3u8'))
                 continue
             first_segment_url = re.search(
                 r'^(https?://.*/).+\-0+[0-1]0\.ts$', res,
                 re.MULTILINE)
             if first_segment_url:
                 m3u8_urls.add(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), 'master.m3u8'))
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), 'master.m3u8'))
                 continue
 
         for m3u8_url in m3u8_urls:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
index fc2d407b1..4570f0f17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 3708,
             'timestamp': 1636531259,
             'upload_date': '20211110',
-            'average_rating': 4.0
-        }
+            'average_rating': 4.0,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-bone-zone-28853',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Bone Zone',
             'description': 'Podcast by The Bone Zone',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 275
+        'playlist_count': 275,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/sean-carrolls-mindscape-scienc-699349/episodes',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '699349',
             'title': 'Sean Carroll\'s Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas',
-            'description': 'md5:2cbd8f4749891a84dc8235342e0b5ff1'
+            'description': 'md5:2cbd8f4749891a84dc8235342e0b5ff1',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 225
+        'playlist_mincount': 225,
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ def _fetch_page(self, podcast_id, podcast, page):
                 'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'sort_order': 'SORT_ORDER_RECENT',
                 'filters': {
-                    'podcast_id': podcast_id
+                    'podcast_id': podcast_id,
                 },
-                'options': {}
+                'options': {},
             }).encode())
 
         for episode in json_response['entities']:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
index 37b68694b..b5af82471 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class PodomaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'scienceteachingtips',
             'title': '64.  When the Moon Hits Your Eye',
             'duration': 446,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ostbahnhof.podomatic.com/entry/2013-11-15T16_31_21-08_00',
         'md5': 'd2cf443931b6148e27638650e2638297',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class PodomaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ostbahnhof',
             'title': 'Einunddreizig',
             'duration': 3799,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/scienceteachingtips/episodes/2009-01-02T16_03_35-08_00',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -48,16 +48,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         channel = mobj.group('channel') or mobj.group('channel_2')
 
-        json_url = (('%s://%s.podomatic.com/entry/embed_params/%s'
-                     + '?permalink=true&rtmp=0') %
-                    (mobj.group('proto'), channel, video_id))
+        json_url = ('{}://{}.podomatic.com/entry/embed_params/{}?permalink=true&rtmp=0'.format(
+            mobj.group('proto'), channel, video_id))
         data_json = self._download_webpage(
             json_url, video_id, 'Downloading video info')
         data = json.loads(data_json)
 
         video_url = data['downloadLink']
         if not video_url:
-            video_url = '%s/%s' % (data['streamer'].replace('rtmp', 'http'), data['mediaLocation'])
+            video_url = '{}/{}'.format(data['streamer'].replace('rtmp', 'http'), data['mediaLocation'])
         uploader = data['podcast']
         title = data['title']
         thumbnail = data['imageLocation']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
index 0911893d4..1769684f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id or display_id)
         video_data = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
-            r'(<[^>]+data-video-id="%s"[^>]*>)' % (video_id if video_id else '[a-z0-9]{32}'),
+            r'(<[^>]+data-video-id="{}"[^>]*>)'.format(video_id if video_id else '[a-z0-9]{32}'),
             webpage, 'video data element'))
         video_id = video_data['data-video-id']
         title = video_data.get('data-video-title') or self._html_search_meta(
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'limelight:media:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'description': video_data.get('data-video-summary'),
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('data-video-poster'),
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ class PokemonWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lillier and the Staff!',
             'description': 'md5:338841b8c21b283d24bdc9b568849f04',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.pokemon.com/en-us/#/player?id=3fe7752ba09141f0b0f7756d1981c6b2',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.pokemon.com/de-de/player.html?id=b3c402e111a4459eb47e12160ab0ba07',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _extract_media(self, channel_array, video_id):
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         info = {
             '_type': 'url',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'limelight:media:{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'LimelightMedia',
         }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if video_data is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         info['_type'] = 'url_transparent'
         images = video_data.get('images')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
index 5c7baadf2..e22348053 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
@@ -49,26 +49,27 @@ class PokerGoIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
             'episode': 'Episode 2',
             'display_id': '2a70ec4e-4a80-414b-97ec-725d9b72a7dc',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/videos/{id}', id,
-                                        headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
+            headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
         v_id = data_json['source']
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': image['url'],
             'id': image.get('label'),
             'width': image.get('width'),
-            'height': image.get('height')
+            'height': image.get('height'),
         } for image in data_json.get('images') or [] if image.get('url')]
-        series_json = next(dct for dct in data_json.get('show_tags') or [] if dct.get('video_id') == id) or {}
+        series_json = next(dct for dct in data_json.get('show_tags') or [] if dct.get('video_id') == video_id) or {}
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'display_id': id,
+            'display_id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'duration': data_json.get('duration'),
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'season_number': series_json.get('season'),
             'episode_number': series_json.get('episode_number'),
             'series': try_get(series_json, lambda x: x['tag']['name']),
-            'url': f'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/{v_id}'
+            'url': f'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/{v_id}',
         }
 
 
@@ -91,9 +92,10 @@ class PokerGoCollectionIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/collections/{id}?include=entities',
-                                        id, headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/collections/{playlist_id}?include=entities',
+            playlist_id, headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
         for video in data_json.get('collection_video') or []:
             video_id = video.get('id')
             if video_id:
@@ -102,5 +104,5 @@ def _entries(self, id):
                     ie=PokerGoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
index 1cebb365e..d4a0d6ab8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
     url_or_none,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, sources, video_id):
                 continue
             yield {
                 'url': url,
-                'height': int_or_none(try_get(source, lambda x: x['quality'][:-1]))
+                'height': int_or_none(try_get(source, lambda x: x['quality'][:-1])),
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': media['displayInfo']['title'],
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': int_or_none(media['displayInfo']['ageGroup'])
+            'age_limit': int_or_none(media['displayInfo']['ageGroup']),
         }
 
     def _call_api(self, endpoint, media_id, method, params):
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def _call_api(self, endpoint, media_id, method, params):
                     'clientId': rand_uuid,
                     'cpid': 1,
                 },
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={'Content-type': 'application/json'})
         if not res.get('result'):
             if res['error']['code'] == 13404:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
index e0b22fffd..6fb21e156 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _extract_webpage_player_entries(self, webpage, playlist_id, base_data):
             media_urls.add(media_url)
             entry = base_data.copy()
             entry.update({
-                'id': compat_str(media['id']),
+                'id': str(media['id']),
                 'url': media_url,
                 'duration': int_or_none(media.get('length')),
                 'vcodec': 'none' if media.get('provider') == 'audio' else None,
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class PolskieRadioLegacyIE(PolskieRadioBaseExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1592654400,
                 'upload_date': '20200620',
                 'duration': 1430,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://static\.prsa\.pl/images/.*\.jpg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://static\.prsa\.pl/images/.*\.jpg$',
             },
         }],
     }, {
@@ -328,14 +327,14 @@ class PolskieRadioCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '4143',
             'title': 'Kierunek Kraków',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 61
+        'playlist_mincount': 61,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.polskieradio.pl/10,czworka/214,muzyka',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '214',
             'title': 'Muzyka',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 61
+        'playlist_mincount': 61,
     }, {
         # billennium tabs
         'url': 'https://www.polskieradio.pl/8/2385',
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, page, category_id):
                 params = self._search_json(
                     r'<div[^>]+class=["\']next["\'][^>]*>\s*<a[^>]+onclick=["\']TB_LoadTab\(',
                     pagination, 'next page params', category_id, default=None, close_objects=1,
-                    contains_pattern='.+', transform_source=lambda x: '[%s' % js_to_json(unescapeHTML(x)))
+                    contains_pattern='.+', transform_source=lambda x: f'[{js_to_json(unescapeHTML(x))}')
                 if not params:
                     break
                 tab_content = self._download_json(
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, page, category_id):
                     data=json.dumps(dict(zip((
                         'boxInstanceId', 'tabId', 'categoryType', 'sectionId', 'categoryId', 'pagerMode',
                         'subjectIds', 'tagIndexId', 'queryString', 'name', 'openArticlesInParentTemplate',
-                        'idSectionFromUrl', 'maxDocumentAge', 'showCategoryForArticle', 'pageNumber'
+                        'idSectionFromUrl', 'maxDocumentAge', 'showCategoryForArticle', 'pageNumber',
                     ), params))).encode())['d']
                 content, pagination = tab_content['Content'], tab_content.get('PagerContent')
             elif is_post_back:
@@ -511,7 +510,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 })
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(channel['id']),
+            'id': str(channel['id']),
             'formats': formats,
             'title': channel.get('name') or channel.get('streamName'),
             'display_id': channel_url,
@@ -603,7 +602,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             podcast_id, 'Downloading podcast metadata',
             data=json.dumps({
                 'guids': [podcast_id],
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
index ddc5ec8c8..cfece86ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     c_ord -= 26
             loc_b64 += chr(c_ord)
 
-        video_url = compat_b64decode(loc_b64).decode('utf-8')
+        video_url = base64.b64decode(loc_b64).decode('utf-8')
 
         description = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=["\']pt-movie-desc[^>]+>(.+?)</div>', webpage,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
index 77984626f..2897bb464 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         m3u8_url = extract_attributes(
             self._search_regex(
                 r'(<link[^>]+itemprop=["\'](?:content|embed)Url[^>]*>)',
-                webpage, 'content'
+                webpage, 'content',
             ))['href']
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d16a1631..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/porn91.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-import urllib.parse
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_duration,
-    remove_end,
-    unified_strdate,
-    ExtractorError,
-)
-
-
-class Porn91IE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_NAME = '91porn'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:https?://)(?:www\.|)91porn\.com/view_video.php\?([^#]+&)?viewkey=(?P<id>\w+)'
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://91porn.com/view_video.php?viewkey=7e42283b4f5ab36da134',
-        'md5': 'd869db281402e0ef4ddef3c38b866f86',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7e42283b4f5ab36da134',
-            'title': '18岁大一漂亮学妹，水嫩性感，再爽一次！',
-            'description': 'md5:1ff241f579b07ae936a54e810ad2e891',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'duration': 431,
-            'upload_date': '20150520',
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        }
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://91porn.com/view_video.php?viewkey=7ef0cf3d362c699ab91c',
-        'md5': 'f8fd50540468a6d795378cd778b40226',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7ef0cf3d362c699ab91c',
-            'title': '真实空乘，冲上云霄第二部',
-            'description': 'md5:618bf9652cafcc66cd277bd96789baea',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'duration': 248,
-            'upload_date': '20221119',
-            'comment_count': int,
-            'view_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        }
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        self._set_cookie('91porn.com', 'language', 'cn_CN')
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://91porn.com/view_video.php?viewkey=%s' % video_id, video_id)
-
-        if '视频不存在,可能已经被删除或者被举报为不良内容!' in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError('91 Porn says: Video does not exist', expected=True)
-
-        daily_limit = self._search_regex(
-            r'作为游客，你每天只可观看([\d]+)个视频', webpage, 'exceeded daily limit', default=None, fatal=False)
-        if daily_limit:
-            raise ExtractorError(f'91 Porn says: Daily limit {daily_limit} videos exceeded', expected=True)
-
-        video_link_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'document\.write\(\s*strencode2\s*\(\s*((?:"[^"]+")|(?:\'[^\']+\'))', webpage, 'video link')
-        video_link_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'src=["\']([^"\']+)["\']', urllib.parse.unquote(video_link_url), 'unquoted video link')
-
-        formats, subtitles = self._get_formats_and_subtitle(video_link_url, video_id)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': remove_end(self._html_extract_title(webpage).replace('\n', ''), 'Chinese homemade video').strip(),
-            'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
-                r'<span\s+class=["\']title-yakov["\']>(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})</span>', webpage, 'upload_date', fatal=False)),
-            'description': self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<span\s+class=["\']more title["\']>\s*([^<]+)', webpage, 'description', fatal=False),
-            'duration': parse_duration(self._search_regex(
-                r'时长:\s*<span[^>]*>\s*(\d+(?::\d+){1,2})', webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)),
-            'comment_count': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'留言:\s*<span[^>]*>\s*(\d+)\s*</span>', webpage, 'comment count', fatal=False)),
-            'view_count': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'热度:\s*<span[^>]*>\s*(\d+)\s*</span>', webpage, 'view count', fatal=False)),
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        }
-
-    def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, video_link_url, video_id):
-        ext = determine_ext(video_link_url)
-        if ext == 'm3u8':
-            formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_link_url, video_id, ext='mp4')
-        else:
-            formats = [{'url': video_link_url, 'ext': ext}]
-            subtitles = {}
-
-        return formats, subtitles
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
index c381382e9..e15244dac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class PornboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['Lily Strong', 'John Strong'],
             'tags': 'count:11',
             'description': 'md5:589c7f33e183aa8aa939537300efb859',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://pornbox.com/application/watch-page/216045',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ class PornboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': 'count:3',
             'tags': 'count:29',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$',
-            'subtitles': 'count:6'
+            'subtitles': 'count:6',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'ignore_no_formats_error': True
+            'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
             'You are either not logged in or do not have access to this scene',
-            'No video formats found', 'Requested format is not available']
+            'No video formats found', 'Requested format is not available'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         subtitles = {country_code: [{
             'url': f'https://pornbox.com/contents/{video_id}/subtitles/{country_code}',
-            'ext': 'srt'
+            'ext': 'srt',
         }] for country_code in traverse_obj(public_data, ('subtitles', ..., {str}))}
 
         is_free_scene = traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
index 51a9cf38f..bc684fd6f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
-    parse_duration,
-    parse_iso8601
-)
+from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_duration, parse_iso8601
 
 
 class PornFlipIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -47,7 +43,7 @@ class PornFlipIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://{}/sv/{}'.format(self._HOST, video_id), video_id, headers={'host': self._HOST})
+            f'https://{self._HOST}/sv/{video_id}', video_id, headers={'host': self._HOST})
         description = self._html_search_regex(r'&p\[summary\]=(.*?)\s*&p', webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
         duration = self._search_regex(r'"duration":\s+"([^"]+)",', webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)
         view_count = self._search_regex(r'"interactionCount":\s+"([^"]+)"', webpage, 'view_count', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
index 29a3e43cc..679dc6323 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .openload import PhantomJSwrapper
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -81,9 +80,9 @@ def _login(self, host):
         if username is None:
             return
 
-        login_url = 'https://www.%s/%slogin' % (host, 'premium/' if 'premium' in host else '')
+        login_url = 'https://www.{}/{}login'.format(host, 'premium/' if 'premium' in host else '')
         login_page = self._download_webpage(
-            login_url, None, 'Downloading %s login page' % site)
+            login_url, None, f'Downloading {site} login page')
 
         def is_logged(webpage):
             return any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -97,13 +96,13 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
         login_form = self._hidden_inputs(login_page)
 
         login_form.update({
-            'username': username,
+            'email': username,
             'password': password,
         })
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.%s/front/authenticate' % host, None,
-            'Logging in to %s' % site,
+            f'https://www.{host}/front/authenticate', None,
+            f'Logging in to {site}',
             data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
@@ -118,23 +117,23 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
         message = response.get('message')
         if message is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {message}', expected=True)
 
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
 class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'PornHub and Thumbzilla'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:
                             (?:[^/]+\.)?
-                            %s
+                            {PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}
                             /(?:(?:view_video\.php|video/show)\?viewkey=|embed/)|
                             (?:www\.)?thumbzilla\.com/video/
                         )
                         (?P<id>[\da-z]+)
-                    ''' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?pornhub(?:premium)?\.(?:com|net|org)/embed/[\da-z]+)']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.pornhub.com/view_video.php?viewkey=648719015',
@@ -196,8 +195,8 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
             'categories': list,
             'subtitles': {
                 'en': [{
-                    "ext": 'srt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'srt',
+                }],
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _extract_count(self, pattern, webpage, name):
-        return str_to_int(self._search_regex(pattern, webpage, '%s count' % name, default=None))
+        return str_to_int(self._search_regex(pattern, webpage, f'{name} count', default=None))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -279,8 +278,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def dl_webpage(platform):
             self._set_cookie(host, 'platform', platform)
             return self._download_webpage(
-                'https://www.%s/view_video.php?viewkey=%s' % (host, video_id),
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s webpage' % platform)
+                f'https://www.{host}/view_video.php?viewkey={video_id}',
+                video_id, f'Downloading {platform} webpage')
 
         webpage = dl_webpage('pc')
 
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ def dl_webpage(platform):
         if error_msg:
             error_msg = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', error_msg)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'PornHub said: %s' % error_msg,
+                f'PornHub said: {error_msg}',
                 expected=True, video_id=video_id)
 
         if any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ def dl_webpage(platform):
                     if not isinstance(definition, dict):
                         continue
                     video_url = definition.get('videoUrl')
-                    if not video_url or not isinstance(video_url, compat_str):
+                    if not video_url or not isinstance(video_url, str):
                         continue
                     if video_url in video_urls_set:
                         continue
@@ -392,7 +391,7 @@ def parse_quality_items(quality_items):
         if not video_urls:
             FORMAT_PREFIXES = ('media', 'quality', 'qualityItems')
             js_vars = extract_js_vars(
-                webpage, r'(var\s+(?:%s)_.+)' % '|'.join(FORMAT_PREFIXES),
+                webpage, r'(var\s+(?:{})_.+)'.format('|'.join(FORMAT_PREFIXES)),
                 default=None)
             if js_vars:
                 for key, format_url in js_vars.items():
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@ def parse_quality_items(quality_items):
             if not video_urls and re.search(
                     r'<[^>]+\bid=["\']lockedPlayer', webpage):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Video %s is locked' % video_id, expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} is locked', expected=True)
 
         if not video_urls:
             js_vars = extract_js_vars(
@@ -470,8 +469,8 @@ def add_format(format_url, height=None):
 
         def extract_vote_count(kind, name):
             return self._extract_count(
-                (r'<span[^>]+\bclass="votes%s"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>' % kind,
-                 r'<span[^>]+\bclass=["\']votes%s["\'][^>]*\bdata-rating=["\'](\d+)' % kind),
+                (rf'<span[^>]+\bclass="votes{kind}"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>',
+                 rf'<span[^>]+\bclass=["\']votes{kind}["\'][^>]*\bdata-rating=["\'](\d+)'),
                 webpage, name)
 
         view_count = self._extract_count(
@@ -483,8 +482,8 @@ def extract_vote_count(kind, name):
 
         def extract_list(meta_key):
             div = self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\'].*?\b%sWrapper[^>]*>(.+?)</div>'
-                % meta_key, webpage, meta_key, default=None)
+                rf'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\'].*?\b{meta_key}Wrapper[^>]*>(.+?)</div>',
+                webpage, meta_key, default=None)
             if div:
                 return [clean_html(x).strip() for x in re.findall(r'(?s)<a[^>]+\bhref=[^>]+>.+?</a>', div)]
 
@@ -528,7 +527,7 @@ def _extract_entries(self, webpage, host):
 
         return [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.%s/%s' % (host, video_url),
+                f'http://www.{host}/{video_url}',
                 PornHubIE.ie_key(), video_title=title)
             for video_url, title in orderedSet(re.findall(
                 r'href="/?(view_video\.php\?.*\bviewkey=[\da-z]+[^"]*)"[^>]*\s+title="([^"]+)"',
@@ -537,7 +536,7 @@ def _extract_entries(self, webpage, host):
 
 
 class PornHubUserIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))(?:[?#&]|/(?!videos)|$)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))(?:[?#&]|/(?!videos)|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/model/zoe_ph',
         'playlist_mincount': 118,
@@ -574,7 +573,7 @@ class PornHubUserIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         user_id = mobj.group('id')
-        videos_url = '%s/videos' % mobj.group('url')
+        videos_url = '{}/videos'.format(mobj.group('url'))
         self._set_age_cookies(mobj.group('host'))
         page = self._extract_page(url)
         if page:
@@ -599,7 +598,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, host, item_id):
         VIDEOS = '/videos'
 
         def download_page(base_url, num, fallback=False):
-            note = 'Downloading page %d%s' % (num, ' (switch to fallback)' if fallback else '')
+            note = 'Downloading page {}{}'.format(num, ' (switch to fallback)' if fallback else '')
             return self._download_webpage(
                 base_url, item_id, note, query={'page': num})
 
@@ -646,7 +645,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class PornHubPagedVideoListIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?!playlist/)(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?!playlist/)(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/model/zoe_ph/videos',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -748,11 +747,11 @@ class PornHubPagedVideoListIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if PornHubIE.suitable(url) or PornHubUserIE.suitable(url) or PornHubUserVideosUploadIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(PornHubPagedVideoListIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
 
 class PornHubUserVideosUploadIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/]+)/videos/upload)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/]+)/videos/upload)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/pornstar/jenny-blighe/videos/upload',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -769,7 +768,7 @@ class PornHubUserVideosUploadIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
 
 
 class PornHubPlaylistIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/playlist/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/playlist/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/playlist/44121572',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -797,8 +796,8 @@ def _entries(self, url, host, item_id):
         page_entries = self._extract_entries(webpage, host)
 
         def download_page(page_num):
-            note = 'Downloading page {}'.format(page_num)
-            page_url = 'https://www.{}/playlist/viewChunked'.format(host)
+            note = f'Downloading page {page_num}'
+            page_url = f'https://www.{host}/playlist/viewChunked'
             return self._download_webpage(page_url, item_id, note, query={
                 'id': playlist_id,
                 'page': page_num,
@@ -811,8 +810,7 @@ def download_page(page_num):
                 page_entries = self._extract_entries(webpage, host)
             if not page_entries:
                 break
-            for e in page_entries:
-                yield e
+            yield from page_entries
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
index e0960f4c6..80c9b278d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class PornotubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1417582800,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -29,25 +29,24 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         token = self._download_json(
             'https://api.aebn.net/auth/v2/origins/authenticate',
             video_id, note='Downloading token',
-            data=json.dumps({'credentials': 'Clip Application'}).encode('utf-8'),
+            data=json.dumps({'credentials': 'Clip Application'}).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'Origin': 'http://www.pornotube.com',
             })['tokenKey']
 
         video_url = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.aebn.net/delivery/v1/clips/%s/MP4' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.aebn.net/delivery/v1/clips/{video_id}/MP4',
             video_id, note='Downloading delivery information',
             headers={'Authorization': token})['mediaUrl']
 
         FIELDS = (
             'title', 'description', 'startSecond', 'endSecond', 'publishDate',
-            'studios{name}', 'categories{name}', 'movieId', 'primaryImageNumber'
+            'studios{name}', 'categories{name}', 'movieId', 'primaryImageNumber',
         )
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.aebn.net/content/v2/clips/%s?fields=%s'
-            % (video_id, ','.join(FIELDS)), video_id,
+            'https://api.aebn.net/content/v2/clips/{}?fields={}'.format(video_id, ','.join(FIELDS)), video_id,
             note='Downloading metadata',
             headers={'Authorization': token})
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
index 2e51b4f6b..587b3cdf7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
 )
 
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class PornoVoisinesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'fr': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         settings_url = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.pornovoisines.com/api/video/%s/getsettingsurl/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.pornovoisines.com/api/video/{video_id}/getsettingsurl/',
             video_id, note='Getting settings URL')['video_settings_url']
         settings = self._download_json(settings_url, video_id)['data']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
index 049feb4ec..fa3154644 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class PornoXOIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,  # NSFW
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
index 3e0ccba17..f2c4e12e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
@@ -198,6 +198,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'dislike_count': ('down', {int}),
                 'timestamp': ('created', {int}),
                 'upload_date': ('created', {int}, {dt.date.fromtimestamp}, {lambda x: x.strftime('%Y%m%d')}),
-                'thumbnail': ('thumb', {lambda x: urljoin('https://thumb.pr0gramm.com', x)})
+                'thumbnail': ('thumb', {lambda x: urljoin('https://thumb.pr0gramm.com', x)}),
             }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
index 56cd40d8a..84e6f7ebc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class PrankCastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank'],
             'tags': ['prank call', 'prank', 'live show'],
-            'upload_date': '20220825'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220825',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prankcast.com/phonelosers/showreel/2048-NOT-COOL',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class PrankCastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank'],
             'tags': ['prank call', 'prank', 'live show'],
-            'upload_date': '20221006'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20221006',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'uploader': uploader,
             'channel_id': str_or_none(json_info.get('user_id')),
             'duration': try_call(lambda: parse_iso8601(json_info['end_date']) - start_date),
-            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader] + traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name')))),
+            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader, *traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name'))])),
             'description': json_info.get('broadcast_description'),
             'categories': [json_info.get('broadcast_category')],
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: json_info['broadcast_tags'].split(','))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: json_info['broadcast_tags'].split(',')),
         }
 
 
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['Devonanustart'],
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank call'],
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prankcast.com/despicabledogs/posts/6217-jake-the-work-crow-',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['despicabledogs'],
             'description': 'https://imgur.com/a/vtxLvKU',
             'categories': [],
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'uploader': uploader,
             'channel_id': str_or_none(post.get('user_id')),
             'duration': float_or_none(content.get('duration')),
-            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader] + traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name')))),
+            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader, *traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name'))])),
             'description': post.get('post_body'),
             'categories': list(filter(None, [content.get('category')])),
             'tags': try_call(lambda: list(filter('', post['post_tags'].split(',')))),
@@ -133,5 +133,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'url': f'https://prankcast.com/api/private/chat/select-broadcast?id={post["content_id"]}&cache=',
                     'ext': 'json',
                 }],
-            } if post.get('content_id') else None
+            } if post.get('content_id') else None,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
index 67d41fdfd..313b4d217 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class PremiershipRugbyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 6093.0,
             'tags': ['video'],
             'categories': ['Full Match', 'Harlequins', 'Newcastle Falcons', 'gallaher premiership'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
index 26ce74a59..30eb64b90 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class PressTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Organic mattresses used to clean waste water',
             'upload_date': '20160409',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'description': 'md5:20002e654bbafb6908395a5c0cfcd125'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:20002e654bbafb6908395a5c0cfcd125',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             (180, '_low200.mp4'),
             (360, '_low400.mp4'),
             (720, '_low800.mp4'),
-            (1080, '.mp4')
+            (1080, '.mp4'),
         ]
 
         formats = [{
             'url': base_url + video_url[:-4] + extension,
-            'format_id': '%dp' % height,
+            'format_id': f'{height}p',
             'height': height,
         } for height, extension in _formats]
 
@@ -65,5 +65,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'formats': formats,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'description': description
+            'description': description,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
index daf14054c..6f4248526 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class ProjectVeritasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Exclusive: Inside The New York and New Jersey Hospitals Battling Coronavirus',
             'upload_date': '20200327',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:6076477fe50b03eb8708be9415e18e1c',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.projectveritas.com/video/ilhan-omar-connected-ballot-harvester-in-cash-for-ballots-scheme-car-is-full/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ class ProjectVeritasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ilhan Omar connected Ballot Harvester in cash-for-ballots scheme: "Car is full" of absentee ballots',
             'upload_date': '20200927',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:194b8edf0e2ba64f25500ff4378369a4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id, type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
-        api_url = f'https://www.projectveritas.com/page-data/{type}/{id}/page-data.json'
-        data_json = self._download_json(api_url, id)['result']['data']
+        video_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
+        api_url = f'https://www.projectveritas.com/page-data/{video_type}/{video_id}/page-data.json'
+        data_json = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)['result']['data']
         main_data = traverse_obj(data_json, 'video', 'post')
         video_id = main_data['id']
         thumbnail = traverse_obj(main_data, ('image', 'ogImage', 'src'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
index 4c33baec5..6a3e0971c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -75,12 +74,12 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, url, clip_id):
                             'format_id': protocol,
                         })
         if not formats:
-            source_ids = [compat_str(source['id']) for source in video['sources']]
+            source_ids = [str(source['id']) for source in video['sources']]
 
-            client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([clip_id, self._SALT, self._TOKEN, client_location, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([clip_id, self._SALT, self._TOKEN, client_location, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode()).hexdigest()
 
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/%s/sources' % clip_id,
+                f'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/{clip_id}/sources',
                 clip_id, 'Downloading sources JSON', query={
                     'access_token': self._TOKEN,
                     'client_id': client_id,
@@ -96,9 +95,9 @@ def fix_bitrate(bitrate):
                 return (bitrate // 1000) if bitrate % 1000 == 0 else bitrate
 
             for source_id in source_ids:
-                client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([self._SALT, clip_id, self._TOKEN, server_id, client_location, source_id, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+                client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([self._SALT, clip_id, self._TOKEN, server_id, client_location, source_id, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode()).hexdigest()
                 urls = self._download_json(
-                    'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/%s/sources/url' % clip_id,
+                    f'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/{clip_id}/sources/url',
                     clip_id, 'Downloading urls JSON', fatal=False, query={
                         'access_token': self._TOKEN,
                         'client_id': client_id,
@@ -141,20 +140,20 @@ def fix_bitrate(bitrate):
                             app = path[:mp4colon_index]
                             play_path = path[mp4colon_index:]
                             formats.append({
-                                'url': '%s/%s' % (mobj.group('url'), app),
+                                'url': '{}/{}'.format(mobj.group('url'), app),
                                 'app': app,
                                 'play_path': play_path,
                                 'player_url': 'http://livepassdl.conviva.com/hf/ver/2.79.0.17083/LivePassModuleMain.swf',
                                 'page_url': 'http://www.prosieben.de',
                                 'tbr': tbr,
                                 'ext': 'flv',
-                                'format_id': 'rtmp%s' % ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                                'format_id': 'rtmp{}'.format(f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                             })
                         else:
                             formats.append({
                                 'url': source_url,
                                 'tbr': tbr,
-                                'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                                'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                             })
 
         return {
@@ -493,4 +492,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return self._extract_playlist(url, webpage)
         else:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unsupported page type %s' % page_type, expected=True)
+                f'Unsupported page type {page_type}', expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
index 5bb183270..742479cac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 import itertools
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    urljoin,
-    traverse_obj,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
-    clean_html,
-    url_or_none,
-    unified_timestamp,
     str_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ def _extract_image(cls, image_response):
             'filesize': image_response.get('size'),
             'width': image_response.get('width'),
             'height': image_response.get('height'),
-            'url': cls._extract_file_link(image_response)
+            'url': cls._extract_file_link(image_response),
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ def _extract_base_info(cls, response):
             'duration': int_or_none(response.get('duration')),
             'tags': response.get('tags'),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(response.get('episodeIdentifier')),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(response.get('seasonIdentifier'))
+            'season_number': int_or_none(response.get('seasonIdentifier')),
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ def _extract_account_info(cls, account_response):
             **base_info,
             'title': name,
             'channel_id': base_info.get('id'),
-            'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/%s' % base_info.get('id'),
+            'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/{}'.format(base_info.get('id')),
             'channel': name,
         }
 
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ def _extract_story_info(cls, story_response):
             'series_id': series.get('series_id'),
             'channel_id': account.get('channel_id'),
             'channel_url': account.get('channel_url'),
-            'channel': account.get('channel')
+            'channel': account.get('channel'),
         }
 
     def _entries(self, item_id, endpoint, entry_func, query=None):
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ def _entries(self, item_id, endpoint, entry_func, query=None):
             response = self._call_api(f'{item_id}: page {page}', endpoint, query={
                 **(query or {}),
                 'page': page,
-                'per': 100
+                'per': 100,
             })
             items = self._get_prx_embed_response(response, 'items')
             if not response or not items:
@@ -141,8 +142,8 @@ def _story_playlist_entry(self, response):
             return
         story.update({
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/%s' % story['id'],
-            'ie_key': PRXStoryIE.ie_key()
+            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/{}'.format(story['id']),
+            'ie_key': PRXStoryIE.ie_key(),
         })
         return story
 
@@ -152,8 +153,8 @@ def _series_playlist_entry(self, response):
             return
         series.update({
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/%s' % series['id'],
-            'ie_key': PRXSeriesIE.ie_key()
+            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/{}'.format(series['id']),
+            'ie_key': PRXSeriesIE.ie_key(),
         })
         return series
 
@@ -204,8 +205,8 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                     'episode': 'Episode 8',
                     'release_date': '20211223',
                     'season': 'Season 5',
-                    'modified_date': '20220104'
-                }
+                    'modified_date': '20220104',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '399200_part2',
@@ -228,11 +229,11 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                     'episode': 'Episode 8',
                     'release_date': '20211223',
                     'season': 'Season 5',
-                    'modified_date': '20220104'
-                }
-            }
+                    'modified_date': '20220104',
+                },
+            },
 
-            ]
+            ],
         }, {
             # Story with only split audio
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/326414',
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 4
+            'playlist_count': 4,
         }, {
             # Story with single combined audio
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/400404',
@@ -271,12 +272,12 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'tags': 'count:0',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://cms\.prx\.org/pub/\w+/0/web/story_image/767965/medium/Aurora_Over_Trees\.jpg',
                 'upload_date': '20220103',
-                'modified_date': '20220103'
-            }
+                'modified_date': '20220103',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://listen.prx.org/stories/399200',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_audio_pieces(self, audio_response):
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ def _extract_audio_pieces(self, audio_response):
             'asr': int_or_none(piece_response.get('frequency'), scale=1000),
             'abr': int_or_none(piece_response.get('bitRate')),
             'url': self._extract_file_link(piece_response),
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         } for piece_response in sorted(
             self._get_prx_embed_response(audio_response, 'items') or [],
             key=lambda p: int_or_none(p.get('position')))]
@@ -303,18 +304,18 @@ def _extract_story(self, story_response):
         if len(audio_pieces) == 1:
             return {
                 'formats': audio_pieces,
-                **info
+                **info,
             }
 
         entries = [{
             **info,
-            'id': '%s_part%d' % (info['id'], (idx + 1)),
+            'id': '{}_part{}'.format(info['id'], (idx + 1)),
             'formats': [fmt],
         } for idx, fmt in enumerate(audio_pieces)]
         return {
             '_type': 'multi_video',
             'entries': entries,
-            **info
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -339,9 +340,9 @@ class PRXSeriesIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
                 'series': 'Outside/In',
-                'series_id': '36252'
+                'series_id': '36252',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 39
+            'playlist_mincount': 39,
         }, {
             # Blank series
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/25038',
@@ -354,18 +355,18 @@ class PRXSeriesIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
                 'series': '25038',
-                'series_id': '25038'
+                'series_id': '25038',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 0
-        }
+            'playlist_count': 0,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_series(self, series_response):
         info = self._extract_series_info(series_response)
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'entries': self._entries(info['id'], 'series/%s/stories' % info['id'], self._story_playlist_entry),
-            **info
+            'entries': self._entries(info['id'], 'series/{}/stories'.format(info['id']), self._story_playlist_entry),
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -385,9 +386,9 @@ class PRXAccountIE(PRXBaseIE):
             'channel_id': '206',
             'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
             'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
-            'thumbnails': 'count:1'
+            'thumbnails': 'count:1',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 380
+        'playlist_mincount': 380,
     }]
 
     def _extract_account(self, account_response):
@@ -399,7 +400,7 @@ def _extract_account(self, account_response):
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
             'entries': itertools.chain(series, stories),
-            **info
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
index 4b8e5e90d..b62050ecd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     parse_resolution,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -48,25 +47,25 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _SUBTITLE_LANGS = {
         'English': 'en',
         'Deutsch': 'de',
-        'عربى': 'ar'
+        'عربى': 'ar',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/slug/%s-izle' % display_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/slug/{display_id}-izle'),
             display_id)['data']
 
-        video_id = compat_str(info['id'])
+        video_id = str(info['id'])
         show = info.get('title') or {}
         title = info.get('name') or show['name']
         if info.get('display_name'):
-            title = '%s %s' % (title, info['display_name'])
+            title = '{} {}'.format(title, info['display_name'])
 
         try:
             videos = self._download_json(
-                'https://puhutv.com/api/assets/%s/videos' % video_id,
+                f'https://puhutv.com/api/assets/{video_id}/videos',
                 display_id, 'Downloading video JSON',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             f = {
                 'url': media_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'height': quality
+                'height': quality,
             }
             video_format = video.get('video_format')
             is_hls = (video_format == 'hls' or '/hls/' in media_url or '/chunklist.m3u8' in media_url) and playlist is False
@@ -106,12 +105,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 continue
             if quality:
-                format_id += '-%sp' % quality
+                format_id += f'-{quality}p'
             f['format_id'] = format_id
             formats.append(f)
 
         creator = try_get(
-            show, lambda x: x['producer']['name'], compat_str)
+            show, lambda x: x['producer']['name'], str)
 
         content = info.get('content') or {}
 
@@ -119,14 +118,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             content, lambda x: x['images']['wide'], dict) or {}
         thumbnails = []
         for image_id, image_url in images.items():
-            if not isinstance(image_url, compat_str):
+            if not isinstance(image_url, str):
                 continue
             if not image_url.startswith(('http', '//')):
-                image_url = 'https://%s' % image_url
+                image_url = f'https://{image_url}'
             t = parse_resolution(image_id)
             t.update({
                 'id': image_id,
-                'url': image_url
+                'url': image_url,
             })
             thumbnails.append(t)
 
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not isinstance(genre, dict):
                 continue
             genre_name = genre.get('name')
-            if genre_name and isinstance(genre_name, compat_str):
+            if genre_name and isinstance(genre_name, str):
                 tags.append(genre_name)
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -144,10 +143,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             lang = subtitle.get('language')
             sub_url = url_or_none(subtitle.get('url') or subtitle.get('file'))
-            if not lang or not isinstance(lang, compat_str) or not sub_url:
+            if not lang or not isinstance(lang, str) or not sub_url:
                 continue
             subtitles[self._SUBTITLE_LANGS.get(lang, lang)] = [{
-                'url': sub_url
+                'url': sub_url,
             }]
 
         return {
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'tags': tags,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
@@ -195,8 +194,8 @@ def _extract_entries(self, seasons):
             has_more = True
             while has_more is True:
                 season = self._download_json(
-                    'https://galadriel.puhutv.com/seasons/%s' % season_id,
-                    season_id, 'Downloading page %s' % page, query={
+                    f'https://galadriel.puhutv.com/seasons/{season_id}',
+                    season_id, f'Downloading page {page}', query={
                         'page': page,
                         'per': 40,
                     })
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ def _extract_entries(self, seasons):
                             continue
                         video_id = str_or_none(int_or_none(ep.get('id')))
                         yield self.url_result(
-                            'https://puhutv.com/%s' % slug_path,
+                            f'https://puhutv.com/{slug_path}',
                             ie=PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id,
                             video_title=ep.get('name') or ep.get('eventLabel'))
                 page += 1
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/slug/%s-detay' % playlist_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/slug/{playlist_id}-detay'),
             playlist_id)['data']
 
         seasons = info.get('seasons')
@@ -229,5 +228,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # For films, these are using same url with series
         video_id = info.get('slug') or info['assets'][0]['slug']
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://puhutv.com/%s-izle' % video_id,
+            f'https://puhutv.com/{video_id}-izle',
             PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
index 38c5d1109..b43f0352b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .prosiebensat1 import ProSiebenSat1BaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import parse_duration, unified_strdate
 
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         player_content = media['playerContent']
         info = self._extract_video_info(url, player_content['id'])
         info.update({
-            'id': compat_str(media['objectId']),
+            'id': str(media['objectId']),
             'title': player_content['title'],
             'description': media.get('description'),
             'thumbnail': media.get('previewLink'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
index 7b25166b2..6ae315535 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         entries = []
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyvideo/data/master/%s/videos/%s.json'
-            % (category, video_id), video_id, fatal=False)
+            f'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyvideo/data/master/{category}/videos/{video_id}.json',
+            video_id, fatal=False)
 
         if data:
             for video in data['videos']:
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         entries.append(self.url_result(video_url, 'Youtube'))
                     else:
                         entries.append({
-                            'id': compat_str(data.get('id') or video_id),
+                            'id': str(data.get('id') or video_id),
                             'url': video_url,
                             'title': data['title'],
                             'description': data.get('description') or data.get('summary'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
index aa690d492..74fecee1f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import traverse_obj
 
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ class QingTingIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '睡前消息',
             'uploader': '马督工',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://m.qtfm.cn/vchannels/378005/programs/23023573/',
         'md5': '2703120b6abe63b5fa90b975a58f4c0e',
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class QingTingIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '睡前消息',
             'uploader': '马督工',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
index 92858259a..a57dd5fb3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     strip_jsonp,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': '林俊杰',
             'description': 'md5:d85afb3051952ecc50a1ee8a286d1eac',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'There is no mp3-320 version of this song.',
         'url': 'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/004MsGEo3DdNxV.html',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': '李季美',
             'description': 'md5:46857d5ed62bc4ba84607a805dccf437',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'lyrics not in .lrc format',
         'url': 'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/001JyApY11tIp6.html',
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
     _FORMATS = {
         'mp3-320': {'prefix': 'M800', 'ext': 'mp3', 'preference': 40, 'abr': 320},
         'mp3-128': {'prefix': 'M500', 'ext': 'mp3', 'preference': 30, 'abr': 128},
-        'm4a': {'prefix': 'C200', 'ext': 'm4a', 'preference': 10}
+        'm4a': {'prefix': 'C200', 'ext': 'm4a', 'preference': 10},
     }
 
     # Reference: m_r_GetRUin() in top_player.js
     # http://imgcache.gtimg.cn/music/portal_v3/y/top_player.js
     @staticmethod
     def m_r_get_ruin():
-        curMs = int(time.time() * 1000) % 1000
-        return int(round(random.random() * 2147483647) * curMs % 1E10)
+        cur_ms = int(time.time() * 1000) % 1000
+        return int(round(random.random() * 2147483647) * cur_ms % 1E10)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mid = self._match_id(url)
 
         detail_info_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://s.plcloud.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_yqq_song_detail_info.fcg?songmid=%s&play=0' % mid,
+            f'http://s.plcloud.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_yqq_song_detail_info.fcg?songmid={mid}&play=0',
             mid, note='Download song detail info',
             errnote='Unable to get song detail info', encoding='gbk')
 
@@ -101,21 +101,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             [r'albummid:\'([0-9a-zA-Z]+)\'', r'"albummid":"([0-9a-zA-Z]+)"'],
             detail_info_page, 'album mid', default=None)
         if albummid:
-            thumbnail_url = 'http://i.gtimg.cn/music/photo/mid_album_500/%s/%s/%s.jpg' \
-                            % (albummid[-2:-1], albummid[-1], albummid)
+            thumbnail_url = f'http://i.gtimg.cn/music/photo/mid_album_500/{albummid[-2:-1]}/{albummid[-1]}/{albummid}.jpg'
 
         guid = self.m_r_get_ruin()
 
         vkey = self._download_json(
-            'http://base.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_musicexpress.fcg?json=3&guid=%s' % guid,
+            f'http://base.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_musicexpress.fcg?json=3&guid={guid}',
             mid, note='Retrieve vkey', errnote='Unable to get vkey',
             transform_source=strip_jsonp)['key']
 
         formats = []
         for format_id, details in self._FORMATS.items():
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'http://cc.stream.qqmusic.qq.com/%s%s.%s?vkey=%s&guid=%s&fromtag=0'
-                       % (details['prefix'], mid, details['ext'], vkey, guid),
+                'url': 'http://cc.stream.qqmusic.qq.com/{}{}.{}?vkey={}&guid={}&fromtag=0'.format(
+                    details['prefix'], mid, details['ext'], vkey, guid),
                 'format': format_id,
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'quality': details['preference'],
@@ -134,14 +133,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'release_date': publish_time,
             'creator': singer,
             'description': lrc_content,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail_url
+            'thumbnail': thumbnail_url,
         }
         if actual_lrc_lyrics:
             info_dict['subtitles'] = {
                 'origin': [{
                     'ext': 'lrc',
                     'data': actual_lrc_lyrics,
-                }]
+                }],
             }
         return info_dict
 
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class QQPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     @staticmethod
     def qq_static_url(category, mid):
-        return 'http://y.qq.com/y/static/%s/%s/%s/%s.html' % (category, mid[-2], mid[-1], mid)
+        return f'http://y.qq.com/y/static/{category}/{mid[-2]}/{mid[-1]}/{mid}.html'
 
     def get_singer_all_songs(self, singmid, num):
         return self._download_webpage(
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ def get_entries_from_page(self, singmid):
             if item['musicData'].get('songmid') is not None:
                 songmid = item['musicData']['songmid']
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    r'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/%s.html' % songmid, 'QQMusic', songmid))
+                    rf'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/{songmid}.html', 'QQMusic', songmid))
 
         return entries
 
@@ -250,12 +249,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mid = self._match_id(url)
 
         album = self._download_json(
-            'http://i.y.qq.com/v8/fcg-bin/fcg_v8_album_info_cp.fcg?albummid=%s&format=json' % mid,
+            f'http://i.y.qq.com/v8/fcg-bin/fcg_v8_album_info_cp.fcg?albummid={mid}&format=json',
             mid, 'Download album page')['data']
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/' + song['songmid'] + '.html', 'QQMusic', song['songmid']
+                'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/' + song['songmid'] + '.html', 'QQMusic', song['songmid'],
             ) for song in album['list']
         ]
         album_name = album.get('name')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
index 36f0b52bd..79a4c0a12 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://player-api.r7.com/video/i/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://player-api.r7.com/video/i/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = video['title']
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class R7ArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if R7IE.suitable(url) else super(R7ArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if R7IE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -109,4 +109,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'<div[^>]+(?:id=["\']player-|class=["\']embed["\'][^>]+id=["\'])([\da-f]{24})',
             webpage, 'video id')
 
-        return self.url_result('http://player.r7.com/video/i/%s' % video_id, R7IE.ie_key())
+        return self.url_result(f'http://player.r7.com/video/i/{video_id}', R7IE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
index f0135827b..b0b6681c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ def _extract_full_key(self):
 
     def _find_program(self, video_id, station, cursor):
         station_program = self._download_xml(
-            'https://radiko.jp/v3/program/station/weekly/%s.xml' % station, video_id,
-            note='Downloading radio program for %s station' % station)
+            f'https://radiko.jp/v3/program/station/weekly/{station}.xml', video_id,
+            note=f'Downloading radio program for {station} station')
 
         prog = None
         for p in station_program.findall('.//prog'):
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'ft': radio_begin,
                     'end_at': radio_end,
                     'to': radio_end,
-                    'seek': video_id
-                }
+                    'seek': video_id,
+                },
             ),
         }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
index 1a5a6355a..950b9ec06 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
 )
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class RadioCanadaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # m3u8 download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # empty Title
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class RadioCanadaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'series': 'District 31',
             },
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['CA']
     _access_token = None
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ def get_meta(name):
             if error == 'Le contenu sélectionné est disponible seulement en premium':
                 self.raise_login_required(error)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(v_url, video_id, 'mp4')
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -162,4 +162,4 @@ class RadioCanadaAudioVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result('radiocanada:medianet:%s' % self._match_id(url))
+        return self.url_result(f'radiocanada:medianet:{self._match_id(url)}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
index 38f8cf786..7e4609a62 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     try_call,
     unified_strdate,
     update_url,
-    urljoin
+    urljoin,
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 6',
             'season_number': 6,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/convenca-me-num-minuto/t3/convenca-me-num-minuto-que-os-lobisomens-existem',
         'md5': '47e96c273aef96a8eb160cd6cf46d782',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'season_number': 3,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/inacreditavel-by-ines-castel-branco/t2/o-desastre-de-aviao',
         'md5': '69be64255420fec23b7259955d771e54',
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 2023',
             'season_number': 2023,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -99,28 +99,28 @@ class RadioComercialPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'convenca-me-num-minuto_t3',
             'title': 'Convença-me num Minuto - Temporada 3',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 32
+        'playlist_mincount': 32,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/o-homem-que-mordeu-o-cao',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'o-homem-que-mordeu-o-cao',
             'title': 'O Homem Que Mordeu o Cão',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 19
+        'playlist_mincount': 19,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/as-minhas-coisas-favoritas',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'as-minhas-coisas-favoritas',
             'title': 'As Minhas Coisas Favoritas',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 131
+        'playlist_mincount': 131,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/tnt-todos-no-top/t2023',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'tnt-todos-no-top_t2023',
             'title': 'TNT - Todos No Top - Temporada 2023',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 39
+        'playlist_mincount': 39,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, url, playlist_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
index 726207825..1bf744951 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class RadioDeIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'ext': stream['streamContentFormat'].lower(),
             'acodec': stream['streamContentFormat'],
             'abr': stream['bitRate'],
-            'asr': stream['sampleRate']
+            'asr': stream['sampleRate'],
         } for stream in broadcast['streamUrls']]
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
index 6bd6fe9b6..ff2196354 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class FranceCultureIE(RadioFranceBaseIE):
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/le-billet-sciences/sante-bientot-un-vaccin-contre-l-asthme-allergique-3057200',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'uploader': self._html_search_regex(
                 r'(?s)<span class="author">(.*?)</span>', webpage, 'uploader', default=None),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
-                r'"datePublished"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage, 'timestamp', fatal=False))
+                r'"datePublished"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage, 'timestamp', fatal=False)),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
index b3befaef9..53cbbe3f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class RadioJavanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
index 5d7d3ddeb..2d087088c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def _call_api(self, resource, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata', qs={})
             video_id, note=note)
 
     def _parse_episode(self, data):
-        release = '%s%s%s' % (data['published'][6:11], data['published'][3:6], data['published'][:3])
+        release = '{}{}{}'.format(data['published'][6:11], data['published'][3:6], data['published'][:3])
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': data['mixcloud_url'],
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class RadioKapitalIE(RadioKapitalBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        episode = self._call_api('episodes/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        episode = self._call_api(f'episodes/{video_id}', video_id)
         return self._parse_episode(episode)
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
index 67520172e..e91b3b277 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    traverse_obj,
     strip_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class RadioZetPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 83,
             'series': 'Nie Ma Za Co',
             'creator': 'Katarzyna Pakosińska',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, podcast_id, display_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
index 3c00183be..605089204 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import json
 
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     format_field,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
-    unified_timestamp
+    unified_timestamp,
 )
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
 class RadLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class RadLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Proximity',
             'channel_id': '9ce6dd01-70a4-4d59-afb6-d01f807cd009',
             'channel_url': 'https://rad.live/content/channel/9ce6dd01-70a4-4d59-afb6-d01f807cd009',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rad.live/content/episode/bbcf66ec-0d02-4ca0-8dc0-4213eb2429bf',
         'md5': '40b2175f347592125d93e9a344080125',
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class RadLiveSeasonIE(RadLiveIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super(RadLiveSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         season_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class RadLiveChannelIE(RadLiveIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super(RadLiveChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
             data=json.dumps({
                 'query': self._QUERY,
-                'variables': {'lrn': f'lrn:12core:media:content:channel:{channel_id}'}
-            }).encode('utf-8'))
+                'variables': {'lrn': f'lrn:12core:media:content:channel:{channel_id}'},
+            }).encode())
 
         data = traverse_obj(graphql, ('data', 'channel'))
         if not data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
index c1fc65c81..efb47affc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    GeoRestrictedError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     filter_dict,
-    GeoRestrictedError,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     parse_duration,
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def _create_http_urls(self, manifest_url, relinker_url, fmts, video_id):
         }
 
         def percentage(number, target, pc=20, roof=125):
-            '''check if the target is in the range of number +/- percent'''
+            """check if the target is in the range of number +/- percent"""
             if not number or number < 0:
                 return False
             return abs(target - number) < min(float(number) * float(pc) / 100.0, roof)
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def get_format_info(tbr):
 
         # filter out single-stream formats
         fmts = [f for f in fmts
-                if not f.get('vcodec') == 'none' and not f.get('acodec') == 'none']
+                if f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none']
 
         mobj = re.search(_MANIFEST_REG, manifest_url)
         if not mobj:
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def get_format_info(tbr):
                 'url': _MP4_TMPL % (relinker_url, q),
                 'protocol': 'https',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                **get_format_info(q)
+                **get_format_info(q),
             })
         return formats
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class RaiPlayIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'formats': 'count:7',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.'],
     }, {
         # 1500 quality
         'url': 'https://www.raiplay.it/video/2012/09/S1E11---Tutto-cio-che-luccica-0cab3323-732e-45d6-8e86-7704acab6598.html',
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'episode_number': int_or_none(media.get('episode')),
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(url, video),
             'release_year': int_or_none(traverse_obj(media, ('track_info', 'edit_year'))),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20140612',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rai.it/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-efb17665-691c-45d5-a60c-5301333cbb0c.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'description': 'TG1 edizione integrale ore 20:00 del giorno 03/11/2016',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 2214,
-            'upload_date': '20161103'
+            'upload_date': '20161103',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'ext': media.get('formatoAudio'),
                     'vcodec': 'none',
                     'acodec': media.get('formatoAudio'),
-                }]
+                }],
             }
         elif 'Video' in media['type']:
             relinker_info = self._extract_relinker_info(media['mediaUri'], content_id)
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(media.get('date')),
             'duration': parse_duration(media.get('length')),
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(url, media),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': player_data.get('title') or track_info.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(track_info.get('date')),
             'uploader': strip_or_none(track_info.get('editor') or None),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
index e0e3c3ead..3e74fd831 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ def _extract_video_id(data, lesson_id):
                     continue
                 video_id = content.get('identifier')
                 if video_id:
-                    return compat_str(video_id)
+                    return str(video_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         course_id, lesson_id = mobj.group('course_id', 'id')
-        display_id = '%s/%s' % (course_id, lesson_id)
+        display_id = f'{course_id}/{lesson_id}'
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
@@ -110,8 +109,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if csrf_token:
                 headers['X-CSRF-Token'] = csrf_token
             video = self._download_json(
-                'https://videos.raywenderlich.com/api/v1/videos/%s.json'
-                % video_id, display_id, headers=headers)['video']
+                f'https://videos.raywenderlich.com/api/v1/videos/{video_id}.json',
+                display_id, headers=headers)['video']
             vimeo_id = video['clips'][0]['provider_id']
             info.update({
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return merge_dicts(info, self.url_result(
             VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(
-                'https://player.vimeo.com/video/%s' % vimeo_id, url),
+                f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', url),
             ie=VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=vimeo_id))
 
 
@@ -152,8 +151,7 @@ class RayWenderlichCourseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RayWenderlichIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            RayWenderlichCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RayWenderlichIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         entries = []
         lesson_urls = set()
         for lesson_url in re.findall(
-                r'<a[^>]+\bhref=["\'](/%s/lessons/\d+)' % course_id, webpage):
+                rf'<a[^>]+\bhref=["\'](/{course_id}/lessons/\d+)', webpage):
             if lesson_url in lesson_urls:
                 continue
             lesson_urls.add(lesson_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
index 54f194cbd..5bb465537 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import parse_qs, remove_start, traverse_obj, ExtractorError
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, parse_qs, remove_start, traverse_obj
 
 
 class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lecture: October 18. 2022',
             'series': 'Concepts of C++ programming (IN2377)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Presentation only
         'url': 'https://live.rbg.tum.de/w/I2DL/12349/PRES',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lecture 3: Introduction to Neural Networks',
             'series': 'Introduction to Deep Learning (IN2346)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Camera only
         'url': 'https://live.rbg.tum.de/w/fvv-info/16130/CAM',
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Fachschaftsvollversammlung',
             'series': 'Fachschaftsvollversammlung Informatik',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tum.live/w/linalginfo/27102',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class RbgTumCourseIE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tum.live/old/course/2023/S/linalginfo',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id, hostname, year, term, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'hostname', 'year', 'term', 'slug')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
index b865f63fb..1925afbe3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class RCSBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'media2-doveviaggi-it.akamaized': 'viaggi',
         'media2-vivimilano-corriere-it.akamaized': 'vivimilano',
         'vivimilano-vh.akamaihd': 'vivimilano',
-        'media2-youreporter-it.akamaized': 'youreporter'
+        'media2-youreporter-it.akamaized': 'youreporter',
     }
 
     def _get_video_src(self, video):
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def _get_video_src(self, video):
             yield {
                 'type': type_,
                 'url': url,
-                'bitrate': source.get('bitrate')
+                'bitrate': source.get('bitrate'),
             }
 
     def _create_http_formats(self, m3u8_formats, video_id):
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     return {
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'url': emb,
-                        'ie_key': RCSEmbedsIE.ie_key()
+                        'ie_key': RCSEmbedsIE.ie_key(),
                     }
 
         if not video_data:
@@ -236,13 +236,13 @@ class RCSEmbedsIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Sky Arte racconta Madonna nella serie "Artist to icon"',
             'description': 'md5:65b09633df9ffee57f48b39e34c9e067',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.gazzanet.gazzetta.it/video-embed/gazzanet-mo05-0000260789',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.gazzetta.it/video-embed/49612410-00ca-11eb-bcd8-30d4253e0140',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.iodonna.it/video-iodonna/personaggi-video/monica-bellucci-piu-del-lavoro-oggi-per-me-sono-importanti-lamicizia-e-la-famiglia/',
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class RCSEmbedsIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Monica Bellucci: «Più del lavoro, oggi per me sono importanti l\'amicizia e la famiglia»',
             'description': 'md5:daea6d9837351e56b1ab615c06bebac1',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Vettel guida la Ferrari SF90 al Mugello e al suo fianco c\'è Leclerc (bendato): il video è esilarante',
             'description': 'md5:3915ce5ebb3d2571deb69a5eb85ac9b5',
             'uploader': 'Corriere Tv',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # search for video id inside the page
         'url': 'https://viaggi.corriere.it/video/norvegia-il-nuovo-ponte-spettacolare-sopra-la-cascata-di-voringsfossen/',
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'La nuova spettacolare attrazione in Norvegia: il ponte sopra Vøringsfossen',
             'description': 'md5:18b35a291f6746c0c8dacd16e5f5f4f8',
             'uploader': 'DOVE Viaggi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # only audio format https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5683
         'url': 'https://video.corriere.it/cronaca/audio-telefonata-il-papa-becciu-santita-lettera-che-mi-ha-inviato-condanna/b94c0d20-70c2-11ed-9572-e4b947a0ebd2',
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:c0ddb61bd94a8d4e0d4bb9cda50a689b',
             'uploader': 'Corriere Tv',
             'formats': [{'format_id': 'https-mp3', 'ext': 'mp3'}],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # old content still needs cdn migration
         'url': 'https://viaggi.corriere.it/video/milano-varallo-sesia-sul-treno-a-vapore/',
@@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Milano-Varallo Sesia sul treno a vapore',
             'description': 'md5:6348f47aac230397fe341a74f7678d53',
             'uploader': 'DOVE Viaggi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.corriere.it/video-360/metro-copenaghen-tutta-italiana/a248a7f0-e2db-11e9-9830-af2de6b1f945',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Cervicalgia e mal di testa, il video con i suggerimenti dell\'esperto',
             'description': 'md5:ae21418f34cee0b8d02a487f55bcabb5',
             'uploader': 'leitv.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youreporter.it/fiume-sesia-3-ottobre-2020/',
         'md5': '3989b6d603482611a2abd2f32b79f739',
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Fiume Sesia 3 ottobre 2020',
             'description': 'md5:0070eef1cc884d13c970a4125063de55',
             'uploader': 'youreporter.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.amica.it/video-post/saint-omer-al-cinema-il-film-leone-dargento-che-ribalta-gli-stereotipi/',
         'md5': '187cce524dfd0343c95646c047375fc4',
@@ -368,5 +368,5 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': '"Saint Omer": al cinema il film Leone d\'argento che ribalta gli stereotipi',
             'description': 'md5:b1c8869c2dcfd6073a2a311ba0008aa8',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
index 6a7c7f399..61b73a550 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
+    dict_get,
     strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    try_get
+    try_get,
 )
 
 
@@ -154,34 +154,34 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             is_upcoming = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['current_date'] < x['start_date'])
         if is_upcoming:
             self.raise_no_formats(
-                'This event will start at %s.' % video_json['live_label'] if video_json.get('live_label') else 'This event has not started yet.', expected=True)
+                'This event will start at {}.'.format(video_json['live_label']) if video_json.get('live_label') else 'This event has not started yet.', expected=True)
         if 'akamaized' in video_url:
             # For some videos hosted on Akamai's CDN (possibly AES-encrypted ones?), a session needs to at least be made via Conviva's API
             conviva_json_data = {
                 **self._CONVIVA_JSON_TEMPLATE,
                 'url': video_url,
-                'sst': int(time.time())
+                'sst': int(time.time()),
             }
             conviva_json_res = self._download_json(
                 'https://ff84ae928c3b33064b76dec08f12500465e59a6f.cws.conviva.com/0/wsg', display_id,
                 'Creating Conviva session', 'Failed to create Conviva session',
-                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(conviva_json_data).encode('utf-8'))
+                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(conviva_json_data).encode())
             if conviva_json_res and conviva_json_res.get('err') != 'ok':
-                self.report_warning('Conviva said: %s' % str(conviva_json_res.get('err')))
+                self.report_warning('Conviva said: {}'.format(str(conviva_json_res.get('err'))))
 
         video_meta, meta_paths = self._call_api(
-            'https://api.rctiplus.com/api/v1/%s/%s' % (video_type, video_id), display_id, 'Downloading video metadata')
+            f'https://api.rctiplus.com/api/v1/{video_type}/{video_id}', display_id, 'Downloading video metadata')
 
         thumbnails, image_path = [], meta_paths.get('image_path', 'https://rstatic.akamaized.net/media/')
         if video_meta.get('portrait_image'):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': 'portrait_image',
-                'url': '%s%d%s' % (image_path, 2000, video_meta['portrait_image'])  # 2000px seems to be the highest resolution that can be given
+                'url': '{}{}{}'.format(image_path, 2000, video_meta['portrait_image']),  # 2000px seems to be the highest resolution that can be given
             })
         if video_meta.get('landscape_image'):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': 'landscape_image',
-                'url': '%s%d%s' % (image_path, 2000, video_meta['landscape_image'])
+                'url': '{}{}{}'.format(image_path, 2000, video_meta['landscape_image']),
             })
         try:
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, display_id, 'mp4', headers={'Referer': 'https://www.rctiplus.com/'})
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 2,
             'tags': 'count:11',
             'display_id': 'inews-pagi',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _AGE_RATINGS = {  # Based off https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_rating_konten_televisi with additional ratings
         'S-SU': 2,
@@ -255,13 +255,13 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super(RCTIPlusSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _entries(self, url, display_id=None, note='Downloading entries JSON', metadata={}):
         total_pages = 0
         try:
             total_pages = self._call_api(
-                '%s&length=20&page=0' % url,
+                f'{url}&length=20&page=0',
                 display_id, note)[1]['pagination']['total_page']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if 'not found' in str(e):
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ def _entries(self, url, display_id=None, note='Downloading entries JSON', metada
 
         for page_num in range(1, total_pages + 1):
             episode_list = self._call_api(
-                '%s&length=20&page=%s' % (url, page_num),
-                display_id, '%s page %s' % (note, page_num))[0] or []
+                f'{url}&length=20&page={page_num}',
+                display_id, f'{note} page {page_num}')[0] or []
 
             for video_json in episode_list:
                 yield {
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, display_id=None, note='Downloading entries JSON', metada
                     'duration': video_json.get('duration'),
                     'season_number': video_json.get('season'),
                     'episode_number': video_json.get('episode'),
-                    **metadata
+                    **metadata,
                 }
 
     def _series_entries(self, series_id, display_id=None, video_type=None, metadata={}):
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class RCTIPlusTVIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Returned video will always change
         'url': 'https://www.rctiplus.com/live-event',
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class RCTIPlusTVIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super(RCTIPlusTVIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         match = self._match_valid_url(url).groupdict()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
index 1a1c6634e..975b091aa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    js_to_json,
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
-    js_to_json,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class RDSIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class RDSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1606129030,
             'upload_date': '20201123',
             'duration': 773.039,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rds.ca/vid%C3%A9os/un-voyage-positif-3.877934',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         item = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(r'(?s)itemToPush\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage, 'item'), display_id, js_to_json)
-        video_id = compat_str(item['id'])
+        video_id = str(item['id'])
         title = item.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage) or self._html_search_meta(
             'title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage) or self._html_search_meta(
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': '9c9media:rds_web:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'9c9media:rds_web:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
index 4d71133b3..d43bb0bab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ def _get_bearer_token(self, asset_id, jwt=None):
 
         return self._download_json(
             f'{self._API_URL}/auth/{"gigyaLogin" if jwt else "anonymous"}',
-            asset_id, data=json.dumps(request).encode('utf-8'), headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'
+            asset_id, data=json.dumps(request).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
             })['sessionToken']
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, asset_id, **kwargs):
@@ -51,26 +51,26 @@ def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, asset_id, **kwargs):
             f'{self._API_URL}/entitlement/{asset_id}/play',
             asset_id, headers={
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {bearer_token}',
-                'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'
+                'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
             })
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for format in api_response['formats']:
-            if not format.get('mediaLocator'):
+        for format_data in api_response['formats']:
+            if not format_data.get('mediaLocator'):
                 continue
 
             fmts, subs = [], {}
-            if format.get('format') == 'DASH':
+            if format_data.get('format') == 'DASH':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
-            elif format.get('format') == 'SMOOTHSTREAMING':
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+            elif format_data.get('format') == 'SMOOTHSTREAMING':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
-            elif format.get('format') == 'HLS':
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+            elif format_data.get('format') == 'HLS':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
 
-            if format.get('drm'):
+            if format_data.get('drm'):
                 for f in fmts:
                     f['has_drm'] = True
 
@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'APIKey': self._GIGYA_API_KEY,
                 'targetEnv': 'jssdk',
                 'sessionExpiration': '-2',
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+            }).encode(), headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             })
 
         if login_response['statusCode'] != 200:
-            raise ExtractorError('Login failed. Server message: %s' % login_response['errorMessage'], expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Login failed. Server message: {}'.format(login_response['errorMessage']), expected=True)
 
         self._set_cookie('.rtbf.be', self._LOGIN_COOKIE_ID, login_response['sessionInfo']['login_token'],
                          secure=True, expire_time=time.time() + 3600)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         error = data.get('error')
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         provider = data.get('provider')
         if provider in self._PROVIDERS:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
index d1de2490f..ceeef5204 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    float_or_none,
     ExtractorError,
+    float_or_none,
 )
 
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def extract_info(self, video_id):
                 'os_family': 'http',
             })
         if session.get('code') == 'error':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, session['message']))
         token = session['token']
 
@@ -65,20 +65,19 @@ def extract_info(self, video_id):
             video = self._download_json(
                 'https://api.redbull.tv/v3/products/' + video_id,
                 video_id, note='Downloading video information',
-                headers={'Authorization': token}
+                headers={'Authorization': token},
             )
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
                 error_message = self._parse_json(
                     e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['error']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                    self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         title = video['title'].strip()
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            'https://dms.redbull.tv/v3/%s/%s/playlist.m3u8' % (video_id, token),
+            f'https://dms.redbull.tv/v3/{video_id}/{token}/playlist.m3u8',
             video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls')
 
         for resource in video.get('resources', []):
@@ -86,13 +85,13 @@ def extract_info(self, video_id):
                 splitted_resource = resource.split('_')
                 if splitted_resource[2]:
                     subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                        'url': 'https://resources.redbull.tv/%s/%s' % (video_id, resource),
+                        'url': f'https://resources.redbull.tv/{video_id}/{resource}',
                         'ext': splitted_resource[2],
                     })
 
         subheading = video.get('subheading')
         if subheading:
-            title += ' - %s' % subheading
+            title += f' - {subheading}'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     %s
     %s
   }
-}''' % (rrn_id, self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'LiveVideo', self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'VideoResource'),
+}''' % (rrn_id, self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'LiveVideo', self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'VideoResource'),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['resource']['videoEssence']['attributes']['assetId']
         return self.extract_info(asset_id)
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ class RedBullTVRrnContentIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         region, lang, rrn_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        rrn_id += ':%s-%s' % (lang, region.upper())
+        rrn_id += f':{lang}-{region.upper()}'
         return self.url_result(
             'https://www.redbull.com/embed/' + rrn_id,
             RedBullEmbedIE.ie_key(), rrn_id)
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 regions.append('LAT')
             if lang in self._INT_FALLBACK_LIST:
                 regions.append('INT')
-        locale = '>'.join(['%s-%s' % (lang, reg) for reg in regions])
+        locale = '>'.join([f'{lang}-{reg}' for reg in regions])
 
         rrn_id = self._download_json(
             'https://www.redbull.com/v3/api/graphql/v1/v3/query/' + locale,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
index 62f669f35..bc3e5f7ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reddit.py
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
-    urlencode_postdata,
+    update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
+    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-            'age_limit': 0,
+            'age_limit': 18,
             'channel_id': 'u_creepyt0es',
         },
         'params': {
@@ -150,6 +152,51 @@ class RedditIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
         },
         'skip': 'Requires account that has opted-in to the GenZedong subreddit',
+    }, {
+        # subtitles in HLS manifest
+        'url': 'https://www.reddit.com/r/Unexpected/comments/1cl9h0u/the_insurance_claim_will_be_interesting/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'a2mdj5d57qyc1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '1cl9h0u',
+            'title': 'The insurance claim will be interesting',
+            'uploader': 'darrenpauli',
+            'channel_id': 'Unexpected',
+            'duration': 53,
+            'upload_date': '20240506',
+            'timestamp': 1714966382,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'subtitles': {'en': 'mincount:1'},
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
+    }, {
+        # subtitles from caption-url
+        'url': 'https://www.reddit.com/r/soccer/comments/1cxwzso/tottenham_1_0_newcastle_united_james_maddison_31/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'xbmj4t3igy1d1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'display_id': '1cxwzso',
+            'title': 'Tottenham [1] - 0 Newcastle United - James Maddison 31\'',
+            'uploader': 'Woodstovia',
+            'channel_id': 'soccer',
+            'duration': 30,
+            'upload_date': '20240522',
+            'timestamp': 1716373798,
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'dislike_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'subtitles': {'en': 'mincount:1'},
+        },
+        'params': {
+            'skip_download': True,
+            'writesubtitles': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/6rrwyj',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -197,6 +244,12 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         elif not traverse_obj(login, ('json', 'data', 'cookie', {str})):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to login, no cookie was returned')
 
+    def _get_subtitles(self, video_id):
+        # Fallback if there were no subtitles provided by DASH or HLS manifests
+        caption_url = f'https://v.redd.it/{video_id}/wh_ben_en.vtt'
+        if self._is_valid_url(caption_url, video_id, item='subtitles'):
+            return {'en': [{'url': caption_url}]}
+
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         host, slug, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('host', 'slug', 'id')
 
@@ -307,6 +360,10 @@ def add_thumbnail(src):
 
             dash_playlist_url = playlist_urls[0] or f'https://v.redd.it/{video_id}/DASHPlaylist.mpd'
             hls_playlist_url = playlist_urls[1] or f'https://v.redd.it/{video_id}/HLSPlaylist.m3u8'
+            qs = traverse_obj(parse_qs(hls_playlist_url), {
+                'f': ('f', 0, {lambda x: ','.join([x, 'subsAll']) if x else 'hd,subsAll'}),
+            })
+            hls_playlist_url = update_url_query(hls_playlist_url, qs)
 
             formats = [{
                 'url': unescapeHTML(reddit_video['fallback_url']),
@@ -332,7 +389,7 @@ def add_thumbnail(src):
                 'id': video_id,
                 'display_id': display_id,
                 'formats': formats,
-                'subtitles': subtitles,
+                'subtitles': subtitles or self.extract_subtitles(video_id),
                 'duration': int_or_none(reddit_video.get('duration')),
             }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
index 875d6f8aa..7cb91eea4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ class RedCDNLivxIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    """
+    '''
     Known methods (first in url path):
     - `livedash` - DASH MPD
     - `livehls` - HTTP Live Streaming
     - `livess` - IIS Smooth Streaming
     - `nvr` - CCTV mode, directly returns a file, typically flv, avc1, aac
     - `sc` - shoutcast/icecast (audio streams, like radio)
-    """
+    '''
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         tenant, path = self._match_valid_url(url).group('tenant', 'id')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
index f9453202b..50138ab12 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import functools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
     try_get,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
 )
 
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _fetch_oauth_token(self, video_id):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to get temporary token')
         self._API_HEADERS['authorization'] = f'Bearer {auth["token"]}'
 
-    def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, **kwargs):
         for first_attempt in True, False:
             if 'authorization' not in self._API_HEADERS:
                 self._fetch_oauth_token(video_id)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
                 headers = dict(self._API_HEADERS)
                 headers['x-customheader'] = f'https://www.redgifs.com/watch/{video_id}'
                 data = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://api.redgifs.com/v2/{ep}', video_id, headers=headers, *args, **kwargs)
+                    f'https://api.redgifs.com/v2/{ep}', video_id, headers=headers, **kwargs)
                 break
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if first_attempt and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://thumbs2.redgifs.com/SqueakyHelplessWisent-mobile.mp4#t=0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'tags=Lesbian',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by trending'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by trending',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'type=g&order=latest&tags=Lesbian',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -184,15 +184,15 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'type=g&order=latest&tags=Lesbian&page=2',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest',
             },
             'playlist_count': 80,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         query_str = self._match_valid_url(url).group('query')
-        query = compat_parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
         if not query.get('tags'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid query tags', expected=True)
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89?page=3',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent',
             },
             'playlist_count': 30,
         },
@@ -238,17 +238,17 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89?order=best&type=g',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by best'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by best',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, query_str = self._match_valid_url(url).group('username', 'query')
         playlist_id = f'{username}?{query_str}' if query_str else username
 
-        query = compat_parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
         order = query.get('order', ('recent',))[0]
 
         entries = self._paged_entries(f'users/{username}/search', playlist_id, query, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
index 965abbee8..94a90540d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
     str_to_int,
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for patterns, message in ERRORS:
             if any(p in webpage for p in patterns):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Video %s %s' % (video_id, message), expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} {message}', expected=True)
 
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, default={})
 
         if not info.get('title'):
             info['title'] = self._html_search_regex(
                 (r'<h(\d)[^>]+class="(?:video_title_text|videoTitle|video_title)[^"]*">(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)</h\1>',
-                 r'(?:videoTitle|title)\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',),
+                 r'(?:videoTitle|title)\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1'),
                 webpage, 'title', group='title',
                 default=None) or self._og_search_title(webpage)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
index abb537cf3..aed438096 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class RENTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Документальный спецпроект: "Промывка мозгов. Технологии XXI века"',
             'timestamp': 1472230800,
             'upload_date': '20160826',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ren.tv/player/118577',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ class RENTVArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Видео: микроавтобус, попавший в ДТП с грузовиками в Подмосковье, превратился в груду металла',
             'description': 'Жертвами столкновения двух фур и микроавтобуса, по последним данным, стали семь человек.',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # TODO: invalid m3u8
         'url': 'http://ren.tv/novosti/2015-09-25/sluchaynyy-prohozhiy-poymal-avtougonshchika-v-murmanske-video',
@@ -99,6 +98,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             media_id = config_profile.get('mediaid')
             if not media_id:
                 continue
-            media_id = compat_str(media_id)
+            media_id = str(media_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result('rentv:' + media_id, 'RENTV', media_id))
         return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
index f49262a65..e10811ba9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RestudyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://portal.restudy.dk/video/leiden-frosteffekt/id/1637',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage).strip()
 
         formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-            'https://cdn.portal.restudy.dk/dynamic/themes/front/awsmedia/SmilDirectory/video_%s.xml' % video_id,
+            f'https://cdn.portal.restudy.dk/dynamic/themes/front/awsmedia/SmilDirectory/video_{video_id}.xml',
             video_id)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
index 0a8f13b9f..69a858a3f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    js_to_json,
     int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
 
@@ -18,25 +18,25 @@ class ReutersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '368575562',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'San Francisco police chief resigns',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.reuters.com/assets/iframe/yovideo?videoId=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.reuters.com/assets/iframe/yovideo?videoId={video_id}', video_id)
         video_data = js_to_json(self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)Reuters\.yovideo\.drawPlayer\(({.*?})\);',
             webpage, 'video data'))
 
         def get_json_value(key, fatal=False):
-            return self._search_regex(r'"%s"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"' % key, video_data, key, fatal=fatal)
+            return self._search_regex(rf'"{key}"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', video_data, key, fatal=fatal)
 
         title = unescapeHTML(get_json_value('title', fatal=True))
         mmid, fid = re.search(r',/(\d+)\?f=(\d+)', get_json_value('flv', fatal=True)).groups()
 
         mas_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://mas-e.cds1.yospace.com/mas/%s/%s?trans=json' % (mmid, fid),
+            f'http://mas-e.cds1.yospace.com/mas/{mmid}/{fid}?trans=json',
             video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         formats = []
         for f in mas_data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
index 06b6c3c2f..ddf8c3753 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         api_res = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.reverbnation.com/song/%s' % song_id,
+            f'https://api.reverbnation.com/song/{song_id}',
             song_id,
-            note='Downloading information of song %s' % song_id
+            note=f'Downloading information of song {song_id}',
         )
 
         THUMBNAILS = ('thumbnail', 'image')
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if api_res.get(thumb_key):
                 thumbnails.append({
                     'url': api_res[thumb_key],
-                    'preference': quality(thumb_key)
+                    'preference': quality(thumb_key),
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
index 78f838ac1..58722bb95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class RideHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'release_date': '20220108',
                 'release_timestamp': 1641672000,
                 'duration': 2789.38122,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$',
             },
         }],
     }, {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RideHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'release_date': '20211026',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635272124,
                 'duration': 2266.30531,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$',
             },
         }],
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
index f87b895df..5bc2eb883 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class RinseFMIE(RinseFMBaseIE):
             'title': 'Club Glow - 15/12/2023 - 20:00',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
             'release_timestamp': 1702598400,
-            'release_date': '20231215'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231215',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -58,22 +58,22 @@ class RinseFMArtistPlaylistIE(RinseFMBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'resources',
             'title': '[re]sources',
-            'description': '[re]sources est un label parisien piloté par le DJ et producteur Tommy Kid.'
+            'description': '[re]sources est un label parisien piloté par le DJ et producteur Tommy Kid.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 40
+        'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rinse.fm/shows/ivy/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ivy',
             'title': '[IVY]',
-            'description': 'A dedicated space for DNB/Turbo House and 4x4.'
+            'description': 'A dedicated space for DNB/Turbo House and 4x4.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 7
+        'playlist_mincount': 7,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, data):
         for episode in traverse_obj(data, (
-            'props', 'pageProps', 'episodes', lambda _, v: determine_ext(v['fileUrl']) in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio)
+            'props', 'pageProps', 'episodes', lambda _, v: determine_ext(v['fileUrl']) in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio),
         ):
             yield self._parse_entry(episode)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
index 8d29b302b..e7b1e2297 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveLegacyIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import smuggle_url
 
 
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         brightcove_legacy_url = BrightcoveLegacyIE._extract_brightcove_url(webpage)
         if brightcove_legacy_url:
-            brightcove_id = compat_parse_qs(compat_urlparse.urlparse(
+            brightcove_id = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
                 brightcove_legacy_url).query)['@videoPlayer'][0]
         else:
             brightcove_id = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
index 16622430c..02abd482c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RockstarGamesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1464876000,
             'upload_date': '20160602',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rockstargames.com/videos#/?video=48',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
index 3bc5f3cab..be174655e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 213,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/post/223/Julian-Assange-Arrested-Streaming-In-Real-Time',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^', 'RealProgressives^'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rokfin.com/stream/10543/Its-A-Crazy-Mess-Regional-Director-Blows-Whistle-On-Pfizers-Vaccine-Trial-Data',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/post/126703/Brave-New-World--Aldous-Huxley-DEEPDIVE--Chpts-13--Quite-Frankly--Jay-Dyer',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^', 'OpenMind^'],
             'description': 'md5:cb04e32e68326c9b2b251b297bacff35',
             'duration': 3100,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/stream/31332/The-Grayzone-live-on-Nordstream-blame-game',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230310',
             'upload_date': '20230310',
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def _get_comments(self, video_id):
                     'parent': 'root',
                     'like_count': int_or_none(comment.get('numLikes')),
                     'dislike_count': int_or_none(comment.get('numDislikes')),
-                    'timestamp': unified_timestamp(comment.get('postedAt'))
+                    'timestamp': unified_timestamp(comment.get('postedAt')),
                 }
 
             pages_total = int_or_none(raw_comments.get('totalPages')) or None
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'code': urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urldefrag(urlh.url).fragment).get('code')[0],
                 'client_id': 'web',
                 'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
-                'redirect_uri': 'https://rokfin.com/silent-check-sso.html'
+                'redirect_uri': 'https://rokfin.com/silent-check-sso.html',
             }))
 
     def _authentication_active(self):
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ def _download_json_using_access_token(self, url_or_request, video_id, headers={}
             data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
                 'refresh_token': refresh_token,
-                'client_id': 'web'
+                'client_id': 'web',
             }))
         headers['authorization'] = self._get_auth_token()
         if headers['authorization'] is None:
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class RokfinSearchIE(SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '"zelenko"',
             'title': '"zelenko"',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _db_url = None
     _db_access_key = None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
index 5c622399d..8b0099ec3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, data):
             'availability': self._availability(
                 needs_premium=sub_only, needs_subscription=sub_only, needs_auth=sub_only,
                 is_private=False, is_unlisted=False),
-            'tags': attributes.get('genres')
+            'tags': attributes.get('genres'),
         }
 
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
                 if self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), display_id).get('access') is False:
                     self.raise_login_required(
-                        '%s is only available for FIRST members' % display_id)
+                        f'{display_id} is only available for FIRST members')
             raise
 
         # XXX: additional ad-free URL at video_data['links']['download'] but often gives 403 errors
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            **self._extract_video_info(episode)
+            **self._extract_video_info(episode),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
index e35717522..c229a1c4b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RottenTomatoesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '11028566',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Toy Story 3',
-            'description': 'From the creators of the beloved TOY STORY films, comes a story that will reunite the gang in a whole new way.'
+            'description': 'From the creators of the beloved TOY STORY films, comes a story that will reunite the gang in a whole new way.',
         },
         'skip': 'No longer available',
     }, {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class RottenTomatoesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Toy Story 3: Trailer 2',
             'description': '',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 149.941
+            'duration': 149.941,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/toy_story_3',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
index 411a62519..4a10720ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class RozhlasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '3421320',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Echo Pavla Klusáka (30.06.2015 21:00)',
-            'description': 'Osmdesátiny Terryho Rileyho jsou skvělou příležitostí proletět se elektronickými i akustickými díly zakladatatele minimalismu, který je aktivní už přes padesát let'
-        }
+            'description': 'Osmdesátiny Terryho Rileyho jsou skvělou příležitostí proletět se elektronickými i akustickými díly zakladatatele minimalismu, který je aktivní už přes padesát let',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/3421320/embed',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/%s' % audio_id, audio_id)
+            f'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/{audio_id}', audio_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h3>(.+?)</h3>\s*<p[^>]*>.*?</p>\s*<div[^>]+id=["\']player-track',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             'id': audio_id,
-            'url': 'http://media.rozhlas.cz/_audio/%s.mp3' % audio_id,
+            'url': f'http://media.rozhlas.cz/_audio/{audio_id}.mp3',
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'duration': duration,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RozhlasVltavaIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'artist': 'Aleš Stuchlý',
                 'channel_id': 'radio-wave',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wave.rozhlas.cz/poslechnete-si-neklid-podcastovy-thriller-o-vine-strachu-a-vztahu-ktery-zasel-8554744',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class RozhlasVltavaIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'chapter': 'Neklid #5',
                 'chapter_number': 5,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://dvojka.rozhlas.cz/karel-siktanc-cerny-jezdec-bily-kun-napinava-pohadka-o-tajemnem-prizraku-8946969',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, entry):
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
                 'artist': ('meta', 'ga', 'contentAuthor'),
                 'channel_id': ('meta', 'ga', 'contentCreator'),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ def _extract_audio_entry(self, entry):
                 'timestamp': ('attributes', 'since', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'modified_timestamp': ('attributes', 'updated', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'thumbnail': ('attributes', 'asset', 'url', {url_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
     def _entries(self, api_url, playlist_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
index 7ba80d4ba..42ee9d2bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
     url_or_none,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     error_info = self._parse_json(ee.cause.response.read().decode(), item_id, fatal=False)
                     if error_info:
                         raise ExtractorError(
-                            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_info['message']),
+                            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, error_info['message']),
                             expected=True)
                 raise
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
index 07e1aa3ce..86e383a01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class RTL2IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'folge-203-0',
             'ext': 'f4v',
             'title': 'GRIP sucht den Sommerkönig',
-            'description': 'md5:e3adbb940fd3c6e76fa341b8748b562f'
+            'description': 'md5:e3adbb940fd3c6e76fa341b8748b562f',
         },
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class RTL2IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'anna-erwischt-alex',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Anna erwischt Alex!',
-            'description': 'Anna nimmt ihrem Vater nicht ab, dass er nicht spielt. Und tatsächlich erwischt sie ihn auf frischer Tat.'
+            'description': 'Anna nimmt ihrem Vater nicht ab, dass er nicht spielt. Und tatsächlich erwischt sie ihn auf frischer Tat.',
         },
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
index 724cb64e9..4537b3dc4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class RtlNlIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://screenshots\.rtl\.nl/(?:[^/]+/)*sz=[0-9]+x[0-9]+/uuid=84ae5571-ac25-4225-ae0c-ef8d9efb2aed$',
             'upload_date': '20150215',
             'description': 'Er zijn nieuwe beelden vrijgegeven die vlak na de aanslag in Kopenhagen zijn gemaakt. Op de video is goed te zien hoe omstanders zich bekommeren om één van de slachtoffers, terwijl de eerste agenten ter plaatse komen.',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # empty synopsis and missing episodes (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6275)
         # best format available nettv
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ class RtlNlIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uuid = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.rtl.nl/system/s4m/vfd/version=2/uuid=%s/fmt=adaptive/' % uuid,
+            f'http://www.rtl.nl/system/s4m/vfd/version=2/uuid={uuid}/fmt=adaptive/',
             uuid)
 
         material = info['material'][0]
         title = info['abstracts'][0]['name']
         subtitle = material.get('title')
         if subtitle:
-            title += ' - %s' % subtitle
+            title += f' - {subtitle}'
         description = material.get('synopsis')
 
         meta = info.get('meta', {})
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     r'/sz=([0-9]+)', meta[p], 'thumbnail width', fatal=False)),
                 'height': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                     r'/sz=[0-9]+x([0-9]+)',
-                    meta[p], 'thumbnail height', fatal=False))
+                    meta[p], 'thumbnail height', fatal=False)),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class RTLLuTeleVODIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2021/11/16/d3647fc4-470d-11ec-adc2-3a00abd6e90f_00008.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:b1db974408cc858c9fd241812e4a2a14',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/video/3295215',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class RTLLuTeleVODIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/06/28/0000_3295215_0000.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:85bcd4e0490aa6ec969d9bf16927437b',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/rtl2008.lu/nt/p/2022/06/28/19/e4b37d66ddf00bab4c45617b91a5bb9b.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:5eab4a2a911c1fff7efc1682a38f9ef7',
             'title': 'md5:40aa85f135578fbd549d3c9370321f99',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 5minutes
         'url': 'https://5minutes.rtl.lu/espace-frontaliers/frontaliers-en-questions/a/1853173.html',
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ac031da0740e997a5cf4633173634fee',
             'title': 'md5:87e17722ed21af0f24be3243f4ec0c46',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/01/26/screenshot_20220126104933_3274749_12b249833469b0d6e4440a1dec83cdfa.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # today.lu
         'url': 'https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1936203.html',
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'title': 'Once Upon A Time...zu Lëtzebuerg: The Three Witches\' Tower',
             'description': 'The witchy theme continues in the latest episode of Once Upon A Time...',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/07/02/screenshot_20220702122859_3290019_412dc5185951b7f6545a4039c8be9235.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Télé LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/channel1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Tele:live-2
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/tele/live-2',
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Télé LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/channel2.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Radio:lauschteren
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/radio/lauschteren',
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Radio LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/rtlradiowebtv.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -290,5 +290,5 @@ class RTLLuRadioIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:f855a4f3e3235393ae47ed1db5d934b9',
             'title': '5 vir 12 - Stau um Stau',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/rtlg//2022/06/24/c9c19e5694a14be46a3647a3760e1f62.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
index 6be9945f7..558511f1c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '546301',
             'title': 'Crowds gather to greet deported Djokovic as he returns to Serbia (VIDEO)',
             'description': 'md5:1d5bfe1a988d81fd74227cfdf93d314d',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2022.01/article/61e587a085f540102c3386c1.png'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2022.01/article/61e587a085f540102c3386c1.png',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rt.com/shows/in-question/535980-plot-to-assassinate-julian-assange/',
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '535980',
             'title': 'The plot to assassinate Julian Assange',
             'description': 'md5:55279ce5e4441dc1d16e2e4a730152cd',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2021.09/article/615226f42030274e8879b53d.png'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2021.09/article/615226f42030274e8879b53d.png',
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '6152271d85f5400464496162',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, webpage):
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ def _entries(self, webpage):
                 }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'entries': self._entries(webpage),
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:647c76984b7cb9a8b52a567e87448d88',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/rtd-files/films/escobars-hitman/escobars-hitman_11.jpg',
             'average_rating': 8.53,
-            'duration': 3134.0
+            'duration': 3134.0,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rtd.rt.com/shows/the-kalashnikova-show-military-secrets-anna-knishenko/iskander-tactical-system-natos-headache/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 274.0,
             'timestamp': 1605726000,
             'view_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20201118'
+            'upload_date': '20201118',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rtd.rt.com/series/i-am-hacked-trailer/introduction-to-safe-digital-life-ep2/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,29 +101,29 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1524.0,
             'timestamp': 1636977600,
             'view_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20211115'
+            'upload_date': '20211115',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         ld_json = self._search_json_ld(webpage, None, fatal=False)
         if not ld_json:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
         media_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'(?s)\'Med\'\s*:\s*\[\s*({.+})\s*\]\s*};', webpage, 'media info'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         if 'title' not in ld_json and 'title' in media_json:
             ld_json['title'] = media_json['title']
         formats = [{'url': src['file']} for src in media_json.get('sources') or [] if src.get('file')]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'thumbnail': media_json.get('image'),
             'formats': formats,
-            **ld_json
+            **ld_json,
         }
 
 
@@ -144,23 +144,23 @@ class RTDocumentryPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, webpage, id):
+    def _entries(self, webpage, playlist_id):
         video_urls = set(re.findall(r'list-2__link\s*"\s*href="([^"]+)"', webpage))
         for v_url in video_urls:
-            if id not in v_url:
+            if playlist_id not in v_url:
                 continue
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://rtd.rt.com%s' % v_url,
+                f'https://rtd.rt.com{v_url}',
                 ie=RTDocumentryIE.ie_key())
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
-            'entries': self._entries(webpage, id),
+            'id': playlist_id,
+            'entries': self._entries(webpage, playlist_id),
         }
 
 
@@ -174,20 +174,20 @@ class RuptlyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Japan: Double trouble! Tokyo zoo presents adorable panda twins | Video Ruptly',
             'description': 'md5:85a8da5fdb31486f0562daf4360ce75a',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://storage.ruptly.tv/thumbnails/20220112-020/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://storage.ruptly.tv/thumbnails/20220112-020/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         m3u8_url = self._search_regex(r'preview_url"\s?:\s?"(https?://storage\.ruptly\.tv/video_projects/.+\.m3u8)"', webpage, 'm3u8 url', fatal=False)
         if not m3u8_url:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
-        formats, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, id, ext='mp4')
+        formats, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4')
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subs,
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
index 5928a207a..944e8636a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+import base64
+import json
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import js_to_json
-import re
-import json
-import urllib.parse
-import base64
 
 
 class RTPIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ def __unobfuscate(self, data, *, video_id):
             data = self._RX_OBFUSCATION.sub(
                 lambda m: json.dumps(
                     base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(
-                        ''.join(self._parse_json(m.group(1), video_id))
+                        ''.join(self._parse_json(m.group(1), video_id)),
                     )).decode('iso-8859-1')),
                 data)
         return js_to_json(data)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
index 7381d8202..7421e4249 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             url = None
             self.raise_no_formats('Expired or no episode on this date', expected=True)
         return {
-            'id': '%s-%s' % (show, date),
-            'title': '%s %s' % (title, date),
+            'id': f'{show}-{date}',
+            'title': f'{title} {date}',
             'series': title,
             'url': url,
             'release_date': date,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
index bce5cba82..dc1e2d3b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .srgssr import SRGSSRIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         {
             'url': 'http://pages.rts.ch/emissions/passe-moi-les-jumelles/5624065-entre-ciel-et-mer.html',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def download_json(internal_id):
             return self._download_json(
-                'http://www.rts.ch/a/%s.html?f=json/article' % internal_id,
+                f'http://www.rts.ch/a/{internal_id}.html?f=json/article',
                 display_id)
 
         all_info = download_json(media_id)
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ def download_json(internal_id):
                         r'(?s)<iframe[^>]+class="srg-player"[^>]+src="[^"]+urn:([^"]+)"',
                         page)
                 if videos:
-                    entries = [self.url_result('srgssr:%s' % video_urn, 'SRGSSR') for video_urn in videos]
+                    entries = [self.url_result(f'srgssr:{video_urn}', 'SRGSSR') for video_urn in videos]
 
             if entries:
                 return self.playlist_result(entries, media_id, all_info.get('title'))
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ def extract_bitrate(url):
                     'tbr': extract_bitrate(format_url),
                 })
 
-        download_base = 'http://rtsww%s-d.rts.ch/' % ('-a' if media_type == 'audio' else '')
+        download_base = 'http://rtsww{}-d.rts.ch/'.format('-a' if media_type == 'audio' else '')
         for media in info.get('media', []):
             media_url = media.get('url')
             if not media_url or re.match(r'https?://', media_url):
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ def extract_bitrate(url):
         self._check_formats(formats, media_id)
 
         duration = info.get('duration') or info.get('cutout') or info.get('cutduration')
-        if isinstance(duration, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(duration, str):
             duration = parse_duration(duration)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
index 741c47262..5b0eee965 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 import re
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor, ExtractorError
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     mimetype2ext,
     traverse_obj,
-    urljoin,
     url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ class RTVCPlayEmbedIE(RTVCPlayBaseIE):
             'title': 'Tráiler: Señoritas',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'title': 'title',
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('image', ..., 'thumbnail', 'path'),
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
 
@@ -281,5 +282,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'title': 'title',
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('channel', 'image', 'logo', 'path'),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
index a99a266c6..7e0b666ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import struct
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -62,14 +61,14 @@ class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
-        user_agent_b64 = base64.b64encode(self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent'].encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
+        user_agent_b64 = base64.b64encode(self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent'].encode()).decode('utf-8')
         self._manager = self._download_json(
             'http://www.rtve.es/odin/loki/' + user_agent_b64,
             None, 'Fetching manager info')['manager']
 
     @staticmethod
     def _decrypt_url(png):
-        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(compat_b64decode(png)[8:])
+        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(png)[8:])
         while True:
             length = struct.unpack('!I', encrypted_data.read(4))[0]
             chunk_type = encrypted_data.read(4)
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def _decrypt_url(png):
 
     def _extract_png_formats(self, video_id):
         png = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/%s/videos/%s.png' % (self._manager, video_id),
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/videos/{video_id}.png',
             video_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
         q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
         formats = []
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ def _extract_png_formats(self, video_id):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/api/videos/%s/config/alacarta_videos.json' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/api/videos/{video_id}/config/alacarta_videos.json',
             video_id)['page']['items'][0]
         if info['state'] == 'DESPU':
             raise ExtractorError('The video is no longer available', expected=True)
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Ignatius Farray',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1613243011863.jpg',
             'duration': 3559.559,
-            'series': 'En Radio 3'
+            'series': 'En Radio 3',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/frankenstein-o-el-moderno-prometeo/capitulo-26-ultimo-muerte-victor-juan-jose-plans-mary-shelley/6082623/',
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Capítulo 26 y último: La muerte de Victor',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1632147445707.jpg',
             'duration': 3174.086,
-            'series': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo'
+            'series': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -217,8 +216,7 @@ def _extract_png_formats(self, audio_id):
         media url
         """
         png = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/%s/audios/%s.png' %
-            (self._manager, audio_id),
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/audios/{audio_id}.png',
             audio_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
         q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
         formats = []
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ def _extract_png_formats(self, audio_id):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/%s.json' % audio_id,
+            f'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/{audio_id}.json',
             audio_id)['page']['items'][0]
 
         return {
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ class RTVELiveIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'live stream',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
index a84a78da8..927da5778 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2854,
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0000/b1R8.rtvs.jpg',
             'display_id': '135331',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # tv archive
         'url': 'http://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/8249/63118',
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1428555900,
             'upload_date': '20150409',
             'duration': 4986,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # tv archive
         'url': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/18083?utm_source=web&utm_medium=rozcestnik&utm_campaign=Robin',
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 831,
             'upload_date': '20211111',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0916/robin.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -81,5 +80,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': parse_duration(traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'length'))),
             'thumbnail': traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'image')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'datetime_create'))),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
index 39ace7cc6..e71d01d1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class RTVSLOIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://4d.rtvslo.si/arhiv/dnevnik/174842550',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'format_note': 'Sign language interpretation', 'preference': -10,
                     'language': (
                         'slv' if f.get('language') == 'eng' and f.get('acodec') != 'none'
-                        else f.get('language'))
+                        else f.get('language')),
                 })
 
         for mediafile in traverse_obj(media, ('mediaFiles', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['streams']['https']))):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
index 11095b262..3630f5e40 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class Rule34VideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Sweet HMV',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://rule34video.com/members/22119/',
                 'categories': ['3D', 'MMD', 'iwara'],
-                'tags': 'mincount:10'
-            }
+                'tags': 'mincount:10',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://rule34video.com/videos/3065296/lara-in-trouble-ep-7-wildeerstudio/',
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class Rule34VideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'CerZule',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://rule34video.com/members/36281/',
                 'categories': ['3D', 'Tomb Raider'],
-                'tags': 'mincount:40'
-            }
+                'tags': 'mincount:40',
+            },
         },
     ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
index 837a324e6..db780a2cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 234,
             'uploader': 'WMAR',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/vslb7v',
         'md5': '7418035de1a30a178b8af34dc2b6a52b',
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 901,
             'uploader': 'CTNews',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/vunh1h',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     {
                         'url': r're:https://.+\.vtt',
                         'name': 'English',
-                        'ext': 'vtt'
-                    }
-                ]
+                        'ext': 'vtt',
+                    },
+                ],
             },
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/v1essrt',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Lofi Girl',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/v1amumr',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Rumble Events',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/ufe9n.v5pv5f',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Mr Producer Media',
                 'upload_date': '20220610',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         'filesize': 'size',
                         'width': 'w',
                         'height': 'h',
-                    }, expected_type=lambda x: int(x) or None)
+                    }, expected_type=lambda x: int(x) or None),
                 })
 
         subtitles = {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class RumbleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rumble.com/vDMUM1?key=value',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'<span data-js="rumbles_up_votes">\s*([\d,.KM]+)', webpage, 'like count', default=None)),
             'dislike_count': parse_count(self._search_regex(
                 r'<span data-js="rumbles_down_votes">\s*([\d,.KM]+)', webpage, 'dislike count', default=None)),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('media-description', webpage))
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('media-description', webpage)),
         }
 
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ class RumbleChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
     def entries(self, url, playlist_id):
         for page in itertools.count(1):
             try:
-                webpage = self._download_webpage(f'{url}?page={page}', playlist_id, note='Downloading page %d' % page)
+                webpage = self._download_webpage(f'{url}?page={page}', playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page}')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
                     break
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
index 287824d08..d389b3209 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     bool_or_none,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
     try_get,
@@ -21,7 +18,7 @@ def _download_api_info(self, video_id, query=None):
             query = {}
         query['format'] = 'json'
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://rutube.ru/api/video/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://rutube.ru/api/video/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON',
             'Unable to download video JSON', query=query)
 
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ def _extract_info(self, video, video_id=None, require_title=True):
             'thumbnail': video.get('thumbnail_url'),
             'duration': duration,
             'uploader': try_get(video, lambda x: x['author']['name']),
-            'uploader_id': compat_str(uploader_id) if uploader_id else None,
+            'uploader_id': str(uploader_id) if uploader_id else None,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('created_ts')),
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
             'age_limit': age_limit,
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ def _download_api_options(self, video_id, query=None):
             query = {}
         query['format'] = 'json'
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://rutube.ru/api/play/options/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://rutube.ru/api/play/options/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading options JSON',
             'Unable to download options JSON',
             headers=self.geo_verification_headers(), query=query)
@@ -171,7 +168,7 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RutubePlaylistIE.suitable(url) else super(RutubeIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RutubePlaylistIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -236,7 +233,7 @@ def _entries(self, playlist_id, *args, **kwargs):
             page = self._download_json(
                 next_page_url or self._next_page_url(
                     pagenum, playlist_id, *args, **kwargs),
-                playlist_id, 'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                playlist_id, f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
 
             results = page.get('results')
             if not results or not isinstance(results, list):
@@ -335,7 +332,7 @@ class RutubePlaylistIE(RutubePlaylistBaseIE):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_qs
 
-        if not super(RutubePlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url):
+        if not super().suitable(url):
             return False
         params = parse_qs(url)
         return params.get('pl_type', [None])[0] and int_or_none(params.get('pl_id', [None])[0])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
index d7f9a7337..9bd26ad03 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
-    str_to_int
-)
+from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, str_to_int
 
 
 class RUTVIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -128,18 +124,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         is_live = video_type == 'live'
 
         json_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/data%s/id/%s' % ('live' if is_live else 'video', video_id),
+            'http://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/data{}/id/{}'.format('live' if is_live else 'video', video_id),
             video_id, 'Downloading JSON')
 
         if json_data['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, json_data['errors']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, json_data['errors']), expected=True)
 
         playlist = json_data['data']['playlist']
         medialist = playlist['medialist']
         media = medialist[0]
 
         if media['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, media['errors']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, media['errors']), expected=True)
 
         view_count = int_or_none(playlist.get('count_views'))
         priority_transport = playlist['priority_transport']
@@ -179,12 +175,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     continue
                 else:
                     fmt = {
-                        'url': url
+                        'url': url,
                     }
                 fmt.update({
                     'width': int_or_none(quality, default=height, invscale=width, scale=height),
                     'height': int_or_none(quality, default=height),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (transport, quality),
+                    'format_id': f'{transport}-{quality}',
                     'source_preference': preference,
                 })
                 formats.append(fmt)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
index 33f6652df..2dddb39f9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     find_xpath_attr,
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video_xml = self._download_xml(
-            '%s/media-xml-cache' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/media-xml-cache', video_id,
             query={'id': video_id})
 
         formats = []
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ def extract_formats(node):
                     processed_urls.append(video_url)
                     ext = determine_ext(video_url)
                     auth_video_url = url_or_none(self._download_webpage(
-                        '%s/auth/access/v2' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
-                        note='Downloading authenticated %s stream URL' % ext,
+                        f'{self._API_BASE}/auth/access/v2', video_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading authenticated {ext} stream URL',
                         fatal=False, query={'stream': video_url}))
                     if auth_video_url:
                         processed_urls.append(auth_video_url)
@@ -209,16 +209,16 @@ def extract_formats(node):
                             'vcodec': 'none',
                         })
                     else:
-                        proto = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(video_url).scheme
+                        proto = urllib.parse.urlparse(video_url).scheme
                         if not child.tag.startswith('HTTP') and proto != 'rtmp':
                             continue
                         preference = -1 if proto == 'rtmp' else 1
                         label = child.get('label')
                         tbr = int_or_none(child.get('bitrate'))
-                        format_id = '%s-%s' % (proto, label if label else tbr) if label or tbr else proto
+                        format_id = f'{proto}-{label if label else tbr}' if label or tbr else proto
                         if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                             continue
-                        width, height = [int_or_none(x) for x in child.get('resolution', 'x').split('x')[:2]]
+                        width, height = (int_or_none(x) for x in child.get('resolution', 'x').split('x')[:2])
                         formats.append({
                             'format_id': format_id,
                             'url': video_url,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ def pv(name):
                 self.report_drm(video_id)
             ns_st_cds = pv('ns_st_cds')
             if ns_st_cds != 'free':
-                raise ExtractorError('This video is %s.' % ns_st_cds, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'This video is {ns_st_cds}.', expected=True)
 
         themes = pv('themes')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
index 12499d6ca..5e55a4059 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ class RuvSpilaIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ruv.is/ungruv/spila/ungruv/28046/8beuph',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ruv.is/krakkaruv/spila/krakkafrettir/30712/9jbgb0',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            }''' % (series_id, display_id)})['data']['Program']
+            }''' % (series_id, display_id)})['data']['Program']  # noqa: UP031
         episode = program['episodes'][0]
 
         subs = {}
@@ -182,5 +182,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('firstrun')),
             'formats': formats,
             'age_limit': episode.get('rating'),
-            'chapters': clips
+            'chapters': clips,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
index 67eff723b..6eb8b2b2c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class S4CIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Y Swn',
             'description': 'md5:f7681a30e4955b250b3224aa9fe70cf0',
             'duration': 5340,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Y_Swn_2023S4C_099_ii.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Y_Swn_2023S4C_099_ii.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/clic/programme/856636948',
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class S4CIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Am Dro',
             'duration': 2880,
             'description': 'md5:100d8686fc9a632a0cb2db52a3433ffe',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Am_Dro_2022-23S4C_P6_4005.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Am_Dro_2022-23S4C_P6_4005.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'https://www.s4c.cymru/df/series_details', series_id, query={
                 'lang': 'e',
                 'series_id': series_id,
-                'show_prog_in_series': 'Y'
+                'show_prog_in_series': 'Y',
             }, note='Downloading series details JSON')
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
index 8d322d710..86f34df47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     update_url_query,
@@ -35,9 +31,9 @@ def is_logged(urlh):
             return
 
         redirect_url = urlh.url
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(redirect_url)
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
-        next_uri = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(redirect_url)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        next_uri = urllib.parse.urljoin(
             'https://api.oreilly.com', qs['next'][0])
 
         auth, urlh = self._download_json_handle(
@@ -55,7 +51,7 @@ def is_logged(urlh):
         if (not auth.get('logged_in') and not auth.get('redirect_uri')
                 and credentials):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % credentials, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {credentials}', expected=True)
 
         # oreilly serves two same instances of the following cookies
         # in Set-Cookie header and expects first one to be actually set
@@ -63,7 +59,7 @@ def is_logged(urlh):
             self._apply_first_set_cookie_header(urlh, cookie)
 
         _, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            auth.get('redirect_uri') or next_uri, None, 'Completing login',)
+            auth.get('redirect_uri') or next_uri, None, 'Completing login')
 
         if is_logged(urlh):
             self.LOGGED_IN = True
@@ -125,7 +121,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             partner_id = self._PARTNER_ID
             ui_id = self._UICONF_ID
         else:
-            video_id = '%s-%s' % (mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part'))
+            video_id = '{}-{}'.format(mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part'))
 
             webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id)
 
@@ -145,14 +141,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 group='id')
 
         query = {
-            'wid': '_%s' % partner_id,
+            'wid': f'_{partner_id}',
             'uiconf_id': ui_id,
             'flashvars[referenceId]': reference_id,
         }
 
         if self.LOGGED_IN:
             kaltura_session = self._download_json(
-                '%s/player/kaltura_session/?reference_id=%s' % (self._API_BASE, reference_id),
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/player/kaltura_session/?reference_id={reference_id}',
                 video_id, 'Downloading kaltura session JSON',
                 'Unable to download kaltura session JSON', fatal=False,
                 headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
@@ -181,7 +177,7 @@ class SafariApiIE(SafariBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         part = self._download_json(
-            url, '%s/%s' % (mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part')),
+            url, '{}/{}'.format(mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part')),
             'Downloading part JSON')
         web_url = part['web_url']
         if 'library/view' in web_url:
@@ -237,18 +233,18 @@ class SafariCourseIE(SafariBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if SafariIE.suitable(url) or SafariApiIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(SafariCourseIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         course_json = self._download_json(
-            '%s/book/%s/?override_format=%s' % (self._API_BASE, course_id, self._API_FORMAT),
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/book/{course_id}/?override_format={self._API_FORMAT}',
             course_id, 'Downloading course JSON')
 
         if 'chapters' not in course_json:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'No chapters found for course %s' % course_id, expected=True)
+                f'No chapters found for course {course_id}', expected=True)
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(chapter, SafariApiIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
index a5f05e1d0..4ed919572 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         base += '&sid=' + sid
 
         self._download_webpage(base, b_id, note='Polling socket')
-        payload = '420["room_start_join",{"room_id":"%s"}]' % b_id
-        payload = '%s:%s' % (len(payload), payload)
+        payload = f'420["room_start_join",{{"room_id":"{b_id}"}}]'
+        payload = f'{len(payload)}:{payload}'
 
         self._download_webpage(base, b_id, data=payload, note='Polling socket with payload')
         response = self._download_socket_json(base, b_id, note='Polling socket')
         if not response.get('ok'):
             err = response.get('error') or {}
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s - %s' % (self.IE_NAME, err.get('code', '?'), err.get('msg', 'Unknown')) if err
+                '{} said: {} - {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, err.get('code', '?'), err.get('msg', 'Unknown')) if err
                 else 'The socket reported that the broadcast could not be joined. Maybe it\'s offline or the URL is incorrect',
                 expected=True, video_id=b_id)
 
@@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, b_id, 'mp4', live=True),
             'thumbnail': m3u8_url.replace('av.m3u8', 'thumb'),
             'uploader': try_get(b_data, lambda x: x['broadcast_user']['name']),  # same as title
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
index e9f5c227b..36ceb0254 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ class SampleFocusIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://samplefocus.com/samples/dababy-style-bass-808',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://samplefocus.com/samples/young-chop-kick',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def extract_count(klass):
             return int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+class=(?:["\'])?%s-count[^>]*>(\d+)' % klass,
+                rf'<span[^>]+class=(?:["\'])?{klass}-count[^>]*>(\d+)',
                 webpage, klass, fatal=False))
 
         return {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def extract_count(klass):
                 r'<a[^>]+href=(["\'])/license\1[^>]*>(?P<license>[^<]+)<',
                 webpage, 'license', fatal=False, group='license'),
             'uploader_id': uploader_id,
-            'like_count': extract_count('sample-%s-favorites' % sample_id),
+            'like_count': extract_count(f'sample-{sample_id}-favorites'),
             'comment_count': extract_count('comments'),
             'comments': comments,
             'categories': categories,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
index beffaee59..2b8c078ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         item = self._download_xml(
-            'http://rd3.videos.sapo.pt/%s/rss2' % video_id, video_id).find('./channel/item')
+            f'http://rd3.videos.sapo.pt/{video_id}/rss2', video_id).find('./channel/item')
 
         title = item.find('./title').text
         description = item.find('./{http://videos.sapo.pt/mrss/}synopse').text
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
index 001d19ee1..93cf14fd0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
         for stream in traverse_obj(details, (
-            'vod', 'source', 'mediasourcelist', lambda _, v: v['mediaurl'] or v['mediarscuse']
+            'vod', 'source', 'mediasourcelist', lambda _, v: v['mediaurl'] or v['mediarscuse'],
         ), default=[source]):
             if not stream.get('mediaurl'):
                 new_source = traverse_obj(
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'format_id': stream.get('mediarscuse'),
                 'format_note': stream.get('medianame'),
                 **parse_resolution(stream.get('quality')),
-                'preference': int_or_none(stream.get('mediarscuse'))
+                'preference': int_or_none(stream.get('mediarscuse')),
             })
 
         caption_url = traverse_obj(details, ('vod', 'source', 'subtitle', {url_or_none}))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
index df5e79bef..44b58911f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import urllib.request
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Color Measurement with Ocean Optics Spectrometers',
             'description': 'md5:240369cde69d8bed61349a199c5fb153',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/V2uXehPJa1ZI',
         'md5': 'e8e4b375a7660a9e7e35c33973410d34',
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Amadeus Spectrometer',
             'description': 're:^In this video, our friends at.*To learn more about Amadeus, visit',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/aAB3iowa',
         'md5': 'dedb2734ed00c9755761ccaee88527cd',
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Google Earth Export',
             'description': 'Provides a demo of a CommunityViz export to Google Earth, one of the 3D viewing options.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/X3ddTrYh',
         'md5': '669ee55ff9c51988b4ebc0877cc8b159',
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Toolkit 6 User Group Webinar (2014-03-04) - Default Judgment and First Impression',
             'description': 'md5:7b9f393bc92af02326a5c5889639eab0',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://screencast.com/t/aAB3iowa',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -71,8 +70,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if flash_vars_s:
                     flash_vars_s = flash_vars_s.replace(',', '&')
             if flash_vars_s:
-                flash_vars = compat_parse_qs(flash_vars_s)
-                video_url_raw = urllib.request.quote(
+                flash_vars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(flash_vars_s)
+                video_url_raw = urllib.parse.quote(
                     flash_vars['content'][0])
                 video_url = video_url_raw.replace('http%3A', 'http:')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
index 28e25e9d8..3af9135a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ScreencastOMaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'as the title says! also: some general info re 1) VCE philosophy and 2) distance learning.',
             'duration': 369,
             'upload_date': '20141216',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://screencast-o-matic.com/player/c2lD3BeOPl',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
index 3912f7786..d770368a7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import json
 import hashlib
+import json
 
-from .aws import AWSIE
 from .anvato import AnvatoIE
+from .aws import AWSIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     smuggle_url,
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         site_id, video_id = mobj.group('site', 'id')
 
         aws_identity_id_json = json.dumps({
-            'IdentityId': '%s:7655847c-0ae7-4d9b-80d6-56c062927eb3' % self._AWS_REGION
-        }).encode('utf-8')
+            'IdentityId': f'{self._AWS_REGION}:7655847c-0ae7-4d9b-80d6-56c062927eb3',
+        }).encode()
         token = self._download_json(
-            'https://cognito-identity.%s.amazonaws.com/' % self._AWS_REGION, video_id,
+            f'https://cognito-identity.{self._AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/', video_id,
             data=aws_identity_id_json,
             headers={
                 'Accept': '*/*',
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def get(key):
             return xpath_text(
-                sts, './/{https://sts.amazonaws.com/doc/2011-06-15/}%s' % key,
+                sts, f'.//{{https://sts.amazonaws.com/doc/2011-06-15/}}{key}',
                 fatal=True)
 
         mcp_id = self._aws_execute_api({
-            'uri': '/1/web/brands/%s/episodes/scrid/%s' % (self._SNI_TABLE[site_id], video_id),
+            'uri': f'/1/web/brands/{self._SNI_TABLE[site_id]}/episodes/scrid/{video_id}',
             'access_key': get('AccessKeyId'),
             'secret_key': get('SecretAccessKey'),
             'session_token': get('SessionToken'),
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def get(key):
 
         return self.url_result(
             smuggle_url(
-                'anvato:anvato_scripps_app_web_prod_0837996dbe373629133857ae9eb72e740424d80a:%s' % mcp_id,
+                f'anvato:anvato_scripps_app_web_prod_0837996dbe373629133857ae9eb72e740424d80a:{mcp_id}',
                 {'geo_countries': ['US']}),
             AnvatoIE.ie_key(), video_id=mcp_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
index 4f9fa1440..a50822e10 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://zepto.scrolller.com/a-helping-hand-3ty9q8x094-540x960.jpg',
             'title': 'A helping hand',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/tigers-chasing-a-drone-c5d1f2so6j',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://zepto.scrolller.com/tigers-chasing-a-drone-az9pkpguwe-540x303.jpg',
             'title': 'Tigers chasing a drone',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/baby-rhino-smells-something-9chhugsv9p',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://atto.scrolller.com/hmm-whats-that-smell-bh54mf2c52-300x224.jpg',
             'title': 'Baby rhino smells something',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/its-all-fun-and-games-cco8jjmoh7',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://atto.scrolller.com/its-all-fun-and-games-3amk9vg7m3-540x649.jpg',
             'title': 'It\'s all fun and games...',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/may-the-force-be-with-you-octokuro-yeytg1fs7a',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs2.redgifs.com/DarkStarchyNautilus-poster.jpg',
             'title': 'May the force be with you (Octokuro)',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         height
                     }
                 }
-            }''' % video_id
+            }''' % video_id,  # noqa: UP031
         }
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
@@ -98,5 +98,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': video_data.get('title'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': 18 if video_data.get('isNsfw') else 0
+            'age_limit': 18 if video_data.get('isNsfw') else 0,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
index 9c2ca8c51..39711325f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    decode_packed_codes,
     ExtractorError,
+    decode_packed_codes,
     urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
                 r'(?s)<[^>]+class=["\']AsiError["\'][^>]*>(.+?)</',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = self._search_regex(r'<h1>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
 
         context_id = self._search_regex(r'context-(\d+)', webpage, video_id)
-        content_base = 'https://learning.scte.org/pluginfile.php/%s/mod_scorm/content/8/' % context_id
+        content_base = f'https://learning.scte.org/pluginfile.php/{context_id}/mod_scorm/content/8/'
         context = decode_packed_codes(self._download_webpage(
-            '%smobile/data.js' % content_base, video_id))
+            f'{content_base}mobile/data.js', video_id))
 
         data = self._parse_xml(
             self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
index 7ff0cf5b7..cddca09d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_qs,
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'commerce011514',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player'
+            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -80,8 +77,8 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'intel090613',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player'
-        }
+            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
+        },
     }, {
         # From http://www.c-span.org/video/?96791-1
         'url': 'http://www.senate.gov/isvp?type=live&comm=banking&filename=banking012715',
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
 
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('qs'))
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('qs'))
         if not qs.get('filename') or not qs.get('type') or not qs.get('comm'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
@@ -114,13 +111,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
         if video_type == 'arch':
             filename = video_id if '.' in video_id else video_id + '.mp4'
-            m3u8_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(domain, 'i/' + filename + '/master.m3u8')
+            m3u8_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(domain, 'i/' + filename + '/master.m3u8')
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='m3u8')
         else:
             hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.1.0'
             url_params = (domain, video_id, stream_num)
             f4m_url = f'%s/z/%s_1@%s/manifest.f4m?{hdcore_sign}' % url_params
-            m3u8_url = '%s/i/%s_1@%s/master.m3u8' % url_params
+            m3u8_url = '{}/i/{}_1@{}/master.m3u8'.format(*url_params)
             for entry in self._extract_f4m_formats(f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='f4m'):
                 # URLs without the extra param induce an 404 error
                 entry.update({'extra_param_to_segment_url': hdcore_sign})
@@ -196,5 +193,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
index 1ecea71fc..ecf4b27d7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    float_or_none,
-    parse_iso8601,
-    update_url_query,
-    int_or_none,
     determine_protocol,
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
     unescapeHTML,
+    update_url_query,
 )
 
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class SendtoNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         # From http://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2016/05/16/indians-score-season-high-15-runs-in-blowout-win-over-reds-rapid-reaction/
         'url': 'http://embed.sendtonews.com/player2/embedplayer.php?SC=GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588&type=single&autoplay=on&sound=YES',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588'
+            'id': 'GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588',
         },
         'playlist_count': 8,
         # test the first video only to prevent lengthy tests
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if not tbr:
                     continue
                 f.update({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%d' % (determine_protocol(f), tbr),
+                    'format_id': f'{determine_protocol(f)}-{tbr}',
                     'tbr': tbr,
                 })
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video.get('S_sysDate'), delimiter=' '),
                 # 'tbr' was explicitly set to be preferred over 'height' originally,
                 # So this is being kept unless someone can confirm this is unnecessary
-                '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', 'res')
+                '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', 'res'),
             })
             entries.append(info_dict)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
index dda195883..117f18081 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ServusIE(InfoExtractor):
             'episode': 'Episode 8 - Vie Ferrate – Klettersteige in den Alpen',
             'episode_number': 8,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.servustv.com/natur/v/aa-1xg5xwmgw2112/',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
index 6c688d150..6e1fbe713 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class SevenPlusIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://7plus.com.au/UUUU?episode-id=AUMS43-001',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
                 'idToken': id_token,
                 'platformId': 'web',
                 'regSource': '7plus',
-            }).encode('utf-8')) or {}
+            }).encode()) or {}
         self.token = token_resp.get('token')
         if not self.token:
             self.report_warning('Unable to log in: Could not extract auth token')
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     if value:
                         info[dst_key] = value
                 info['series'] = try_get(
-                    item, lambda x: x['seriesLogo']['name'], compat_str)
+                    item, lambda x: x['seriesLogo']['name'], str)
                 mobj = re.search(r'^S(\d+)\s+E(\d+)\s+-\s+(.+)$', info['title'])
                 if mobj:
                     info.update({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
index 989b63c72..71b1076e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SexuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,  # NSFW
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
index 79e888583..6f2bfcd27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    urljoin,
     int_or_none,
     parse_codecs,
     parse_qs,
     try_get,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
 def _raw_id(src_url):
-    return compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(src_url).path.split('/')[-1]
+    return urllib.parse.urlparse(src_url).path.split('/')[-1]
 
 
 class SeznamZpravyIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ def _extract_sdn_formats(self, sdn_url, video_id):
 
             f = {
                 'url': urljoin(sdn_url, relative_url),
-                'format_id': 'http-%s' % format_id,
+                'format_id': f'http-{format_id}',
                 'tbr': int_or_none(format_data.get('bandwidth'), scale=1000),
                 'width': int_or_none(width),
                 'height': int_or_none(height),
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ def _extract_sdn_formats(self, sdn_url, video_id):
         pls = sdn_data.get('pls', {})
 
         def get_url(format_id):
-            return try_get(pls, lambda x: x[format_id]['url'], compat_str)
+            return try_get(pls, lambda x: x[format_id]['url'], str)
 
         dash_rel_url = get_url('dash')
         if dash_rel_url:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
index d509e8879..f0a3b6b7d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 from .aws import AWSIE
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     str_or_none,
@@ -63,17 +63,17 @@ class ShahidIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/movies/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9/movie-151746',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # shahid plus subscriber only
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/series/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-2011-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-1/episode-90511',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/en/shows/Ramez-Fi-Al-Shallal-season-1-episode-1/episode-359319',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                     'email': username,
                     'password': password,
                     'basic': 'false',
-                }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+                }).encode(), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                 })['user']
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         #     })['productModel']
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.shahid.net/api/v1_1/%s/%s' % (page_type, video_id),
+            f'http://api.shahid.net/api/v1_1/{page_type}/{video_id}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON', query={
                 'apiKey': 'sh@hid0nlin3',
                 'hash': 'b2wMCTHpSmyxGqQjJFOycRmLSex+BpTK/ooxy6vHaqs=',
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         error = data.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, '\n'.join(error.values())),
+                '{} returned error: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, '\n'.join(error.values())),
                 expected=True)
 
         video = data[page_type]
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class ShahidShowIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 32,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/series/How-to-live-Longer-(The-Big-Think)/series-291861',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 30
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ def page_func(page_num):
                     'pageSize': 30,
                     'sorts': [{
                         'order': 'DESC',
-                        'type': 'SORTDATE'
+                        'type': 'SORTDATE',
                     }],
                 })
             for product in playlist.get('productList', {}).get('products', []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
index ec9938b8c..284b2f89c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt, unpad_pkcs7
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    bytes_to_intlist,
     ExtractorError,
+    bytes_to_intlist,
     intlist_to_bytes,
     unified_strdate,
 )
@@ -24,8 +23,8 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:2782c4127807103cf5a6ae2ca33645ce',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shemaroome.com/shows/jurm-aur-jazbaat/laalach',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -37,9 +36,9 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20210507',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.'
+        'skip': 'Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shemaroome.com/shows/jai-jai-jai-bajrang-bali/jai-jai-jai-bajrang-bali-episode-99',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -51,8 +50,8 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20110101',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -69,8 +68,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         data_json = self._download_json('https://www.shemaroome.com/users/user_all_lists', video_id, data=data.encode())
         if not data_json.get('status'):
             raise ExtractorError('Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.', expected=True)
-        url_data = bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(data_json['new_play_url']))
-        key = bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(data_json['key']))
+        url_data = bytes_to_intlist(base64.b64decode(data_json['new_play_url']))
+        key = bytes_to_intlist(base64.b64decode(data_json['key']))
         iv = [0] * 16
         m3u8_url = unpad_pkcs7(intlist_to_bytes(aes_cbc_decrypt(url_data, key, iv))).decode('ascii')
         headers = {'stream_key': data_json['stream_key']}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
index ab1895311..303f0b3cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -24,18 +23,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
              r'(?:profile|room)\?room_id\=(\d+)'), webpage, 'room_id')
 
         room = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/room/profile?room_id=%s' % room_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/room/profile?room_id={room_id}'),
             broadcaster_id)
 
         is_live = room.get('is_onlive')
         if is_live is not True:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s is offline' % broadcaster_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{broadcaster_id} is offline', expected=True)
 
         uploader = room.get('performer_name') or broadcaster_id
         title = room.get('room_name') or room.get('main_name') or uploader
 
         streaming_url_list = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/live/streaming_url?room_id=%s' % room_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/live/streaming_url?room_id={room_id}'),
             broadcaster_id)['streaming_url_list']
 
         formats = []
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 })
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(room.get('live_id') or broadcaster_id),
+            'id': str(room.get('live_id') or broadcaster_id),
             'title': title,
             'description': room.get('description'),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(room.get('current_live_started_at')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
index 73bb75d8f..c3fb72e69 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ class SibnetEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://phpbb3.x-tk.ru/bbcode-video-sibnet-t24.html',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'shell',  # FIXME?
+            'id': 'shell',  # FIXME: Non unique ID?
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://video.sibnet.ru/upload/cover/video_1887072_0.jpg',
             'title': 'КВН Москва не сразу строилась  - Девушка впервые играет в Mortal Kombat',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
index ec349ddf9..f6bb1306a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def _call_api(self, path_tmpl, video_id):
 
     def _call_search_api(self, resource, resource_id, resource_url):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.simplecast.com/%ss/search' % resource, resource_id,
+            f'https://api.simplecast.com/{resource}s/search', resource_id,
             data=urlencode_postdata({'url': resource_url}))
 
     def _parse_episode(self, episode):
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def _parse_episode(self, episode):
         season_id = None
         if season_href:
             season_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'https?://api.simplecast.com/seasons/(%s)' % self._UUID_REGEX,
+                rf'https?://api.simplecast.com/seasons/({self._UUID_REGEX})',
                 season_href, 'season id', default=None)
 
         webpage_url = episode.get('episode_url')
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def _parse_episode(self, episode):
 
 class SimplecastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'simplecast'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:api\.simplecast\.com/episodes|player\.simplecast\.com)/(?P<id>%s)' % SimplecastBaseIE._UUID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:api\.simplecast\.com/episodes|player\.simplecast\.com)/(?P<id>{SimplecastBaseIE._UUID_REGEX})'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'''(?x)<iframe[^>]+src=["\']
         (?P<url>https?://(?:
             embed\.simplecast\.com/[0-9a-f]{8}|
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
index eeb9ebb44..974af1bc5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class SinaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '250576622',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '现场:克鲁兹宣布退选 特朗普将稳获提名',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://video.sina.com.cn/v/b/101314253-1290078633.html',
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 webpage = self._download_webpage(url, pseudo_id)
                 error = get_element_by_attribute('class', 'errtitle', webpage)
                 if error:
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                        self.IE_NAME, clean_html(error)), expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {clean_html(error)}', expected=True)
                 video_id = self._search_regex(
                     r"video_id\s*:\s*'(\d+)'", webpage, 'video id')
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'http://s.video.sina.com.cn/video/h5play',
             video_id, query={'video_id': video_id})
         if video_data['code'] != 1:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, video_data['message']), expected=True)
         else:
             video_data = video_data['data']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
index ef93b9276..6037a3511 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
-    try_get,
     qualities,
+    try_get,
 )
 
 
@@ -44,9 +41,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         }.get(domain, ('6play', 'm6web'))
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://pc.middleware.6play.fr/6play/v2/platforms/m6group_web/services/%s/videos/clip_%s' % (service, video_id),
+            f'https://pc.middleware.6play.fr/6play/v2/platforms/m6group_web/services/{service}/videos/clip_{video_id}',
             video_id, headers={
-                'x-customer-name': consumer_name
+                'x-customer-name': consumer_name,
             }, query={
                 'csa': 5,
                 'with': 'clips',
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         asset_url = urlh.url
                     asset_url = asset_url.replace('_drmnp.ism/', '_unpnp.ism/')
                     for i in range(3, 0, -1):
-                        asset_url = asset_url = asset_url.replace('_sd1/', '_sd%d/' % i)
+                        asset_url = asset_url.replace('_sd1/', f'_sd{i}/')
                         m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                             m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def get(getter):
             for src in (data, clip_data):
-                v = try_get(src, getter, compat_str)
+                v = try_get(src, getter, str)
                 if v:
                     return v
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
index 54dfdc441..bc5ec3da7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'jpn': [{
                     'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'vtt',
+                }],
             },
             'width': 720,
             'height': 405,
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'jpn': [{
                     'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'vtt',
+                }],
             },
             'duration': 98,
             'ext': 'mp3',
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, {
                 'id': '486431',
                 'title': 'ヒロ。\n\n私のキャラク... by 諸々',
-            }]
-        }
+            }],
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if width is not None and height is not None:
                 # the longest side is at most 720px for non-client viewers
                 max_size = max(width, height)
-                width, height = list(x * 720 // max_size for x in (width, height))
+                width, height = (x * 720 // max_size for x in (width, height))
             entries.append({
                 **parent,
                 'id': str(item['id']),
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'jpn': [{
                         'url': item.get('vtt_url'),
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                    }]
+                    }],
                 } if item.get('vtt_url') else None,
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
index 574ac219c..5c9e4f35c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class SkyNewsStoryIE(SkyBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20211027',
             'timestamp': 1635317494,
             'uploader_id': '6058004172001',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
index 42d30f7c4..6e2973232 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ def _parse_video(self, video, video_id):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        domain = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        domain = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             url).query).get('domain', [None])[0]
         token = dict_get(self._TOKEN_MAP, (domain, 'sky'))
         video = self._download_json(
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_id, query={
                 'caller': 'sky',
                 'id': video_id,
-                'token': token
+                'token': token,
             }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         return self._parse_video(video, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
index 197407c18..102a2f9b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SkylineWebcamsIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
index 867782778..7ac24437f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_iso8601,
     parse_duration,
+    parse_iso8601,
 )
 
 
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ class SkyNewsArabiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _IMAGE_BASE_URL = 'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/images'
 
     def _call_api(self, path, value):
-        return self._download_json('http://api.skynewsarabia.com/web/rest/v2/%s/%s.json' % (path, value), value)
+        return self._download_json(f'http://api.skynewsarabia.com/web/rest/v2/{path}/{value}.json', value)
 
     def _get_limelight_media_id(self, url):
         return self._search_regex(r'/media/[^/]+/([a-z0-9]{32})', url, 'limelight media id')
@@ -19,11 +18,11 @@ def _get_image_url(self, image_path_template, width='1600', height='1200'):
         return self._IMAGE_BASE_URL + image_path_template.format(width=width, height=height)
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         topic = video_data.get('topicTitle')
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % self._get_limelight_media_id(video_data['videoUrl'][0]['url']),
+            'url': 'limelight:media:{}'.format(self._get_limelight_media_id(video_data['videoUrl'][0]['url'])),
             'id': video_id,
             'title': video_data['headline'],
             'description': video_data.get('summary'),
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
             'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('runTime')),
             'tags': video_data.get('tags', []),
             'categories': [topic] if topic else [],
-            'webpage_url': 'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/video/%s' % video_id,
+            'webpage_url': f'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/video/{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'LimelightMedia',
         }
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             topic = article_data.get('topicTitle')
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % self._get_limelight_media_id(media_asset['videoUrl'][0]['url']),
+                'url': 'limelight:media:{}'.format(self._get_limelight_media_id(media_asset['videoUrl'][0]['url'])),
                 'id': article_id,
                 'title': article_data['headline'],
                 'description': article_data.get('summary'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
index 43a9c82cf..617738a7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
@@ -22,21 +22,21 @@ class SkyNewsAUIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['fblink', 'msn', 'usa', 'world', 'yt'],
             'upload_date': '20211015',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'},
     }]
 
     _API_KEY = '6krsj3w249nk779d8fukqx9f'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         embedcode = self._search_regex(r'embedcode\s?=\s?\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'embedcode')
         data_json = self._download_json(
-            f'https://content.api.news/v3/videos/brightcove/{embedcode}?api_key={self._API_KEY}', id)['content']
+            f'https://content.api.news/v3/videos/brightcove/{embedcode}?api_key={self._API_KEY}', video_id)['content']
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % tuple(embedcode.split('-')),
+            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/{}/default_default/index.html?videoId={}'.format(*tuple(embedcode.split('-'))),
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
             'title': data_json.get('caption'),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['date']['created'])),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
index ab9dad0ec..302b6e15c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     get_element_by_id,
@@ -32,12 +30,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'slideshare object')
         info = json.loads(slideshare_obj)
         if info['slideshow']['type'] != 'video':
-            raise ExtractorError('Webpage type is "%s": only video extraction is supported for Slideshare' % info['slideshow']['type'], expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Webpage type is "{}": only video extraction is supported for Slideshare'.format(info['slideshow']['type']), expected=True)
 
         doc = info['doc']
         bucket = info['jsplayer']['video_bucket']
         ext = info['jsplayer']['video_extension']
-        video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(bucket, doc + '-SD.' + ext)
+        video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(bucket, doc + '-SD.' + ext)
         description = get_element_by_id('slideshow-description-paragraph', webpage) or self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<p[^>]+itemprop="description"[^>]*>(.+?)</p>', webpage,
             'description', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
index a1328dee2..e684ac7b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ def entries():
                 }, note='Downloading video slides info', errnote='Failed to download video slides info') or {}
 
             for slide_id, slide in enumerate(traverse_obj(slides, ('slides', ...)), 1):
-                if not traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'service')) == 'yoda':
+                if traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'service')) != 'yoda':
                     continue
                 video_path = traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'id'))
                 cdn_hostname = traverse_obj(service_data, (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
index 8e6e89c9a..c04898b1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class SlutloadIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'virginie baisee en cam',
             'age_limit': 18,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*?\.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*?\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         # mobile site
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         embed_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.slutload.com/embed_player/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'http://www.slutload.com/embed_player/{video_id}', video_id,
             'Downloading embed page', fatal=False)
 
         if embed_page:
             def extract(what):
                 return self._html_search_regex(
-                    r'data-video-%s=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % what,
-                    embed_page, 'video %s' % what, default=None, group='url')
+                    rf'data-video-{what}=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
+                    embed_page, f'video {what}', default=None, group='url')
 
             video_url = extract('url')
             if video_url:
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ def extract(what):
                     'url': video_url,
                     'title': title,
                     'thumbnail': extract('preview'),
-                    'age_limit': 18
+                    'age_limit': 18,
                 }
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.slutload.com/video/_/%s/' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.slutload.com/video/_/{video_id}/', video_id)
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1><strong>([^<]+)</strong>', webpage, 'title').strip()
         info = self._parse_html5_media_entries(url, webpage, video_id)[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
index 6889f1929..859e5e837 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SnotrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 8500000,
             'description': 'The top 10 George W. Bush moments, brought to you by David Letterman!',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
index c0ff4f9aa..23faee1f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
-    url_or_none,
-    unified_timestamp,
-    try_get,
-    urljoin,
+    int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
+    try_get,
+    unified_timestamp,
+    url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150305',
             'thumbnail': 'http://e3f49eaa46b57.cdn.sohucs.com//group1/M10/83/FA/MTAuMTAuODguODA=/6_14cbccdde5eg104SysCutcloud_78693464_7_0b.jpg',
             'tags': ['爱范儿', '爱范品', 'MWC', '手机'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Multipart video',
         'url': 'http://my.tv.sohu.com/pl/8384802/78910339.shtml',
@@ -71,22 +68,22 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 294,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '78910339_part2',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 300,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '78910339_part3',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 150,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'note': 'Video with title containing dash',
         'url': 'http://my.tv.sohu.com/us/249884221/78932792.shtml',
@@ -101,8 +98,8 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': [],
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@ def _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv=False):
 
             return self._download_json(
                 base_data_url + vid_id, video_id,
-                'Downloading JSON data for %s' % vid_id,
+                f'Downloading JSON data for {vid_id}',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -133,18 +130,18 @@ def _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv=False):
         if vid_data['play'] != 1:
             if vid_data.get('status') == 12:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: There\'s something wrong in the video.' % self.IE_NAME,
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: There\'s something wrong in the video.',
                     expected=True)
             else:
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(
-                    '%s said: The video is only licensed to users in Mainland China.' % self.IE_NAME)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: The video is only licensed to users in Mainland China.')
 
         formats_json = {}
         for format_id in ('nor', 'high', 'super', 'ori', 'h2644k', 'h2654k'):
-            vid_id = vid_data['data'].get('%sVid' % format_id)
+            vid_id = vid_data['data'].get(f'{format_id}Vid')
             if not vid_id:
                 continue
-            vid_id = compat_str(vid_id)
+            vid_id = str(vid_id)
             formats_json[format_id] = vid_data if vid == vid_id else _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv)
 
         part_count = vid_data['data']['totalBlocks']
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ def _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv=False):
                 su = data['su']
 
                 video_url = 'newflv.sohu.ccgslb.net'
-                cdnId = None
+                cdn_id = None
                 retries = 0
 
                 while 'newflv.sohu.ccgslb.net' in video_url:
@@ -174,20 +171,19 @@ def _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv=False):
                         'rb': 1,
                     }
 
-                    if cdnId is not None:
-                        params['idc'] = cdnId
+                    if cdn_id is not None:
+                        params['idc'] = cdn_id
 
-                    download_note = 'Downloading %s video URL part %d of %d' % (
-                        format_id, i + 1, part_count)
+                    download_note = f'Downloading {format_id} video URL part {i + 1} of {part_count}'
 
                     if retries > 0:
-                        download_note += ' (retry #%d)' % retries
+                        download_note += f' (retry #{retries})'
                     part_info = self._parse_json(self._download_webpage(
-                        'http://%s/?%s' % (allot, compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(params)),
+                        f'http://{allot}/?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}',
                         video_id, download_note), video_id)
 
                     video_url = part_info['url']
-                    cdnId = part_info.get('nid')
+                    cdn_id = part_info.get('nid')
 
                     retries += 1
                     if retries > 5:
@@ -204,7 +200,7 @@ def _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv=False):
                 })
 
             playlist.append({
-                'id': '%s_part%d' % (video_id, i + 1),
+                'id': f'{video_id}_part{i + 1}',
                 'title': title,
                 'duration': vid_data['data']['clipsDuration'][i],
                 'formats': formats,
@@ -269,7 +265,7 @@ class SohuVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150305',
             'thumbnail': 'http://e3f49eaa46b57.cdn.sohucs.com//group1/M10/83/FA/MTAuMTAuODguODA=/6_14cbccdde5eg104SysCutcloud_78693464_7_0b.jpg',
             'tags': ['爱范儿', '爱范品', 'MWC', '手机'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Multipart video',
         'url': 'https://tv.sohu.com/v/dXMvMjQyNTYyMTYzLzc4OTEwMzM5LnNodG1s.html?src=pl',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
index 7c914acbe..a0a051e97 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _get_device_id(self):
             if c == 'x':
                 t[i] = str(n)
             elif c == 'y':
-                t[i] = '{:x}'.format(3 & n | 8)
+                t[i] = f'{3 & n | 8:x}'
         return ''.join(t) + '-' + str(int(time.time() * 1000))
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
     def _call_api(self, version, path, video_id):
         try:
             return self._download_json(
-                'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/%s/A/ENG/WEB/%s' % (version, path),
+                f'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/{version}/A/ENG/WEB/{path}',
                 video_id, headers=self._HEADERS)['resultObj']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 406 and self._parse_json(
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.report_drm(video_id)
         dash_url = content['videoURL']
         headers = {
-            'x-playback-session-id': '%s-%d' % (uuid.uuid4().hex, time.time() * 1000)
+            'x-playback-session-id': '%s-%d' % (uuid.uuid4().hex, time.time() * 1000),
         }
         formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
             dash_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', headers=headers, fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
index c9ed645eb..0f7368435 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
+import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     ExtractorError,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
     mimetype2ext,
     parse_qs,
     str_or_none,
@@ -68,6 +68,16 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'original': 0,
     }
 
+    _DEFAULT_FORMATS = ['http_aac', 'hls_aac', 'http_opus', 'hls_opus', 'http_mp3', 'hls_mp3']
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _is_requested(self):
+        return re.compile(r'|'.join(set(
+            re.escape(pattern).replace(r'\*', r'.*') if pattern != 'default'
+            else '|'.join(map(re.escape, self._DEFAULT_FORMATS))
+            for pattern in self._configuration_arg('formats', ['default'], ie_key=SoundcloudIE)
+        ))).fullmatch
+
     def _store_client_id(self, client_id):
         self.cache.store('soundcloud', 'client_id', client_id)
 
@@ -101,7 +111,7 @@ def _download_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
                     self._update_client_id()
                     continue
                 elif non_fatal:
-                    self.report_warning(error_to_compat_str(e))
+                    self.report_warning(str(e))
                     return False
                 raise
 
@@ -184,24 +194,20 @@ def sign(self, user, pw, clid):
         t = clid  # _CLIENT_ID
 
         d = '-'.join([str(mInt) for mInt in [a, i, s, w, u, l, b, k]])
-        p = n + y + d + r + e + t + d + n
-        h = p
+        h = n + y + d + r + e + t + d + n
 
         m = 8011470
-        f = 0
 
-        for f in range(f, len(h)):
+        for f in range(len(h)):
             m = (m >> 1) + ((1 & m) << 23)
             m += ord(h[f])
             m &= 16777215
 
         # c is not even needed
-        out = str(y) + ':' + str(d) + ':' + format(m, 'x') + ':' + str(c)
-
-        return out
+        return f'{y}:{d}:{m:x}:{c}'
 
     def _extract_info_dict(self, info, full_title=None, secret_token=None, extract_flat=False):
-        track_id = compat_str(info['id'])
+        track_id = str(info['id'])
         title = info['title']
 
         format_urls = set()
@@ -216,7 +222,7 @@ def _extract_info_dict(self, info, full_title=None, secret_token=None, extract_f
             redirect_url = (self._download_json(download_url, track_id, fatal=False) or {}).get('redirectUri')
             if redirect_url:
                 urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                    HEADRequest(redirect_url), track_id, fatal=False)
+                    HEADRequest(redirect_url), track_id, 'Checking for original download format', fatal=False)
                 if urlh:
                     format_url = urlh.url
                     format_urls.add(format_url)
@@ -258,7 +264,7 @@ def add_format(f, protocol, is_preview=False):
             abr = f.get('abr')
             if abr:
                 f['abr'] = int(abr)
-            if protocol == 'hls':
+            if protocol in ('hls', 'hls-aes'):
                 protocol = 'm3u8' if ext == 'aac' else 'm3u8_native'
             else:
                 protocol = 'http'
@@ -274,11 +280,32 @@ def add_format(f, protocol, is_preview=False):
             if extract_flat:
                 break
             format_url = t['url']
-            stream = None
 
+            protocol = traverse_obj(t, ('format', 'protocol', {str}))
+            if protocol == 'progressive':
+                protocol = 'http'
+            if protocol != 'hls' and '/hls' in format_url:
+                protocol = 'hls'
+            if protocol == 'encrypted-hls' or '/encrypted-hls' in format_url:
+                protocol = 'hls-aes'
+
+            ext = None
+            if preset := traverse_obj(t, ('preset', {str_or_none})):
+                ext = preset.split('_')[0]
+            if ext not in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS:
+                ext = mimetype2ext(traverse_obj(t, ('format', 'mime_type', {str})))
+
+            identifier = join_nonempty(protocol, ext, delim='_')
+            if not self._is_requested(identifier):
+                self.write_debug(f'"{identifier}" is not a requested format, skipping')
+                continue
+
+            stream = None
             for retry in self.RetryManager(fatal=False):
                 try:
-                    stream = self._download_json(format_url, track_id, query=query, headers=self._HEADERS)
+                    stream = self._download_json(
+                        format_url, track_id, f'Downloading {identifier} format info JSON',
+                        query=query, headers=self._HEADERS)
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 429:
                         self.report_warning(
@@ -289,27 +316,14 @@ def add_format(f, protocol, is_preview=False):
                     else:
                         self.report_warning(e.msg)
 
-            if not isinstance(stream, dict):
-                continue
-            stream_url = url_or_none(stream.get('url'))
+            stream_url = traverse_obj(stream, ('url', {url_or_none}))
             if invalid_url(stream_url):
                 continue
             format_urls.add(stream_url)
-            stream_format = t.get('format') or {}
-            protocol = stream_format.get('protocol')
-            if protocol != 'hls' and '/hls' in format_url:
-                protocol = 'hls'
-            ext = None
-            preset = str_or_none(t.get('preset'))
-            if preset:
-                ext = preset.split('_')[0]
-            if ext not in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS:
-                ext = mimetype2ext(stream_format.get('mime_type'))
             add_format({
                 'url': stream_url,
                 'ext': ext,
-            }, 'http' if protocol == 'progressive' else protocol,
-                t.get('snipped') or '/preview/' in format_url)
+            }, protocol, t.get('snipped') or '/preview/' in format_url)
 
         for f in formats:
             f['vcodec'] = 'none'
@@ -322,12 +336,12 @@ def add_format(f, protocol, is_preview=False):
         thumbnails = []
         artwork_url = info.get('artwork_url')
         thumbnail = artwork_url or user.get('avatar_url')
-        if isinstance(thumbnail, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(thumbnail, str):
             if re.search(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, thumbnail):
                 for image_id, size in self._ARTWORK_MAP.items():
                     i = {
                         'id': image_id,
-                        'url': re.sub(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, '-%s.jpg' % image_id, thumbnail),
+                        'url': re.sub(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, f'-{image_id}.jpg', thumbnail),
                     }
                     if image_id == 'tiny' and not artwork_url:
                         size = 18
@@ -343,7 +357,7 @@ def add_format(f, protocol, is_preview=False):
                 thumbnails = [{'url': thumbnail}]
 
         def extract_count(key):
-            return int_or_none(info.get('%s_count' % key))
+            return int_or_none(info.get(f'{key}_count'))
 
         return {
             'id': track_id,
@@ -361,8 +375,8 @@ def extract_count(key):
             'like_count': extract_count('favoritings') or extract_count('likes'),
             'comment_count': extract_count('comment'),
             'repost_count': extract_count('reposts'),
-            'genre': info.get('genre'),
-            'formats': formats if not extract_flat else None
+            'genres': traverse_obj(info, ('genre', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}, all)),
+            'formats': formats if not extract_flat else None,
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -395,10 +409,10 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'http://soundcloud.com/ethmusic/lostin-powers-she-so-heavy',
-            'md5': 'ebef0a451b909710ed1d7787dddbf0d7',
+            'md5': 'de9bac153e7427a7333b4b0c1b6a18d2',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '62986583',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
+                'ext': 'opus',
                 'title': 'Lostin Powers - She so Heavy (SneakPreview) Adrian Ackers Blueprint 1',
                 'description': 'No Downloads untill we record the finished version this weekend, i was too pumped n i had to post it , earl is prolly gonna b hella p.o\'d',
                 'uploader': 'E.T. ExTerrestrial Music',
@@ -411,14 +425,17 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
-            }
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000031955188-rwb18x-original.jpg',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/ethmusic',
+                'genres': [],
+            },
         },
         # geo-restricted
         {
             'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band/goldrushed-mastered?in=the-concept-band/sets/the-royal-concept-ep',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '47127627',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
+                'ext': 'opus',
                 'title': 'Goldrushed',
                 'description': 'From Stockholm Sweden\r\nPovel / Magnus / Filip / David\r\nwww.theroyalconcept.com',
                 'uploader': 'The Royal Concept',
@@ -431,6 +448,9 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the-concept-band',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-v8bFHhXm7Au6-0-original.jpg',
+                'genres': ['Alternative'],
             },
         },
         # private link
@@ -441,7 +461,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'id': '123998367',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  \"\'/\\ä↭',
+                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
                 'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
                 'uploader_id': '69767071',
                 'timestamp': 1386604920,
@@ -452,6 +472,9 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://a1.sndcdn.com/images/default_avatar_large.png',
+                'genres': ['youtubedl'],
             },
         },
         # private link (alt format)
@@ -462,7 +485,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'id': '123998367',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  \"\'/\\ä↭',
+                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
                 'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
                 'uploader_id': '69767071',
                 'timestamp': 1386604920,
@@ -473,6 +496,9 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/jaimemf',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://a1.sndcdn.com/images/default_avatar_large.png',
+                'genres': ['youtubedl'],
             },
         },
         # downloadable song
@@ -482,6 +508,21 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '343609555',
                 'ext': 'wav',
+                'title': 'The Following',
+                'description': '',
+                'uploader': '80M',
+                'uploader_id': '312384765',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/the80m',
+                'upload_date': '20170922',
+                'timestamp': 1506120436,
+                'duration': 397.228,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000243916348-ktoo7d-original.jpg',
+                'license': 'all-rights-reserved',
+                'like_count': int,
+                'comment_count': int,
+                'repost_count': int,
+                'view_count': int,
+                'genres': ['Dance & EDM'],
             },
         },
         # private link, downloadable format
@@ -503,6 +544,9 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000240712245-kedn4p-original.jpg',
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/oriuplift',
+                'genres': ['Trance'],
             },
         },
         # no album art, use avatar pic for thumbnail
@@ -525,6 +569,8 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/garyvee',
+                'genres': [],
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -532,13 +578,13 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani/mezzo-valzer',
-            'md5': 'e22aecd2bc88e0e4e432d7dcc0a1abf7',
+            'md5': '8227c3473a4264df6b02ad7e5b7527ac',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '583011102',
-                'ext': 'mp3',
+                'ext': 'opus',
                 'title': 'Mezzo Valzer',
-                'description': 'md5:4138d582f81866a530317bae316e8b61',
-                'uploader': 'Micronie',
+                'description': 'md5:f4d5f39d52e0ccc2b4f665326428901a',
+                'uploader': 'Giovanni Sarani',
                 'uploader_id': '3352531',
                 'timestamp': 1551394171,
                 'upload_date': '20190228',
@@ -549,6 +595,8 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
+                'genres': ['Piano'],
+                'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/giovannisarani',
             },
         },
         {
@@ -576,10 +624,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if token:
                 query['secret_token'] = token
         else:
-            full_title = resolve_title = '%s/%s' % mobj.group('uploader', 'title')
+            full_title = resolve_title = '{}/{}'.format(*mobj.group('uploader', 'title'))
             token = mobj.group('token')
             if token:
-                resolve_title += '/%s' % token
+                resolve_title += f'/{token}'
             info_json_url = self._resolv_url(self._BASE_URL + resolve_title)
 
         info = self._download_json(
@@ -590,13 +638,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
     def _extract_set(self, playlist, token=None):
-        playlist_id = compat_str(playlist['id'])
+        playlist_id = str(playlist['id'])
         tracks = playlist.get('tracks') or []
-        if not all([t.get('permalink_url') for t in tracks]) and token:
+        if not all(t.get('permalink_url') for t in tracks) and token:
             tracks = self._download_json(
                 self._API_V2_BASE + 'tracks', playlist_id,
                 'Downloading tracks', query={
-                    'ids': ','.join([compat_str(t['id']) for t in tracks]),
+                    'ids': ','.join([str(t['id']) for t in tracks]),
                     'playlistId': playlist_id,
                     'playlistSecretToken': token,
                 }, headers=self._HEADERS)
@@ -646,7 +694,7 @@ class SoundcloudSetIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
 
-        full_title = '%s/sets/%s' % mobj.group('uploader', 'slug_title')
+        full_title = '{}/sets/{}'.format(*mobj.group('uploader', 'slug_title'))
         token = mobj.group('token')
         if token:
             full_title += '/' + token
@@ -655,8 +703,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self._BASE_URL + full_title), full_title, headers=self._HEADERS)
 
         if 'errors' in info:
-            msgs = (compat_str(err['error_message']) for err in info['errors'])
-            raise ExtractorError('unable to download video webpage: %s' % ','.join(msgs))
+            msgs = (str(err['error_message']) for err in info['errors'])
+            raise ExtractorError('unable to download video webpage: {}'.format(','.join(msgs)))
 
         return self._extract_set(info, token)
 
@@ -799,7 +847,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self._extract_playlist(
             self._API_V2_BASE + self._BASE_URL_MAP[resource] % user['id'],
             str_or_none(user.get('id')),
-            '%s (%s)' % (user['username'], resource.capitalize()))
+            '{} ({})'.format(user['username'], resource.capitalize()))
 
 
 class SoundcloudUserPermalinkIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -843,8 +891,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'soundcloud:track-stations:(\d+)', track['id'], 'track id')
 
         return self._extract_playlist(
-            self._API_V2_BASE + 'stations/%s/tracks' % track['id'],
-            track_id, 'Track station: %s' % track['title'])
+            self._API_V2_BASE + 'stations/{}/tracks'.format(track['id']),
+            track_id, 'Track station: {}'.format(track['title']))
 
 
 class SoundcloudRelatedIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -892,7 +940,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return self._extract_playlist(
             self._API_V2_BASE + self._BASE_URL_MAP[relation] % track['id'], str(track['id']),
-            '%s (%s)' % (track.get('title') or slug, relation.capitalize()))
+            '{} ({})'.format(track.get('title') or slug, relation.capitalize()))
 
 
 class SoundcloudPlaylistIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
index 9e59c7c0e..b524e245d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SoundgasmIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Piano sample',
             'description': 'Royalty Free Sample Music',
             'uploader': 'ytdl',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -69,6 +69,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(audio_url, 'Soundgasm')
-            for audio_url in re.findall(r'href="([^"]+/u/%s/[^"]+)' % profile_id, webpage)]
+            for audio_url in re.findall(rf'href="([^"]+/u/{profile_id}/[^"]+)', webpage)]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, profile_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
index e23f192a1..3d661a86a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Zahnfee Cartman',
-            'description': 'md5:b917eec991d388811d911fd1377671ac'
+            'description': 'md5:b917eec991d388811d911fd1377671ac',
         },
     }, {
         # episode
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge&ref=%s' % (uri, url), video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
index 493eea2a6..773ddd344 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sovietscloset.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    unified_timestamp
-)
+from ..utils import try_get, unified_timestamp
 
 
 class SovietsClosetBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
index 43da34a32..6805a72de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     merge_dicts,
     parse_duration,
     parse_resolution,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class SpankBangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1617109572,
             'upload_date': '20210330',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 480p only
         'url': 'http://spankbang.com/1vt0/video/solvane+gangbang',
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_2')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url.replace('/%s/embed' % video_id, '/%s/video' % video_id),
+            url.replace(f'/{video_id}/embed', f'/{video_id}/video'),
             video_id, headers={'Cookie': 'country=US'})
 
         if re.search(r'<[^>]+\b(?:id|class)=["\']video_removed', webpage):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s is not available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} is not available', expected=True)
 
         formats = []
 
@@ -104,8 +104,7 @@ def extract_format(format_id, format_url):
         STREAM_URL_PREFIX = 'stream_url_'
 
         for mobj in re.finditer(
-                r'%s(?P<id>[^\s=]+)\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\2).)+)\2'
-                % STREAM_URL_PREFIX, webpage):
+                rf'{STREAM_URL_PREFIX}(?P<id>[^\s=]+)\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\2).)+)\2', webpage):
             extract_format(mobj.group('id', 'url'))
 
         if not formats:
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ def extract_format(format_id, format_url):
             'view_count': view_count,
             'formats': formats,
             'age_limit': age_limit,
-        }, info
+        }, info,
         )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
index 3701e295a..0397f83fe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 class SpiegelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:spiegel|manager-magazin)\.de(?:/[^/]+)+/[^/]*-(?P<id>[0-9]+|%s)(?:-embed|-iframe)?(?:\.html)?(?:$|[#?])' % _UUID_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:spiegel|manager-magazin)\.de(?:/[^/]+)+/[^/]*-(?P<id>[0-9]+|{_UUID_RE})(?:-embed|-iframe)?(?:\.html)?(?:$|[#?])'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.spiegel.de/video/vulkan-tungurahua-in-ecuador-ist-wieder-aktiv-video-1259285.html',
         'md5': '50c7948883ec85a3e431a0a44b7ad1d6',
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': video_id,
-            'url': 'jwplatform:%s' % media_id,
+            'url': f'jwplatform:{media_id}',
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
             'ie_key': JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
index 44b4067de..6c45c3ec4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Sport5IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': list,
             },
             'skip': 'Blocked outside of Israel',
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._html_search_regex(r'clipId=([\w-]+)', webpage, 'video id')
 
         metadata = self._download_xml(
-            'http://sport5-metadata-rr-d.nsacdn.com/vod/vod/%s/HDS/metadata.xml' % video_id,
+            f'http://sport5-metadata-rr-d.nsacdn.com/vod/vod/{video_id}/HDS/metadata.xml',
             video_id)
 
         error = metadata.find('./Error')
         if error is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s - %s' % (
+                '{} returned error: {} - {}'.format(
                     self.IE_NAME,
                     error.find('./Name').text,
                     error.find('./Description').text),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
index 30dbcf370..2d6acb876 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 32447,
             'upload_date': '20230114',
             'timestamp': 1673733618,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/deutscherbadmintonverband/bwf-tour-1-runde-feld-1-yonex-gainward-german-open-2022-0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 41097,
             'upload_date': '20220309',
             'timestamp': 1646860727.0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/ggcbremen/formationswochenende-latein-2023',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20230225',
                 'timestamp': 1677349909,
                 'live_status': 'was_live',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/dtb/gymnastik-international-tag-1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def _process_video(self, asset_id, video):
             **traverse_obj(video, {
                 'id': 'id',
                 'duration': ('duration', {lambda x: float(x) > 0 and float(x)}),
-                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp})
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp}),
             }),
         }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'is_live': 'currently_live',
                 'was_live': 'was_live',
                 'channel_url': ('profile', 'slug', {lambda x: f'https://sportdeutschland.tv/{x}'}),
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
         parts = traverse_obj(meta, (('livestream', ('videos', ...)), ))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
index 55ce36aea..de67a6114 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _call_api(self, operation, video_id, variables, **kwargs):
                     'persistedQuery': {
                         'sha256Hash': self._OPERATION_HASHES[operation],
                     },
-                })
+                }),
             }, headers={'authorization': 'Bearer ' + self._ACCESS_TOKEN},
             **kwargs)['data']
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class SpotifyIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
             'duration': 2083.605,
             'release_date': '20201217',
             'series': "The Guardian's Audio Long Reads",
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4TvCsKKs2thXmarHigWvXE?si=7eatS8AbQb6RxqO2raIuWA',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class SpotifyIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
         episode = self._call_api('Episode', episode_id, {
-            'uri': 'spotify:episode:' + episode_id
+            'uri': 'spotify:episode:' + episode_id,
         })['episode']
         return self._extract_episode(
             episode, try_get(episode, lambda x: x['podcast']['name']))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
index 36a9bd291..d1df45969 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -16,26 +15,26 @@ def _extract_episode(data, episode_id=None):
     title = data['title']
     download_url = data['download_url']
 
-    series = try_get(data, lambda x: x['show']['title'], compat_str)
-    uploader = try_get(data, lambda x: x['author']['fullname'], compat_str)
+    series = try_get(data, lambda x: x['show']['title'], str)
+    uploader = try_get(data, lambda x: x['author']['fullname'], str)
 
     thumbnails = []
     for image in ('image_original', 'image_medium', 'image'):
-        image_url = url_or_none(data.get('%s_url' % image))
+        image_url = url_or_none(data.get(f'{image}_url'))
         if image_url:
             thumbnails.append({'url': image_url})
 
     def stats(key):
         return int_or_none(try_get(
             data,
-            (lambda x: x['%ss_count' % key],
-             lambda x: x['stats']['%ss' % key])))
+            (lambda x: x[f'{key}s_count'],
+             lambda x: x['stats'][f'{key}s'])))
 
     def duration(key):
         return float_or_none(data.get(key), scale=1000)
 
     return {
-        'id': compat_str(episode_id or data['episode_id']),
+        'id': str(episode_id or data['episode_id']),
         'url': download_url,
         'display_id': data.get('permalink'),
         'title': title,
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ class SpreakerIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/v2/episodes/%s' % episode_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/v2/episodes/{episode_id}',
             episode_id)['response']['episode']
         return _extract_episode(data, episode_id)
 
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             (r'data-episode_id=["\'](?P<id>\d+)',
              r'episode_id\s*:\s*(?P<id>\d+)'), webpage, 'episode id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/episode/%s' % episode_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/episode/{episode_id}',
             ie=SpreakerIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode_id)
 
 
@@ -133,8 +132,8 @@ class SpreakerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _entries(self, show_id):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             episodes = self._download_json(
-                'https://api.spreaker.com/show/%s/episodes' % show_id,
-                show_id, note='Downloading JSON page %d' % page_num, query={
+                f'https://api.spreaker.com/show/{show_id}/episodes',
+                show_id, note=f'Downloading JSON page {page_num}', query={
                     'page': page_num,
                     'max_per_page': 100,
                 })
@@ -169,5 +168,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_id = self._search_regex(
             r'show_id\s*:\s*(?P<id>\d+)', webpage, 'show id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/show/%s' % show_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/show/{show_id}',
             ie=SpreakerShowIE.ie_key(), video_id=show_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
index a98584a27..cd3261d55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
-    xpath_attr,
-    xpath_text,
-    xpath_element,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
+    xpath_attr,
+    xpath_element,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         index = mobj.group('index') or mobj.group('index_2')
 
         video = self._download_xml(
-            'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/xml_feeds_advanced/index/%s/rss3/%s'
-            % (index, video_id), video_id)
+            f'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/xml_feeds_advanced/index/{index}/rss3/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         item = xpath_element(video, './/item', 'item', fatal=True)
 
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if 'error_video.mp4' in video_url:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s no longer exists' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} no longer exists', expected=True)
 
         duration = int_or_none(content.get('duration'))
         tbr = int_or_none(content.get('bitrate'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
index 145f25e9f..c01fd12cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class SRGSSRIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _get_tokenized_src(self, url, video_id, format_id):
         token = self._download_json(
             'http://tp.srgssr.ch/akahd/token?acl=*',
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s token' % format_id, fatal=False) or {}
+            video_id, f'Downloading {format_id} token', fatal=False) or {}
         auth_params = try_get(token, lambda x: x['token']['authparams'])
         if auth_params:
             url += ('?' if '?' not in url else '&') + auth_params
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ def _get_tokenized_src(self, url, video_id, format_id):
     def _get_media_data(self, bu, media_type, media_id):
         query = {'onlyChapters': True} if media_type == 'video' else {}
         full_media_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://il.srgssr.ch/integrationlayer/2.0/%s/mediaComposition/%s/%s.json'
-            % (bu, media_type, media_id),
+            f'https://il.srgssr.ch/integrationlayer/2.0/{bu}/mediaComposition/{media_type}/{media_id}.json',
             media_id, query=query)['chapterList']
         try:
             media_data = next(
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ def _get_media_data(self, bu, media_type, media_id):
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(
                     msg=message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
         return media_data
 
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # whole episode.
         if int_or_none(media_data.get('position')) == 0:
             for p in ('S', 'H'):
-                podcast_url = media_data.get('podcast%sdUrl' % p)
+                podcast_url = media_data.get(f'podcast{p}dUrl')
                 if not podcast_url:
                     continue
                 quality = p + 'D'
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class SRGSSRPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://play.swissinfo.ch/play/tv/business/video/why-people-were-against-tax-reforms?id=42960270',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ class SRGSSRPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.srf.ch/play/tv/popupvideoplayer?id=c4dba0ca-e75b-43b2-a34f-f708a4932e01',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -244,4 +243,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         bu = mobj.group('bu')
         media_type = mobj.group('type') or mobj.group('type_2')
         media_id = mobj.group('id')
-        return self.url_result('srgssr:%s:%s:%s' % (bu[:3], media_type, media_id), 'SRGSSR')
+        return self.url_result(f'srgssr:{bu[:3]}:{media_type}:{media_id}', 'SRGSSR')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
index f0b3b585f..fc63d9b1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         if '>Der gew&uuml;nschte Beitrag ist leider nicht mehr verf&uuml;gbar.<' in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         media_collection_url = self._search_regex(
             r'data-mediacollection-ardplayer="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'media collection url')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
index 1308c595d..d2f207fcc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stacommu.py
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class TheaterComplexTownBaseIE(StacommuBaseIE):
 
 
 class TheaterComplexTownVODIE(TheaterComplexTownBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?theater-complex\.town/(?:en/)?videos/episodes/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?theater-complex\.town/(?:(?:en|ja)/)?videos/episodes/(?P<id>\w+)'
     IE_NAME = 'theatercomplextown:vod'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/videos/episodes/hoxqidYNoAn7bP92DN6p78',
@@ -195,6 +195,9 @@ class TheaterComplexTownVODIE(TheaterComplexTownBaseIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/en/videos/episodes/6QT7XYwM9dJz5Gf9VB6K5y',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/ja/videos/episodes/hoxqidYNoAn7bP92DN6p78',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _API_PATH = 'videoEpisodes'
@@ -204,7 +207,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class TheaterComplexTownPPVIE(TheaterComplexTownBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?theater-complex\.town/(?:en/)?ppv/(?P<id>\w+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?theater-complex\.town/(?:(?:en|ja)/)?ppv/(?P<id>\w+)'
     IE_NAME = 'theatercomplextown:ppv'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/ppv/wytW3X7khrjJBUpKuV3jen',
@@ -223,6 +226,9 @@ class TheaterComplexTownPPVIE(TheaterComplexTownBaseIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/en/ppv/wytW3X7khrjJBUpKuV3jen',
         'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.theater-complex.town/ja/ppv/qwUVmLmGEiZ3ZW6it9uGys',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _API_PATH = 'events'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
index 77e4362fc..639907269 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         }, data=json.dumps({
             'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
             'variables': {'videoId': concert_id},
-            'operationName': 'videoDetailPage'
+            'operationName': 'videoDetailPage',
         }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())['data']['node']
 
         metadata = traverse_obj(data, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
index be0f4afc1..ab41091cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class StanfordOpenClassroomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'PracticalUnix_intro-environment',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Intro Environment',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'upload_date': None,
             }
 
-            baseUrl = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/' + course + '/videos/'
-            xmlUrl = baseUrl + video + '.xml'
-            mdoc = self._download_xml(xmlUrl, info['id'])
+            base_url = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/' + course + '/videos/'
+            xml_url = base_url + video + '.xml'
+            mdoc = self._download_xml(xml_url, info['id'])
             try:
                 info['title'] = mdoc.findall('./title')[0].text
-                info['url'] = baseUrl + mdoc.findall('./videoFile')[0].text
+                info['url'] = base_url + mdoc.findall('./videoFile')[0].text
             except IndexError:
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid metadata XML file')
             return info
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             links = orderedSet(re.findall(r'<a href="(VideoPage\.php\?[^"]+)">', coursepage))
             info['entries'] = [self.url_result(
-                'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/%s' % unescapeHTML(l)
+                f'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/{unescapeHTML(l)}',
             ) for l in links]
             return info
         else:  # Root page
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             }
             info['title'] = info['id']
 
-            rootURL = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/HomePage.php'
-            rootpage = self._download_webpage(rootURL, info['id'],
+            root_url = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/HomePage.php'
+            rootpage = self._download_webpage(root_url, info['id'],
                                               errnote='Unable to download course info page')
 
             links = orderedSet(re.findall(r'<a href="(CoursePage\.php\?[^"]+)">', rootpage))
             info['entries'] = [self.url_result(
-                'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/%s' % unescapeHTML(l)
+                f'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/{unescapeHTML(l)}',
             ) for l in links]
             return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
index 94efb589c..c59187173 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StarTrekIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, {
                 'url': 'https://media.startrek.com/2022/06/16/2043801155561/1069981_hls/trr_snw_107_v4-c4bfc25d/stream_vtt.m3u8',
             }]},
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.startrek.com/videos/watch-ethan-peck-and-gia-sandhu-beam-down-to-the-ready-room',
         'md5': 'f5ad74fbb86e91e0882fc0a333178d1d',
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class StarTrekIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {'en-US': [{
                 'url': r're:https://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/video/captions/2022-06/TRR_SNW_105_v5\.vtt',
             }]},
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
index bb6e8f1ea..8cb576530 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
@@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
-    traverse_obj,
+    clean_html,
     int_or_none,
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
 class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?startv\.com\.tr/
         (?:
             (?:dizi|program)/(?:[^/?#&]+)/(?:bolumler|fragmanlar|ekstralar)|
             video/arsiv/(?:dizi|program)/(?:[^/?#&]+)
         )/
         (?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
-    """
+    '''
     IE_NAME = 'startv'
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -32,41 +29,41 @@ class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:3a8049f05a75c2e8747116a673275de4',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg(?:\?.*?)?$',
                 'timestamp': 1569281400,
-                'upload_date': '20190923'
+                'upload_date': '20190923',
             },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/dizi/avlu/44-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/dizi/cocuk/fragmanlar/5-bolum-fragmani',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/dizi/cocuk/ekstralar/5-bolumun-nefes-kesen-final-sahnesi',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/program/burcu-ile-haftasonu/bolumler/1-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/program/burcu-ile-haftasonu/fragmanlar/2-fragman',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/buyukrisk/14-bolumde-hangi-unlu-ne-sordu-',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/buyukrisk/buyuk-risk-334-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/dada/dada-58-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if not info:
             raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract API data')
 
-        video_id = compat_str(info.get('id'))
+        video_id = str(info.get('id'))
         title = info.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage)
         description = clean_html(info.get('description')) or self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         thumbnail = self._proto_relative_url(
@@ -96,5 +93,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'timestamp': int_or_none(info.get('release_date')),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
index 63da9662a..b7f8ac3ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 
 class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:store\.steampowered|steamcommunity)\.com/
             (?:agecheck/)?
             (?P<urltype>video|app)/ #If the page is only for videos or for a game
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
             (?P<videoID>\d*)(?P<extra>\??) # For urltype == video we sometimes get the videoID
         |
         https?://(?:www\.)?steamcommunity\.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/\?id=(?P<fileID>[0-9]+)
-    """
+    '''
     _VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/video/%s/'
     _AGECHECK_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/agecheck/video/%s/?snr=1_agecheck_agecheck__age-gate&ageDay=1&ageMonth=January&ageYear=1970'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'title': 'Terraria video 256785003',
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '6a294ee0c4b1f47f5bb76a65e31e3592',
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'title': 'Terraria video 2040428',
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                }
-            }
+                },
+            },
         ],
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '105600',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 2,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://store.steampowered.com/app/271590/Grand_Theft_Auto_V/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         m = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        fileID = m.group('fileID')
-        if fileID:
+        file_id = m.group('fileID')
+        if file_id:
             video_url = url
-            playlist_id = fileID
+            playlist_id = file_id
         else:
-            gameID = m.group('gameID')
-            playlist_id = gameID
+            game_id = m.group('gameID')
+            playlist_id = game_id
             video_url = self._VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE % playlist_id
 
         self._set_cookie('steampowered.com', 'wants_mature_content', '1')
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 entry['thumbnail'] = movie.get('data-poster')
                 for quality in ('', '-hd'):
                     for ext in ('webm', 'mp4'):
-                        video_url = movie.get('data-%s%s-source' % (ext, quality))
+                        video_url = movie.get(f'data-{ext}{quality}-source')
                         if video_url:
                             formats.append({
                                 'format_id': ext + quality,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
index 2fd200f87..09ebabb28 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     clean_podcast_url,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _extract_show_info(self, show):
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode, audio_url, show_info):
         info = {
-            'id': compat_str(episode['id']),
+            'id': str(episode['id']),
             'display_id': episode.get('slug'),
             'title': episode['title'].strip(),
             'description': self._extract_description(episode),
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ class StitcherShowIE(StitcherBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_slug = self._match_id(url)
         data = self._call_api(
-            'search/show/%s/allEpisodes' % show_slug, show_slug, {'count': 10000})
+            f'search/show/{show_slug}/allEpisodes', show_slug, {'count': 10000})
         show = try_get(data, lambda x: x['shows'][0], dict) or {}
         show_info = self._extract_show_info(show)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
index 566f77782..d5430e6c0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     smuggle_url,
 )
 
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ class StoryFireBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, resource, query=None):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://storyfire.com/app/%s/%s' % (path, video_id), video_id,
-            'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource, query=query)
+            f'https://storyfire.com/app/{path}/{video_id}', video_id,
+            f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata', query=query)
 
     def _parse_video(self, video):
         title = video['title']
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class StoryFireIE(StoryFireBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata'],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class StoryFireUserIE(StoryFireBaseIE):
 
     def _fetch_page(self, user_id, page):
         videos = self._call_api(
-            'publicVideos', user_id, 'page %d' % (page + 1), {
+            'publicVideos', user_id, f'page {page + 1}', {
                 'skip': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
             })['videos']
         for video in videos:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
index 462861e0e..62ae0ee46 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    try_get,
     parse_codecs,
+    try_get,
 )
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20160208',
                 'duration': 61.516,
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # older video without bitrate, width/height, codecs, etc. info
         {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20150311',
                 'duration': 12,
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://streamable.com/e/dnd1',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://streamable.com/s/okkqk/drxjds',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # to return video info like the title properly sometimes, and doesn't
         # include info like the video duration
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://ajax.streamable.com/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://ajax.streamable.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         # Format IDs:
         # 0 The video is being uploaded
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': float_or_none(video.get('date_added')),
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('plays')),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
index c4537ba8d..4122ba886 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:8f5f09b9b7bc67df910486cdd88f7165',
             'duration': 1369.6,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.stream.cz/kdo-to-mluvi/kdo-to-mluvi-velke-odhaleni-prinasi-novy-porad-uz-od-25-srpna-64087937',
         'md5': '41fd358000086a1ccdb068c77809b158',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:97a811000a6460266029d6c1c2ebcd59',
             'duration': 50.2,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.stream.cz/tajemno/znicehonic-jim-skrz-strechu-prolitnul-zahadny-predmet-badatele-vse-objasnili-64147267',
         'md5': '3ee4d0be040e8f4a543e67e509d55e3f',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:4b8ada6718d34bb011c4e04ca4bc19bf',
             'duration': 442.84,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, spl_url, video):
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         perex
                         duration
                         views
-                    }'''
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
-            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'}
+                    }''',
+            }).encode(),
+            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'},
         )['data']['episode']
 
         spl_url = data['spl'] + 'spl2,3'
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             for ext, sub_url in subs.get('urls').items():
                 subtitles.setdefault(subs['language'], []).append({
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'url': urljoin(spl_url, sub_url)
+                    'url': urljoin(spl_url, sub_url),
                 })
 
         formats = list(self._extract_formats(spl_url, video))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
index a32c8bc37..60056f7cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': '流浪',
             'track_id': '123688',
             'album': '2010',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tw.streetvoice.com/skippylu/songs/94440/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
-        base_url = 'https://streetvoice.com/api/v4/song/%s/' % song_id
+        base_url = f'https://streetvoice.com/api/v4/song/{song_id}/'
         song = self._download_json(base_url, song_id, query={
             'fields': 'album,comments_count,created_at,id,image,length,likes_count,name,nickname,plays_count,profile,share_count,synopsis,user,username',
         })
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for suffix, format_id in [('hls/file', 'hls'), ('file', 'http'), ('file/original', 'original')]:
             f_url = (self._download_json(
                 base_url + suffix + '/', song_id,
-                'Downloading %s format URL' % format_id,
+                f'Downloading {format_id} format URL',
                 data=b'', fatal=False) or {}).get('file')
             if not f_url:
                 continue
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(song.get('created_at')),
             'uploader': try_get(user, lambda x: x['profile']['nickname']),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(user.get('id')),
-            'uploader_url': urljoin(url, '/%s/' % username) if username else None,
+            'uploader_url': urljoin(url, f'/{username}/') if username else None,
             'view_count': get_count('plays'),
             'like_count': get_count('likes'),
             'comment_count': get_count('comments'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
index e438dee11..232837d8d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class StretchInternetIE(InfoExtractor):
             # 'timestamp': 1575668361,
             # 'upload_date': '20191206',
             'uploader_id': '99997',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
index b9523c865..31c8afbc6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
     lowercase_escape,
-    traverse_obj
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StripchatIE(InfoExtractor):
         'skip': 'Room is offline',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://stripchat.com/Rakhijaan@xh',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
index 8b3e63538..c489e4237 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class STVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20170301',
             'title': '60 seconds on set with Laura Norton',
-            'description': "How many questions can Laura - a.k.a Kerry Wyatt - answer in 60 seconds? Let\'s find out!",
+            'description': "How many questions can Laura - a.k.a Kerry Wyatt - answer in 60 seconds? Let's find out!",
             'timestamp': 1488388054,
             'uploader_id': '1486976045',
         },
@@ -41,19 +40,19 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         ptype, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False) or ''
-        props = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default='{}').get('props') or {}
+        props = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default={}).get('props') or {}
         player_api_cache = try_get(
             props, lambda x: x['initialReduxState']['playerApiCache']) or {}
 
         api_path, resp = None, {}
         for k, v in player_api_cache.items():
-            if k.startswith('/episodes/') or k.startswith('/shortform/'):
+            if k.startswith(('/episodes/', '/shortform/')):
                 api_path, resp = k, v
                 break
         else:
             episode_id = str_or_none(try_get(
                 props, lambda x: x['pageProps']['episodeId']))
-            api_path = '/%s/%s' % (self._PTYPE_MAP[ptype], episode_id or video_id)
+            api_path = f'/{self._PTYPE_MAP[ptype]}/{episode_id or video_id}'
 
         result = resp.get('results')
         if not result:
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             result = resp['results']
 
         video = result['video']
-        video_id = compat_str(video['id'])
+        video_id = str(video['id'])
 
         subtitles = {}
         _subtitles = result.get('_subtitles') or {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
index 6ee3f75e1..30cb322dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:bec758a34d8ee9142d43bcebdf33af18',
             'uploader': 'Maybe Baby',
             'uploader_id': '33628',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://haleynahman.substack.com/p/-dear-danny-i-found-my-boyfriends?s=r',
         'md5': '0a63eacec877a1171a62cfa69710fcea',
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:daa40b6b79249417c14ff8103db29639',
             'uploader': 'Maybe Baby',
             'uploader_id': '33628',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://andrewzimmern.substack.com/p/mussels-with-black-bean-sauce-recipe',
         'md5': 'fd3c07077b02444ff0130715b5f632bb',
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:e30bfaa9da40e82aa62354263a9dd232',
             'uploader': "Andrew Zimmern's Spilled Milk ",
             'uploader_id': '577659',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         if mobj:
             parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
             yield parsed._replace(netloc=f'{mobj.group("subdomain")}.substack.com').geturl()
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _extract_video_formats(self, video_id, url):
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
index 708873a95..6078d5000 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_duration,
-    int_or_none,
-    qualities,
     determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
+    qualities,
 )
 
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class SunPornoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 302,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embeds.sunporno.com/embed/807778',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.sunporno.com/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.sunporno.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = self._html_extract_title(webpage)
         description = self._html_search_meta(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
index 01a07b399..944ce18c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             query['quality'] = quality
             audio_url_data = self._download_json(
                 self._BASE_URL + 'getaudiourl', audio_id,
-                'Downloading %s format JSON metadata' % quality,
+                f'Downloading {quality} format JSON metadata',
                 fatal=False, query=query) or {}
             audio_url = audio_url_data.get('audioUrl')
             if not audio_url or audio_url in urls:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
index 573147a45..38782abac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ def _extract_video(self, video_info, video_id):
 
 class SVTIE(SVTBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?svt\.se/wd\?(?:.*?&)?widgetId=(?P<widget_id>\d+)&.*?\barticleId=(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?:<iframe src|href)="(?P<url>%s[^"]*)"' % _VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:<iframe src|href)="(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}[^"]*)"']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId=23991&sectionId=541&articleId=2900353&type=embed&contextSectionId=123&autostart=false',
         'md5': '33e9a5d8f646523ce0868ecfb0eed77d',
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         article_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId=%s&articleId=%s&format=json&type=embed&output=json' % (widget_id, article_id),
+            f'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId={widget_id}&articleId={article_id}&format=json&type=embed&output=json',
             article_id)
 
         info_dict = self._extract_video(info['video'], article_id)
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             'subtitles': {
                 'sv': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             'episode': '1. Farlig kryssning',
             'series': 'Rederiet',
             'subtitles': {
-                'sv': 'count:3'
+                'sv': 'count:3',
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
     def _extract_by_video_id(self, video_id, webpage=None):
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.svt.se/videoplayer-api/video/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.svt.se/videoplayer-api/video/{video_id}',
             video_id, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         info_dict = self._extract_video(data, video_id)
         if not info_dict.get('title'):
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             svt_id = try_get(
                 data, lambda x: x['statistics']['dataLake']['content']['id'],
-                compat_str)
+                str)
 
         if not svt_id:
             nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False)
@@ -323,7 +322,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super(SVTSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         series_slug, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -349,7 +348,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     name
     shortDescription
   }
-}''' % series_slug,
+}''' % series_slug,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['listablesBySlug'][0]
 
         season_name = None
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             for item in items:
                 video = item.get('item') or {}
                 content_id = video.get('videoSvtId')
-                if not content_id or not isinstance(content_id, compat_str):
+                if not content_id or not isinstance(content_id, str):
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     'svt:' + content_id, SVTPlayIE.ie_key(), content_id))
@@ -377,7 +376,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         season_name = season_name or season_id
 
         if title and season_name:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (title, season_name)
+            title = f'{title} - {season_name}'
         elif season_id:
             title = season_id
 
@@ -401,32 +400,32 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'id': 'jXvk42E',
             'title': 'Försvarsmakten om trafikkaoset på E22: Kunde inte varit där snabbare',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            "duration": 80,
+            'duration': 80,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'timestamp': 1704370009,
             'episode': 'Försvarsmakten om trafikkaoset på E22: Kunde inte varit där snabbare',
             'series': 'Lokala Nyheter Skåne',
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/svtforum/2023-tungt-ar-for-svensk-media',
         'info_dict': {
             'title': '2023 tungt år för svensk media',
             'id': 'ewqAZv4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            "duration": 3074,
+            'duration': 3074,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'series': '',
             'timestamp': 1702980479,
             'upload_date': '20231219',
-            'episode': 'Mediestudier'
+            'episode': 'Mediestudier',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/sport/ishockey/bakom-masken-lehners-kamp-mot-mental-ohalsa',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Bakom masken – Lehners kamp mot mental ohälsa',
         },
         'playlist_count': 4,
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/svenska-andrea-ar-en-mil-fran-branderna-i-kalifornien',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Svenska Andrea redo att fly sitt hem i Kalifornien',
         },
         'playlist_count': 2,
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         # only programTitle
         'url': 'http://www.svt.se/sport/ishockey/jagr-tacklar-giroux-under-intervjun',
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'duration': 27,
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vast/svt-testar-tar-nagon-upp-skrapet-1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super(SVTPageIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -479,7 +478,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def entries():
             for video_id in set(traverse_obj(data, (
-                'page', (('topMedia', 'svtId'), ('body', ..., 'video', 'svtId')), {str}
+                'page', (('topMedia', 'svtId'), ('body', ..., 'video', 'svtId')), {str},
             ))):
                 info = self._extract_video(
                     self._download_json(f'https://api.svt.se/video/{video_id}', video_id), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
index aeaff28f2..b4835c5ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class SwearnetEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Episode 1 - Grilled Cheese Sammich',
             'season_number': 1,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.vidyard.com/thumbnails/232819/_RX04IKIq60a2V6rIRqq_Q_small.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, video_source, video_id):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, video_source, video_id):
             else:
                 formats.extend({
                     'url': video_mp4.get('url'),
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 } for video_mp4 in value)
 
         return formats, subtitles
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _get_direct_subtitle(self, caption_json):
         for caption in caption_json:
             subs.setdefault(caption.get('language') or 'und', []).append({
                 'url': caption.get('vttUrl'),
-                'name': caption.get('name')
+                'name': caption.get('name'),
             })
 
         return subs
@@ -75,5 +75,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'season_number': int_or_none(season_number),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode_number),
             'thumbnails': [{'url': thumbnail_url}
-                           for thumbnail_url in traverse_obj(json_data, ('thumbnailUrls', ...))]
+                           for thumbnail_url in traverse_obj(json_data, ('thumbnailUrls', ...))],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
index bd2d73842..a32b50080 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from ..utils import (
-    update_url_query,
     smuggle_url,
+    update_url_query,
 )
 
 
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class SyfyIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        syfy_mpx = list(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
+        syfy_mpx = next(iter(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'jQuery\.extend\(Drupal\.settings\s*,\s*({.+?})\);', webpage, 'drupal settings'),
-            display_id)['syfy']['syfy_mpx'].values())[0]
+            display_id)['syfy']['syfy_mpx'].values()))
         video_id = syfy_mpx['mpxGUID']
         title = syfy_mpx['episodeTitle']
         query = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
index 287fb264b..ec166831c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ class SYVDKIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'isabella-arendt-stiller-op-for-de-konservative-2',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Isabella Arendt stiller op for De Konservative',
-            'description': 'md5:f5fa6a431813bf37284f3412ad7c6c06'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:f5fa6a431813bf37284f3412ad7c6c06',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
index c69c13d0b..4c537dfd1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if not formats:
                     continue
                 entries.append({
-                    'id': '%s-%d' % (display_id, num),
+                    'id': f'{display_id}-{num}',
                     'title': try_get(video, lambda x: x['mc']['_title']),
                     'duration': int_or_none(try_get(video, lambda x: x['mc']['_duration'])),
-                    'formats': formats
+                    'formats': formats,
                 })
 
         if not entries:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4c31da4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+import re
+import uuid
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
+    join_nonempty,
+    str_or_none,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class TapTapBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _X_UA = 'V=1&PN=WebApp&LANG=zh_CN&VN_CODE=102&LOC=CN&PLT=PC&DS=Android&UID={uuid}&OS=Windows&OSV=10&DT=PC'
+    _VIDEO_API = 'https://www.taptap.cn/webapiv2/video-resource/v1/multi-get'
+    _INFO_API = None
+    _INFO_QUERY_KEY = 'id'
+    _DATA_PATH = None
+    _ID_PATH = None
+    _META_PATH = None
+
+    def _get_api(self, url, video_id, query, **kwargs):
+        query = {**query, 'X-UA': self._X_UA.format(uuid=uuid.uuid4())}
+        return self._download_json(url, video_id, query=query, **kwargs)['data']
+
+    def _extract_video(self, video_id):
+        video_data = self._get_api(self._VIDEO_API, video_id, query={'video_ids': video_id})['list'][0]
+
+        # h265 playlist contains both h265 and h264 formats
+        video_url = traverse_obj(video_data, ('play_url', ('url_h265', 'url'), {url_or_none}, any))
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, fatal=False)
+        for fmt in formats:
+            if re.search(r'^(hev|hvc|hvt)\d', fmt.get('vcodec', '')):
+                fmt['format_id'] = join_nonempty(fmt.get('format_id'), 'h265', delim='_')
+
+        return {
+            'id': str(video_id),
+            'formats': formats,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, ({
+                'duration': ('info', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', ('original_url', 'url'), {url_or_none}),
+            }), get_all=False),
+        }
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        query = {self._INFO_QUERY_KEY: video_id}
+
+        data = traverse_obj(
+            self._get_api(self._INFO_API, video_id, query=query), self._DATA_PATH)
+
+        metainfo = traverse_obj(data, self._META_PATH)
+        entries = [{
+            **metainfo,
+            **self._extract_video(id_),
+        } for id_ in set(traverse_obj(data, self._ID_PATH))]
+
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, **metainfo, id=video_id)
+
+
+class TapTapMomentIE(TapTapBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.cn/moment/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.cn/webapiv2/moment/v3/detail'
+    _ID_PATH = ('moment', 'topic', (('videos', ...), 'pin_video'), 'video_id')
+    _META_PATH = ('moment', {
+        'timestamp': ('created_time', {int_or_none}),
+        'modified_timestamp': ('edited_time', {int_or_none}),
+        'uploader': ('author', 'user', 'name', {str}),
+        'uploader_id': ('author', 'user', 'id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+        'title': ('topic', 'title', {str}),
+        'description': ('topic', 'summary', {str}),
+    })
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.cn/moment/194618230982052443',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '194618230982052443',
+            'title': '《崩坏3》开放世界「后崩坏书」新篇章 于淹没之地仰视辰星',
+            'description': 'md5:cf66f7819d413641b8b28c8543f4ecda',
+            'timestamp': 1633453402,
+            'upload_date': '20211005',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1633453402,
+            'modified_date': '20211005',
+            'uploader': '乌酱',
+            'uploader_id': '532896',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '2202584',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '《崩坏3》开放世界「后崩坏书」新篇章 于淹没之地仰视辰星',
+                'description': 'md5:cf66f7819d413641b8b28c8543f4ecda',
+                'duration': 66,
+                'timestamp': 1633453402,
+                'upload_date': '20211005',
+                'modified_timestamp': 1633453402,
+                'modified_date': '20211005',
+                'uploader': '乌酱',
+                'uploader_id': '532896',
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.cn/moment/521630629209573493',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '521630629209573493',
+            'title': '《崩坏：星穹铁道》黄泉角色PV——「你的颜色」',
+            'description': 'md5:2c81245da864428c904d53ae4ad2182b',
+            'timestamp': 1711425600,
+            'upload_date': '20240326',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1711425600,
+            'modified_date': '20240326',
+            'uploader': '崩坏：星穹铁道',
+            'uploader_id': '414732580',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '4006511',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '《崩坏：星穹铁道》黄泉角色PV——「你的颜色」',
+                'description': 'md5:2c81245da864428c904d53ae4ad2182b',
+                'duration': 173,
+                'timestamp': 1711425600,
+                'upload_date': '20240326',
+                'modified_timestamp': 1711425600,
+                'modified_date': '20240326',
+                'uploader': '崩坏：星穹铁道',
+                'uploader_id': '414732580',
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.cn/moment/540493587511511299',
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '540493587511511299',
+            'title': '中式民俗解谜《纸嫁衣7》、新系列《纸不语》公布！',
+            'description': 'md5:d60842350e686ddb242291ddfb8e39c9',
+            'timestamp': 1715920200,
+            'upload_date': '20240517',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1715942225,
+            'modified_date': '20240517',
+            'uploader': 'TapTap 编辑',
+            'uploader_id': '7159244',
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+
+class TapTapAppIE(TapTapBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.cn/app/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.cn/webapiv2/app/v4/detail'
+    _ID_PATH = (('app_videos', 'videos'), ..., 'video_id')
+    _META_PATH = {
+        'title': ('title', {str}),
+        'description': ('description', 'text', {str}, {clean_html}),
+    }
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.cn/app/168332',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '168332',
+            'title': '原神',
+            'description': 'md5:e345f39a5fea5de2a46923f70d5f76ab',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 2,
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '4058443',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '原神',
+                'description': 'md5:e345f39a5fea5de2a46923f70d5f76ab',
+                'duration': 26,
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }, {
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '4058462',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '原神',
+                'description': 'md5:e345f39a5fea5de2a46923f70d5f76ab',
+                'duration': 295,
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+
+class TapTapIntlBase(TapTapBaseIE):
+    _X_UA = 'V=1&PN=WebAppIntl2&LANG=zh_TW&VN_CODE=115&VN=0.1.0&LOC=CN&PLT=PC&DS=Android&UID={uuid}&CURR=&DT=PC&OS=Windows&OSV=NT%208.0.0'
+    _VIDEO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/video-resource/v1/multi-get'
+
+
+class TapTapAppIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.io/app/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/i/app/v5/detail'
+    _DATA_PATH = 'app'
+    _ID_PATH = (('app_videos', 'videos'), ..., 'video_id')
+    _META_PATH = {
+        'title': ('title', {str}),
+        'description': ('description', 'text', {str}, {clean_html}),
+    }
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.io/app/233287',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '233287',
+            'title': '《虹彩六號 M》',
+            'description': 'md5:418285f9c15347fc3cf3e3a3c649f182',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '2149708997',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': '《虹彩六號 M》',
+                'description': 'md5:418285f9c15347fc3cf3e3a3c649f182',
+                'duration': 78,
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
+
+
+class TapTapPostIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.taptap\.io/post/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _INFO_API = 'https://www.taptap.io/webapiv2/creation/post/v1/detail'
+    _INFO_QUERY_KEY = 'id_str'
+    _DATA_PATH = 'post'
+    _ID_PATH = ((('videos', ...), 'pin_video'), 'video_id')
+    _META_PATH = {
+        'timestamp': ('published_time', {int_or_none}),
+        'modified_timestamp': ('edited_time', {int_or_none}),
+        'uploader': ('user', 'name', {str}),
+        'uploader_id': ('user', 'id', {int}, {str_or_none}),
+        'title': ('title', {str}),
+        'description': ('list_fields', 'summary', {str}),
+    }
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.taptap.io/post/571785',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '571785',
+            'title': 'Arknights x Rainbow Six Siege | Event PV',
+            'description': 'md5:f7717c13f6d3108e22db7303e6690bf7',
+            'timestamp': 1614664951,
+            'upload_date': '20210302',
+            'modified_timestamp': 1614664951,
+            'modified_date': '20210302',
+            'uploader': 'TapTap Editor',
+            'uploader_id': '80224473',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 1,
+        'playlist': [{
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': '2149491903',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'title': 'Arknights x Rainbow Six Siege | Event PV',
+                'description': 'md5:f7717c13f6d3108e22db7303e6690bf7',
+                'duration': 122,
+                'timestamp': 1614664951,
+                'upload_date': '20210302',
+                'modified_timestamp': 1614664951,
+                'modified_date': '20210302',
+                'uploader': 'TapTap Editor',
+                'uploader_id': '80224473',
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
+            },
+        }],
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
index d1e26e682..0aba50753 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.tbs.com/shows/search-party/season-1/episode-1/explicit-the-mysterious-disappearance-of-the-girl-no-one-knew',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -48,20 +45,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         drupal_settings = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'<script[^>]+?data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*?>({.+?})</script>',
             webpage, 'drupal setting'), display_id)
-        isLive = 'watchtnt' in path or 'watchtbs' in path or 'watchtrutv' in path
-        video_data = next(v for v in drupal_settings['turner_playlist'] if isLive or v.get('url') == path)
+        is_live = 'watchtnt' in path or 'watchtbs' in path or 'watchtrutv' in path
+        video_data = next(v for v in drupal_settings['turner_playlist'] if is_live or v.get('url') == path)
 
         media_id = video_data['mediaID']
         title = video_data['title']
-        tokenizer_query = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        tokenizer_query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             drupal_settings['ngtv_token_url']).query)
 
         info = self._extract_ngtv_info(
             media_id, tokenizer_query, {
                 'url': url,
                 'site_name': {'tbs': 'TBS', 'tnt': 'TNT', 'trutv': 'truTV'}[site],
-                'auth_required': video_data.get('authRequired') == '1' or isLive,
-                'is_live': isLive
+                'auth_required': video_data.get('authRequired') == '1' or is_live,
+                'is_live': is_live,
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
@@ -90,6 +87,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'season_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('season')),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('episode')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'is_live': isLive
+            'is_live': is_live,
         })
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
index 77ddeca32..32f9cfbde 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ class TBSJPProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['エンタメ', 'ミライカプセル', '会社', '働く', 'バラエティ', '動画'],
             'description': '幼少期の夢は大人になって、どう成長したのだろうか？\nそしてその夢は今後、どのように広がっていくのか？\nいま話題の会社で働く人の「夢の成長」を描く',
             'series': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
-            'title': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-'
-        }
+            'title': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class TBSJPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'title': 'まもなく配信終了',
             'id': '184f9970e7ba48e4915f1b252c55015e',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
index 5eac9aa3f..0d39be6d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .wistia import WistiaIE
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
+    clean_html,
     get_element_by_class,
+    int_or_none,
     strip_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'courses.workitdaily.com': 'workitdaily',
     }
 
-    _VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE = (_URL_PREFIX, '|'.join(re.escape(site) for site in _SITES.keys()))
+    _VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE = (_URL_PREFIX, '|'.join(re.escape(site) for site in _SITES))
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
         self._logged_in = False
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ def _login(self, site):
             return
 
         login_page, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            'https://%s/sign_in' % site, None,
-            'Downloading %s login page' % site)
+            f'https://{site}/sign_in', None,
+            f'Downloading {site} login page')
 
         def is_logged(webpage):
             return any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
             post_url = urljoin(login_url, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
-            post_url, None, 'Logging in to %s' % site,
+            post_url, None, f'Logging in to {site}',
             data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
 
         if '>I accept the new Privacy Policy<' in response:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s asks you to accept new Privacy Policy. '
-                'Go to https://%s/ and accept.' % (site, site), expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {site} asks you to accept new Privacy Policy. '
+                f'Go to https://{site}/ and accept.', expected=True)
 
         # Successful login
         if is_logged(response):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
         message = get_element_by_class('alert', response)
         if message is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % clean_html(message), expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {clean_html(message)}', expected=True)
 
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ class TeachableIE(TeachableBaseIE):
     _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     (?:
-                        %shttps?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
-                        https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>%s)
+                        {}https?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
+                        https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>{})
                     )
                     /courses/[^/]+/lectures/(?P<id>\d+)
-                    ''' % TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE
+                    '''.format(*TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE)
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://gns3.teachable.com/courses/gns3-certified-associate/lectures/6842364',
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         if cls._is_teachable(webpage):
             if re.match(r'https?://[^/]+/(?:courses|p)', url):
                 yield f'{cls._URL_PREFIX}{url}'
-                raise cls.StopExtraction()
+                raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         chapter = None
         chapter_number = None
         section_item = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)(?P<li><li[^>]+\bdata-lecture-id=["\']%s[^>]+>.+?</li>)' % video_id,
+            rf'(?s)(?P<li><li[^>]+\bdata-lecture-id=["\']{video_id}[^>]+>.+?</li>)',
             webpage, 'section item', default=None, group='li')
         if section_item:
             chapter_number = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
@@ -211,11 +211,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class TeachableCourseIE(TeachableBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                         (?:
-                            %shttps?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
-                            https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>%s)
+                            {}https?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
+                            https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>{})
                         )
                         /(?:courses|p)/(?:enrolled/)?(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
-                    ''' % TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE
+                    '''.format(*TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE)
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://v1.upskillcourses.com/courses/essential-web-developer-course/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -242,8 +242,7 @@ class TeachableCourseIE(TeachableBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if TeachableIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            TeachableCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if TeachableIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, course_id)
 
-        url_base = 'https://%s/' % site
+        url_base = f'https://{site}/'
 
         entries = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
index 90a976297..4c26d31e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     qualities,
 )
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'<div\b[^>]+\bclass=["\']msgBox error[^>]+>([^<]+)', webpage,
             'error', default=None)
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_meta('title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
         TITLE_SUFFIX = ' - TeacherTube'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = [
             {
                 'url': media_url,
-                'quality': quality(determine_ext(media_url))
+                'quality': quality(determine_ext(media_url)),
             } for media_url in set(media_urls)
         ]
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class TeacherTubeUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://www.teachertube.com/user/profile/rbhagwati2',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'rbhagwati2'
+            'id': 'rbhagwati2',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 179,
     }
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, user_id)
         urls.extend(re.findall(self._MEDIA_RE, webpage))
 
-        pages = re.findall(r'/ajax-user/user-videos/%s\?page=([0-9]+)' % user_id, webpage)[:-1]
+        pages = re.findall(rf'/ajax-user/user-videos/{user_id}\?page=([0-9]+)', webpage)[:-1]
         for p in pages:
-            more = 'http://www.teachertube.com/ajax-user/user-videos/%s?page=%s' % (user_id, p)
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(more, user_id, 'Downloading page %s/%s' % (p, len(pages)))
+            more = f'http://www.teachertube.com/ajax-user/user-videos/{user_id}?page={p}'
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(more, user_id, f'Downloading page {p}/{len(pages)}')
             video_urls = re.findall(self._MEDIA_RE, webpage)
             urls.extend(video_urls)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
index d32f81262..3fb899cac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamcoco.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
     parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
-    urljoin,
     url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
index dd802db5b..ba25cdcf6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teamtreehouse.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     get_element_by_class,
     get_element_by_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
index c28a15498..8544c8bed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
     str_to_int,
     try_get,
-    url_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
-    parse_duration,
+    url_or_none,
 )
 
 
@@ -47,11 +46,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         talk_info = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, display_id)['props']['pageProps']['videoData']
         video_id = talk_info['id']
-        playerData = self._parse_json(talk_info.get('playerData'), video_id)
+        player_data = self._parse_json(talk_info.get('playerData'), video_id)
 
         http_url = None
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for format_id, resources in (playerData.get('resources') or {}).items():
+        for format_id, resources in (player_data.get('resources') or {}).items():
             if format_id == 'hls':
                 stream_url = url_or_none(try_get(resources, lambda x: x['stream']))
                 if not stream_url:
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     bitrate = int_or_none(resource.get('bitrate'))
                     formats.append({
                         'url': h264_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%sk' % (format_id, bitrate),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{bitrate}k',
                         'tbr': bitrate,
                     })
                     if re.search(r'\d+k', h264_url):
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if not streamer:
                     continue
                 formats.extend({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, resource.get('name')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(format_id, resource.get('name')),
                     'url': streamer,
                     'play_path': resource['file'],
                     'ext': 'flv',
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     continue
                 bitrate_url = re.sub(r'\d+k', bitrate, http_url)
                 if not self._is_valid_url(
-                        bitrate_url, video_id, '%s bitrate' % bitrate):
+                        bitrate_url, video_id, f'{bitrate} bitrate'):
                     continue
                 f = m3u8_format.copy()
                 f.update({
@@ -120,12 +119,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             })
 
         if not formats:
-            external = playerData.get('external') or {}
+            external = player_data.get('external') or {}
             service = external.get('service') or ''
             ext_url = external.get('code') if service.lower() == 'youtube' else None
             return self.url_result(ext_url or external['uri'])
 
-        thumbnail = playerData.get('thumb') or self._og_search_property('image', webpage)
+        thumbnail = player_data.get('thumb') or self._og_search_property('image', webpage)
         if thumbnail:
             # trim thumbnail resize parameters
             thumbnail = thumbnail.split('?')[0]
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'view_count': str_to_int(talk_info.get('viewedCount')),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(talk_info.get('publishedAt')),
             'release_date': unified_strdate(talk_info.get('recordedOn')),
-            'tags': try_get(playerData, lambda x: x['targeting']['tag'].split(',')),
+            'tags': try_get(player_data, lambda x: x['targeting']['tag'].split(',')),
         }
 
 
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ class TedSeriesIE(TedBaseIE):
             'id': '3',
             'title': 'Small Thing Big Idea',
             'series': 'Small Thing Big Idea',
-            'description': 'md5:6869ca52cec661aef72b3e9f7441c55c'
+            'description': 'md5:6869ca52cec661aef72b3e9f7441c55c',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 16,
     }, {
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ class TedSeriesIE(TedBaseIE):
             'title': 'The Way We Work Season 2',
             'series': 'The Way We Work',
             'description': 'md5:59469256e533e1a48c4aa926a382234c',
-            'season_number': 2
+            'season_number': 2,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }]
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ class TedPlaylistIE(TedBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '171',
             'title': 'The most popular talks of all time',
-            'description': 'md5:d2f22831dc86c7040e733a3cb3993d78'
+            'description': 'md5:d2f22831dc86c7040e733a3cb3993d78',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
index 212af3785..c5ca208fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from ..utils import (
+    determine_ext,
     js_to_json,
     qualities,
-    determine_ext,
 )
 
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Tele13IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'UCnLY_3ezwNcDSC_Wc6suZxw',
             },
             'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
index 72f67e402..a45537541 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele5.py
@@ -1,89 +1,77 @@
-from .dplay import DPlayIE
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    extract_attributes,
-)
+import functools
+
+from .dplay import DiscoveryPlusBaseIE
+from ..utils import join_nonempty
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
-class Tele5IE(DPlayIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tele5\.de/(?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
+class Tele5IE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tele5\.de/(?P<parent_slug>[\w-]+)/(?P<slug_a>[\w-]+)(?:/(?P<slug_b>[\w-]+))?'
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/mediathek/filme-online/videos?vid=1549416',
+        # slug_a and slug_b
+        'url': 'https://tele5.de/mediathek/stargate-atlantis/quarantane',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1549416',
+            'id': '6852024',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20180814',
-            'timestamp': 1534290623,
-            'title': 'Pandorum',
+            'title': 'Quarantäne',
+            'description': 'md5:6af0373bd0fcc4f13e5d47701903d675',
+            'episode': 'Episode 73',
+            'episode_number': 73,
+            'season': 'Season 4',
+            'season_number': 4,
+            'series': 'Stargate Atlantis',
+            'upload_date': '20240525',
+            'timestamp': 1716643200,
+            'duration': 2503.2,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2024/05/21/c81fcb45-8902-309b-badb-4e6d546b575d.jpeg',
+            'creators': ['Tele5'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'No longer available: "404 Seite nicht gefunden"',
     }, {
-        # jwplatform, nexx unavailable
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/filme/ghoul-das-geheimnis-des-friedhofmonsters/',
+        # only slug_a
+        'url': 'https://tele5.de/mediathek/inside-out',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'WJuiOlUp',
+            'id': '6819502',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20200603',
-            'timestamp': 1591214400,
-            'title': 'Ghoul - Das Geheimnis des Friedhofmonsters',
-            'description': 'md5:42002af1d887ff3d5b2b3ca1f8137d97',
+            'title': 'Inside out',
+            'description': 'md5:7e5f32ed0be5ddbd27713a34b9293bfd',
+            'series': 'Inside out',
+            'upload_date': '20240523',
+            'timestamp': 1716494400,
+            'duration': 5343.4,
+            'thumbnail': 'https://eu1-prod-images.disco-api.com/2024/05/15/181eba3c-f9f0-3faf-b14d-0097050a3aa4.jpeg',
+            'creators': ['Tele5'],
+            'tags': [],
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'No longer available, redirects to Filme page',
     }, {
-        'url': 'https://tele5.de/mediathek/angel-of-mine/',
+        # playlist
+        'url': 'https://tele5.de/mediathek/schlefaz',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '1252360',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20220109',
-            'timestamp': 1641762000,
-            'title': 'Angel of Mine',
-            'description': 'md5:a72546a175e1286eb3251843a52d1ad7',
+            'id': 'mediathek-schlefaz',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'format': 'bestvideo',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/kalkofes-mattscheibe/video-clips/politik-und-gesellschaft?ve_id=1551191',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/video-clip/?ve_id=1609440',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/filme/schlefaz-dragon-crusaders/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/filme/making-of/avengers-endgame/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/star-trek/raumschiff-voyager/ganze-folge/das-vinculum/',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.tele5.de/anders-ist-sevda/',
-        'only_matching': True,
+        'playlist_mincount': 3,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        player_element = self._search_regex(r'(<hyoga-player\b[^>]+?>)', webpage, 'video player')
-        player_info = extract_attributes(player_element)
-        asset_id, country, realm = (player_info[x] for x in ('assetid', 'locale', 'realm', ))
-        endpoint = compat_urlparse.urlparse(player_info['endpoint']).hostname
-        source_type = player_info.get('sourcetype')
-        if source_type:
-            endpoint = '%s-%s' % (source_type, endpoint)
-        try:
-            return self._get_disco_api_info(url, asset_id, endpoint, realm, country)
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if getattr(e, 'message', '') == 'Missing deviceId in context':
-                self.report_drm(video_id)
-            raise
+        parent_slug, slug_a, slug_b = self._match_valid_url(url).group('parent_slug', 'slug_a', 'slug_b')
+        playlist_id = join_nonempty(parent_slug, slug_a, slug_b, delim='-')
+
+        query = {'environment': 'tele5', 'v': '2'}
+        if not slug_b:
+            endpoint = f'page/{slug_a}'
+            query['parent_slug'] = parent_slug
+        else:
+            endpoint = f'videos/{slug_b}'
+            query['filter[show.slug]'] = slug_a
+        cms_data = self._download_json(f'https://de-api.loma-cms.com/feloma/{endpoint}/', playlist_id, query=query)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(map(
+            functools.partial(self._get_disco_api_info, url, disco_host='eu1-prod.disco-api.com', realm='dmaxde', country='DE'),
+            traverse_obj(cms_data, ('blocks', ..., 'videoId', {str}))), playlist_id)
+
+    def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
+        headers.update({
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
+            'x-disco-client': 'Alps:HyogaPlayer:0.0.0',
+            'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
+        })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
index 91118a1a4..539187690 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TelecaribePlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Livestream',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.play.telecaribe.co/liveplus',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
index a3f0c7cda..7a9dcd71c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TelecincoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Con Martín Berasategui, hacer un bacalao al pil-pil es fácil y divertido',
                 'duration': 662,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cuatro.com/deportes/futbol/barcelona/Leo_Messi-Champions-Roma_2_2052780128.html',
         'md5': 'c86fe0d99e3bdb46b7950d38bf6ef12a',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
index 13e9515f8..c0bcdc206 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       videoId
     }
   }
-}''' % article_id,
+}''' % article_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['article']['videos'][0]['videoId']
 
         item = self._download_json(
-            'https://content.tmgvideo.nl/playlist/item=%s/playlist.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://content.tmgvideo.nl/playlist/item={video_id}/playlist.json',
             video_id)['items'][0]
         title = item['title']
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                     manifest_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
             else:
-                self.report_warning('Unknown adaptive format %s' % ext)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unknown adaptive format {ext}')
         for location in locations.get('progressive', []):
             src = try_get(location, lambda x: x['sources'][0]['src'])
             if not src:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'url': src,
                 'width': int_or_none(location.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(location.get('height')),
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%s' % label if label else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{label}' if label else ''),
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
index 5ec54857d..4ec8bcc75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TelegramEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 2-video post with 'single' query param
         'url': 'https://t.me/vorposte/29342?single',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
index a71b14c27..664464844 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TeleMBIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Mons - Cook with Danielle : des cours de cuisine en anglais ! - Les reportages',
                 'description': 'md5:bc5225f47b17c309761c856ad4776265',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # non-ASCII characters in download URL
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TeleMBIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Havré - Incendie mortel - Les reportages',
                 'description': 'md5:5e54cb449acb029c2b7734e2d946bd4a',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for video_url in re.findall(r'file\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', webpage):
             fmt = {
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': video_url.split(':')[0]
+                'format_id': video_url.split(':')[0],
             }
             rtmp = re.search(r'^(?P<url>rtmp://[^/]+/(?P<app>.+))/(?P<playpath>mp4:.+)$', video_url)
             if rtmp:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
index 84b24dead..7f4cecd51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class TelemundoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.telemundo.com/shows/al-rojo-vivo/empleo/video/personajes-de-times-square-piden-que-la-ciudad-de-nueva-york-los-deje-volver-trabajar-tmvo9816272',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'formats': formats,
             'timestamp': date,
             'uploader': 'Telemundo',
-            'uploader_id': self._search_regex(r'https?:\/\/(?:[^/]+\/){3}video\/(?P<id>[^\/]+)', m3u8_url, 'Akamai account', fatal=False)
+            'uploader_id': self._search_regex(r'https?:\/\/(?:[^/]+\/){3}video\/(?P<id>[^\/]+)', m3u8_url, 'Akamai account', fatal=False),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
index 08a083714..7f5d5d29b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     smuggle_url,
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         product = media.get('product') or {}
         season = product.get('season') or {}
         info.update({
-            'description': try_get(media, lambda x: x['descriptions'][-1]['text'], compat_str),
+            'description': try_get(media, lambda x: x['descriptions'][-1]['text'], str),
             'series': try_get(season, lambda x: x['serie']['titre']),
             'season': season.get('name'),
             'season_number': int_or_none(season.get('seasonNo')),
@@ -108,14 +107,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://squat.api.telequebec.tv/v1/videos/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://squat.api.telequebec.tv/v1/videos/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         media_id = video['sourceId']
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'http://zonevideo.telequebec.tv/media/%s' % media_id,
+            'url': f'http://zonevideo.telequebec.tv/media/{media_id}',
             'ie_key': TeleQuebecIE.ie_key(),
             'id': media_id,
             'title': video.get('titre'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
index fd831f580..050196c57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TeleTaskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Duplicate Detection',
                 'upload_date': '20141218',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': 'e1e7218c5f0e4790015a437fcf6c71b4',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class TeleTaskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Duplicate Detection',
                 'upload_date': '20141218',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             r'Date:</td><td>([^<]+)</td>', webpage, 'date', fatal=False))
 
         entries = [{
-            'id': '%s-%s' % (lecture_id, format_id),
+            'id': f'{lecture_id}-{format_id}',
             'url': video_url,
             'title': title,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
index 5fdcddd8b..b65116024 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import functools
 import json
 import textwrap
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ def _call_graphql_api(
         result = self._download_json('https://graph.telewebion.com/graphql', video_id, note, data=json.dumps({
             'operationName': operation,
             'query': f'query {operation}{parameters} @cacheControl(maxAge: 60) {{{query}\n}}\n',
-            'variables': {name: value for name, (_, value) in (variables or {}).items()}
+            'variables': {name: value for name, (_, value) in (variables or {}).items()},
         }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             'Accept': 'application/json',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
index 9318d6f9a..4cd16f240 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     traverse_obj,
-    try_call
+    try_call,
 )
 
 
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20221204',
             'title': 'Film Indonesia di Disney Content Showcase Asia Pacific 2022',
             'timestamp': 1670151746,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2366065?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2366065?width=300',
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.cantika.com/video/31737/film-indonesia-di-disney-content-showcase-asia-pacific-2022',
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Serial Indonesia di Disney Content Showcase Asia Pacific 2022',
             'timestamp': 1670639416,
             'upload_date': '20221210',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2374200?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2374200?width=300',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gooto.com/video/11437/wuling-suv-ramai-dikunjungi-di-giias-2018',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:6d901483d0aacc664aecb4489719aafa',
             'duration': 75,
             'timestamp': 1534011263,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/892109?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/892109?width=300',
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
             webpage)
         if mobj:
             yield f'ivxplayer:{mobj.group("video_id")}:{mobj.group("player_key")}'
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, player_key = self._match_valid_url(url).group('video_id', 'player_key')
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'published_at'))),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'thumbnail_url'))
+            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'thumbnail_url')),
         }
 
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TempoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1658907970,
             'upload_date': '20220727',
             'tags': ['Anies Baswedan', ' PTUN', ' PTUN | Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara', ' PTUN Batalkan UMP DKI', ' UMP DKI'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
index 6618ea4e6..fc2b07ac2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_encrypt_bytes
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    float_or_none,
     determine_ext,
+    float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def _check_api_response(self, api_response):
         if api_response.get('code') != '0.0' and msg is not None:
             if msg in (
                 '您所在区域暂无此内容版权（如设置VPN请关闭后重试）',
-                'This content is not available in your area due to copyright restrictions. Please choose other videos.'
+                'This content is not available in your area due to copyright restrictions. Please choose other videos.',
             ):
                 self.raise_geo_restricted()
             raise ExtractorError(f'Tencent said: {msg}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
index c1b4a3312..197d7892d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _HEADERS = {
         'origin': 'https://www.tennistv.com',
         'referer': 'https://www.tennistv.com/',
-        'content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+        'content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'redirect_uri': 'https://tennistv.com',
                 'response_mode': 'fragment',
                 'response_type': 'code',
-                'scope': 'openid'
+                'scope': 'openid',
             })
 
         post_url = self._html_search_regex(r'action=["\']([^"\']+?)["\']\s+method=["\']post["\']', login_page, 'login POST url')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
             headers=self._HEADERS, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
                 'password': password,
-                'submitAction': 'Log In'
+                'submitAction': 'Log In',
             }))
         if 'Your username or password was incorrect' in temp_page:
             raise ExtractorError('Your username or password was incorrect', expected=True)
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'response_type': 'code',
                 'scope': 'openid',
                 'nonce': random_uuidv4(),
-                'prompt': 'none'
+                'prompt': 'none',
             })
 
         self.get_token(None, {
             'code': urllib.parse.parse_qs(handle.url)['code'][-1],
             'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
             'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web',
-            'redirect_uri': 'https://www.tennistv.com/resources/v1.1.10/html/silent-check-sso.html'
+            'redirect_uri': 'https://www.tennistv.com/resources/v1.1.10/html/silent-check-sso.html',
         })
 
     def get_token(self, video_id, payload):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
             self.raise_login_required()
         self.access_token, self.refresh_token = cookies['access_token'].value, cookies['refresh_token'].value
 
-    def _download_session_json(self, video_id, entryid,):
+    def _download_session_json(self, video_id, entryid):
         return self._download_json(
             f'https://atppayments.streamamg.com/api/v1/session/ksession/?lang=en&apijwttoken={self.access_token}&entryId={entryid}',
             video_id, 'Downloading ksession token', 'Failed to download ksession token', headers=self._HEADERS)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.get_token(video_id, {
                 'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
                 'refresh_token': self.refresh_token,
-                'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web'
+                'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web',
             })
             k_session = self._download_session_json(video_id, entryid).get('KSession')
             if k_session is None:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
index 11cc5705e..d8c556ace 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1600770600,
             'upload_date': '20200922',
             'uploader': 'Channel 10',
-            'uploader_id': '2199827728001'
+            'uploader_id': '2199827728001',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://10play.com.au/how-to-stay-married/web-extras/season-1/terrys-talks-ep-1-embracing-change/tpv190915ylupc',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'MA': 15,
         'MA15+': 15,
         'R': 18,
-        'X': 18
+        'X': 18,
     }
 
     def _get_bearer_token(self, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
index 3cf001776..31e3c4d9c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             ), None)
             if not extractor:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Found multiple matching extractors: %s' % ' '.join(ie.IE_NAME for ie in matching_extractors),
+                    'Found multiple matching extractors: {}'.format(' '.join(ie.IE_NAME for ie in matching_extractors)),
                     expected=True)
         else:
             extractor = matching_extractors[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
index aba4927ae..5bade3ae5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TF1IE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'tags': 'count:13',
             'episode': 'Episode 21',
-            'duration': 2312
+            'duration': 2312,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'variables': json.dumps({
                     'programSlug': program_slug,
                     'slug': slug,
-                })
+                }),
             })['data']['videoBySlug']
         wat_id = video['streamId']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
index d417f50e1..0d1b25217 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TFOIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Video Game Hackathon',
             'description': 'md5:558afeba217c6c8d96c60e5421795c07',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if infos.get('success') == 0:
             if infos.get('code') == 'ErrGeoBlocked':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, clean_html(infos['msg'])), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, clean_html(infos['msg'])), expected=True)
         video_data = infos['data']
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
index a231eccf4..a9e499064 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_strdate,
-    urljoin
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:cfd3df2791d394d2ab62cd571d5207ee',
             'creator': 'Stephen Buranyi',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:73c12558fcb3b0e2a59422bfb33b3f79',
-            'release_date': '20231103'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231103',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/30/the-trials-of-robert-habeck-is-the-worlds-most-powerful-green-politician-doomed-to-fail-podcast',
         'md5': 'd1771744681789b4cd7da2a08e487702',
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:1b5cf6582d1771c6b7077784b5456994',
             'creator': 'Philip Oltermann',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:6e5c5ec43843e956e20be793722e9080',
-            'release_date': '20231030'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231030',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/football/audio/2023/nov/06/arsenal-feel-hard-done-by-and-luton-hold-liverpool-football-weekly',
         'md5': 'a2fcff6f8e060a95b1483295273dc35e',
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:286a9fbddaeb7c83cc65d1c4a5330b2a',
             'creator': 'Max Rushden',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:93eb7d6440f1bb94eb3a6cad63f48afd',
-            'release_date': '20231106'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231106',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/politics/audio/2023/nov/02/the-covid-inquiry-politics-weekly-uk-podcast',
         'md5': '06a0f7e9701a80c8064a5d35690481ec',
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:207c98859c14903582b17d25b014046e',
             'creator': 'Gaby Hinsliff',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:28932a7b5a25b057be330d2ed70ea7f3',
-            'release_date': '20231102'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231102',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -88,25 +88,25 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'theguardianswomensfootballweekly',
             'title': "The Guardian's Women's Football Weekly",
-            'description': 'md5:e2cc021311e582d29935a73614a43f51'
+            'description': 'md5:e2cc021311e582d29935a73614a43f51',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 69
+        'playlist_mincount': 69,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/todayinfocus?page=2',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'todayinfocus',
             'title': 'Today in Focus',
-            'description': 'md5:0f097764fc0d359e0b6eb537be0387e2'
+            'description': 'md5:0f097764fc0d359e0b6eb537be0387e2',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1261
+        'playlist_mincount': 1261,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/the-audio-long-read',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'the-audio-long-read',
             'title': 'The Audio Long Read',
-            'description': 'md5:5462994a27527309562b25b6defc4ef3'
+            'description': 'md5:5462994a27527309562b25b6defc4ef3',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 996
+        'playlist_mincount': 996,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, url, playlist_id):
@@ -117,8 +117,7 @@ def _entries(self, url, playlist_id):
                 break
 
             episodes = get_elements_html_by_class('fc-item--type-media', webpage)
-            for url_path in traverse_obj(episodes, (..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-id')):
-                yield url_path
+            yield from traverse_obj(episodes, (..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-id'))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         podcast_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
index a13f83bff..a3a702428 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class TheHoleTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Сергей Орлов — Громкий вопрос',
             'thumbnail': 'https://assets-cdn.the-hole.tv/images/t8gan4n6zn627e7wni11b2uemqts',
-            'description': 'md5:45741a9202331f995d9fb76996759379'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:45741a9202331f995d9fb76996759379',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'thumbnail': player_attrs.get('data-player-poster-value'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
index a991a4dfd..dcdca8f81 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_iso8601,
-    int_or_none,
     ExtractorError,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_iso8601,
 )
 
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ class TheInterceptIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1450429239,
             'upload_date': '20151218',
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if post['slug'] == display_id:
                 return {
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': 'jwplatform:%s' % post['fov_videoid'],
-                    'id': compat_str(post['ID']),
+                    'url': 'jwplatform:{}'.format(post['fov_videoid']),
+                    'id': str(post['ID']),
                     'display_id': display_id,
                     'title': post['title'],
                     'description': post.get('excerpt'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
index 9160f5ec6..7c1769c2d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
+import hashlib
+import hmac
 import re
 import time
-import hmac
-import binascii
-import hashlib
 
-
-from .once import OnceIE
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..networking import Request
+from .once import OnceIE
+from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
+    find_xpath_attr,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
-    parse_qs,
-    unsmuggle_url,
-    update_url_query,
-    xpath_with_ns,
     mimetype2ext,
-    find_xpath_attr,
+    parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
+    unsmuggle_url,
     update_url,
+    update_url_query,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
+    xpath_with_ns,
 )
-from ..networking import HEADRequest
 
 default_ns = 'http://www.w3.org/2005/SMIL21/Language'
 _x = lambda p: xpath_with_ns(p, {'smil': default_ns})
@@ -44,8 +41,7 @@ def _extract_theplatform_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, note='Downloading SMIL d
                 if exception.get('value') == 'GeoLocationBlocked':
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(error_element.attrib['abstract'])
                 elif error_element.attrib['src'].startswith(
-                        'http://link.theplatform.%s/s/errorFiles/Unavailable.'
-                        % self._TP_TLD):
+                        f'http://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/errorFiles/Unavailable.'):
                     raise ExtractorError(
                         error_element.attrib['abstract'], expected=True)
 
@@ -72,7 +68,7 @@ def _extract_theplatform_smil(self, smil_url, video_id, note='Downloading SMIL d
         return formats, subtitles
 
     def _download_theplatform_metadata(self, path, video_id):
-        info_url = 'http://link.theplatform.%s/s/%s?format=preview' % (self._TP_TLD, path)
+        info_url = f'http://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/{path}?format=preview'
         return self._download_json(info_url, video_id)
 
     def _parse_theplatform_metadata(self, info):
@@ -142,7 +138,7 @@ class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             <meta\s+
                 property=(["'])(?:og:video(?::(?:secure_)?url)?|twitter:player)\1\s+
                 content=(["'])(?P<url>https?://player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\2''',
-        r'(?s)<(?:iframe|script)[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\1'
+        r'(?s)<(?:iframe|script)[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\1',
     ]
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -227,17 +223,14 @@ def _sign_url(url, sig_key, sig_secret, life=600, include_qs=False):
         flags = '10' if include_qs else '00'
         expiration_date = '%x' % (int(time.time()) + life)
 
-        def str_to_hex(str):
-            return binascii.b2a_hex(str.encode('ascii')).decode('ascii')
-
-        def hex_to_bytes(hex):
-            return binascii.a2b_hex(hex.encode('ascii'))
+        def str_to_hex(str_data):
+            return str_data.encode('ascii').hex()
 
         relative_path = re.match(r'https?://link\.theplatform\.com/s/([^?]+)', url).group(1)
-        clear_text = hex_to_bytes(flags + expiration_date + str_to_hex(relative_path))
+        clear_text = bytes.fromhex(flags + expiration_date + str_to_hex(relative_path))
         checksum = hmac.new(sig_key.encode('ascii'), clear_text, hashlib.sha1).hexdigest()
         sig = flags + expiration_date + checksum + str_to_hex(sig_secret)
-        return '%s&sig=%s' % (url, sig)
+        return f'{url}&sig={sig}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
@@ -276,7 +269,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     break
             if feed_id is None:
                 raise ExtractorError('Unable to find feed id')
-            return self.url_result('http://feed.theplatform.com/f/%s/%s?byGuid=%s' % (
+            return self.url_result('http://feed.theplatform.com/f/{}/{}?byGuid={}'.format(
                 provider_id, feed_id, qs_dict['guid'][0]))
 
         if smuggled_data.get('force_smil_url', False):
@@ -300,13 +293,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             config_url = config_url.replace('swf/', 'config/')
             config_url = config_url.replace('onsite/', 'onsite/config/')
             config = self._download_json(config_url, video_id, 'Downloading config')
-            if 'releaseUrl' in config:
-                release_url = config['releaseUrl']
-            else:
-                release_url = 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/%s?mbr=true' % path
+            release_url = config.get('releaseUrl') or f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/{path}?mbr=true'
             smil_url = release_url + '&formats=MPEG4&manifest=f4m'
         else:
-            smil_url = 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/%s?mbr=true' % path
+            smil_url = f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/{path}?mbr=true'
 
         sig = smuggled_data.get('sig')
         if sig:
@@ -389,7 +379,7 @@ def _extract_feed_info(self, provider_id, feed_id, filter_query, video_id, custo
                 if asset_type in asset_types_query:
                     query.update(asset_types_query[asset_type])
                 cur_formats, cur_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(update_url_query(
-                    main_smil_url or smil_url, query), video_id, 'Downloading SMIL data for %s' % asset_type)
+                    main_smil_url or smil_url, query), video_id, f'Downloading SMIL data for {asset_type}')
                 formats.extend(cur_formats)
                 subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, cur_subtitles)
 
@@ -402,7 +392,7 @@ def _extract_feed_info(self, provider_id, feed_id, filter_query, video_id, custo
         timestamp = int_or_none(entry.get('media$availableDate'), scale=1000)
         categories = [item['media$name'] for item in entry.get('media$categories', [])]
 
-        ret = self._extract_theplatform_metadata('%s/%s' % (provider_id, first_video_id), video_id)
+        ret = self._extract_theplatform_metadata(f'{provider_id}/{first_video_id}', video_id)
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, ret['subtitles'])
         ret.update({
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
index 293c34c06..38aa695a5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TheStarIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/794267642001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
index d1921e4f9..424f778a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TheWeatherChannelIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
             'timestamp': 1689967343,
             'display_id': 'invest-95l-in-atlantic-has-a-medium-chance-of-development',
             'duration': 34.0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://weather.com/en-CA/international/videos/video/unidentified-object-falls-from-sky-in-india',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         asset_name, locale, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if not locale:
             locale = 'en-US'
-        video_data = list(self._download_json(
+        video_data = next(iter(self._download_json(
             'https://weather.com/api/v1/p/redux-dal', display_id, data=json.dumps([{
                 'name': 'getCMSAssetsUrlConfig',
                 'params': {
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                             '$in': asset_name,
                         },
                     },
-                }
+                },
             }]).encode(), headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            })['dal']['getCMSAssetsUrlConfig'].values())[0]['data'][0]
+            })['dal']['getCMSAssetsUrlConfig'].values()))['data'][0]
         video_id = video_data['id']
         seo_meta = video_data.get('seometa', {})
         title = video_data.get('title') or seo_meta['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
index 9a3d79840..8b5d1e616 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'http://stream.thisamericanlife.org/{0}/stream/{0}_64k.m3u8'.format(video_id),
+            'url': f'http://stream.thisamericanlife.org/{video_id}/stream/{video_id}_64k.m3u8',
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'acodec': 'aac',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
index 9d3368ed7..2fd6ae83a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ThisVidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'jeanslevisjeans',
             'display_id': 'sitting-on-ball-tight-jeans',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://thisvid.com/embed/3533241/',
         'md5': '839becb572995687e11a69dc4358a386',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ThisVidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'jeanslevisjeans',
             'display_id': 'sitting-on-ball-tight-jeans',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def _make_playlist_result(self, url):
         title = re.split(
             r'(?i)\s*\|\s*ThisVid\.com\s*$',
             self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
-            or self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)<title\b[^>]*>(.+?)</title', webpage, 'title', fatal=False) or '', 1)[0] or None
+            or self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)<title\b[^>]*>(.+?)</title', webpage, 'title', fatal=False) or '', maxsplit=1)[0] or None
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             self._generate_playlist_entries(url, playlist_id, webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
index 7841f8da6..45fdef907 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ThreeQSDNIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = '3qsdn'
     IE_DESC = '3Q SDN'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://playout\.3qsdn\.com/(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12})'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+\b(?:data-)?src=(["\'])(?P<url>%s.*?)\1' % _VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+\b(?:data-)?src=(["\'])(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         # https://player.3qsdn.com/demo.html
         'url': 'https://playout.3qsdn.com/7201c779-6b3c-11e7-a40e-002590c750be',
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     height = int_or_none(s.get('height'))
                     formats.append({
                         'ext': ext,
-                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, height and '%dp' % height),
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, height and f'{height}p'),
                         'height': height,
                         'source_preference': 0,
                         'url': src,
@@ -152,5 +152,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             # It seems like this would be correctly handled by default
             # However, unless someone can confirm this, the old
             # behaviour is being kept as-is
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference')
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
index dbd509087..32ea17786 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
@@ -24,32 +24,32 @@ class ThreeSpeakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2703.867833,
             'filesize': 1620054781,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         json_str = self._html_search_regex(r'JSON\.parse\(\'([^\']+)\'\)', webpage, 'json')
         # The json string itself is escaped. Hence the double parsing
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._parse_json(f'"{json_str}"', id), id)
-        video_json = self._parse_json(data_json['json_metadata'], id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(self._parse_json(f'"{json_str}"', video_id), video_id)
+        video_json = self._parse_json(data_json['json_metadata'], video_id)
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         og_m3u8 = self._html_search_regex(r'<meta\s?property=\"ogvideo\"\s?content=\"([^\"]+)\">', webpage, 'og m3u8', fatal=False)
         if og_m3u8:
-            https_frmts, https_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(og_m3u8, id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='https')
+            https_frmts, https_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(og_m3u8, video_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='https')
             formats.extend(https_frmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, https_subs)
         ipfs_m3u8 = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['ipfs'])
         if ipfs_m3u8:
-            ipfs_frmts, ipfs_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(f'https://ipfs.3speak.tv/ipfs/{ipfs_m3u8}',
-                                                                             id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='ipfs')
+            ipfs_frmts, ipfs_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                f'https://ipfs.3speak.tv/ipfs/{ipfs_m3u8}', video_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='ipfs')
             formats.extend(ipfs_frmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, ipfs_subs)
         mp4_file = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['file'])
         if mp4_file:
             formats.append({
-                'url': f'https://threespeakvideo.b-cdn.net/{id}/{mp4_file}',
+                'url': f'https://threespeakvideo.b-cdn.net/{video_id}/{mp4_file}',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'format_id': 'https-mp4',
                 'duration': try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['duration']),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'format_note': 'Original file',
             })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title') or data_json.get('root_title'),
             'uploader': data_json.get('author'),
             'description': try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['content']['description']),
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class ThreeSpeakUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://3speak.tv/watch?v=%s' % video,
+                f'https://3speak.tv/watch?v={video}',
                 ie=ThreeSpeakIE.ie_key())
             for video in re.findall(r'data-payout\s?\=\s?\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage) if video
         ]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
index 3f5261ad9..dc74d4a1f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
+import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import random
 import re
 import string
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    LazyList,
     UnsupportedError,
     UserNotLive,
     determine_ext,
+    filter_dict,
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     merge_dicts,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    parse_qs,
     qualities,
     remove_start,
     srt_subtitles_timecode,
@@ -45,19 +48,28 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         # "app id": aweme = 1128, trill = 1180, musical_ly = 1233, universal = 0
         'aid': '0',
     }
-    _KNOWN_APP_INFO = [
-        '7351144126450059040',
-        '7351149742343391009',
-        '7351153174894626592',
-    ]
     _APP_INFO_POOL = None
     _APP_INFO = None
     _APP_USER_AGENT = None
 
-    @property
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _KNOWN_APP_INFO(self):
+        # If we have a genuine device ID, we may not need any IID
+        default = [''] if self._KNOWN_DEVICE_ID else []
+        return self._configuration_arg('app_info', default, ie_key=TikTokIE)
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _KNOWN_DEVICE_ID(self):
+        return self._configuration_arg('device_id', [None], ie_key=TikTokIE)[0]
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _DEVICE_ID(self):
+        return self._KNOWN_DEVICE_ID or str(random.randint(7250000000000000000, 7351147085025500000))
+
+    @functools.cached_property
     def _API_HOSTNAME(self):
         return self._configuration_arg(
-            'api_hostname', ['api22-normal-c-useast2a.tiktokv.com'], ie_key=TikTokIE)[0]
+            'api_hostname', ['api16-normal-c-useast1a.tiktokv.com'], ie_key=TikTokIE)[0]
 
     def _get_next_app_info(self):
         if self._APP_INFO_POOL is None:
@@ -66,13 +78,10 @@ def _get_next_app_info(self):
                 for key, default in self._APP_INFO_DEFAULTS.items()
                 if key != 'iid'
             }
-            app_info_list = (
-                self._configuration_arg('app_info', ie_key=TikTokIE)
-                or random.sample(self._KNOWN_APP_INFO, len(self._KNOWN_APP_INFO)))
             self._APP_INFO_POOL = [
                 {**defaults, **dict(
                     (k, v) for k, v in zip(self._APP_INFO_DEFAULTS, app_info.split('/')) if v
-                )} for app_info in app_info_list
+                )} for app_info in self._KNOWN_APP_INFO
             ]
 
         if not self._APP_INFO_POOL:
@@ -112,14 +121,14 @@ def _call_api_impl(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True,
         if webpage_cookies.get('sid_tt'):
             self._set_cookie(self._API_HOSTNAME, 'sid_tt', webpage_cookies['sid_tt'].value)
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/aweme/v1/%s/' % (self._API_HOSTNAME, ep), video_id=video_id,
+            f'https://{self._API_HOSTNAME}/aweme/v1/{ep}/', video_id=video_id,
             fatal=fatal, note=note, errnote=errnote, headers={
                 'User-Agent': self._APP_USER_AGENT,
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
             }, query=query)
 
     def _build_api_query(self, query):
-        return {
+        return filter_dict({
             **query,
             'device_platform': 'android',
             'os': 'android',
@@ -129,7 +138,7 @@ def _build_api_query(self, query):
             'channel': 'googleplay',
             'aid': self._APP_INFO['aid'],
             'app_name': self._APP_INFO['app_name'],
-            'version_code': ''.join((f'{int(v):02d}' for v in self._APP_INFO['app_version'].split('.'))),
+            'version_code': ''.join(f'{int(v):02d}' for v in self._APP_INFO['app_version'].split('.')),
             'version_name': self._APP_INFO['app_version'],
             'manifest_version_code': self._APP_INFO['manifest_app_version'],
             'update_version_code': self._APP_INFO['manifest_app_version'],
@@ -160,10 +169,10 @@ def _build_api_query(self, query):
             'build_number': self._APP_INFO['app_version'],
             'region': 'US',
             'ts': int(time.time()),
-            'iid': self._APP_INFO['iid'],
-            'device_id': random.randint(7250000000000000000, 7351147085025500000),
+            'iid': self._APP_INFO.get('iid'),
+            'device_id': self._DEVICE_ID,
             'openudid': ''.join(random.choices('0123456789abcdef', k=16)),
-        }
+        })
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, query, video_id, fatal=True,
                   note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to download API page'):
@@ -203,7 +212,31 @@ def _extract_aweme_app(self, aweme_id):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to find video in feed', video_id=aweme_id)
         return self._parse_aweme_video_app(aweme_detail)
 
-    def _get_subtitles(self, aweme_detail, aweme_id):
+    def _extract_web_data_and_status(self, url, video_id, fatal=True):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}, fatal=fatal) or ''
+        video_data, status = {}, None
+
+        if universal_data := self._get_universal_data(webpage, video_id):
+            self.write_debug('Found universal data for rehydration')
+            status = traverse_obj(universal_data, ('webapp.video-detail', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
+            video_data = traverse_obj(universal_data, ('webapp.video-detail', 'itemInfo', 'itemStruct', {dict}))
+
+        elif sigi_data := self._get_sigi_state(webpage, video_id):
+            self.write_debug('Found sigi state data')
+            status = traverse_obj(sigi_data, ('VideoPage', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
+            video_data = traverse_obj(sigi_data, ('ItemModule', video_id, {dict}))
+
+        elif next_data := self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default={}):
+            self.write_debug('Found next.js data')
+            status = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
+            video_data = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'itemInfo', 'itemStruct', {dict}))
+
+        elif fatal:
+            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract webpage video data')
+
+        return video_data, status
+
+    def _get_subtitles(self, aweme_detail, aweme_id, user_name):
         # TODO: Extract text positioning info
         subtitles = {}
         # aweme/detail endpoint subs
@@ -221,7 +254,7 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, aweme_detail, aweme_id):
                 'ext': 'srt',
                 'data': '\n\n'.join(
                     f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["start_time"] / 1000)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["end_time"] / 1000)}\n{line["text"]}'
-                    for i, line in enumerate(caption_json['utterances']) if line.get('text'))
+                    for i, line in enumerate(caption_json['utterances']) if line.get('text')),
             })
         # feed endpoint subs
         if not subtitles:
@@ -234,32 +267,32 @@ def _get_subtitles(self, aweme_detail, aweme_id):
                 })
         # webpage subs
         if not subtitles:
-            for caption in traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('video', 'subtitleInfos', ...), expected_type=dict):
-                if not caption.get('Url'):
-                    continue
+            if user_name:  # only _parse_aweme_video_app needs to extract the webpage here
+                aweme_detail, _ = self._extract_web_data_and_status(
+                    self._create_url(user_name, aweme_id), aweme_id, fatal=False)
+            for caption in traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('video', 'subtitleInfos', lambda _, v: v['Url'])):
                 subtitles.setdefault(caption.get('LanguageCodeName') or 'en', []).append({
                     'ext': remove_start(caption.get('Format'), 'web'),
                     'url': caption['Url'],
                 })
         return subtitles
 
+    def _parse_url_key(self, url_key):
+        format_id, codec, res, bitrate = self._search_regex(
+            r'v[^_]+_(?P<id>(?P<codec>[^_]+)_(?P<res>\d+p)_(?P<bitrate>\d+))', url_key,
+            'url key', default=(None, None, None, None), group=('id', 'codec', 'res', 'bitrate'))
+        if not format_id:
+            return {}, None
+        return {
+            'format_id': format_id,
+            'vcodec': 'h265' if codec == 'bytevc1' else codec,
+            'tbr': int_or_none(bitrate, scale=1000) or None,
+            'quality': qualities(self.QUALITIES)(res),
+        }, res
+
     def _parse_aweme_video_app(self, aweme_detail):
         aweme_id = aweme_detail['aweme_id']
         video_info = aweme_detail['video']
-
-        def parse_url_key(url_key):
-            format_id, codec, res, bitrate = self._search_regex(
-                r'v[^_]+_(?P<id>(?P<codec>[^_]+)_(?P<res>\d+p)_(?P<bitrate>\d+))', url_key,
-                'url key', default=(None, None, None, None), group=('id', 'codec', 'res', 'bitrate'))
-            if not format_id:
-                return {}, None
-            return {
-                'format_id': format_id,
-                'vcodec': 'h265' if codec == 'bytevc1' else codec,
-                'tbr': int_or_none(bitrate, scale=1000) or None,
-                'quality': qualities(self.QUALITIES)(res),
-            }, res
-
         known_resolutions = {}
 
         def audio_meta(url):
@@ -274,7 +307,7 @@ def audio_meta(url):
             } if ext == 'mp3' or '-music-' in url else {}
 
         def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
-            parsed_meta, res = parse_url_key(addr.get('url_key', ''))
+            parsed_meta, res = self._parse_url_key(addr.get('url_key', ''))
             is_bytevc2 = parsed_meta.get('vcodec') == 'bytevc2'
             if res:
                 known_resolutions.setdefault(res, {}).setdefault('height', int_or_none(addr.get('height')))
@@ -288,7 +321,7 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
                 'acodec': 'aac',
                 'source_preference': -2 if 'aweme/v1' in url else -1,  # Downloads from API might get blocked
                 **add_meta, **parsed_meta,
-                # bytevc2 is bytedance's proprietary (unplayable) video codec
+                # bytevc2 is bytedance's own custom h266/vvc codec, as-of-yet unplayable
                 'preference': -100 if is_bytevc2 else -1,
                 'format_note': join_nonempty(
                     add_meta.get('format_note'), '(API)' if 'aweme/v1' in url else None,
@@ -300,6 +333,7 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
         formats = []
         width = int_or_none(video_info.get('width'))
         height = int_or_none(video_info.get('height'))
+        ratio = try_call(lambda: width / height) or 0.5625
         if video_info.get('play_addr'):
             formats.extend(extract_addr(video_info['play_addr'], {
                 'format_id': 'play_addr',
@@ -316,8 +350,8 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
                 'format_id': 'download_addr',
                 'format_note': 'Download video%s' % (', watermarked' if video_info.get('has_watermark') else ''),
                 'vcodec': 'h264',
-                'width': dl_width or width,
-                'height': try_call(lambda: int(dl_width / 0.5625)) or height,  # download_addr['height'] is wrong
+                'width': dl_width,
+                'height': try_call(lambda: int(dl_width / ratio)),  # download_addr['height'] is wrong
                 'preference': -2 if video_info.get('has_watermark') else -1,
             }))
         if video_info.get('play_addr_h264'):
@@ -348,7 +382,7 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
         auth_cookie = self._get_cookies(self._WEBPAGE_HOST).get('sid_tt')
         if auth_cookie:
             for f in formats:
-                self._set_cookie(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(f['url']).hostname, 'sid_tt', auth_cookie.value)
+                self._set_cookie(urllib.parse.urlparse(f['url']).hostname, 'sid_tt', auth_cookie.value)
 
         thumbnails = []
         for cover_id in ('cover', 'ai_dynamic_cover', 'animated_cover', 'ai_dynamic_cover_bak',
@@ -360,11 +394,7 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
                 })
 
         stats_info = aweme_detail.get('statistics') or {}
-        author_info = aweme_detail.get('author') or {}
         music_info = aweme_detail.get('music') or {}
-        user_url = self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % (traverse_obj(author_info,
-                                                             'sec_uid', 'id', 'uid', 'unique_id',
-                                                             expected_type=str_or_none, get_all=False))
         labels = traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('hybrid_label', ..., 'text'), expected_type=str)
 
         contained_music_track = traverse_obj(
@@ -372,12 +402,19 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
         contained_music_author = traverse_obj(
             music_info, ('matched_song', 'author'), ('matched_pgc_sound', 'author'), 'author', expected_type=str)
 
-        is_generic_og_trackname = music_info.get('is_original_sound') and music_info.get('title') == 'original sound - %s' % music_info.get('owner_handle')
+        is_generic_og_trackname = music_info.get('is_original_sound') and music_info.get('title') == 'original sound - {}'.format(music_info.get('owner_handle'))
         if is_generic_og_trackname:
             music_track, music_author = contained_music_track or 'original sound', contained_music_author
         else:
             music_track, music_author = music_info.get('title'), traverse_obj(music_info, ('author', {str}))
 
+        author_info = traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('author', {
+            'uploader': ('unique_id', {str}),
+            'uploader_id': ('uid', {str_or_none}),
+            'channel': ('nickname', {str}),
+            'channel_id': ('sec_uid', {str}),
+        }))
+
         return {
             'id': aweme_id,
             **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, {
@@ -391,21 +428,20 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
                 'repost_count': 'share_count',
                 'comment_count': 'comment_count',
             }, expected_type=int_or_none),
-            **traverse_obj(author_info, {
-                'uploader': ('unique_id', {str}),
-                'uploader_id': ('uid', {str_or_none}),
-                'creators': ('nickname', {str}, {lambda x: [x] if x else None}),  # for compat
-                'channel': ('nickname', {str}),
-                'channel_id': ('sec_uid', {str}),
-            }),
-            'uploader_url': user_url,
+            **author_info,
+            'channel_url': format_field(author_info, 'channel_id', self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT, default=None),
+            'uploader_url': format_field(
+                author_info, ['uploader', 'uploader_id'], self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT, default=None),
             'track': music_track,
             'album': str_or_none(music_info.get('album')) or None,
             'artists': re.split(r'(?:, | & )', music_author) if music_author else None,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(aweme_detail, aweme_id),
+            'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(
+                aweme_detail, aweme_id, traverse_obj(author_info, 'uploader', 'uploader_id', 'channel_id')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'duration': int_or_none(traverse_obj(video_info, 'duration', ('download_addr', 'duration')), scale=1000),
+            'duration': (traverse_obj(video_info, (
+                (None, 'download_addr'), 'duration', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}, any))
+                or traverse_obj(music_info, ('duration', {int_or_none}))),
             'availability': self._availability(
                 is_private='Private' in labels,
                 needs_subscription='Friends only' in labels,
@@ -413,78 +449,136 @@ def extract_addr(addr, add_meta={}):
             '_format_sort_fields': ('quality', 'codec', 'size', 'br'),
         }
 
-    def _parse_aweme_video_web(self, aweme_detail, webpage_url, video_id):
-        video_info = aweme_detail['video']
-        author_info = traverse_obj(aweme_detail, 'authorInfo', 'author', expected_type=dict, default={})
-        music_info = aweme_detail.get('music') or {}
-        stats_info = aweme_detail.get('stats') or {}
-        channel_id = traverse_obj(author_info or aweme_detail, (('authorSecId', 'secUid'), {str}), get_all=False)
-        user_url = self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % channel_id if channel_id else None
-
+    def _extract_web_formats(self, aweme_detail):
+        COMMON_FORMAT_INFO = {
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'vcodec': 'h264',
+            'acodec': 'aac',
+        }
+        video_info = traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('video', {dict})) or {}
+        play_width = int_or_none(video_info.get('width'))
+        play_height = int_or_none(video_info.get('height'))
+        ratio = try_call(lambda: play_width / play_height) or 0.5625
         formats = []
-        width = int_or_none(video_info.get('width'))
-        height = int_or_none(video_info.get('height'))
+
+        for bitrate_info in traverse_obj(video_info, ('bitrateInfo', lambda _, v: v['PlayAddr']['UrlList'])):
+            format_info, res = self._parse_url_key(
+                traverse_obj(bitrate_info, ('PlayAddr', 'UrlKey', {str})) or '')
+            # bytevc2 is bytedance's own custom h266/vvc codec, as-of-yet unplayable
+            is_bytevc2 = format_info.get('vcodec') == 'bytevc2'
+            format_info.update({
+                'format_note': 'UNPLAYABLE' if is_bytevc2 else None,
+                'preference': -100 if is_bytevc2 else -1,
+                'filesize': traverse_obj(bitrate_info, ('PlayAddr', 'DataSize', {int_or_none})),
+            })
+
+            if dimension := (res and int(res[:-1])):
+                if dimension == 540:  # '540p' is actually 576p
+                    dimension = 576
+                if ratio < 1:  # portrait: res/dimension is width
+                    y = int(dimension / ratio)
+                    format_info.update({
+                        'width': dimension,
+                        'height': y - (y % 2),
+                    })
+                else:  # landscape: res/dimension is height
+                    x = int(dimension * ratio)
+                    format_info.update({
+                        'width': x + (x % 2),
+                        'height': dimension,
+                    })
+
+            for video_url in traverse_obj(bitrate_info, ('PlayAddr', 'UrlList', ..., {url_or_none})):
+                formats.append({
+                    **COMMON_FORMAT_INFO,
+                    **format_info,
+                    'url': self._proto_relative_url(video_url),
+                })
+
+        # We don't have res string for play formats, but need quality for sorting & de-duplication
+        play_quality = traverse_obj(formats, (lambda _, v: v['width'] == play_width, 'quality', any))
 
         for play_url in traverse_obj(video_info, ('playAddr', ((..., 'src'), None), {url_or_none})):
             formats.append({
+                **COMMON_FORMAT_INFO,
+                'format_id': 'play',
                 'url': self._proto_relative_url(play_url),
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
+                'width': play_width,
+                'height': play_height,
+                'quality': play_quality,
             })
 
         for download_url in traverse_obj(video_info, (('downloadAddr', ('download', 'url')), {url_or_none})):
             formats.append({
+                **COMMON_FORMAT_INFO,
                 'format_id': 'download',
                 'url': self._proto_relative_url(download_url),
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
             })
 
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
 
-        thumbnails = []
-        for thumb_url in traverse_obj(aweme_detail, (
-                (None, 'video'), ('thumbnail', 'cover', 'dynamicCover', 'originCover'), {url_or_none})):
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumb_url),
-                'width': width,
-                'height': height,
+        for f in traverse_obj(formats, lambda _, v: 'unwatermarked' not in v['url']):
+            f.update({
+                'format_note': join_nonempty(f.get('format_note'), 'watermarked', delim=', '),
+                'preference': f.get('preference') or -2,
             })
 
+        # Is it a slideshow with only audio for download?
+        if not formats and traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('music', 'playUrl', {url_or_none})):
+            audio_url = aweme_detail['music']['playUrl']
+            ext = traverse_obj(parse_qs(audio_url), (
+                'mime_type', -1, {lambda x: x.replace('_', '/')}, {mimetype2ext})) or 'm4a'
+            formats.append({
+                'format_id': 'audio',
+                'url': self._proto_relative_url(audio_url),
+                'ext': ext,
+                'acodec': 'aac' if ext == 'm4a' else ext,
+                'vcodec': 'none',
+            })
+
+        return formats
+
+    def _parse_aweme_video_web(self, aweme_detail, webpage_url, video_id, extract_flat=False):
+        author_info = traverse_obj(aweme_detail, (('authorInfo', 'author', None), {
+            'channel': ('nickname', {str}),
+            'channel_id': (('authorSecId', 'secUid'), {str}),
+            'uploader': (('uniqueId', 'author'), {str}),
+            'uploader_id': (('authorId', 'uid', 'id'), {str_or_none}),
+        }), get_all=False)
+
         return {
             'id': video_id,
+            'formats': None if extract_flat else self._extract_web_formats(aweme_detail),
+            'subtitles': None if extract_flat else self.extract_subtitles(aweme_detail, video_id, None),
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': webpage_url},
+            **author_info,
+            'channel_url': format_field(author_info, 'channel_id', self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT, default=None),
+            'uploader_url': format_field(
+                author_info, ['uploader', 'uploader_id'], self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT, default=None),
+            **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('music', {
+                'track': ('title', {str}),
+                'album': ('album', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
+                'artists': ('authorName', {str}, {lambda x: re.split(r'(?:, | & )', x) if x else None}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+            })),
             **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, {
                 'title': ('desc', {str}),
                 'description': ('desc', {str}),
-                'duration': ('video', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
+                # audio-only slideshows have a video duration of 0 and an actual audio duration
+                'duration': ('video', 'duration', {int_or_none}, {lambda x: x or None}),
                 'timestamp': ('createTime', {int_or_none}),
             }),
-            **traverse_obj(author_info or aweme_detail, {
-                'creators': ('nickname', {str}, {lambda x: [x] if x else None}),  # for compat
-                'channel': ('nickname', {str}),
-                'uploader': (('uniqueId', 'author'), {str}),
-                'uploader_id': (('authorId', 'uid', 'id'), {str_or_none}),
-            }, get_all=False),
-            **traverse_obj(stats_info, {
+            **traverse_obj(aweme_detail, ('stats', {
                 'view_count': 'playCount',
                 'like_count': 'diggCount',
                 'repost_count': 'shareCount',
                 'comment_count': 'commentCount',
-            }, expected_type=int_or_none),
-            **traverse_obj(music_info, {
-                'track': ('title', {str}),
-                'album': ('album', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}),
-                'artists': ('authorName', {str}, {lambda x: [x] if x else None}),
-            }),
-            'channel_id': channel_id,
-            'uploader_url': user_url,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'http_headers': {
-                'Referer': webpage_url,
-            }
+            }), expected_type=int_or_none),
+            'thumbnails': traverse_obj(aweme_detail, (
+                (None, 'video'), ('thumbnail', 'cover', 'dynamicCover', 'originCover'), {
+                    'url': ({url_or_none}, {self._proto_relative_url}),
+                },
+            )),
         }
 
 
@@ -521,21 +615,21 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'skip': '404 Not Found',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@patroxofficial/video/6742501081818877190?langCountry=en',
-        'md5': '6f3cf8cdd9b28cb8363fe0a9a160695b',
+        'md5': 'f21112672ee4ce05ca390fb6522e1b6f',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6742501081818877190',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'md5:5e2a23877420bb85ce6521dbee39ba94',
             'description': 'md5:5e2a23877420bb85ce6521dbee39ba94',
             'duration': 27,
-            'height': 960,
-            'width': 540,
+            'height': 1024,
+            'width': 576,
             'uploader': 'patrox',
             'uploader_id': '18702747',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAiFnldaILebi5heDoVU6bn4jBWWycX6-9U3xuNPqZ8Ws',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@patrox',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAiFnldaILebi5heDoVU6bn4jBWWycX6-9U3xuNPqZ8Ws',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAiFnldaILebi5heDoVU6bn4jBWWycX6-9U3xuNPqZ8Ws',
             'channel': 'patroX',
-            'creators': ['patroX'],
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://[\w\/\.\-]+(~[\w\-]+\.image)?',
             'upload_date': '20190930',
             'timestamp': 1569860870,
@@ -547,7 +641,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'track': 'Big Fun',
         },
     }, {
-        # Banned audio, only available on the app
+        # Banned audio, was available on the app, now works with web too
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@barudakhb_/video/6984138651336838402',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6984138651336838402',
@@ -556,9 +650,9 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'description': 'Balas @yolaaftwsr hayu yu ? #SquadRandom_ 🔥',
             'uploader': 'barudakhb_',
             'channel': 'md5:29f238c49bc0c176cb3cef1a9cea9fa6',
-            'creators': ['md5:29f238c49bc0c176cb3cef1a9cea9fa6'],
             'uploader_id': '6974687867511718913',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAbhBwQC-R1iKoix6jDFsF-vBdfx2ABoDjaZrM9fX6arU3w71q3cOWgWuTXn1soZ7d',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@barudakhb_',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAbhBwQC-R1iKoix6jDFsF-vBdfx2ABoDjaZrM9fX6arU3w71q3cOWgWuTXn1soZ7d',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAbhBwQC-R1iKoix6jDFsF-vBdfx2ABoDjaZrM9fX6arU3w71q3cOWgWuTXn1soZ7d',
             'track': 'Boka Dance',
             'artists': ['md5:29f238c49bc0c176cb3cef1a9cea9fa6'],
@@ -581,7 +675,6 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'description': 'Slap and Run!',
             'uploader': 'user440922249',
             'channel': 'Slap And Run',
-            'creators': ['Slap And Run'],
             'uploader_id': '7036055384943690754',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAATh8Vewkn0LYM7Fo03iec3qKdeCUOcBIouRk1mkiag6h3o_pQu_dUXvZ2EZlGST7_',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAATh8Vewkn0LYM7Fo03iec3qKdeCUOcBIouRk1mkiag6h3o_pQu_dUXvZ2EZlGST7_',
@@ -595,7 +688,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'repost_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True},  # XXX: unable to download video data: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden
+        'skip': 'This video is unavailable',
     }, {
         # Video without title and description
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@pokemonlife22/video/7059698374567611694',
@@ -606,9 +699,9 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'description': '',
             'uploader': 'pokemonlife22',
             'channel': 'Pokemon',
-            'creators': ['Pokemon'],
             'uploader_id': '6820838815978423302',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAA0tF1nBwQVVMyrGu3CqttkNgM68Do1OXUFuCY0CRQk8fEtSVDj89HqoqvbSTmUP2W',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@pokemonlife22',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAA0tF1nBwQVVMyrGu3CqttkNgM68Do1OXUFuCY0CRQk8fEtSVDj89HqoqvbSTmUP2W',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAA0tF1nBwQVVMyrGu3CqttkNgM68Do1OXUFuCY0CRQk8fEtSVDj89HqoqvbSTmUP2W',
             'track': 'original sound',
             'timestamp': 1643714123,
@@ -653,13 +746,14 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'title': 'TikTok video #7139980461132074283',
             'description': '',
             'channel': 'Antaura',
-            'creators': ['Antaura'],
             'uploader': '_le_cannibale_',
             'uploader_id': '6604511138619654149',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAoShJqaw_5gvy48y3azFeFcT4jeyKWbB0VVYasOCt2tTLwjNFIaDcHAM4D-QGXFOP',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@_le_cannibale_',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAoShJqaw_5gvy48y3azFeFcT4jeyKWbB0VVYasOCt2tTLwjNFIaDcHAM4D-QGXFOP',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAoShJqaw_5gvy48y3azFeFcT4jeyKWbB0VVYasOCt2tTLwjNFIaDcHAM4D-QGXFOP',
             'artists': ['nathan !'],
             'track': 'grahamscott canon',
+            'duration': 10,
             'upload_date': '20220905',
             'timestamp': 1662406249,
             'view_count': int,
@@ -670,18 +764,18 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         },
     }, {
         # only available via web
-        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@moxypatch/video/7206382937372134662',  # FIXME
-        'md5': '6aba7fad816e8709ff2c149679ace165',
+        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@moxypatch/video/7206382937372134662',
+        'md5': '4cdefa501ac8ac20bf04986e10916fea',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7206382937372134662',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'md5:1d95c0b96560ca0e8a231af4172b2c0a',
             'description': 'md5:1d95c0b96560ca0e8a231af4172b2c0a',
             'channel': 'MoxyPatch',
-            'creators': ['MoxyPatch'],
             'uploader': 'moxypatch',
             'uploader_id': '7039142049363379205',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAFhqKnngMHJSsifL0w1vFOP5kn3Ndo1ODp0XuIBkNMBCkALTvwILdpu12g3pTtL4V',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@moxypatch',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAFhqKnngMHJSsifL0w1vFOP5kn3Ndo1ODp0XuIBkNMBCkALTvwILdpu12g3pTtL4V',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAFhqKnngMHJSsifL0w1vFOP5kn3Ndo1ODp0XuIBkNMBCkALTvwILdpu12g3pTtL4V',
             'artists': ['your worst nightmare'],
             'track': 'original sound',
@@ -698,7 +792,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'expected_warnings': ['Unable to find video in feed'],
     }, {
         # 1080p format
-        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@tatemcrae/video/7107337212743830830',  # FIXME
+        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@tatemcrae/video/7107337212743830830',  # FIXME: Web can only get audio
         'md5': '982512017a8a917124d5a08c8ae79621',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7107337212743830830',
@@ -710,7 +804,6 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAA-0bQT0CqebTRr6I4IkYvMDMKSRSJHLNPBo5HrSklJwyA2psXLSZG5FP-LMNpHnJd',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAA-0bQT0CqebTRr6I4IkYvMDMKSRSJHLNPBo5HrSklJwyA2psXLSZG5FP-LMNpHnJd',
             'channel': 'tate mcrae',
-            'creators': ['tate mcrae'],
             'artists': ['tate mcrae'],
             'track': 'original sound',
             'upload_date': '20220609',
@@ -722,7 +815,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.webp',
         },
-        'skip': 'Unavailable via feed API, no formats available via web',
+        'skip': 'Unavailable via feed API, only audio available via web',
     }, {
         # Slideshow, audio-only m4a format
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@hara_yoimiya/video/7253412088251534594',
@@ -734,13 +827,14 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'description': 'я ред флаг простите #переписка #щитпост #тревожныйтиппривязанности #рекомендации ',
             'uploader': 'hara_yoimiya',
             'uploader_id': '6582536342634676230',
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAIAlDxriiPWLE-p8p1R_0Bx8qWKfi-7zwmGhzU8Mv25W8sNxjfIKrol31qTczzuLB',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@hara_yoimiya',
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@MS4wLjABAAAAIAlDxriiPWLE-p8p1R_0Bx8qWKfi-7zwmGhzU8Mv25W8sNxjfIKrol31qTczzuLB',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAIAlDxriiPWLE-p8p1R_0Bx8qWKfi-7zwmGhzU8Mv25W8sNxjfIKrol31qTczzuLB',
-            'channel': 'лампочка',
-            'creators': ['лампочка'],
+            'channel': 'лампочка(!)',
             'artists': ['Øneheart'],
             'album': 'watching the stars',
             'track': 'watching the stars',
+            'duration': 60,
             'upload_date': '20230708',
             'timestamp': 1688816612,
             'view_count': int,
@@ -752,37 +846,21 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
     }, {
         # Auto-captions available
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/7047596209028074758',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, user_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'user_id')
-        try:
-            return self._extract_aweme_app(video_id)
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            e.expected = True
-            self.report_warning(f'{e}; trying with webpage')
+
+        if self._KNOWN_APP_INFO:
+            try:
+                return self._extract_aweme_app(video_id)
+            except ExtractorError as e:
+                e.expected = True
+                self.report_warning(f'{e}; trying with webpage')
 
         url = self._create_url(user_id, video_id)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
-
-        if universal_data := self._get_universal_data(webpage, video_id):
-            self.write_debug('Found universal data for rehydration')
-            status = traverse_obj(universal_data, ('webapp.video-detail', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
-            video_data = traverse_obj(universal_data, ('webapp.video-detail', 'itemInfo', 'itemStruct', {dict}))
-
-        elif sigi_data := self._get_sigi_state(webpage, video_id):
-            self.write_debug('Found sigi state data')
-            status = traverse_obj(sigi_data, ('VideoPage', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
-            video_data = traverse_obj(sigi_data, ('ItemModule', video_id, {dict}))
-
-        elif next_data := self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, default='{}'):
-            self.write_debug('Found next.js data')
-            status = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'statusCode', {int})) or 0
-            video_data = traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'pageProps', 'itemInfo', 'itemStruct', {dict}))
-
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract webpage video data')
+        video_data, status = self._extract_web_data_and_status(url, video_id)
 
         if video_data and status == 0:
             return self._parse_aweme_video_web(video_data, url, video_id)
@@ -793,102 +871,145 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class TikTokUserIE(TikTokBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'tiktok:user'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tiktok\.com/@(?P<id>[\w\.-]+)/?(?:$|[#?])'
-    _WORKING = False
+    _VALID_URL = r'(?:tiktokuser:|https?://(?:www\.)?tiktok\.com/@)(?P<id>[\w.-]+)/?(?:$|[#?])'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tiktok.com/@corgibobaa?lang=en',
         'playlist_mincount': 45,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6935371178089399301',
+            'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAepiJKgwWhulvCpSuUVsp7sgVVsFJbbNaLeQ6OQ0oAJERGDUIXhb2yxxHZedsItgT',
             'title': 'corgibobaa',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+_1080x1080\.webp'
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@6820838815978423302',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6820838815978423302',
+            'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAA0tF1nBwQVVMyrGu3CqttkNgM68Do1OXUFuCY0CRQk8fEtSVDj89HqoqvbSTmUP2W',
             'title': '6820838815978423302',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+_1080x1080\.webp'
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@meme',
         'playlist_mincount': 593,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '79005827461758976',
+            'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAiKfaDWeCsT3IHwY77zqWGtVRIy9v4ws1HbVi7auP1Vx7dJysU_hc5yRiGywojRD6',
             'title': 'meme',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+_1080x1080\.webp'
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+    }, {
+        'url': 'tiktokuser:MS4wLjABAAAAM3R2BtjzVT-uAtstkl2iugMzC6AtnpkojJbjiOdDDrdsTiTR75-8lyWJCY5VvDrZ',
+        'playlist_mincount': 31,
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAM3R2BtjzVT-uAtstkl2iugMzC6AtnpkojJbjiOdDDrdsTiTR75-8lyWJCY5VvDrZ',
+        },
     }]
+    _USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:115.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/115.0'
+    _API_BASE_URL = 'https://www.tiktok.com/api/creator/item_list/'
 
-    r'''  # TODO: Fix by adding _signature to api_url
-    def _entries(self, webpage, user_id, username):
-        secuid = self._search_regex(r'\"secUid\":\"(?P<secUid>[^\"]+)', webpage, username)
-        verifyfp_cookie = self._get_cookies('https://www.tiktok.com').get('s_v_web_id')
-        if not verifyfp_cookie:
-            raise ExtractorError('Improper cookies (missing s_v_web_id).', expected=True)
-        api_url = f'https://m.tiktok.com/api/post/item_list/?aid=1988&cookie_enabled=true&count=30&verifyFp={verifyfp_cookie.value}&secUid={secuid}&cursor='
-        cursor = '0'
-        for page in itertools.count():
-            data_json = self._download_json(api_url + cursor, username, note='Downloading Page %d' % page)
-            for video in data_json.get('itemList', []):
-                video_id = video['id']
-                video_url = f'https://www.tiktok.com/@{user_id}/video/{video_id}'
-                yield self._url_result(video_url, 'TikTok', video_id, str_or_none(video.get('desc')))
-            if not data_json.get('hasMore'):
-                break
-            cursor = data_json['cursor']
-    '''
-
-    def _video_entries_api(self, webpage, user_id, username):
-        query = {
-            'user_id': user_id,
-            'count': 21,
-            'max_cursor': 0,
-            'min_cursor': 0,
-            'retry_type': 'no_retry',
-            'device_id': ''.join(random.choices(string.digits, k=19)),  # Some endpoints don't like randomized device_id, so it isn't directly set in _call_api.
+    def _build_web_query(self, sec_uid, cursor):
+        return {
+            'aid': '1988',
+            'app_language': 'en',
+            'app_name': 'tiktok_web',
+            'browser_language': 'en-US',
+            'browser_name': 'Mozilla',
+            'browser_online': 'true',
+            'browser_platform': 'Win32',
+            'browser_version': '5.0 (Windows)',
+            'channel': 'tiktok_web',
+            'cookie_enabled': 'true',
+            'count': '15',
+            'cursor': cursor,
+            'device_id': self._DEVICE_ID,
+            'device_platform': 'web_pc',
+            'focus_state': 'true',
+            'from_page': 'user',
+            'history_len': '2',
+            'is_fullscreen': 'false',
+            'is_page_visible': 'true',
+            'language': 'en',
+            'os': 'windows',
+            'priority_region': '',
+            'referer': '',
+            'region': 'US',
+            'screen_height': '1080',
+            'screen_width': '1920',
+            'secUid': sec_uid,
+            'type': '1',  # pagination type: 0 == oldest-to-newest, 1 == newest-to-oldest
+            'tz_name': 'UTC',
+            'verifyFp': f'verify_{"".join(random.choices(string.hexdigits, k=7))}',
+            'webcast_language': 'en',
         }
 
-        for page in itertools.count(1):
-            for retry in self.RetryManager():
-                try:
-                    post_list = self._call_api(
-                        'aweme/post', query, username, note=f'Downloading user video list page {page}',
-                        errnote='Unable to download user video list')
-                except ExtractorError as e:
-                    if isinstance(e.cause, json.JSONDecodeError) and e.cause.pos == 0:
-                        retry.error = e
-                        continue
-                    raise
-            yield from post_list.get('aweme_list', [])
-            if not post_list.get('has_more'):
-                break
-            query['max_cursor'] = post_list['max_cursor']
+    def _entries(self, sec_uid, user_name):
+        display_id = user_name or sec_uid
+        seen_ids = set()
 
-    def _entries_api(self, user_id, videos):
-        for video in videos:
-            yield {
-                **self._parse_aweme_video_app(video),
-                'extractor_key': TikTokIE.ie_key(),
-                'extractor': 'TikTok',
-                'webpage_url': f'https://tiktok.com/@{user_id}/video/{video["aweme_id"]}',
-            }
+        cursor = int(time.time() * 1E3)
+        for page in itertools.count(1):
+            response = self._download_json(
+                self._API_BASE_URL, display_id, f'Downloading page {page}',
+                query=self._build_web_query(sec_uid, cursor), headers={'User-Agent': self._USER_AGENT})
+
+            for video in traverse_obj(response, ('itemList', lambda _, v: v['id'])):
+                video_id = video['id']
+                if video_id in seen_ids:
+                    continue
+                seen_ids.add(video_id)
+                webpage_url = self._create_url(display_id, video_id)
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    webpage_url, TikTokIE,
+                    **self._parse_aweme_video_web(video, webpage_url, video_id, extract_flat=True))
+
+            old_cursor = cursor
+            cursor = traverse_obj(
+                response, ('itemList', -1, 'createTime', {lambda x: int(x * 1E3)}))
+            if not cursor or old_cursor == cursor:
+                # User may not have posted within this ~1 week lookback, so manually adjust cursor
+                cursor = old_cursor - 7 * 86_400_000
+            # In case 'hasMorePrevious' is wrong, break if we have gone back before TikTok existed
+            if cursor < 1472706000000 or not traverse_obj(response, 'hasMorePrevious'):
+                break
+
+    def _get_sec_uid(self, user_url, user_name, msg):
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(
+            user_url, user_name, fatal=False, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'},
+            note=f'Downloading {msg} webpage', errnote=f'Unable to download {msg} webpage') or ''
+        return (traverse_obj(self._get_universal_data(webpage, user_name),
+                             ('webapp.user-detail', 'userInfo', 'user', 'secUid', {str}))
+                or traverse_obj(self._get_sigi_state(webpage, user_name),
+                                ('LiveRoom', 'liveRoomUserInfo', 'user', 'secUid', {str}),
+                                ('UserModule', 'users', ..., 'secUid', {str}, any)))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        user_name = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, user_name, headers={
-            'User-Agent': 'facebookexternalhit/1.1 (+http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php)'
-        })
-        user_id = self._html_search_regex(r'snssdk\d*://user/profile/(\d+)', webpage, 'user ID', default=None) or user_name
+        user_name, sec_uid = self._match_id(url), None
+        if mobj := re.fullmatch(r'MS4wLjABAAAA[\w-]{64}', user_name):
+            user_name, sec_uid = None, mobj.group(0)
+        else:
+            sec_uid = (self._get_sec_uid(self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % user_name, user_name, 'user')
+                       or self._get_sec_uid(self._UPLOADER_URL_FORMAT % f'{user_name}/live', user_name, 'live'))
 
-        videos = LazyList(self._video_entries_api(webpage, user_id, user_name))
-        thumbnail = traverse_obj(videos, (0, 'author', 'avatar_larger', 'url_list', 0))
+        if not sec_uid:
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(
+                f'https://www.tiktok.com/embed/@{user_name}', user_name,
+                note='Downloading user embed page', fatal=False) or ''
+            data = traverse_obj(self._search_json(
+                r'<script[^>]+\bid=[\'"]__FRONTITY_CONNECT_STATE__[\'"][^>]*>',
+                webpage, 'data', user_name, default={}),
+                ('source', 'data', f'/embed/@{user_name}', {dict}))
 
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries_api(user_id, videos), user_id, user_name, thumbnail=thumbnail)
+            for aweme_id in traverse_obj(data, ('videoList', ..., 'id', {str})):
+                webpage_url = self._create_url(user_name, aweme_id)
+                video_data, _ = self._extract_web_data_and_status(webpage_url, aweme_id, fatal=False)
+                sec_uid = self._parse_aweme_video_web(
+                    video_data, webpage_url, aweme_id, extract_flat=True).get('channel_id')
+                if sec_uid:
+                    break
+
+        if not sec_uid:
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'Unable to extract secondary user ID. If you are able to get the channel_id '
+                'from a video posted by this user, try using "tiktokuser:channel_id" as the '
+                'input URL (replacing `channel_id` with its actual value)', expected=True)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(sec_uid, user_name), sec_uid, user_name)
 
 
 class TikTokBaseListIE(TikTokBaseIE):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
@@ -898,7 +1019,7 @@ def _entries(self, list_id, display_id):
             'cursor': 0,
             'count': 20,
             'type': 5,
-            'device_id': ''.join(random.choices(string.digits, k=19))
+            'device_id': self._DEVICE_ID,
         }
 
         for page in itertools.count(1):
@@ -938,17 +1059,17 @@ class TikTokSoundIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/music/Build-a-Btch-6956990112127585029?lang=en',
         'playlist_mincount': 100,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6956990112127585029'
+            'id': '6956990112127585029',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         # Actual entries are less than listed video count
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/music/jiefei-soap-remix-7036843036118469381',
         'playlist_mincount': 2182,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7036843036118469381'
+            'id': '7036843036118469381',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }]
 
 
@@ -964,11 +1085,11 @@ class TikTokEffectIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1258156',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         # Different entries between mobile and web, depending on region
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/sticker/Elf-Friend-479565',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
 
@@ -985,21 +1106,79 @@ class TikTokTagIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
             'id': '46294678',
             'title': 'hello2018',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tiktok.com/tag/fypシ?is_copy_url=0&is_from_webapp=v1',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id, headers={
-            'User-Agent': 'facebookexternalhit/1.1 (+http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php)'
+            'User-Agent': 'facebookexternalhit/1.1 (+http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php)',
         })
         tag_id = self._html_search_regex(r'snssdk\d*://challenge/detail/(\d+)', webpage, 'tag ID')
         return self.playlist_result(self._entries(tag_id, display_id), tag_id, display_id)
 
 
+class TikTokCollectionIE(TikTokBaseIE):
+    IE_NAME = 'tiktok:collection'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.tiktok\.com/@(?P<user_id>[\w.-]+)/collection/(?P<title>[^/?#]+)-(?P<id>\d+)/?(?:[?#]|$)'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        # playlist should have exactly 9 videos
+        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@imanoreotwe/collection/count-test-7371330159376370462',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7371330159376370462',
+            'title': 'imanoreotwe-count-test',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 9,
+    }, {
+        # tests returning multiple pages of a large collection
+        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@imanoreotwe/collection/%F0%9F%98%82-7111887189571160875',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '7111887189571160875',
+            'title': 'imanoreotwe-%F0%9F%98%82',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 100,
+    }]
+    _API_BASE_URL = 'https://www.tiktok.com/api/collection/item_list/'
+    _PAGE_COUNT = 30
+
+    def _build_web_query(self, collection_id, cursor):
+        return {
+            'aid': '1988',
+            'collectionId': collection_id,
+            'count': self._PAGE_COUNT,
+            'cursor': cursor,
+            'sourceType': '113',
+        }
+
+    def _entries(self, collection_id):
+        cursor = 0
+        for page in itertools.count(1):
+            response = self._download_json(
+                self._API_BASE_URL, collection_id, f'Downloading page {page}',
+                query=self._build_web_query(collection_id, cursor))
+
+            for video in traverse_obj(response, ('itemList', lambda _, v: v['id'])):
+                video_id = video['id']
+                author = traverse_obj(video, ('author', ('uniqueId', 'secUid', 'id'), {str}, any)) or '_'
+                webpage_url = self._create_url(author, video_id)
+                yield self.url_result(
+                    webpage_url, TikTokIE,
+                    **self._parse_aweme_video_web(video, webpage_url, video_id, extract_flat=True))
+
+            if not traverse_obj(response, 'hasMore'):
+                break
+            cursor += self._PAGE_COUNT
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        collection_id, title, user_name = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'title', 'user_id')
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(collection_id), collection_id, '-'.join((user_name, title)))
+
+
 class DouyinIE(TikTokBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?douyin\.com/video/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -1015,7 +1194,6 @@ class DouyinIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.douyin.com/user/MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel': '杨超越',
-            'creators': ['杨超越'],
             'duration': 19,
             'timestamp': 1620905839,
             'upload_date': '20210513',
@@ -1040,7 +1218,6 @@ class DouyinIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.douyin.com/user/MS4wLjABAAAAZJpnglcjW2f_CMVcnqA_6oVBXKWMpH0F8LIHuUu8-lA',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAZJpnglcjW2f_CMVcnqA_6oVBXKWMpH0F8LIHuUu8-lA',
             'channel': '杨超越工作室',
-            'creators': ['杨超越工作室'],
             'duration': 42,
             'timestamp': 1625739481,
             'upload_date': '20210708',
@@ -1065,7 +1242,6 @@ class DouyinIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.douyin.com/user/MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel': '杨超越',
-            'creators': ['杨超越'],
             'duration': 17,
             'timestamp': 1619098692,
             'upload_date': '20210422',
@@ -1107,7 +1283,6 @@ class DouyinIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.douyin.com/user/MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel_id': 'MS4wLjABAAAAEKnfa654JAJ_N5lgZDQluwsxmY0lhfmEYNQBBkwGG98',
             'channel': '杨超越',
-            'creators': ['杨超越'],
             'duration': 15,
             'timestamp': 1621261163,
             'upload_date': '20210517',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
index edd16bc5b..c9f23a867 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
@@ -174,8 +174,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             # see https://developers.google.com/youtube/iframe_api_reference#Video_Queueing_Functions
             match_obj = re.search(r'\.cueVideoById\(\s*(?P<quote>[\'"])(?P<id>.*?)(?P=quote)', webpage)
             if match_obj:
-                res = self.url_result(match_obj.group('id'))
-                return res
+                return self.url_result(match_obj.group('id'))
             # try to extract from twitter
             blockquote_el = get_element_by_attribute('class', 'twitter-tweet', webpage)
             if blockquote_el:
@@ -185,8 +184,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if matches:
                     for _, match in matches:
                         if '/status/' in match:
-                            res = self.url_result(match)
-                            return res
+                            return self.url_result(match)
             raise ExtractorError('No video found!')
         if id not in jsonld:
             jsonld['id'] = url
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
index 535e6c8f0..22832e068 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def get_child(elem, names):
         height = int_or_none(xpath_text(timeline, './imageHeight', 'thumbnail height'))
 
         return [{
-            'url': self._proto_relative_url(pattern_el.text.replace('#', compat_str(i)), 'http:'),
+            'url': self._proto_relative_url(pattern_el.text.replace('#', str(i)), 'http:'),
             'width': width,
             'height': height,
         } for i in range(first, last + 1)]
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ def extract_video_url(vl):
 
             thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(cfg_xml) or []
             thumbnails.append({
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(xpath_text(cfg_xml, './startThumb', 'thumbnail'), 'http:')
+                'url': self._proto_relative_url(xpath_text(cfg_xml, './startThumb', 'thumbnail'), 'http:'),
             })
 
         # check for EMPFlix-style JSON and extract
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ class TNAFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'duration': 91,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # non-anonymous uploader, categories
         'url': 'https://www.tnaflix.com/teen-porn/Educational-xxx-video/video6538',
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ class TNAFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'uploader': 'bobwhite39',
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tnaflix.com/amateur-porn/bunzHD-Ms.Donk/video358632',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class EMPFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'duration': 83,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.empflix.com/videos/[AROMA][ARMD-718]-Aoi-Yoshino-Sawa-25826.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ class MovieFapIE(TNAFlixNetworkBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'average_rating': float,
             'categories': ['Amateur', 'Masturbation', 'Mature', 'Flashing'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # quirky single-format case where the extension is given as fid, but the video is really an flv
         'url': 'http://www.moviefap.com/videos/e5da0d3edce5404418f5/jeune-couple-russe.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
index 70737337c..de2e03f17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8 download',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'DRM-protected video',
         'url': 'http://www.mewatch.sg/en/movies/dug-s-special-mission/341413',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'DRM-protected wvm download',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # this also tests correct video id extraction
         'note': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted, but Android/mp4 is okay',
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'DRM-protected wvm download',
         },
-        'skip': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted'
+        'skip': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.toggle.sg/en/clips/seraph-sun-aloysius-will-suddenly-sing-some-old-songs-in-high-pitch-on-set/343331',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'LocaleLanguage': '',
                     'LocaleCountry': '',
                     'LocaleDevice': '',
-                    'LocaleUserState': 0
+                    'LocaleUserState': 0,
                 },
                 'Platform': 0,
                 'SiteGuid': 0,
                 'DomainID': '0',
                 'UDID': '',
                 'ApiUser': self._API_USER,
-                'ApiPass': self._API_PASS
+                'ApiPass': self._API_PASS,
             },
             'MediaID': video_id,
             'mediaType': 0,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         info = self._download_json(
             'http://tvpapi.as.tvinci.com/v2_9/gateways/jsonpostgw.aspx?m=GetMediaInfo',
-            video_id, 'Downloading video info json', data=json.dumps(params).encode('utf-8'))
+            video_id, 'Downloading video info json', data=json.dumps(params).encode())
 
         title = info['MediaName']
 
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if ext == 'm3u8':
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s m3u8 information' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} m3u8 information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} m3u8 information',
                     fatal=False)
                 for f in m3u8_formats:
                     # Apple FairPlay Streaming
@@ -133,14 +133,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             elif ext == 'mpd':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, mpd_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s MPD manifest' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s MPD manifest' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} MPD manifest',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} MPD manifest',
                     fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'ism':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, ism_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s ISM manifest' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s ISM manifest' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} ISM manifest',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} ISM manifest',
                     fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'mp4':
                 formats.append({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
index 33b9a32e4..cfbd36b2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ class TOnlineIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Drittes Remis! Zidane: "Es muss etwas passieren"',
             'description': 'Es läuft nicht rund bei Real Madrid. Das 1:1 gegen den SD Eibar war das dritte Unentschieden in Folge in der Liga.',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.t-online.de/tv/id_%s/tid_json_video' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.t-online.de/tv/id_{video_id}/tid_json_video', video_id)
         title = video_data['subtitle']
 
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
index 1b8fc3acd..bfeb16a6e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ToonGogglesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Bernard decides to play football in order to be better than Lloyd and tries to beat him no matter how, he even cheats.',
             'upload_date': '20160718',
             'timestamp': 1468879330,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.toongoggles.com/shows/227759/om-nom-stories-around-the-world',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
index ced1224fa..cbd2c9c26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         path = self._match_id(url)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://services.radio-canada.ca/toutv/presentation/%s' % path, path, query={
+            f'https://services.radio-canada.ca/toutv/presentation/{path}', path, query={
                 'client_key': self._CLIENT_KEY,
                 'device': 'web',
                 'version': 4,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
index aa7ee6c48..5b625a380 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 import re
 
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+
 
 class ToypicsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WORKING = False
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ class ToypicsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': "Chance-Bulge'd, 2",
             'age_limit': 18,
             'uploader': 'kidsune',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -69,10 +70,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         urls = []
         page_count = (video_count + PAGE_SIZE + 1) // PAGE_SIZE
         for n in range(1, page_count + 1):
-            lpage_url = url + '/public/%d' % n
+            lpage_url = url + f'/public/{n}'
             lpage = self._download_webpage(
                 lpage_url, username,
-                note='Downloading page %d/%d' % (n, page_count))
+                note=f'Downloading page {n}/{page_count}')
             urls.extend(
                 re.findall(
                     r'<div[^>]+class=["\']preview[^>]+>\s*<a[^>]+href="(https?://videos\.toypics\.net/view/[^"]+)"',
@@ -85,5 +86,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 '_type': 'url',
                 'url': eurl,
                 'ie_key': 'Toypics',
-            } for eurl in urls]
+            } for eurl in urls],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
index 5c4a138c4..81c936558 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TrailerAddictIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Prince Avalanche Trailer',
             'description': 'Trailer for Prince Avalanche.\n\nTwo highway road workers spend the summer of 1988 away from their city lives. The isolated landscape becomes a place of misadventure as the men find themselves at odds with each other and the women they left behind.',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             fvar = 'fvar'
 
-        info_url = 'http://www.traileraddict.com/%s.php?tid=%s' % (fvar, str(video_id))
+        info_url = f'http://www.traileraddict.com/{fvar}.php?tid={video_id!s}'
         info_webpage = self._download_webpage(info_url, video_id, 'Downloading the info webpage')
 
         final_url = self._search_regex(r'&fileurl=(.+)',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/triller.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/triller.py
index 56e51fea8..3bdeedd43 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/triller.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/triller.py
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
     url_basename,
-    urljoin,
     url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
index 545a67275..7d800ae34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TrovoIE(TrovoBaseIE):
             'title': '💥IGRAMO IGRICE UPADAJTE💥2500/5000 2022-06-28 22:01',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'May not be live'
+        'skip': 'May not be live',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             },
         })
         if live_info.get('isLive') == 0:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s is offline' % username, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{username} is offline', expected=True)
         program_info = live_info['programInfo']
         program_id = program_info['id']
         title = program_info['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
index f27f5a1e3..0c899f1e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class TrtCocukVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Kaptan Pengu ve Arkadaşları 1 Bölüm İzle TRT Çocuk',
             'release_date': '20201209',
             'release_timestamp': 1607513774,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtcocuk.net.tr/video/sef-rokanin-lezzet-dunyasi-17',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class TrtCocukVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'series': '"Şef Roka\'nın Lezzet Dünyası"',
             'title': 'Şef Roka\'nın Lezzet Dünyası 17 Bölüm İzle TRT Çocuk',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'season_number': int_or_none(nuxtjs_data.get('season')),
             'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(nuxtjs_data.get('publishedDate')),
             'series': traverse_obj(nuxtjs_data, ('show', 0, 'title')),
-            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage)  # TODO: get better title
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),  # TODO: get better title
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
index dbb72a4fe..d33b9aae0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20231202',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-i.pr.trt.com.tr/trtworld/17647563_0-0-1920-1080.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:0a975c04257fb529c8f99c7b76a2cf12',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/one-offs/frames-from-anatolia-recreating-a-james-bond-scene-in-istanbuls-grand-bazaar-14541780',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230819',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-i.pr.trt.com.tr/trtworld/16939810_0-0-1920-1080.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:4050e21570cc3c40b6c9badae800a94f',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/the-newsmakers/can-sudan-find-peace-amidst-failed-transition-to-democracy-12904760',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Can Sudan find peace amidst failed transition to democracy?',
             'release_timestamp': 1681972747,
             'release_date': '20230420',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://cdni0.trtworld.com/w768/q70/154214_NMYOUTUBETEMPLATE1_1681833018736.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'http://cdni0.trtworld.com/w768/q70/154214_NMYOUTUBETEMPLATE1_1681833018736.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/africa-matters/locals-learning-to-cope-with-rising-tides-of-kenyas-great-lakes-16059545',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': [],
             'live_status': 'not_live',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
index 86f0990e8..183364b40 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_age_limit,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_timestamp,
-    url_or_none
+    url_or_none,
 )
 
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200916',
             'release_date': '20200630',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://trueid.id/series/zZOBVPb62EwR/qXY73rwyl7oj/one-piece-ep-1/',
         'md5': '1c6d976049bc3c89a8a25aed2c3fb081',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210112',
             'release_date': '20210131',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vn.trueid.net/series/7DNPM7Bpa9wv/pwLgEQ4Xbda2/haikyu-vua-bong-chuyen-phan-1/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210818',
             'release_date': '20210818',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://trueid.ph/series/l8rvvAw7Jwv8/l8rvvAw7Jwv8/naruto-trailer/',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
index ea0f2f40e..cbfe67af2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             display_id = clip_slug
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.trutv.com/v2/web/%s/%s/%s' % (path, series_slug, display_id),
+            f'https://api.trutv.com/v2/web/{path}/{series_slug}/{display_id}',
             display_id)
         video_data = data['episode'] if video_id else data['info']
         media_id = video_data['mediaId']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
index 5f15b4581..7267bf2bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_decrypt_text
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ def extract_format(format_url, height=None):
             r'flashvars\.video_url\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>http.+?)\1',
             webpage, 'video url', default=None, group='url')
         if video_url:
-            extract_format(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(video_url))
+            extract_format(urllib.parse.unquote(video_url))
 
         if not formats:
             if 'title="This video is no longer available"' in webpage:
                 self.raise_no_formats(
-                    'Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         if not title:
             title = self._html_search_regex(
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         tags_str = self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)Tags:\s*</dt>\s*<dd>(.+?)</(?!a)',
             webpage, 'tags', fatal=False)
-        tags = [t for t in re.findall(
-            r'<a[^>]+href=[^>]+>([^<]+)', tags_str)] if tags_str else None
+        tags = list(re.findall(
+            r'<a[^>]+href=[^>]+>([^<]+)', tags_str)) if tags_str else None
 
         info.update({
             'description': description,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
index a351e4e55..e13375f0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'lang': 'de',
                 '_eventId_proceed': '',
                 'j_username': username,
-                'j_password': password
+                'j_password': password,
             }))
         if not urlh or urlh.url == 'https://tube.tugraz.at/paella/ui/index.html':
             return
@@ -53,33 +53,33 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         self.report_warning('unable to login: incorrect TFA code')
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode_info):
-        id = episode_info.get('id')
+        video_id = episode_info.get('id')
         formats = list(self._extract_formats(
-            traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'media', 'track')), id))
+            traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'media', 'track')), video_id))
 
         title = traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'title'), 'dcTitle')
         series_title = traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'seriestitle'))
         creator = ', '.join(variadic(traverse_obj(
             episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'creators', 'creator'), 'dcCreator', default='')))
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'creator': creator or None,
             'duration': traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'duration'), 'dcExtent'),
             'series': series_title,
             'series_id': traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'series'), 'dcIsPartOf'),
             'episode': series_title and title,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
-    def _set_format_type(self, formats, type):
+    def _set_format_type(self, formats, fmt_type):
         for f in formats:
-            f['format_note'] = type
-            if not type.startswith(self._FORMAT_TYPES[0]):
+            f['format_note'] = fmt_type
+            if not fmt_type.startswith(self._FORMAT_TYPES[0]):
                 f['preference'] = -2
         return formats
 
-    def _extract_formats(self, format_list, id):
+    def _extract_formats(self, format_list, video_id):
         has_hls, has_dash = False, False
 
         for format_info in format_list or []:
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, format_list, id):
             if url is None:
                 continue
 
-            type = format_info.get('type') or 'unknown'
+            fmt_type = format_info.get('type') or 'unknown'
             transport = (format_info.get('transport') or 'https').lower()
 
             if transport == 'https':
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ def _extract_formats(self, format_list, id):
                 }]
             elif transport == 'hls':
                 has_hls, formats = True, self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    url, id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'downloading {type} HLS manifest')
+                    url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'downloading {fmt_type} HLS manifest')
             elif transport == 'dash':
                 has_dash, formats = True, self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    url, id, fatal=False, note=f'downloading {type} DASH manifest')
+                    url, video_id, fatal=False, note=f'downloading {fmt_type} DASH manifest')
             else:
                 # RTMP, HDS, SMOOTH, and unknown formats
                 # - RTMP url fails on every tested entry until now
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ def _extract_formats(self, format_list, id):
                 # - SMOOTH url 404's on every tested entry until now
                 continue
 
-            yield from self._set_format_type(formats, type)
+            yield from self._set_format_type(formats, fmt_type)
 
         # TODO: Add test for these
-        for type in self._FORMAT_TYPES:
+        for fmt_type in self._FORMAT_TYPES:
             if not has_hls:
                 hls_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{id}_{type}.smil/playlist.m3u8',
-                    id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {type} HLS manifest', errnote=False) or []
-                yield from self._set_format_type(hls_formats, type)
+                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{video_id}_{fmt_type}.smil/playlist.m3u8',
+                    video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {fmt_type} HLS manifest', errnote=False) or []
+                yield from self._set_format_type(hls_formats, fmt_type)
 
             if not has_dash:
                 dash_formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{id}_{type}.smil/manifest_mpm4sav_mvlist.mpd',
-                    id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {type} DASH manifest', errnote=False)
-                yield from self._set_format_type(dash_formats, type)
+                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{video_id}_{fmt_type}.smil/manifest_mpm4sav_mvlist.mpd',
+                    video_id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {fmt_type} DASH manifest', errnote=False)
+                yield from self._set_format_type(dash_formats, fmt_type)
 
 
 class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                 'creator': 'Safran C',
                 'duration': 3295818,
                 'series_id': 'b1192fff-2aa7-4bf0-a5cf-7b15c3bd3b34',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://tube.tugraz.at/paella/ui/watch.html?id=2df6d787-e56a-428d-8ef4-d57f07eef238',
             'md5': 'de0d854a56bf7318d2b693fe1adb89a5',
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'expected_warnings': ['Extractor failed to obtain "title"'],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 6127024,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5374422,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5566404,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -229,24 +229,25 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5420200,
-                }
-            }
+                },
+            },
         ],
-        'min_playlist_count': 4
+        'min_playlist_count': 4,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        episodes_data = self._download_json(self._API_EPISODE, id, query={'sid': id}, note='Downloading episode list')
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        episodes_data = self._download_json(
+            self._API_EPISODE, playlist_id, query={'sid': playlist_id}, note='Downloading episode list')
         series_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://tube.tugraz.at/series/series.json', id, fatal=False,
+            'https://tube.tugraz.at/series/series.json', playlist_id, fatal=False,
             note='downloading series metadata', errnote='failed to download series metadata',
             query={
-                'seriesId': id,
+                'seriesId': playlist_id,
                 'count': 1,
-                'sort': 'TITLE'
+                'sort': 'TITLE',
             })
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            map(self._extract_episode, episodes_data['search-results']['result']), id,
+            map(self._extract_episode, episodes_data['search-results']['result']), playlist_id,
             traverse_obj(series_data, ('catalogs', 0, 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/', 'title', 0, 'value')))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
index bd46bc363..9d9ddae72 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
@@ -7,33 +7,45 @@
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     traverse_obj,
+    url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
 class TubiTvIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    (?:
-                        tubitv:|
-                        https?://(?:www\.)?tubitv\.com/(?:video|movies|tv-shows)/
-                    )
-                    (?P<id>[0-9]+)'''
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tubitv\.com/(?P<type>video|movies|tv-shows)/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _LOGIN_URL = 'http://tubitv.com/login'
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'tubitv'
-    _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
     _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://tubitv.com/movies/383676/tracker',
-        'md5': '566fa0f76870302d11af0de89511d3f0',
+        'url': 'https://tubitv.com/movies/100004539/the-39-steps',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '383676',
+            'id': '100004539',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Tracker',
-            'description': 'md5:ff320baf43d0ad2655e538c1d5cd9706',
-            'uploader_id': 'f866e2677ea2f0dff719788e4f7f9195',
-            'release_year': 2010,
+            'title': 'The 39 Steps',
+            'description': 'md5:bb2f2dd337f0dc58c06cb509943f54c8',
+            'uploader_id': 'abc2558d54505d4f0f32be94f2e7108c',
+            'release_year': 1935,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.(jpe?g|png)$',
-            'duration': 6122,
+            'duration': 5187,
         },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://tubitv.com/tv-shows/554628/s01-e01-rise-of-the-snakes',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '554628',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'S01:E01 - Rise of the Snakes',
+            'description': 'md5:ba136f586de53af0372811e783a3f57d',
+            'episode': 'Rise of the Snakes',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'uploader_id': '2a9273e728c510d22aa5c57d0646810b',
+            'release_year': 2011,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.(jpe?g|png)$',
+            'duration': 1376,
+        },
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tubitv.com/video/283829/the_comedian_at_the_friday',
         'md5': '43ac06be9326f41912dc64ccf7a80320',
@@ -44,7 +56,7 @@ class TubiTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'A stand up comedian is forced to look at the decisions in his life while on a one week trip to the west coast.',
             'uploader_id': 'bc168bee0d18dd1cb3b86c68706ab434',
         },
-        'skip': 'Content Unavailable'
+        'skip': 'Content Unavailable',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tubitv.com/tv-shows/321886/s01_e01_on_nom_stories',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -58,7 +70,7 @@ class TubiTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'd8fed30d4f24fcb22ec294421b9defc2',
             'release_year': 1979,
         },
-        'skip': 'Content Unavailable'
+        'skip': 'Content Unavailable',
     }]
 
     # DRM formats are included only to raise appropriate error
@@ -81,45 +93,39 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
                 'Login failed (invalid username/password)', expected=True)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(f'https://tubitv.com/oz/videos/{video_id}/content', video_id, query={
-            'video_resources': ['dash', 'hlsv3', 'hlsv6', *self._UNPLAYABLE_FORMATS],
-        })
-        title = video_data['title']
+        video_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://tubitv.com/{video_type}/{video_id}/', video_id)
+        video_data = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__data\s*=', webpage, 'data', video_id,
+            transform_source=js_to_json)['video']['byId'][video_id]
 
         formats = []
         drm_formats = False
 
-        for resource in video_data['video_resources']:
-            if resource['type'] in ('dash', ):
-                formats += self._extract_mpd_formats(resource['manifest']['url'], video_id, mpd_id=resource['type'], fatal=False)
-            elif resource['type'] in ('hlsv3', 'hlsv6'):
-                formats += self._extract_m3u8_formats(resource['manifest']['url'], video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=resource['type'], fatal=False)
-            elif resource['type'] in self._UNPLAYABLE_FORMATS:
+        for resource in traverse_obj(video_data, ('video_resources', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['manifest']['url']))):
+            resource_type = resource.get('type')
+            manifest_url = resource['manifest']['url']
+            if resource_type == 'dash':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(manifest_url, video_id, mpd_id=resource_type, fatal=False))
+            elif resource_type in ('hlsv3', 'hlsv6'):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(manifest_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=resource_type, fatal=False))
+            elif resource_type in self._UNPLAYABLE_FORMATS:
                 drm_formats = True
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(f'Skipping unknown resource type "{resource_type}"')
 
         if not formats and drm_formats:
             self.report_drm(video_id)
         elif not formats and not video_data.get('policy_match'):  # policy_match is False if content was removed
             raise ExtractorError('This content is currently unavailable', expected=True)
 
-        thumbnails = []
-        for thumbnail_url in video_data.get('thumbnails', []):
-            if not thumbnail_url:
-                continue
-            thumbnails.append({
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumbnail_url),
-            })
-
         subtitles = {}
-        for sub in video_data.get('subtitles', []):
-            sub_url = sub.get('url')
-            if not sub_url:
-                continue
+        for sub in traverse_obj(video_data, ('subtitles', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['url']))):
             subtitles.setdefault(sub.get('lang', 'English'), []).append({
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(sub_url),
+                'url': self._proto_relative_url(sub['url']),
             })
 
+        title = traverse_obj(video_data, ('title', {str}))
         season_number, episode_number, episode_title = self._search_regex(
             r'^S(\d+):E(\d+) - (.+)', title, 'episode info', fatal=False, group=(1, 2, 3), default=(None, None, None))
 
@@ -128,25 +134,28 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'description': video_data.get('description'),
-            'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('duration')),
-            'uploader_id': video_data.get('publisher_id'),
-            'release_year': int_or_none(video_data.get('year')),
             'season_number': int_or_none(season_number),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode_number),
-            'episode_title': episode_title
+            'episode': episode_title,
+            **traverse_obj(video_data, {
+                'description': ('description', {str}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+                'uploader_id': ('publisher_id', {str}),
+                'release_year': ('year', {int_or_none}),
+                'thumbnails': ('thumbnails', ..., {url_or_none}, {'url': {self._proto_relative_url}}),
+            }),
         }
 
 
 class TubiTvShowIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tubitv\.com/series/[0-9]+/(?P<show_name>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tubitv.com/series/3936/the-joy-of-painting-with-bob-ross?start=true',
         'playlist_mincount': 390,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'the-joy-of-painting-with-bob-ross',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, show_url, show_name):
@@ -156,11 +165,11 @@ def _entries(self, show_url, show_name):
             r'window\.__data\s*=\s*({[^<]+});\s*</script>',
             show_webpage, 'data'), show_name, transform_source=js_to_json)['video']
 
-        for episode_id in show_json['fullContentById'].keys():
+        for episode_id in show_json['fullContentById']:
             if traverse_obj(show_json, ('byId', episode_id, 'type')) == 's':
                 continue
             yield self.url_result(
-                'tubitv:%s' % episode_id,
+                f'https://tubitv.com/tv-shows/{episode_id}/',
                 ie=TubiTvIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
index a26bdcaae..7f851bf63 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
-    urlencode_postdata
+    urlencode_postdata,
 )
 
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': ['Orphan Black', 'Tatiana Maslany', 'Interview', 'Video', 'OB S1 DVD Extras'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'multiple formats',
         'url': 'https://maskofthedragon.tumblr.com/post/626907179849564160/mona-talking-in-english',
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (original post)',
         'url': 'https://jujanon.tumblr.com/post/159704441298/my-baby-eating',
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': ['crabs', 'my video', 'my pets'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (reblog)',
         'url': 'https://bartlebyshop.tumblr.com/post/180294460076/duality-of-bird',
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (external)',
         'url': 'https://afloweroutofstone.tumblr.com/post/675661759168823296/the-blues-remembers-everything-the-country-forgot',
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'naked-yogi',
         },
         # 'add_ie': ['Vidme'],
-        'skip': 'dead embedded video host'
+        'skip': 'dead embedded video host',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prozdvoices.tumblr.com/post/673201091169681408/what-recording-voice-acting-sounds-like',
         'md5': 'a0063fc8110e6c9afe44065b4ea68177',
@@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # if it's a reblog, og:description will be the reblogger's comment, not the uploader's.
         # content_json is always the op, so if it exists but has no text, there's no description
         if content_json:
-            description = '\n\n'.join((
-                item.get('text') for item in content_json if item.get('type') == 'text')) or None
+            description = '\n\n'.join(
+                item.get('text') for item in content_json if item.get('type') == 'text') or None
         else:
             description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         uploader_id = traverse_obj(post_json, 'reblogged_root_name', 'blog_name')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
index fd2fe132c..05bb2a9fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class TuneInPodcastIE(TuneInBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 200,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/p191660/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/World-News/BBC-News-p14/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -230,5 +230,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if url_parsed.port == 443:
             url = url_parsed._replace(netloc=url_parsed.hostname).url
 
-        self.to_screen('Following redirect: %s' % url)
+        self.to_screen(f'Following redirect: {url}')
         return self.url_result(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
index 630d84bdc..8b79a8ba9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
-    fix_xml_ampersands,
-    xpath_text,
-    int_or_none,
-    determine_ext,
-    float_or_none,
-    parse_duration,
-    xpath_attr,
-    update_url_query,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
+    fix_xml_ampersands,
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
     strip_or_none,
+    update_url_query,
     url_or_none,
+    xpath_attr,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=
             ext = determine_ext(video_url)
             if video_url.startswith('/mp4:protected/'):
                 continue
-                # TODO Correct extraction for these files
+                # TODO: Correct extraction for these files
                 # protected_path_data = path_data.get('protected')
                 # if not protected_path_data or not rtmp_src:
                 #     continue
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=
                         'height': int(mobj.group('height')),
                         'tbr': int_or_none(mobj.group('bitrate')),
                     })
-                elif isinstance(format_id, compat_str):
+                elif isinstance(format_id, str):
                     if format_id.isdigit():
                         f['tbr'] = int(format_id)
                     else:
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=
                         'scc': 'scc',
                         'webvtt': 'vtt',
                         'smptett': 'tt',
-                    }.get(source.get('format'))
+                    }.get(source.get('format')),
                 })
 
         thumbnails.extend({
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ def _extract_cvp_info(self, data_src, video_id, path_data={}, ap_data={}, fatal=
     def _extract_ngtv_info(self, media_id, tokenizer_query, ap_data=None):
         is_live = ap_data.get('is_live')
         streams_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://medium.ngtv.io/media/%s/tv' % media_id,
+            f'http://medium.ngtv.io/media/{media_id}/tv',
             media_id)['media']['tv']
         duration = None
         chapters = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
index 7756aa3f5..601ecab78 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
+    determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     parse_iso8601,
     remove_end,
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         format_urls = []
         for protocol in self._PROTOCOLS:
             try:
-                data = self._download_json('https://api.sumo.tv2.no/play/%s?stream=%s' % (video_id, protocol),
+                data = self._download_json(f'https://api.sumo.tv2.no/play/{video_id}?stream={protocol}',
                                            video_id, 'Downloading playabck JSON',
                                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
-                                           data='{"device":{"id":"1-1-1","name":"Nettleser (HTML)"}}'.encode())['playback']
+                                           data=b'{"device":{"id":"1-1-1","name":"Nettleser (HTML)"}}')['playback']
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
                     error = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['error']
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 video_url = item.get('url')
                 if not video_url or video_url in format_urls:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (protocol.lower(), item.get('type'))
+                format_id = '{}-{}'.format(protocol.lower(), item.get('type'))
                 if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                     continue
                 format_urls.append(video_url)
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.report_drm(video_id)
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'id': type,
+            'id': thumb_type,
             'url': thumb_url,
-        } for type, thumb_url in (asset.get('images') or {}).items()]
+        } for thumb_type, thumb_url in (asset.get('images') or {}).items()]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     assets.append(asset)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://www.tv2.no/v/%s' % asset_id, 'TV2')
+            self.url_result(f'http://www.tv2.no/v/{asset_id}', 'TV2')
             for asset_id in assets]
 
         title = remove_end(self._og_search_title(webpage), ' - TV2.no')
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class KatsomoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        api_base = 'http://%s/api/web/asset/%s' % (self._API_DOMAIN, video_id)
+        api_base = f'http://{self._API_DOMAIN}/api/web/asset/{video_id}'
 
         asset = self._download_json(
             api_base + '.json', video_id,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for protocol in self._PROTOCOLS:
             try:
                 data = self._download_json(
-                    api_base + '/play.json?protocol=%s&videoFormat=SMIL+ISMUSP' % protocol,
+                    api_base + f'/play.json?protocol={protocol}&videoFormat=SMIL+ISMUSP',
                     video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')['playback']
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 video_url = item.get('url')
                 if not video_url or video_url in format_urls:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (protocol.lower(), item.get('mediaFormat'))
+                format_id = '{}-{}'.format(protocol.lower(), item.get('mediaFormat'))
                 if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                     continue
                 format_urls.append(video_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
index 89905acdb..2787de4da 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'У Харкові ворожа ракета прилетіла в будинок, де слухали пісні про "офіцерів-росіян"',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://24tv.ua/news/showPlayer.do?videoUrl=2022/07/2074790&objectId=2074790&w=640&h=360',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Росіяни руйнують Бородянку на Київщині та стріляють з літаків по мешканцях: шокуючі фото',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://24tv.ua/vipalyuyut-nashi-mista-sela-dsns-pokazali-motoroshni-naslidki_n1883966',
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
             },
             'params': {'allowed_extractors': ['Generic', '24tv.ua']},
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
index 35e92f10c..9cd7606b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def add_entry(partner_id, kaltura_id):
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, kaltura_id), 'Kaltura',
+                f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{kaltura_id}', 'Kaltura',
                 video_id=kaltura_id))
 
         for video_el in re.findall(r'(?s)<[^>]+\bdata-entryid\s*=[^>]*>', webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
index 9c0a111c0..3fd41a3e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    traverse_obj,
     UnsupportedError,
+    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -44,14 +43,14 @@ class TV2HuIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/search/{id}', id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/search/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         if json_data['contentType'] == 'showpage':
             ribbon_ids = traverse_obj(json_data, ('pages', ..., 'tabs', ..., 'ribbonIds'), get_all=False, expected_type=list)
             entries = [self.url_result(f'https://tv2play.hu/szalag/{ribbon_id}',
                                        ie=TV2HuSeriesIE.ie_key(), video_id=ribbon_id) for ribbon_id in ribbon_ids]
-            return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+            return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=video_id)
         elif json_data['contentType'] != 'video':
             raise UnsupportedError(url)
 
@@ -88,17 +87,17 @@ class TV2HuSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 284,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '59',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/ribbons/{id}/0?size=100000', id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/ribbons/{playlist_id}/0?size=100000', playlist_id)
         entries = []
         for card in json_data.get('cards', []):
             video_id = card.get('slug')
             if video_id:
-                entries.append(self.url_result(f'https://tv2play.hu/{video_id}',
-                                               ie=TV2HuIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id))
+                entries.append(self.url_result(
+                    f'https://tv2play.hu/{video_id}', TV2HuIE, video_id))
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
index 10a2fe6e2..73a446e11 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class TV4IE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://www.tv4play.se/program/nyheterna/avsnitt/13315940',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _call_api(self, endpoint, video_id, headers=None, query={}):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
index a445fae85..52ff230f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5mondeplus.py
@@ -2,85 +2,88 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
+    get_element_by_class,
+    get_element_html_by_class,
     int_or_none,
-    parse_duration,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_get,
     url_or_none,
 )
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TV5MondePlusIE(InfoExtractor):
-    IE_DESC = 'TV5MONDE+'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:tv5mondeplus|revoir\.tv5monde)\.com/toutes-les-videos/[^/]+/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
+    IE_NAME = 'TV5MONDE'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?tv5monde\.com/tv/video/(?P<id>[^/?#]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
-        # movie
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/cinema/les-novices',
-        'md5': 'c86f60bf8b75436455b1b205f9745955',
+        # documentary
+        'url': 'https://www.tv5monde.com/tv/video/65931-baudouin-l-heritage-d-un-roi-baudouin-l-heritage-d-un-roi',
+        'md5': 'd2a708902d3df230a357c99701aece05',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'ZX0ipMyFQq_6D4BA7b',
-            'display_id': 'les-novices',
+            'id': '3FPa7JMu21_6D4BA7b',
+            'display_id': '65931-baudouin-l-heritage-d-un-roi-baudouin-l-heritage-d-un-roi',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Les novices',
-            'description': 'md5:2e7c33ba3ad48dabfcc2a956b88bde2b',
-            'upload_date': '20230821',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/uploads/media/video_thumbnail/0738/60/01e952b7ccf36b7c6007ec9131588954ab651de9.jpeg',
-            'duration': 5177,
-            'episode': 'Les novices',
+            'title': "Baudouin, l'héritage d'un roi",
+            'thumbnail': 'https://psi.tv5monde.com/upsilon-images/960x540/6f/baudouin-f49c6b0e.jpg',
+            'duration': 4842,
+            'upload_date': '20240130',
+            'timestamp': 1706641242,
+            'episode': "BAUDOUIN, L'HERITAGE D'UN ROI",
+            'description': 'md5:78125c74a5cac06d7743a2d09126edad',
+            'series': "Baudouin, l'héritage d'un roi",
         },
     }, {
         # series episode
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/series-fictions/opj-les-dents-de-la-terre-2',
+        'url': 'https://www.tv5monde.com/tv/video/52952-toute-la-vie-mardi-23-mars-2021',
+        'md5': 'f5e09637cadd55639c05874e22eb56bf',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'wJ0eeEPozr_6D4BA7b',
-            'display_id': 'opj-les-dents-de-la-terre-2',
+            'id': 'obRRZ8m6g9_6D4BA7b',
+            'display_id': '52952-toute-la-vie-mardi-23-mars-2021',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "OPJ - Les dents de la Terre (2)",
-            'description': 'md5:288f87fd68d993f814e66e60e5302d9d',
-            'upload_date': '20230823',
-            'series': 'OPJ',
-            'episode': 'Les dents de la Terre (2)',
-            'duration': 2877,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://dl-revoir.tv5monde.com/images/1a/5753448.jpg'
+            'title': 'Toute la vie',
+            'description': 'md5:a824a2e1dfd94cf45fa379a1fb43ce65',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://psi.tv5monde.com/media/image/960px/5880553.jpg',
+            'duration': 2526,
+            'upload_date': '20230721',
+            'timestamp': 1689971646,
+            'series': 'Toute la vie',
+            'episode': 'Mardi 23 mars 2021',
         },
     }, {
         # movie
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/cinema/ceux-qui-travaillent',
-        'md5': '32fa0cde16a4480d1251502a66856d5f',
+        'url': 'https://www.tv5monde.com/tv/video/8771-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie-p001-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie',
+        'md5': '87cefc34e10a6bf4f7823cccd7b36eb2',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'dc57a011-ec4b-4648-2a9a-4f03f8352ed3',
-            'display_id': 'ceux-qui-travaillent',
+            'id': 'DOcfvdLKXL_6D4BA7b',
+            'display_id': '8771-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie-p001-ce-fleuve-qui-nous-charrie',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Ceux qui travaillent',
-            'description': 'md5:570e8bb688036ace873b2d50d24c026d',
-            'upload_date': '20210819',
+            'title': 'Ce fleuve qui nous charrie',
+            'description': 'md5:62ba3f875343c7fc4082bdfbbc1be992',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://psi.tv5monde.com/media/image/960px/5476617.jpg',
+            'duration': 5300,
+            'upload_date': '20210822',
+            'timestamp': 1629594105,
+            'episode': 'CE FLEUVE QUI NOUS CHARRIE-P001-CE FLEUVE QUI NOUS CHARRIE',
+            'series': 'Ce fleuve qui nous charrie',
         },
-        'skip': 'no longer available',
     }, {
-        # series episode
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/series-fictions/vestiaires-caro-actrice',
+        # news
+        'url': 'https://www.tv5monde.com/tv/video/70402-tv5monde-le-journal-edition-du-08-05-24-11h',
+        'md5': 'c62977d6d10754a2ecebba70ad370479',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '9e9d599e-23af-6915-843e-ecbf62e97925',
-            'display_id': 'vestiaires-caro-actrice',
+            'id': 'LgQFrOCNsc_6D4BA7b',
+            'display_id': '70402-tv5monde-le-journal-edition-du-08-05-24-11h',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "Vestiaires - Caro actrice",
-            'description': 'md5:db15d2e1976641e08377f942778058ea',
-            'upload_date': '20210819',
-            'series': "Vestiaires",
-            'episode': 'Caro actrice',
+            'title': 'TV5MONDE, le journal',
+            'description': 'md5:777dc209eaa4423b678477c36b0b04a8',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://psi.tv5monde.com/media/image/960px/6184105.jpg',
+            'duration': 854,
+            'upload_date': '20240508',
+            'timestamp': 1715159640,
+            'series': 'TV5MONDE, le journal',
+            'episode': 'EDITION DU 08/05/24 - 11H',
         },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-        'skip': 'no longer available',
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/series-fictions/neuf-jours-en-hiver-neuf-jours-en-hiver',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://revoir.tv5monde.com/toutes-les-videos/info-societe/le-journal-de-la-rts-edition-du-30-01-20-19h30',
-        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
 
@@ -98,7 +101,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if ">Ce programme n'est malheureusement pas disponible pour votre zone géographique.<" in webpage:
             self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['FR'])
 
-        title = episode = self._html_search_regex(r'<h1>([^<]+)', webpage, 'title')
         vpl_data = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
             r'(<[^>]+class="video_player_loader"[^>]+>)',
             webpage, 'video player loader'))
@@ -147,26 +149,7 @@ def process_video_files(v):
         process_video_files(video_files)
 
         metadata = self._parse_json(
-            vpl_data['data-metadata'], display_id)
-        duration = (int_or_none(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['content']['duration']))
-                    or parse_duration(self._html_search_meta('duration', webpage)))
-
-        description = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=["\']episode-texte[^>]+>(.+?)</div>', webpage,
-            'description', fatal=False)
-
-        series = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'<p[^>]+class=["\']episode-emission[^>]+>([^<]+)', webpage,
-            'series', default=None)
-
-        if series and series != title:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (series, title)
-
-        upload_date = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?:date_publication|publish_date)["\']\s*:\s*["\'](\d{4}_\d{2}_\d{2})',
-            webpage, 'upload date', default=None)
-        if upload_date:
-            upload_date = upload_date.replace('_', '')
+            vpl_data.get('data-metadata') or '{}', display_id, fatal=False)
 
         if not video_id:
             video_id = self._search_regex(
@@ -175,16 +158,20 @@ def process_video_files(v):
                 default=display_id)
 
         return {
+            **traverse_obj(metadata, ('content', {
+                'id': ('id', {str}),
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'episode': ('title', {str}),
+                'series': ('series', {str}),
+                'timestamp': ('publishDate_ts', {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
+            })),
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'description': description,
-            'thumbnail': vpl_data.get('data-image'),
-            'duration': duration,
-            'upload_date': upload_date,
+            'title': clean_html(get_element_by_class('main-title', webpage)),
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('text', get_element_html_by_class('ep-summary', webpage) or '')),
+            'thumbnail': url_or_none(vpl_data.get('data-image')),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(self._parse_json(
                 traverse_obj(vpl_data, ('data-captions', {str}), default='{}'), display_id, fatal=False)),
-            'series': series,
-            'episode': episode,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
index 978255b17..88fd33482 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       }
     }
   }
-}''' % (self._GQL_QUERY_NAME, self._gql_args(groups)),
+}''' % (self._GQL_QUERY_NAME, self._gql_args(groups)),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][self._GQL_QUERY_NAME]
         media_id = product['videoElement']['mediaId']
 
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class TV5UnisVideoIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Watatatow',
             'duration': 10.01,
-        }
+        },
     }
     _GQL_QUERY_NAME = 'productById'
 
     @staticmethod
     def _gql_args(groups):
-        return 'id: %s' % groups
+        return f'id: {groups}'
 
 
 class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
             'id': 'e5ee23a586c44612a56aad61accf16ef',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Je ne peux pas lui résister',
-            'description': "Atys, le nouveau concierge de l'école, a réussi à ébranler la confiance de Mado en affirmant qu\'une médaille, ce n'est que du métal. Comme Mado essaie de lui prouver que ses valeurs sont solides, il veut la mettre à l'épreuve...",
+            'description': "Atys, le nouveau concierge de l'école, a réussi à ébranler la confiance de Mado en affirmant qu'une médaille, ce n'est que du métal. Comme Mado essaie de lui prouver que ses valeurs sont solides, il veut la mettre à l'épreuve...",
             'subtitles': {
                 'fr': 'count:1',
             },
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _gql_args(groups):
-        args = 'rootProductSlug: "%s"' % groups[0]
+        args = f'rootProductSlug: "{groups[0]}"'
         if groups[1]:
-            args += ', seasonNumber: %s, episodeNumber: %s' % groups[1:]
+            args += ', seasonNumber: {}, episodeNumber: {}'.format(*groups[1:])
         return args
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
index 9afe23328..e3e10557c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tva.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
+import functools
+import re
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    smuggle_url,
-    strip_or_none,
-)
+from ..utils import float_or_none, int_or_none, smuggle_url, strip_or_none
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 
 class TVAIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -49,11 +48,20 @@ class QubIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6084352463001',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Épisode 01',
+            'title': 'Ép 01. Mon dernier jour',
             'uploader_id': '5481942443001',
             'upload_date': '20190907',
             'timestamp': 1567899756,
             'description': 'md5:9c0d7fbb90939420c651fd977df90145',
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
+            'episode': 'Ép 01. Mon dernier jour',
+            'episode_number': 1,
+            'tags': ['alerte amber', 'alerte amber saison 1', 'surdemande'],
+            'duration': 2625.963,
+            'season': 'Season 1',
+            'season_number': 1,
+            'series': 'Alerte Amber',
+            'channel': 'TVA',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.qub.ca/tele/video/lcn-ca-vous-regarde-rev-30s-ap369664-1009357943',
@@ -64,22 +72,24 @@ class QubIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         entity_id = self._match_id(url)
-        entity = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.qub.ca/proxy/pfu/content-delivery-service/v1/entities',
-            entity_id, query={'id': entity_id})
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, entity_id)
+        entity = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, entity_id)['props']['initialProps']['pageProps']['fallbackData']
         video_id = entity['videoId']
         episode = strip_or_none(entity.get('name'))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
+            'url': f'https://videos.tva.ca/details/_{video_id}',
+            'ie_key': TVAIE.ie_key(),
             'id': video_id,
             'title': episode,
-            # 'url': self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % entity['referenceId'],
-            'url': 'https://videos.tva.ca/details/_' + video_id,
-            'description': entity.get('longDescription'),
-            'duration': float_or_none(entity.get('durationMillis'), 1000),
             'episode': episode,
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(entity.get('episodeNumber')),
-            # 'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
-            'ie_key': TVAIE.ie_key(),
+            **traverse_obj(entity, {
+                'description': ('longDescription', {str}),
+                'duration': ('durationMillis', {functools.partial(float_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+                'channel': ('knownEntities', 'channel', 'name', {str}),
+                'series': ('knownEntities', 'videoShow', 'name', {str}),
+                'season_number': ('slug', {lambda x: re.search(r'/s(?:ai|ea)son-(\d+)/', x)}, 1, {int_or_none}),
+                'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
index b9f5e110e..855c771ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 
-from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
+from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 
 class TVANouvellesIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TVANouvellesArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if TVANouvellesIE.suitable(url) else super(TVANouvellesArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if TVANouvellesIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/videos/%s' % mobj.group('id'),
+                'http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/videos/{}'.format(mobj.group('id')),
                 ie=TVANouvellesIE.ie_key(), video_id=mobj.group('id'))
             for mobj in re.finditer(
                 r'data-video-id=(["\'])?(?P<id>\d+)', webpage)]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
index caa76ab6f..7c8c922a6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.tvc.ru/video/json/id/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.tvc.ru/video/json/id/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for info in video.get('path', {}).get('quality', []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
index 5f7896837..8105db41c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'platform_uid': self._PLATFORM_UID,
                 'platform_token': self._PLATFORM_TOKEN,
             }, headers={
-                'x-tver-platform-type': 'web'
+                'x-tver-platform-type': 'web',
             })
         episode_content = traverse_obj(
             episode_info, ('result', 'episode', 'content')) or {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
index 6c982193d..6b87ecac7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TvigleIE(InfoExtractor):
         }, {
             'url': 'https://cloud.tvigle.ru/video/5267604/',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 webpage, 'video id')
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://cloud.tvigle.ru/api/play/video/%s/' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://cloud.tvigle.ru/api/play/video/{video_id}/', display_id)
 
         item = video_data['playlist']['items'][0]
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     msg=error_message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message),
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {error_message}',
                     expected=True)
 
         title = item['title']
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         item, lambda x: x['video_files_size'][vcodec][format_id]))
                     formats.append({
                         'url': video_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (vcodec, format_id),
+                        'format_id': f'{vcodec}-{format_id}',
                         'vcodec': vcodec,
                         'height': int_or_none(height),
                         'filesize': filesize,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
index 7e9b04d55..17f853509 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/61c8ee630cf2cc58e7d98d9f/',
             'season_number': 8,
             'season': 'Season 8',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/programa/isabel/62b471090cf26256cd2a8594/video/62be445f0cf2ea4f0a5218e5',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Isabel - Episódio 1',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/62beac200cf2f9a86eab856b/',
             'season_number': 1,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # no /programa/
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/video/62c4131c0cf2f9a86eac06bb',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 2',
             'duration': 148,
             'season_number': 2,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # episodio url
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/programa/para-sempre/61716c360cf2365a5ed894c4/episodio/t1e187',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/62eda30b0cf2ea367d48973b/',
             'duration': 1250,
             'season_number': 1,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
index 527681315..0dc43a9d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     NO_DEFAULT,
+    int_or_none,
     unescapeHTML,
 )
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TVN24IE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '"Święta mają być wesołe, dlatego, ludziska, wszyscy pod jemiołę"',
             'description': 'Wyjątkowe orędzie Artura Andrusa, jednego z gości Szkła kontaktowego.',
             'thumbnail': 're:https?://.*[.]jpeg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # different layout
         'url': 'https://tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl/magazyny/maja-w-ogrodzie,13/odcinki-online,1,4,1,0/pnacza-ptaki-i-iglaki-odc-691-hgtv-odc-29,1771763.html',
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def extract_json(attr, name, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
             return self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(
-                    r'\b%s=(["\'])(?P<json>(?!\1).+?)\1' % attr, webpage,
+                    rf'\b{attr}=(["\'])(?P<json>(?!\1).+?)\1', webpage,
                     name, group='json', default=default, fatal=fatal) or '{}',
                 display_id, transform_source=unescapeHTML, fatal=fatal)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
index 917c46bd1..24a82623f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TVNoeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Noční univerzita',
             'title': 'prof. Tomáš Halík, Th.D. - Návrat náboženství a střet civilizací',
             'description': 'md5:f337bae384e1a531a52c55ebc50fff41',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'field-name-field-podnazev', webpage)),
             'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class(
                 'field-name-body', webpage)),
-            'series': clean_html(get_element_by_class('title', webpage))
+            'series': clean_html(get_element_by_class('title', webpage)),
         })
 
         return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
index a8d00e243..da3082907 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     str_or_none,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 1800,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # ABC-specific video embeding
         # moved to https://bajkowakraina.tvp.pl/wideo/50981130,teleranek,51027049,zubr,51116450
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def extract_videos(wd):
         if website_data.get('items_total_count') > website_data.get('items_per_page'):
             for page in itertools.count(2):
                 page_website_data = self._parse_vue_website_data(
-                    self._download_webpage(url, page_id, note='Downloading page #%d' % page,
+                    self._download_webpage(url, page_id, note=f'Downloading page #{page}',
                                            query={'page': page}),
                     page_id)
                 if not page_website_data.get('videos') and not page_website_data.get('items'):
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class TVPStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        channel_url = self._proto_relative_url('//stream.tvp.pl/?channel_id=%s' % channel_id or 'default')
+        channel_url = self._proto_relative_url(f'//stream.tvp.pl/?channel_id={channel_id}' or 'default')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(channel_url, channel_id or 'default', 'Downloading channel webpage')
         channels = self._search_json(
             r'window\.__channels\s*=', webpage, 'channel list', channel_id,
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': channel_id or channel['id'],
-            'url': 'tvp:%s' % audition['video_id'],
+            'url': 'tvp:{}'.format(audition['video_id']),
             'title': audition.get('title'),
             'alt_title': channel.get('title'),
             'is_live': True,
@@ -379,8 +379,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         ))
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            ('https://www.tvp.pl/sess/TVPlayer2/api.php?id=%s'
-             + '&@method=getTvpConfig&@callback=%s') % (video_id, callback), video_id)
+            f'https://www.tvp.pl/sess/TVPlayer2/api.php?id={video_id}&@method=getTvpConfig&@callback={callback}', video_id)
 
         # stripping JSONP padding
         datastr = webpage[15 + len(callback):-3]
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # vod.tvp.pl
         if info.get('vortalName') == 'vod':
             info_dict.update({
-                'title': '%s, %s' % (info.get('title'), info.get('subtitle')),
+                'title': '{}, {}'.format(info.get('title'), info.get('subtitle')),
                 'series': info.get('title'),
                 'season': info.get('season'),
                 'episode_number': info.get('episode'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
index 48a6efe1c..b4a927a1d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    determine_ext,
     ExtractorError,
+    determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
     qualities,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'mtg:418113',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if geo_country:
             self._initialize_geo_bypass({'countries': [geo_country.upper()]})
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
+            f'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/{video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         title = video['title']
 
         try:
             streams = self._download_json(
-                'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/stream/%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/stream/{video_id}',
                 video_id, 'Downloading streams JSON')
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
                     update_url_query(video_url, {
                         'hdcore': '3.5.0',
-                        'plugin': 'aasp-3.5.0.151.81'
+                        'plugin': 'aasp-3.5.0.151.81',
                     }), video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'm3u8':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if sami_path:
             lang = self._search_regex(
                 r'_([a-z]{2})\.xml', sami_path, 'lang',
-                default=compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc.rsplit('.', 1)[-1])
+                default=urllib.parse.urlparse(url).netloc.rsplit('.', 1)[-1])
             subtitles[lang] = [{
                 'url': sami_path,
             }]
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class TVPlayHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:c6926e9710f1a126f028fbe121eddb79',
             'duration': 2440,
         },
-        'skip': '404'
+        'skip': '404',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://play.tv3.lt/lives/tv6-lt,live-2838694/optibet-a-lygos-rungtynes-marijampoles-suduva--vilniaus-riteriai,programme-3422014',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
index 228c2366e..7c47bc78e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     extract_attributes,
     try_get,
     urlencode_postdata,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class TVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         validate = context['validate']
         platform = try_get(
-            context, lambda x: x['platform']['key'], compat_str) or 'firefox'
+            context, lambda x: x['platform']['key'], str) or 'firefox'
 
         try:
             response = self._download_json(
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 response = self._parse_json(
                     e.cause.response.read().decode(), resource_id)['tvplayer']['response']
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['error']), expected=True)
+                    '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['error']), expected=True)
             raise
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(response['stream'], display_id, 'mp4')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
index e8e1fc666..77a4136cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     determine_ext,
+    int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
 )
 
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ class TweakersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
             'duration': 386,
             'uploader_id': 's7JeEm',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://tweakers.net/video/s1playlist/%s/1920/1080/playlist.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://tweakers.net/video/s1playlist/{video_id}/1920/1080/playlist.json',
             video_id)['items'][0]
 
         title = video_data['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
index 74f90b00b..a08c591d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.20min.ch/video/%s/show' % video_id,
+            f'http://api.20min.ch/video/{video_id}/show',
             video_id)['content']
 
         title = video['title']
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': format_id,
-            'url': 'http://podcast.20min-tv.ch/podcast/20min/%s%s.mp4' % (video_id, p),
+            'url': f'http://podcast.20min-tv.ch/podcast/20min/{video_id}{p}.mp4',
             'quality': quality,
         } for quality, (format_id, p) in enumerate([('sd', ''), ('hd', 'h')])]
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         def extract_count(kind):
             return try_get(
                 video,
-                lambda x: int_or_none(x['communityobject']['thumbs_%s' % kind]))
+                lambda x: int_or_none(x['communityobject'][f'thumbs_{kind}']))
 
         like_count = extract_count('up')
         dislike_count = extract_count('down')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
index 290c3761e..af7c00686 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TwentyThreeVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20171221',
             'uploader_id': '12258964',
             'uploader': 'Rasmus Bysted',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://bonnier-publications-danmark.23video.com/v.ihtml/player.html?token=f0dc46476e06e13afd5a1f84a29e31e8&source=embed&photo%5fid=36137620',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TwentyThreeVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, query, photo_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        base_url = 'https://%s' % domain
+        base_url = f'https://{domain}'
         photo_data = self._download_json(
             base_url + '/api/photo/list?' + query, photo_id, query={
                 'format': 'json',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
index 28ea16cc2..53b408469 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage, 'datetime', None))
 
         stream_server_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php?target=%s&mode=client' % uploader_id, video_id,
+            f'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php?target={uploader_id}&mode=client', video_id,
             'Downloading live info', fatal=False)
 
         is_live = any(f'data-{x}' in webpage for x in ['is-onlive="true"', 'live-type="live"', 'status="online"'])
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def find_dmu(x):
                 for mode, ws_url in streams.items():
                     formats.append({
                         'url': ws_url,
-                        'format_id': 'ws-%s' % mode,
+                        'format_id': f'ws-{mode}',
                         'ext': 'mp4',
                         'quality': qq(mode),
                         'source_preference': -10,
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ class TwitCastingLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id = self._match_id(url)
         self.to_screen(
-            'Downloading live video of user {0}. '
-            'Pass "https://twitcasting.tv/{0}/show" to download the history'.format(uploader_id))
+            f'Downloading live video of user {uploader_id}. '
+            f'Pass "https://twitcasting.tv/{uploader_id}/show" to download the history')
 
         is_live = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
             f'https://frontendapi.twitcasting.tv/watch/user/{uploader_id}',
@@ -284,10 +284,10 @@ class TwitCastingUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, uploader_id):
-        base_url = next_url = 'https://twitcasting.tv/%s/show' % uploader_id
+        base_url = next_url = f'https://twitcasting.tv/{uploader_id}/show'
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                next_url, uploader_id, query={'filter': 'watchable'}, note='Downloading page %d' % page_num)
+                next_url, uploader_id, query={'filter': 'watchable'}, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
             matches = re.finditer(
                 r'(?s)<a\s+class="tw-movie-thumbnail2"\s+href="(?P<url>/[^/"]+/movie/\d+)"', webpage)
             for mobj in matches:
@@ -303,4 +303,4 @@ def _entries(self, uploader_id):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(uploader_id), uploader_id, '%s - Live History' % uploader_id)
+            self._entries(uploader_id), uploader_id, f'{uploader_id} - Live History')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
index 80cba0915..44b19ad13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
@@ -3,13 +3,9 @@
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ def _CLIENT_ID(self):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         def fail(message):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login. Twitch said: %s' % message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login. Twitch said: {message}', expected=True)
 
         def login_step(page, urlh, note, data):
             form = self._hidden_inputs(page)
@@ -156,12 +152,12 @@ def _download_gql(self, video_id, ops, note, fatal=True):
                 'persistedQuery': {
                     'version': 1,
                     'sha256Hash': self._OPERATION_HASHES[op['operationName']],
-                }
+                },
             }
         return self._download_base_gql(video_id, ops, note)
 
     def _download_access_token(self, video_id, token_kind, param_name):
-        method = '%sPlaybackAccessToken' % token_kind
+        method = f'{token_kind}PlaybackAccessToken'
         ops = {
             'query': '''{
               %s(
@@ -176,11 +172,11 @@ def _download_access_token(self, video_id, token_kind, param_name):
                 value
                 signature
               }
-            }''' % (method, param_name, video_id),
+            }''' % (method, param_name, video_id),  # noqa: UP031
         }
         return self._download_base_gql(
             video_id, ops,
-            'Downloading %s access token GraphQL' % token_kind)['data'][method]
+            f'Downloading {token_kind} access token GraphQL')['data'][method]
 
     def _get_thumbnails(self, thumbnail):
         return [{
@@ -242,8 +238,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 17208,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
-                }
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
@@ -301,25 +297,25 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 573,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 573,
                     'end_time': 3922,
-                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra'
+                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 3922,
                     'end_time': 11643,
-                    'title': 'Art'
-                }
+                    'title': 'Art',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'Storyboards',
@@ -338,18 +334,18 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 573,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 573,
                     'end_time': 3922,
-                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra'
+                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 3922,
                     'end_time': 11643,
-                    'title': 'Art'
-                }
+                    'title': 'Art',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
@@ -359,8 +355,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'mhtml',
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'VOD with single chapter',
         'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1536751224',
@@ -377,17 +373,17 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 8353,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
-                }
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/tangotek/schedule?vodID=1822395420',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -488,7 +484,7 @@ def _extract_info_gql(self, info, item_id):
         vod_id = info.get('id') or item_id
         # id backward compatibility for download archives
         if vod_id[0] != 'v':
-            vod_id = 'v%s' % vod_id
+            vod_id = f'v{vod_id}'
         thumbnail = url_or_none(info.get('previewThumbnailURL'))
         is_live = None
         if thumbnail:
@@ -503,8 +499,8 @@ def _extract_info_gql(self, info, item_id):
             'description': info.get('description'),
             'duration': int_or_none(info.get('lengthSeconds')),
             'thumbnails': self._get_thumbnails(thumbnail),
-            'uploader': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['login'], compat_str),
+            'uploader': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader_id': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['login'], str),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(info.get('publishedAt')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(info.get('viewCount')),
             'chapters': list(self._extract_chapters(info, item_id)),
@@ -559,8 +555,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._prefer_source(formats)
         info['formats'] = formats
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-        query = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         if 't' in query:
             info['start_time'] = parse_duration(query['t'][0])
 
@@ -568,7 +564,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             info['subtitles'] = {
                 'rechat': [{
                     'url': update_url_query(
-                        'https://api.twitch.tv/v5/videos/%s/comments' % vod_id, {
+                        f'https://api.twitch.tv/v5/videos/{vod_id}/comments', {
                             'client_id': self._CLIENT_ID,
                         }),
                     'ext': 'json',
@@ -587,7 +583,7 @@ def _make_video_result(node):
         '_type': 'url_transparent',
         'ie_key': TwitchVodIE.ie_key(),
         'id': 'v' + video_id,
-        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/%s' % video_id,
+        'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/{video_id}',
         'title': node.get('title'),
         'thumbnail': node.get('previewThumbnailURL'),
         'duration': float_or_none(node.get('lengthSeconds')),
@@ -638,7 +634,7 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
     def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
         cursor = None
         variables_common = self._make_variables(channel_name, *args)
-        entries_key = '%ss' % self._ENTRY_KIND
+        entries_key = f'{self._ENTRY_KIND}s'
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             variables = variables_common.copy()
             variables['limit'] = self._PAGE_LIMIT
@@ -649,7 +645,7 @@ def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
                     'operationName': self._OPERATION_NAME,
                     'variables': variables,
                 }],
-                'Downloading %ss GraphQL page %s' % (self._NODE_KIND, page_num),
+                f'Downloading {self._NODE_KIND}s GraphQL page {page_num}',
                 fatal=False)
             if not page:
                 break
@@ -671,7 +667,7 @@ def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
                 if entry:
                     cursor = edge.get('cursor')
                     yield entry
-            if not cursor or not isinstance(cursor, compat_str):
+            if not cursor or not isinstance(cursor, str):
                 break
 
 
@@ -765,7 +761,7 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
                 if any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (
                     TwitchVideosClipsIE,
                     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE))
-                else super(TwitchVideosIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
@@ -782,15 +778,15 @@ def _extract_entry(node):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        filter = qs.get('filter', ['all'])[0]
+        video_filter = qs.get('filter', ['all'])[0]
         sort = qs.get('sort', ['time'])[0]
-        broadcast = self._BROADCASTS.get(filter, self._DEFAULT_BROADCAST)
+        broadcast = self._BROADCASTS.get(video_filter, self._DEFAULT_BROADCAST)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name, broadcast.type, sort),
             playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - %s sorted by %s'
-            % (channel_name, broadcast.label,
-               self._SORTED_BY.get(sort, self._DEFAULT_SORTED_BY)))
+            playlist_title=(
+                f'{channel_name} - {broadcast.label} '
+                f'sorted by {self._SORTED_BY.get(sort, self._DEFAULT_SORTED_BY)}'))
 
 
 class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -828,11 +824,11 @@ class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
     _NODE_KIND = 'Clip'
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _make_variables(channel_name, filter):
+    def _make_variables(channel_name, channel_filter):
         return {
             'login': channel_name,
             'criteria': {
-                'filter': filter,
+                'filter': channel_filter,
             },
         }
 
@@ -858,12 +854,12 @@ def _extract_entry(node):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        range = qs.get('range', ['7d'])[0]
-        clip = self._RANGE.get(range, self._DEFAULT_CLIP)
+        date_range = qs.get('range', ['7d'])[0]
+        clip = self._RANGE.get(date_range, self._DEFAULT_CLIP)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name, clip.filter),
             playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - Clips %s' % (channel_name, clip.label))
+            playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Clips {clip.label}')
 
 
 class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -907,7 +903,7 @@ def _extract_entry(node):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': TwitchCollectionIE.ie_key(),
             'id': collection_id,
-            'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/%s' % collection_id,
+            'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/{collection_id}',
             'title': node.get('title'),
             'thumbnail': node.get('thumbnailURL'),
             'duration': float_or_none(node.get('lengthSeconds')),
@@ -919,7 +915,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name), playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - Collections' % channel_name)
+            playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Collections')
 
 
 class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
@@ -996,7 +992,7 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
                     TwitchVideosClipsIE,
                     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE,
                     TwitchClipsIE))
-                else super(TwitchStreamIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url).lower()
@@ -1025,7 +1021,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if not user:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s does not exist' % channel_name, expected=True)
+                f'{channel_name} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         stream = user['stream']
 
@@ -1046,16 +1042,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         sq_user = try_get(gql, lambda x: x[1]['data']['user'], dict) or {}
         uploader = sq_user.get('displayName')
         description = try_get(
-            sq_user, lambda x: x['broadcastSettings']['title'], compat_str)
+            sq_user, lambda x: x['broadcastSettings']['title'], str)
 
         thumbnail = url_or_none(try_get(
             gql, lambda x: x[2]['data']['user']['stream']['previewImageURL'],
-            compat_str))
+            str))
 
         title = uploader or channel_name
         stream_type = stream.get('type')
         if stream_type in ['rerun', 'live']:
-            title += ' (%s)' % stream_type
+            title += f' ({stream_type})'
 
         return {
             'id': stream_id,
@@ -1165,7 +1161,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     }
     viewCount
   }
-}''' % video_id}, 'Downloading clip GraphQL', fatal=False)
+}''' % video_id}, 'Downloading clip GraphQL', fatal=False)  # noqa: UP031
 
         if data:
             clip = try_get(data, lambda x: x['data']['clip'], dict) or clip
@@ -1213,7 +1209,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'view_count': int_or_none(clip.get('viewCount')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(clip.get('createdAt')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'creator': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['broadcaster']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['id'], compat_str),
+            'creator': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['broadcaster']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader_id': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['id'], str),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
index ecc865655..4ed48ec5a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
+import functools
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .periscope import PeriscopeBaseIE, PeriscopeIE
-from ..compat import functools  # isort: split
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -34,9 +30,9 @@
 
 class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'twitter'
-    _API_BASE = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/'
-    _GRAPHQL_API_BASE = 'https://twitter.com/i/api/graphql/'
-    _BASE_REGEX = r'https?://(?:(?:www|m(?:obile)?)\.)?(?:twitter\.com|twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid\.onion)/'
+    _API_BASE = 'https://api.x.com/1.1/'
+    _GRAPHQL_API_BASE = 'https://x.com/i/api/graphql/'
+    _BASE_REGEX = r'https?://(?:(?:www|m(?:obile)?)\.)?(?:(?:twitter|x)\.com|twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid\.onion)/'
     _AUTH = 'AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANRILgAAAAAAnNwIzUejRCOuH5E6I8xnZz4puTs%3D1Zv7ttfk8LF81IUq16cHjhLTvJu4FA33AGWWjCpTnA'
     _LEGACY_AUTH = 'AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIK1zgAAAAAA2tUWuhGZ2JceoId5GwYWU5GspY4%3DUq7gzFoCZs1QfwGoVdvSac3IniczZEYXIcDyumCauIXpcAPorE'
     _flow_token = None
@@ -46,9 +42,9 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'flow_context': {
                 'debug_overrides': {},
                 'start_location': {
-                    'location': 'unknown'
-                }
-            }
+                    'location': 'unknown',
+                },
+            },
         },
         'subtask_versions': {
             'action_list': 2,
@@ -91,8 +87,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'user_recommendations_list': 4,
             'user_recommendations_urt': 1,
             'wait_spinner': 3,
-            'web_modal': 1
-        }
+            'web_modal': 1,
+        },
     }, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
 
     def _extract_variant_formats(self, variant, video_id):
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ def _extract_variant_formats(self, variant, video_id):
             tbr = int_or_none(dict_get(variant, ('bitrate', 'bit_rate')), 1000) or None
             f = {
                 'url': variant_url,
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'tbr': tbr,
             }
             self._search_dimensions_in_video_url(f, variant_url)
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ def _extract_formats_from_vmap_url(self, vmap_url, video_id):
         subtitles = {}
         urls = []
         for video_variant in vmap_data.findall('.//{http://twitter.com/schema/videoVMapV2.xsd}videoVariant'):
-            video_variant.attrib['url'] = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+            video_variant.attrib['url'] = urllib.parse.unquote(
                 video_variant.attrib['url'])
             urls.append(video_variant.attrib['url'])
             fmts, subs = self._extract_variant_formats(
@@ -153,6 +149,14 @@ def _search_dimensions_in_video_url(a_format, video_url):
     def is_logged_in(self):
         return bool(self._get_cookies(self._API_BASE).get('auth_token'))
 
+    # XXX: Temporary workaround until twitter.com => x.com migration is completed
+    def _real_initialize(self):
+        if self.is_logged_in or not self._get_cookies('https://twitter.com/').get('auth_token'):
+            return
+        # User has not yet been migrated to x.com and has passed twitter.com cookies
+        TwitterBaseIE._API_BASE = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/'
+        TwitterBaseIE._GRAPHQL_API_BASE = 'https://twitter.com/i/api/graphql/'
+
     @functools.cached_property
     def _selected_api(self):
         return self._configuration_arg('api', ['graphql'], ie_key='Twitter')[0]
@@ -196,23 +200,21 @@ def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         if self.is_logged_in:
             return
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://twitter.com/', None, 'Downloading login page')
-        guest_token = self._search_regex(
-            r'\.cookie\s*=\s*["\']gt=(\d+);', webpage, 'gt', default=None) or self._fetch_guest_token(None)
+        guest_token = self._fetch_guest_token(None)
         headers = {
             **self._set_base_headers(),
             'content-type': 'application/json',
             'x-guest-token': guest_token,
             'x-twitter-client-language': 'en',
             'x-twitter-active-user': 'yes',
-            'Referer': 'https://twitter.com/',
-            'Origin': 'https://twitter.com',
+            'Referer': 'https://x.com/',
+            'Origin': 'https://x.com',
         }
 
         def build_login_json(*subtask_inputs):
             return json.dumps({
                 'flow_token': self._flow_token,
-                'subtask_inputs': subtask_inputs
+                'subtask_inputs': subtask_inputs,
             }, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
 
         def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
@@ -220,8 +222,8 @@ def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
                 'subtask_id': subtask_id,
                 'enter_text': {
                     'text': text,
-                    'link': 'next_link'
-                }
+                    'link': 'next_link',
+                },
             }
 
         next_subtask = self._call_login_api(
@@ -234,8 +236,8 @@ def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'js_instrumentation': {
                             'response': '{}',
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginEnterUserIdentifierSSO':
@@ -247,12 +249,12 @@ def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
                                 'key': 'user_identifier',
                                 'response_data': {
                                     'text_data': {
-                                        'result': username
-                                    }
-                                }
+                                        'result': username,
+                                    },
+                                },
                             }],
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginEnterAlternateIdentifierSubtask':
@@ -267,8 +269,8 @@ def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'enter_password': {
                             'password': password,
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'AccountDuplicationCheck':
@@ -276,8 +278,8 @@ def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
                     'Submitting account duplication check', headers, data=build_login_json({
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'check_logged_in_account': {
-                            'link': 'AccountDuplicationCheck_false'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'AccountDuplicationCheck_false',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginTwoFactorAuthChallenge':
@@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ def _call_api(self, path, video_id, query={}, graphql=False):
             'x-twitter-client-language': 'en',
             'x-twitter-active-user': 'yes',
         } if self.is_logged_in else {
-            'x-guest-token': self._fetch_guest_token(video_id)
+            'x-guest-token': self._fetch_guest_token(video_id),
         })
         allowed_status = {400, 401, 403, 404} if graphql else {403}
         result = self._download_json(
@@ -382,7 +384,7 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'repost_count': int,
                 'tags': ['PlutoFlyby'],
             },
-            'params': {'format': '[protocol=https]'}
+            'params': {'format': '[protocol=https]'},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/cards/tfw/v1/654001591733886977',
@@ -1191,6 +1193,31 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 0,
             '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 1724884212803834154'],
         },
+    }, {
+        # x.com
+        'url': 'https://x.com/historyinmemes/status/1790637656616943991',
+        'md5': 'daca3952ba0defe2cfafb1276d4c1ea5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '1790637589910654976',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Historic Vids - One of the most intense moments in history',
+            'description': 'One of the most intense moments in history https://t.co/Zgzhvix8ES',
+            'display_id': '1790637656616943991',
+            'uploader': 'Historic Vids',
+            'uploader_id': 'historyinmemes',
+            'uploader_url': 'https://twitter.com/historyinmemes',
+            'channel_id': '855481986290524160',
+            'upload_date': '20240515',
+            'timestamp': 1715756260.0,
+            'duration': 15.488,
+            'tags': [],
+            'comment_count': int,
+            'repost_count': int,
+            'like_count': int,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://pbs\.twimg\.com/amplify_video_thumb/.+',
+            'age_limit': 0,
+            '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 1790637656616943991'],
+        },
     }, {
         # onion route
         'url': 'https://twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid.onion/TwitterBlue/status/1484226494708662273',
@@ -1343,11 +1370,11 @@ def _build_graphql_query(self, media_id):
                 'responsive_web_media_download_video_enabled': False,
                 'responsive_web_graphql_skip_user_profile_image_extensions_enabled': False,
                 'responsive_web_graphql_timeline_navigation_enabled': True,
-                'responsive_web_enhance_cards_enabled': False
+                'responsive_web_enhance_cards_enabled': False,
             },
             'fieldToggles': {
-                'withArticleRichContentState': False
-            }
+                'withArticleRichContentState': False,
+            },
         }
 
     def _call_syndication_api(self, twid):
@@ -1613,9 +1640,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def _find_dimension(target):
             w = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
-                'twitter:%s:width' % target, webpage, fatal=False))
+                f'twitter:{target}:width', webpage, fatal=False))
             h = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
-                'twitter:%s:height' % target, webpage, fatal=False))
+                f'twitter:{target}:height', webpage, fatal=False))
             return w, h
 
         if thumbnail:
@@ -1709,7 +1736,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         m3u8_url = source.get('noRedirectPlaybackUrl') or source['location']
         if '/live_video_stream/geoblocked/' in m3u8_url:
             self.raise_geo_restricted()
-        m3u8_id = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        m3u8_id = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             m3u8_url).query).get('type', [None])[0]
         state, width, height = self._extract_common_format_info(broadcast)
         info['formats'] = self._extract_pscp_m3u8_formats(
@@ -1864,12 +1891,12 @@ class TwitterShortenerIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        eid, id = mobj.group('eid', 'id')
+        eid, shortcode = mobj.group('eid', 'id')
         if eid:
-            id = eid
-            url = self._BASE_URL + id
-        new_url = self._request_webpage(url, id, headers={'User-Agent': 'curl'}).url
-        __UNSAFE_LINK = "https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link="
+            shortcode = eid
+            url = self._BASE_URL + shortcode
+        new_url = self._request_webpage(url, shortcode, headers={'User-Agent': 'curl'}).url
+        __UNSAFE_LINK = 'https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link='
         if new_url.startswith(__UNSAFE_LINK):
-            new_url = new_url.replace(__UNSAFE_LINK, "")
+            new_url = new_url.replace(__UNSAFE_LINK, '')
         return self.url_result(new_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
index 77dabbc82..488c13b1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.txxx.tube/contents/videos_sources/16574000/16574965/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://txxx.tube/videos/16574965/digital-desire-malena-morgan/',
         'md5': 'c54e4ace54320aaf8e2a72df87859391',
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.txxx.tube/contents/videos_sources/16574000/16574965/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vxxx.com/video-68925/',
         'md5': '1fcff3748b0c5b41fe41d0afa22409e1',
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vxxx.com/contents/videos_sources/68000/68925/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hclips.com/videos/6291073/malena-morgan-masturbates-her-sweet/',
         'md5': 'a5dd4f83363972ee043313cff85e7e26',
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/6291000/6291073/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hdzog.com/videos/67063/gorgeous-malena-morgan-will-seduce-you-at-the-first-glance/',
         'md5': 'f8bdedafd45d1ec2875c43fe33a846d3',
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hdzog.com/contents/videos_sources/67000/67063/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hdzog.tube/videos/67063/gorgeous-malena-morgan-will-seduce-you-at-the-first-glance/',
         'md5': 'f8bdedafd45d1ec2875c43fe33a846d3',
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hdzog.com/contents/videos_sources/67000/67063/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hotmovs.com/videos/8789287/unbelievable-malena-morgan-performing-in-incredible-masturantion/',
         'md5': '71d32c51584876472db87e561171a386',
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hotmovs.com/contents/videos_sources/8789000/8789287/screenshots/10.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hotmovs.tube/videos/8789287/unbelievable-malena-morgan-performing-in-incredible-masturantion/',
         'md5': '71d32c51584876472db87e561171a386',
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hotmovs.com/contents/videos_sources/8789000/8789287/screenshots/10.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://inporn.com/video/517897/malena-morgan-solo/',
         'md5': '344db467481edf78f193cdf5820a7cfb',
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://iptn.m3pd.com/media/tn/sources/517897_1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://privatehomeclips.com/videos/3630599/malena-morgan-cam-show/',
         'md5': 'ea657273e352493c5fb6357fbfa4f126',
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/3630000/3630599/screenshots/15.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tubepornclassic.com/videos/1015455/mimi-rogers-full-body-massage-nude-compilation/',
         'md5': '2e9a6cf610c9862e86e0ce24f08f4427',
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.tubepornclassic.com/contents/videos_sources/1015000/1015455/screenshots/6.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://upornia.com/videos/1498858/twistys-malena-morgan-starring-at-dr-morgan-baller/',
         'md5': '7ff7033340bc88a173198b7c22600e4f',
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.upornia.com/contents/videos_sources/1498000/1498858/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://upornia.tube/videos/1498858/twistys-malena-morgan-starring-at-dr-morgan-baller/',
         'md5': '7ff7033340bc88a173198b7c22600e4f',
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.upornia.com/contents/videos_sources/1498000/1498858/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vjav.com/videos/11761/yui-hatano-in-if-yui-was-my-girlfriend2/',
         'md5': '6de5bc1f13bdfc3491a77f23edb1676f',
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vjav.com/contents/videos_sources/11000/11761/screenshots/23.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vjav.tube/videos/11761/yui-hatano-in-if-yui-was-my-girlfriend2/',
         'md5': '6de5bc1f13bdfc3491a77f23edb1676f',
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vjav.com/contents/videos_sources/11000/11761/screenshots/23.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://voyeurhit.com/videos/332875/charlotte-stokely-elle-alexandra-malena-morgan-lingerie/',
         'md5': '12b4666e9c3e60dafe9182e5d12aae33',
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.voyeurhit.com/contents/videos_sources/332000/332875/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://voyeurhit.tube/videos/332875/charlotte-stokely-elle-alexandra-malena-morgan-lingerie/',
         'md5': '12b4666e9c3e60dafe9182e5d12aae33',
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.voyeurhit.com/contents/videos_sources/332000/332875/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://pornzog.com/video/9125519/michelle-malone-dreamgirls-wild-wet-3/',
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/5119000/5119660/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, fatal=False, **kwargs):
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class PornTopIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1609455029,
             'upload_date': '20201231',
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.porntop.com/media/tn/sources/101569_1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
index 5c296051a..2801aa8c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -73,22 +73,21 @@ def _extract_course_info(self, webpage, video_id):
         course_id = course.get('id') or self._search_regex(
             [
                 r'data-course-id=["\'](\d+)',
-                r'&quot;courseId&quot;\s*:\s*(\d+)'
+                r'&quot;courseId&quot;\s*:\s*(\d+)',
             ], webpage, 'course id')
         return course_id, course.get('title')
 
     def _enroll_course(self, base_url, webpage, course_id):
         def combine_url(base_url, url):
-            return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, url) if not url.startswith('http') else url
+            return urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, url) if not url.startswith('http') else url
 
         checkout_url = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
             r'href=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?://(?:www\.)?udemy\.com)?/(?:payment|cart)/checkout/.+?)\1',
             webpage, 'checkout url', group='url', default=None))
         if checkout_url:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Course %s is not free. You have to pay for it before you can download. '
-                'Use this URL to confirm purchase: %s'
-                % (course_id, combine_url(base_url, checkout_url)),
+                f'Course {course_id} is not free. You have to pay for it before you can download. '
+                f'Use this URL to confirm purchase: {combine_url(base_url, checkout_url)}',
                 expected=True)
 
         enroll_url = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
@@ -100,12 +99,11 @@ def combine_url(base_url, url):
                 course_id, 'Enrolling in the course',
                 headers={'Referer': base_url})
             if '>You have enrolled in' in webpage:
-                self.to_screen('%s: Successfully enrolled in the course' % course_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'{course_id}: Successfully enrolled in the course')
 
     def _download_lecture(self, course_id, lecture_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/users/me/subscribed-courses/%s/lectures/%s?'
-            % (course_id, lecture_id),
+            f'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/users/me/subscribed-courses/{course_id}/lectures/{lecture_id}?',
             lecture_id, 'Downloading lecture JSON', query={
                 'fields[lecture]': 'title,description,view_html,asset',
                 'fields[asset]': 'asset_type,stream_url,thumbnail_url,download_urls,stream_urls,captions,data,course_is_drmed',
@@ -116,17 +114,17 @@ def _handle_error(self, response):
             return
         error = response.get('error')
         if error:
-            error_str = 'Udemy returned error #%s: %s' % (error.get('code'), error.get('message'))
+            error_str = 'Udemy returned error #{}: {}'.format(error.get('code'), error.get('message'))
             error_data = error.get('data')
             if error_data:
-                error_str += ' - %s' % error_data.get('formErrors')
+                error_str += ' - {}'.format(error_data.get('formErrors'))
             raise ExtractorError(error_str, expected=True)
 
     def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         headers = kwargs.get('headers', {}).copy()
         headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36'
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
-        ret = super(UdemyIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
+        ret = super()._download_webpage_handle(
             *args, **kwargs)
         if not ret:
             return ret
@@ -151,14 +149,14 @@ def _download_json(self, url_or_request, *args, **kwargs):
                 headers['X-Udemy-Client-Id'] = cookie.value
             elif cookie.name == 'access_token':
                 headers['X-Udemy-Bearer-Token'] = cookie.value
-                headers['X-Udemy-Authorization'] = 'Bearer %s' % cookie.value
+                headers['X-Udemy-Authorization'] = f'Bearer {cookie.value}'
 
         if isinstance(url_or_request, Request):
             url_or_request.headers.update(headers)
         else:
             url_or_request = Request(url_or_request, headers=headers)
 
-        response = super(UdemyIE, self)._download_json(url_or_request, *args, **kwargs)
+        response = super()._download_json(url_or_request, *args, **kwargs)
         self._handle_error(response)
         return response
 
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ def is_logged(webpage):
                 r'(?s)<div[^>]+class="form-errors[^"]*">(.+?)</div>',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         asset_type = asset.get('asset_type') or asset.get('assetType')
         if asset_type != 'Video':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Lecture %s is not a video' % lecture_id, expected=True)
+                f'Lecture {lecture_id} is not a video', expected=True)
 
         stream_url = asset.get('stream_url') or asset.get('streamUrl')
         if stream_url:
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if youtube_url:
                 return self.url_result(youtube_url, 'Youtube')
 
-        video_id = compat_str(asset['id'])
+        video_id = str(asset['id'])
         thumbnail = asset.get('thumbnail_url') or asset.get('thumbnailUrl')
         duration = float_or_none(asset.get('data', {}).get('duration'))
 
@@ -287,7 +285,7 @@ def extract_formats(source_list):
                 format_id = source.get('label')
                 f = {
                     'url': video_url,
-                    'format_id': '%sp' % format_id,
+                    'format_id': f'{format_id}p',
                     'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                 }
                 if format_id:
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ def extract_subtitles(track_list):
                 })
 
         for url_kind in ('download', 'stream'):
-            urls = asset.get('%s_urls' % url_kind)
+            urls = asset.get(f'{url_kind}_urls')
             if isinstance(urls, dict):
                 extract_formats(urls.get('Video'))
 
@@ -328,7 +326,7 @@ def extract_subtitles(track_list):
                 cc_url = url_or_none(cc.get('url'))
                 if not cc_url:
                     continue
-                lang = try_get(cc, lambda x: x['locale']['locale'], compat_str)
+                lang = try_get(cc, lambda x: x['locale']['locale'], str)
                 sub_dict = (automatic_captions if cc.get('source') == 'auto'
                             else subtitles)
                 sub_dict.setdefault(lang or 'en', []).append({
@@ -363,7 +361,7 @@ def extract_subtitles(track_list):
                 else:
                     formats.append(add_output_format_meta({
                         'url': src,
-                        'format_id': '%dp' % height if height else None,
+                        'format_id': f'{height}p' if height else None,
                         'height': height,
                     }, res))
 
@@ -423,7 +421,7 @@ class UdemyCourseIE(UdemyIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if UdemyIE.suitable(url) else super(UdemyCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if UdemyIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_path = self._match_id(url)
@@ -435,7 +433,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._enroll_course(url, webpage, course_id)
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/courses/%s/cached-subscriber-curriculum-items' % course_id,
+            f'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/courses/{course_id}/cached-subscriber-curriculum-items',
             course_id, 'Downloading course curriculum', query={
                 'fields[chapter]': 'title,object_index',
                 'fields[lecture]': 'title,asset',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
index 10668ac4b..9970e4ff5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
@@ -6,14 +7,13 @@
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 
 
 class UDNEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = '聯合影音'
     _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL = r'//video\.udn\.com/(?:embed|play)/news/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?:' + _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?:https?:)?(?P<url>%s)"' % _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src="(?:https?:)?(?P<url>{_PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL})"']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://video.udn.com/embed/news/300040',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
 
             video_url = self._download_webpage(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, api_url), video_id,
-                note='retrieve url for %s video' % video_type)
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(url, api_url), video_id,
+                note=f'retrieve url for {video_type} video')
 
             ext = determine_ext(video_url)
             if ext == 'm3u8':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
index f914613c0..f141804c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ukcolumn.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-from ..utils import (
-    unescapeHTML,
-    urljoin,
-    ExtractorError,
-)
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    unescapeHTML,
+    urljoin,
+)
 
 
 class UkColumnIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
index ab22a8e2d..9abe3436f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class UKTVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://uktvplay.uktv.co.uk/shows/africa/watch-online/5983349675001',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
index 1da4ecdf8..b509fda88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class UMGDeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jedes Wort ist Gold wert',
             'timestamp': 1513591800,
             'upload_date': '20171218',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       createdDate
     }
   }
-}''' % video_id})['data']['universalMusic']['video']
+}''' % video_id})['data']['universalMusic']['video']  # noqa: UP031
 
         title = video_data['headline']
         hls_url_template = 'http://mediadelivery.universal-music-services.de/vod/mp4:autofill/storage/' + '/'.join(list(video_id)) + '/content/%s/file/playlist.m3u8'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
index 6e872cd14..edc1f8554 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class UnistraIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Prix Louise Weiss 2014',
                 'description': 'md5:cc3a8735f079f4fb6b0b570fc10c135a',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         for file_path in files:
             format_id = 'HD' if file_path.endswith('-HD.mp4') else 'SD'
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'http://vod-flash.u-strasbg.fr:8080%s' % file_path,
+                'url': f'http://vod-flash.u-strasbg.fr:8080{file_path}',
                 'format_id': format_id,
-                'quality': quality(format_id)
+                'quality': quality(format_id),
             })
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
@@ -60,5 +60,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
index 6d8bc0593..7d6ffb030 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class UnityIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Unity',
             'uploader_id': 'Unity3D',
             'upload_date': '20140926',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://unity3d.com/learn/tutorials/projects/2d-ufo-tutorial/following-player-camera?playlist=25844',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
index 4316c31d2..1e2d118aa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unsupported.py
@@ -173,6 +173,20 @@ class KnownPiracyIE(UnsupportedInfoExtractor):
         r'filemoon\.sx',
         r'hentai\.animestigma\.com',
         r'thisav\.com',
+        r'gounlimited\.to',
+        r'highstream\.tv',
+        r'uqload\.com',
+        r'vedbam\.xyz',
+        r'vadbam\.net'
+        r'vidlo\.us',
+        r'wolfstream\.tv',
+        r'xvideosharing\.com',
+        r'(?:\w+\.)?viidshar\.com',
+        r'sxyprn\.com',
+        r'jable\.tv',
+        r'91porn\.com',
+        r'einthusan\.(?:tv|com|ca)',
+        r'yourupload\.com',
     )
 
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
index 068c2b87d..5198e89e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:3f8c11a0c0556d66daf7e5b45ef823b2',
             'timestamp': 1470421860,
             'upload_date': '20160805',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvuol.uol.com.br/video/incendio-destroi-uma-das-maiores-casas-noturnas-de-londres-04024E9A3268D4C95326',
         'md5': '2850a0e8dfa0a7307e04a96c5bdc5bc2',
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Em Londres, um incêndio destruiu uma das maiores boates da cidade. Não há informações sobre vítimas.',
             'timestamp': 1470674520,
             'upload_date': '20160808',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://mais.uol.com.br/static/uolplayer/index.html?mediaId=15951931',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -68,12 +66,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             # https://api.mais.uol.com.br/apiuol/v4/player/data/[MEDIA_ID]
             'https://api.mais.uol.com.br/apiuol/v3/media/detail/' + video_id,
             video_id)['item']
-        media_id = compat_str(video_data['mediaId'])
+        media_id = str(video_data['mediaId'])
         title = video_data['title']
         ver = video_data.get('revision', 2)
 
         uol_formats = self._download_json(
-            'https://croupier.mais.uol.com.br/v3/formats/%s/jsonp' % media_id,
+            f'https://croupier.mais.uol.com.br/v3/formats/{media_id}/jsonp',
             media_id)
         quality = qualities(['mobile', 'WEBM', '360p', '720p', '1080p'])
         formats = []
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     f_url, media_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                     m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                encoded_query = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
+                encoded_query = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
                 for m3u8_f in m3u8_formats:
                     m3u8_f['extra_param_to_segment_url'] = encoded_query
                     m3u8_f['url'] = update_url_query(m3u8_f['url'], query)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
index f14d7cce6..06931293e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@ class UrortIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'matchtitle': '^The Bomb$',  # To test, we want just one video
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        fstr = urllib.parse.quote("InternalBandUrl eq '%s'" % playlist_id)
-        json_url = 'http://urort.p3.no/breeze/urort/TrackDTOViews?$filter=%s&$orderby=Released%%20desc&$expand=Tags%%2CFiles' % fstr
+        fstr = urllib.parse.quote(f"InternalBandUrl eq '{playlist_id}'")
+        json_url = f'http://urort.p3.no/breeze/urort/TrackDTOViews?$filter={fstr}&$orderby=Released%20desc&$expand=Tags%2CFiles'
         songs = self._download_json(json_url, playlist_id)
         entries = []
         for s in songs:
             formats = [{
                 'tbr': f.get('Quality'),
                 'ext': f['FileType'],
-                'format_id': '%s-%s' % (f['FileType'], f.get('Quality', '')),
-                'url': 'http://p3urort.blob.core.windows.net/tracks/%s' % f['FileRef'],
+                'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(f['FileType'], f.get('Quality', '')),
+                'url': 'http://p3urort.blob.core.windows.net/tracks/{}'.format(f['FileRef']),
                 'quality': 3 if f['FileType'] == 'mp3' else 2,
             } for f in s['Files']]
             e = {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'title': s['Title'],
                 'uploader_id': playlist_id,
                 'uploader': s.get('BandName', playlist_id),
-                'thumbnail': 'http://urort.p3.no/cloud/images/%s' % s['Image'],
+                'thumbnail': 'http://urort.p3.no/cloud/images/{}'.format(s['Image']),
                 'upload_date': unified_strdate(s.get('Released')),
                 'formats': formats,
             }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
index 7f97fc95f..79bb8a805 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     ISO639Utils,
+    dict_get,
+    int_or_none,
     parse_age_limit,
     try_get,
     unified_timestamp,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             file_http = v.get('location')
             if file_http:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_wowza_formats(
-                    'http://%s/%splaylist.m3u8' % (host, file_http),
+                    f'http://{host}/{file_http}playlist.m3u8',
                     video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m', 'rtmp', 'rtsp']))
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ def parse_lang_code(code):
             for k, v in stream.items():
                 if (k in ('sd', 'hd') or not isinstance(v, dict)):
                     continue
-                lang, sttl_url = (v.get(kk) for kk in ('language', 'location', ))
+                lang, sttl_url = (v.get(kk) for kk in ('language', 'location'))
                 if not sttl_url:
                     continue
                 lang = parse_lang_code(lang)
                 if not lang:
                     continue
                 sttl = subtitles.get(lang) or []
-                sttl.append({'ext': k, 'url': sttl_url, })
+                sttl.append({'ext': k, 'url': sttl_url})
                 subtitles[lang] = sttl
 
         image = urplayer_data.get('image') or {}
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def parse_lang_code(code):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': '%s : %s' % (series_title, episode) if series_title else episode,
+            'title': f'{series_title} : {episode}' if series_title else episode,
             'description': urplayer_data.get('description'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(urplayer_data.get('publishedAt')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
index 3243f3e3b..6ad18ff9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
     try_get,
     update_url_query,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7e50464fdf2126b0f533748d3c78d58f',
             'uploader_id': '29906170001',
             'upload_date': '20160313',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # ui-video-data[asset_metadata][items][brightcoveaccount] = 28911775001
         'url': 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/08/21/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-stop-worrying-its-blow/973633002/',
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:3715e7927639a4f16b474e9391687c62',
             'uploader_id': '28911775001',
             'upload_date': '20180820',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (item.get('brightcoveaccount', '29906170001'), item.get('brightcoveid') or video_data['brightcove_id']),
-            'id': compat_str(video_data['id']),
+            'id': str(video_data['id']),
             'title': video_data['title'],
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('thumbnail'),
             'description': video_data.get('description'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
index 5df241653..33cf8f454 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
-    encode_data_uri,
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
+    encode_data_uri,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     mimetype2ext,
     str_or_none,
@@ -82,14 +79,14 @@ def num_to_hex(n):
             extra_note = ''
 
         conn_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://r%d-1-%s-recorded-lp-live.ums.ustream.tv/1/ustream' % (rnd(1e8), video_id),
+            f'http://r{rnd(1e8)}-1-{video_id}-recorded-lp-live.ums.ustream.tv/1/ustream',
             video_id, note='Downloading connection info' + extra_note,
             query={
                 'type': 'viewer',
                 'appId': app_id_ver[0],
                 'appVersion': app_id_ver[1],
-                'rsid': '%s:%s' % (num_to_hex(rnd(1e8)), num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))),
-                'rpin': '_rpin.%d' % rnd(1e15),
+                'rsid': f'{num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))}:{num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))}',
+                'rpin': f'_rpin.{rnd(1e15)}',
                 'referrer': url,
                 'media': video_id,
                 'application': 'recorded',
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ def num_to_hex(n):
         connection_id = conn_info[0]['args'][0]['connectionId']
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/1/ustream?connectionId=%s' % (host, connection_id),
+            f'http://{host}/1/ustream?connectionId={connection_id}',
             video_id, note='Downloading stream info' + extra_note)
 
     def _get_streams(self, url, video_id, app_id_ver):
@@ -106,14 +103,14 @@ def _get_streams(self, url, video_id, app_id_ver):
         for trial_count in range(3):
             stream_info = self._get_stream_info(
                 url, video_id, app_id_ver,
-                extra_note=' (try %d)' % (trial_count + 1) if trial_count > 0 else '')
+                extra_note=f' (try {trial_count + 1})' if trial_count > 0 else '')
             if 'stream' in stream_info[0]['args'][0]:
                 return stream_info[0]['args'][0]['stream']
         return []
 
     def _parse_segmented_mp4(self, dash_stream_info):
         def resolve_dash_template(template, idx, chunk_hash):
-            return template.replace('%', compat_str(idx), 1).replace('%', chunk_hash)
+            return template.replace('%', str(idx), 1).replace('%', chunk_hash)
 
         formats = []
         for stream in dash_stream_info['streams']:
@@ -121,13 +118,13 @@ def resolve_dash_template(template, idx, chunk_hash):
             provider = dash_stream_info['providers'][0]
             fragments = [{
                 'url': resolve_dash_template(
-                    provider['url'] + stream['initUrl'], 0, dash_stream_info['hashes']['0'])
+                    provider['url'] + stream['initUrl'], 0, dash_stream_info['hashes']['0']),
             }]
             for idx in range(dash_stream_info['videoLength'] // dash_stream_info['chunkTime']):
                 fragments.append({
                     'url': resolve_dash_template(
                         provider['url'] + stream['segmentUrl'], idx,
-                        dash_stream_info['hashes'][compat_str(idx // 10 * 10)])
+                        dash_stream_info['hashes'][str(idx // 10 * 10)]),
                 })
             content_type = stream['contentType']
             kind = content_type.split('/')[0]
@@ -173,16 +170,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'ustream\.vars\.offAirContentVideoIds=([^;]+);', webpage,
                 'content video IDs'), video_id)
             return self.playlist_result(
-                map(lambda u: self.url_result('http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/' + u, 'Ustream'), content_video_ids),
+                (self.url_result('http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/' + u, 'Ustream') for u in content_video_ids),
                 video_id)
 
         params = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.ustream.tv/videos/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://api.ustream.tv/videos/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         error = params.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {error}', expected=True)
 
         video = params['video']
 
@@ -255,12 +252,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._html_search_meta('ustream:channel_id', webpage)
 
         BASE = 'http://www.ustream.tv'
-        next_url = '/ajax/socialstream/videos/%s/1.json' % channel_id
+        next_url = f'/ajax/socialstream/videos/{channel_id}/1.json'
         video_ids = []
         while next_url:
             reply = self._download_json(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(BASE, next_url), display_id,
-                note='Downloading video information (next: %d)' % (len(video_ids) + 1))
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(BASE, next_url), display_id,
+                note=f'Downloading video information (next: {len(video_ids) + 1})')
             video_ids.extend(re.findall(r'data-content-id="(\d.*)"', reply['data']))
             next_url = reply['nextUrl']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
index c3aeeb961..b5da88b26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
-    unified_strdate,
     unescapeHTML,
+    unified_strdate,
 )
 
 
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class UstudioIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20111107',
             'uploader': 'Tony Farley',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://v1.ustudio.com/embed/%s/ustudio/config.xml' % video_id,
+            f'http://v1.ustudio.com/embed/{video_id}/ustudio/config.xml',
             display_id)
 
         def extract(kind):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def extract(kind):
                 'url': unescapeHTML(item.attrib['url']),
                 'width': int_or_none(item.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(item.get('height')),
-            } for item in config.findall('./qualities/quality/%s' % kind) if item.get('url')]
+            } for item in config.findall(f'./qualities/quality/{kind}') if item.get('url')]
 
         formats = extract('video')
 
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ class UstudioEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '5 Things IT Should Know About Video',
             'description': 'md5:93d32650884b500115e158c5677d25ad',
             'uploader_id': 'DeN7VdYRDKhP',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://app.ustudio.com/embed/%s/%s/config.json' % (uploader_id, video_id),
+            f'http://app.ustudio.com/embed/{uploader_id}/{video_id}/config.json',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
         title = video_data['name']
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     continue
                 height = int_or_none(quality.get('height'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%dp' % (ext, height) if height else ext,
+                    'format_id': f'{ext}-{height}p' if height else ext,
                     'url': quality_url,
                     'width': int_or_none(quality.get('width')),
                     'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
index 12a7e4984..fc44df97b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 586,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/jerJw5EOOVU',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 60,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/C4ZxXhYBBmE',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 884,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/Y-stEH-FBm8',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210718',
             'duration': 151,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://playeur.com/v/Wzqp-UrxSeu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20240208',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 262,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
index ef44d421e..9d3c39f02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     mimetype2ext,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class VeoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1603847208,
             'duration': 1916,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.veo.co/matches/20220313-2022-03-13_u15m-plsjq-vs-csl/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -33,10 +32,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/%s/videos' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading video data')
+            f'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/{video_id}/videos', video_id, 'Downloading video data')
 
         formats = []
         for fmt in video_data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
index 92ff86521..dc1bf96ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class VeohIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': ['technology_and_gaming', 'gaming'],
             'tags': ['puzzle', 'of', 'flesh'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -138,17 +138,17 @@ class VeohUserIE(VeohIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'url': 'https://www.veoh.com/users/valentinazoe',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'valentinazoe',
-                'title': 'valentinazoe (Uploads)'
+                'title': 'valentinazoe (Uploads)',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 75
+            'playlist_mincount': 75,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.veoh.com/users/PiensaLibre',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'PiensaLibre',
-                'title': 'PiensaLibre (Uploads)'
+                'title': 'PiensaLibre (Uploads)',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2
+            'playlist_mincount': 2,
         }]
 
     _PAGE_SIZE = 16
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ def _fetch_page(self, uploader, page):
             note=f'Downloading videos page {page + 1}',
             headers={
                 'x-csrf-token': self._TOKEN,
-                'content-type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'
+                'content-type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8',
             },
             data=json.dumps({
                 'username': uploader,
                 'maxResults': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'page': page + 1,
-                'requestName': 'userPage'
-            }).encode('utf-8'))
+                'requestName': 'userPage',
+            }).encode())
         if not response.get('success'):
             raise ExtractorError(response['message'])
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
index 3f2dddbe9..844041a61 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import ExtractorError
 from .rutv import RUTVIE
+from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
 
 class VestiIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class VestiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
-            'skip': 'Translation has finished'
+            'skip': 'Translation has finished',
         },
     ]
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             page)
         if mobj:
             video_id = mobj.group('id')
-            page = self._download_webpage('http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid=%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            page = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid={video_id}', video_id,
                                           'Downloading video page')
 
         rutv_url = RUTVIE._extract_url(page)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
index aa40227a7..8552a609c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import re
 import json
+import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -22,10 +21,10 @@ def _extract_json(self, webpage, video_id):
 
 
 class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
-    '''
+    """
     Accepts urls from vevo.com or in the format 'vevo:{id}'
     (currently used by MTVIE and MySpaceIE)
-    '''
+    """
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         (?:https?://(?:www\.)?vevo\.com/watch/(?!playlist|genre)(?:[^/]+/(?:[^/]+/)?)?|
            https?://cache\.vevo\.com/m/html/embed\.html\?video=|
@@ -166,14 +165,14 @@ def _initialize_api(self, video_id):
             data=json.dumps({
                 'client_id': 'SPupX1tvqFEopQ1YS6SS',
                 'grant_type': 'urn:vevo:params:oauth:grant-type:anonymous',
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
 
         if re.search(r'(?i)THIS PAGE IS CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE IN YOUR REGION', webpage):
             self.raise_geo_restricted(
-                '%s said: This page is currently unavailable in your region' % self.IE_NAME)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: This page is currently unavailable in your region')
 
         auth_info = self._parse_json(webpage, video_id)
         self._api_url_template = self.http_scheme() + '//apiv2.vevo.com/%s?token=' + auth_info['legacy_token']
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ def _call_api(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errors = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), None)['errors']
                 error_message = ', '.join([error['message'] for error in errors])
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
         return data
 
@@ -195,11 +194,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         self._initialize_api(video_id)
 
         video_info = self._call_api(
-            'video/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading api video info',
+            f'video/{video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading api video info',
             'Failed to download video info')
 
         video_versions = self._call_api(
-            'video/%s/streams' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'video/{video_id}/streams', video_id,
             'Downloading video versions info',
             'Failed to download video versions info',
             fatal=False)
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 video_versions = [
                     value
                     for key, value in json_data['apollo']['data'].items()
-                    if key.startswith('%s.streams' % video_id)]
+                    if key.startswith(f'{video_id}.streams')]
 
         uploader = None
         artist = None
@@ -238,16 +237,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             elif '.mpd' in version_url:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    version_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash-%s' % version,
-                    note='Downloading %s MPD information' % version,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s MPD information' % version,
+                    version_url, video_id, mpd_id=f'dash-{version}',
+                    note=f'Downloading {version} MPD information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {version} MPD information',
                     fatal=False))
             elif '.m3u8' in version_url:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     version_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls-%s' % version,
-                    note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % version,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s m3u8 information' % version,
+                    m3u8_id=f'hls-{version}',
+                    note=f'Downloading {version} m3u8 information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {version} m3u8 information',
                     fatal=False))
             else:
                 m = re.search(r'''(?xi)
@@ -275,13 +274,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         track = video_info['title']
         if featured_artist:
-            artist = '%s ft. %s' % (artist, featured_artist)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+            artist = f'{artist} ft. {featured_artist}'
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
 
         genres = video_info.get('genres')
         genre = (
             genres[0] if genres and isinstance(genres, list)
-            and isinstance(genres[0], compat_str) else None)
+            and isinstance(genres[0], str) else None)
 
         is_explicit = video_info.get('isExplicit')
         if is_explicit is True:
@@ -337,15 +336,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'<meta[^>]+content=(["\'])vevo://video/(?P<id>.+?)\1[^>]*>',
                 webpage, 'video id', default=None, group='id')
             if video_id:
-                return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % video_id, VevoIE.ie_key())
+                return self.url_result(f'vevo:{video_id}', VevoIE.ie_key())
 
-        playlists = self._extract_json(webpage, playlist_id)['default']['%ss' % playlist_kind]
+        playlists = self._extract_json(webpage, playlist_id)['default'][f'{playlist_kind}s']
 
-        playlist = (list(playlists.values())[0]
+        playlist = (next(iter(playlists.values()))
                     if playlist_kind == 'playlist' else playlists[playlist_id])
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('vevo:%s' % src, VevoIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'vevo:{src}', VevoIE.ie_key())
             for src in playlist['isrcs']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
index db338fa10..1eb25530f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     (?:https?://(?:www\.)?
                     (?P<host>
-                        %s
+                        {}
                     )
                     /?
                     (?:
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         a(?:rticles)?/
                     )|
                     (?P<appname>
-                        %s
+                        {}
                     ):)
                     (?P<id>\d+)
-                    ''' % ('|'.join(_HOST_TO_APPNAME.keys()), '|'.join(_APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR.keys()))
+                    '''.format('|'.join(_HOST_TO_APPNAME.keys()), '|'.join(_APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR.keys()))
 
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -174,13 +174,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         vendor = self._APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR[appname]
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://svp.vg.no/svp/api/v1/%s/assets/%s?appName=%s-website'
-            % (vendor, video_id, appname),
+            f'http://svp.vg.no/svp/api/v1/{vendor}/assets/{video_id}?appName={appname}-website',
             video_id, 'Downloading media JSON')
 
         if data.get('status') == 'inactive':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         info = {
             'formats': [],
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if hds_url:
             hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.7.0'
             f4m_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                hds_url + '?%s' % hdcore_sign, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
+                hds_url + f'?{hdcore_sign}', video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
             if f4m_formats:
                 for entry in f4m_formats:
                     # URLs without the extra param induce an 404 error
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
                     'height': int(mobj.group(2)),
                     'tbr': tbr,
-                    'format_id': 'mp4-%s' % tbr,
+                    'format_id': f'mp4-{tbr}',
                 })
             formats.append(format_info)
 
@@ -275,7 +274,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, self._match_id(url))
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'<video[^>]+data-id="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
-        return self.url_result('bttv:%s' % video_id, 'VGTV')
+        return self.url_result(f'bttv:{video_id}', 'VGTV')
 
 
 class BTVestlendingenIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -308,4 +307,4 @@ class BTVestlendingenIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result('bttv:%s' % self._match_id(url), 'VGTV')
+        return self.url_result(f'bttv:{self._match_id(url)}', 'VGTV')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
index 41b8a4607..53d5a7108 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
-# TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
+# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
 
 
 class VH1IE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
index d31908fb1..3739a37e4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     OnDemandPagedList,
+    clean_html,
+    int_or_none,
     parse_age_limit,
     str_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def _call_api(self, resource, resource_key, resource_id, locale, fields, args=''
   %s(locale: "%s", %s: "%s"%s) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (resource, locale, resource_key, resource_id, args, fields),
+}''' % (resource, locale, resource_key, resource_id, args, fields),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][resource]
 
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         query.update({
             'exp': exp,
-            'sign': hashlib.sha512(('%s:GET:%d' % (video_id, exp)).encode()).hexdigest(),
+            'sign': hashlib.sha512(f'{video_id}:GET:{exp}'.encode()).hexdigest(),
             'skipadstitching': 1,
             'platform': 'desktop',
             'rn': random.randint(10000, 100000),
@@ -135,14 +134,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         try:
             preplay = self._download_json(
-                'https://vms.vice.com/%s/video/preplay/%s' % (locale, video_id),
+                f'https://vms.vice.com/{locale}/video/preplay/{video_id}',
                 video_id, query=query)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status in (400, 401):
                 error = json.loads(e.cause.response.read().decode())
                 error_message = error.get('error_description') or error['details']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                    self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         video_data = preplay['video']
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             cc_url = subtitle.get('url')
             if not cc_url:
                 continue
-            language_code = try_get(subtitle, lambda x: x['languages'][0]['language_code'], compat_str) or 'en'
+            language_code = try_get(subtitle, lambda x: x['languages'][0]['language_code'], str) or 'en'
             subtitles.setdefault(language_code, []).append({
                 'url': cc_url,
             })
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('video_duration')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('created_at'), 1000),
             'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video_data.get('video_rating') or rating),
-            'series': try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['show']['base']['display_title'], compat_str),
+            'series': try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['show']['base']['display_title'], str),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get('episode_number')),
             'episode_id': str_or_none(episode.get('id') or video_data.get('episode_id')),
             'season_number': int_or_none(season.get('season_number')),
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ class ViceShowIE(ViceBaseIE):
     def _fetch_page(self, locale, show_id, page):
         videos = self._call_api('videos', 'show_id', show_id, locale, '''body
     id
-    url''', ', page: %d, per_page: %d' % (page + 1, self._PAGE_SIZE))
+    url''', f', page: {page + 1}, per_page: {self._PAGE_SIZE}')
         for video in videos:
             yield self.url_result(
                 video['url'], ViceIE.ie_key(), video.get('id'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
index 40914774a..60ebfbd12 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'categories': ['video content', 'high quality video', 'video made easy', 'how to produce video with limited resources', 'viddler'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/4d03aad9/',
         'md5': 'f12c5a7fa839c47a79363bfdf69404fb',
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1422285291,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/player/221ebbbd/0/',
         'md5': '740511f61d3d1bb71dc14a0fe01a1c10',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1411997190,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # secret protected
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/890c0985?secret=34051570',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
index 634d2edea..8dc7ebd15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+import base64
 import random
 import string
 import struct
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode, compat_ord
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         l = nonce[:32]
         s = nonce[32:]
         result = ''
-        for i in range(0, 32):
+        for i in range(32):
             result += s[i - (self._STATIC_SECRET.index(l[i]) - 31)]
 
         query = parse_qs(player_url)
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             key = result[16:] + random_seed + handle.headers['x-videa-xs']
             info = self._parse_xml(self.rc4(
-                compat_b64decode(b64_info), key), video_id)
+                base64.b64decode(b64_info), key), video_id)
 
         video = xpath_element(info, './video', 'video')
         if video is None:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
index 37bc7d718..6f98c685c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ class VideocampusSachsenIE(InfoExtractor):
         'www.wenglor-media.com',
         'www2.univ-sba.dz',
     )
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?P<host>%s)/(?:
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?P<host>{})/(?:
         m/(?P<tmp_id>[0-9a-f]+)|
-        (?:category/)?video/(?P<display_id>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{32})|
-        media/embed.*(?:\?|&)key=(?P<embed_id>[0-9a-f]{32}&?)
-    )''' % ('|'.join(map(re.escape, _INSTANCES)))
+        (?:category/)?video/(?P<display_id>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{{32}})|
+        media/embed.*(?:\?|&)key=(?P<embed_id>[0-9a-f]{{32}}&?)
+    )'''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, _INSTANCES)))
 
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class VideocampusSachsenIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://www2.univ-sba.dz/cache/4d5d4a0b4189271a8cc6cb5328e14769.jpg',
                 'display_id': 'Presentation-de-la-Faculte-de-droit-et-des-sciences-politiques-Journee-portes-ouvertes-202122',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://vimp.weka-fachmedien.de/video/Preisverleihung-Produkte-des-Jahres-2022/c8816f1cc942c12b6cce57c835cffd7c',
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class ViMPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'ViMP:Playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?P<host>https?://(?:%s))/(?:
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?P<host>https?://(?:{}))/(?:
         album/view/aid/(?P<album_id>[0-9]+)|
         (?P<mode>category|channel)/(?P<name>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)
-    )''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, VideocampusSachsenIE._INSTANCES))
+    )'''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, VideocampusSachsenIE._INSTANCES)))
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vimp.oth-regensburg.de/channel/Designtheorie-1-SoSe-2020/3',
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ class ViMPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 10
 
-    def _fetch_page(self, host, url_part, id, data, page):
+    def _fetch_page(self, host, url_part, playlist_id, data, page):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'{host}/media/ajax/component/boxList/{url_part}', id,
+            f'{host}/media/ajax/component/boxList/{url_part}', playlist_id,
             query={'page': page, 'page_only': 1}, data=urlencode_postdata(data))
         urls = re.findall(r'"([^"]+/video/[^"]+)"', webpage)
 
@@ -226,28 +226,28 @@ def _fetch_page(self, host, url_part, id, data, page):
             yield self.url_result(host + url, VideocampusSachsenIE)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        host, album_id, mode, name, id = self._match_valid_url(url).group(
+        host, album_id, mode, name, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group(
             'host', 'album_id', 'mode', 'name', 'id')
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id or id, fatal=False) or ''
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id or playlist_id, fatal=False) or ''
         title = (self._html_search_meta('title', webpage, fatal=False)
                  or self._html_extract_title(webpage))
 
         url_part = (f'aid/{album_id}' if album_id
-                    else f'category/{name}/category_id/{id}' if mode == 'category'
-                    else f'title/{name}/channel/{id}')
+                    else f'category/{name}/category_id/{playlist_id}' if mode == 'category'
+                    else f'title/{name}/channel/{playlist_id}')
 
         mode = mode or 'album'
         data = {
             'vars[mode]': mode,
-            f'vars[{mode}]': album_id or id,
+            f'vars[{mode}]': album_id or playlist_id,
             'vars[context]': '4' if album_id else '1' if mode == 'category' else '3',
-            'vars[context_id]': album_id or id,
+            'vars[context_id]': album_id or playlist_id,
             'vars[layout]': 'thumb',
             'vars[per_page][thumb]': str(self._PAGE_SIZE),
         }
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-                self._fetch_page, host, url_part, album_id or id, data), self._PAGE_SIZE),
-            playlist_title=title, id=f'{mode}-{album_id or id}')
+                self._fetch_page, host, url_part, album_id or playlist_id, data), self._PAGE_SIZE),
+            playlist_title=title, id=f'{mode}-{album_id or playlist_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
index f1f88c499..6cdda75b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class VideofyMeIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        config = self._download_json('http://vf-player-info-loader.herokuapp.com/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)['videoinfo']
+        config = self._download_json(f'http://vf-player-info-loader.herokuapp.com/{video_id}.json', video_id)['videoinfo']
 
         video = config.get('video')
         blog = config.get('blog', {})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
index eaf0cc8ae..dc1dcf12b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class VideoKenTopicIE(VideoKenBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 77,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'gravitational_waves',
-            'title': 'gravitational waves'
+            'title': 'gravitational waves',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videos.cncf.io/topic/prometheus/',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
index ddc33f7d7..c41d3d984 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
@@ -253,7 +250,7 @@ class VideomoreVideoIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'redirects to https://more.tv/'
+        'skip': 'redirects to https://more.tv/',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videomore.ru/molodezhka/6_sezon/29_seriya?utm_so',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -264,7 +261,7 @@ class VideomoreVideoIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if VideomoreIE.suitable(url) else super(VideomoreVideoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if VideomoreIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -292,14 +289,14 @@ class VideomoreSeasonIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if (VideomoreIE.suitable(url) or VideomoreVideoIE.suitable(url))
-                else super(VideomoreSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         season = self._download_page_data(display_id)
-        season_id = compat_str(season['id'])
+        season_id = str(season['id'])
         tracks = self._download_json(
-            self._API_BASE_URL + 'seasons/%s/tracks' % season_id,
+            self._API_BASE_URL + f'seasons/{season_id}/tracks',
             season_id)['data']
         entries = []
         for track in tracks:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
index 0734aee9c..d3c9c8e22 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ID_REGEX = r'[\da-zA-Z]{8}'
     _PATH_REGEX = r'video(?:\.word)?press\.com/embed/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://%s(?P<id>%s)' % (_PATH_REGEX, _ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://{_PATH_REGEX}(?P<id>{_ID_REGEX})'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?://)?{_PATH_REGEX}{_ID_REGEX})']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://videopress.com/embed/kUJmAcSf',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         query = random_birthday('birth_year', 'birth_month', 'birth_day')
         query['fields'] = 'description,duration,file_url_base,files,height,original,poster,rating,title,upload_date,width'
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://public-api.wordpress.com/rest/v1.1/videos/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://public-api.wordpress.com/rest/v1.1/videos/{video_id}',
             video_id, query=query)
 
         title = video['title']
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if ext in ('mp4', 'ogg'):
                     formats.append({
                         'url': urljoin(base_url, path),
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, ext),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{ext}',
                         'ext': determine_ext(path, ext),
                         'quality': quality(format_id),
                     })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
index 770aa284d..955a11647 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    clean_html,
     ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     format_field,
     get_element_by_class,
     int_or_none,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def is_logged_in():
         login_page = self._download_webpage(
             self._LOGIN_URL, None, 'Downloading log in page')
 
-        login_form = self._form_hidden_inputs("login-form", login_page)
+        login_form = self._form_hidden_inputs('login-form', login_page)
         login_form.update({
             'user[login]': username,
             'user[password]': password,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def is_logged_in():
             elif reason:
                 subreason = get_element_by_class('onboarding-modal__description-text', login_post) or ''
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to log in: %s. %s' % (reason, clean_html(subreason)), expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to log in: {reason}. {clean_html(subreason)}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     def _initialize_pre_login(self):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class VidioIE(VidioBaseIE):
     }, {
         # Premier-exclusive video
         'url': 'https://www.vidio.com/watch/1550718-stand-by-me-doraemon',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # embed url from https://enamplus.liputan6.com/read/5033648/video-fakta-temuan-suspek-cacar-monyet-di-jawa-tengah
         'url': 'https://www.vidio.com/embed/7115874-fakta-temuan-suspek-cacar-monyet-di-jawa-tengah',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if is_premium:
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id=%s&type=videos' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id={video_id}&type=videos',
                 display_id, note='Downloading premier API JSON')
             if not (sources.get('source') or sources.get('source_dash')):
                 self.raise_login_required('This video is only available for registered users with the appropriate subscription')
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class VidioPremierIE(VidioBaseIE):
     def _playlist_entries(self, playlist_url, display_id):
         index = 1
         while playlist_url:
-            playlist_json = self._call_api(playlist_url, display_id, 'Downloading API JSON page %s' % index)
+            playlist_json = self._call_api(playlist_url, display_id, f'Downloading API JSON page {index}')
             for video_json in playlist_json.get('data', []):
                 link = video_json['links']['watchpage']
                 yield self.url_result(link, 'Vidio', video_json['id'])
@@ -217,14 +217,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self._playlist_entries(playlist_url, playlist_id),
                 playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=idata.get('title'))
 
-        playlist_data = self._call_api('https://api.vidio.com/content_profiles/%s/playlists' % playlist_id, display_id)
+        playlist_data = self._call_api(f'https://api.vidio.com/content_profiles/{playlist_id}/playlists', display_id)
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             playlist_data.get('data', []), playlist_id=playlist_id, ie=self.ie_key(),
             getter=lambda data: smuggle_url(url, {
                 'url': data['relationships']['videos']['links']['related'],
                 'id': data['id'],
-                'title': try_get(data, lambda x: x['attributes']['name'])
+                'title': try_get(data, lambda x: x['attributes']['name']),
             }))
 
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class VidioLiveIE(VidioBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         stream_data = self._call_api(
-            'https://www.vidio.com/api/livestreamings/%s/detail' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'https://www.vidio.com/api/livestreamings/{video_id}/detail', display_id)
         stream_meta = stream_data['livestreamings'][0]
         user = stream_data.get('users', [{}])[0]
 
@@ -265,14 +265,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 self.report_drm(video_id)
         if stream_meta.get('is_premium'):
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id=%s&type=livestreamings' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id={video_id}&type=livestreamings',
                 display_id, note='Downloading premier API JSON')
             if not (sources.get('source') or sources.get('source_dash')):
                 self.raise_login_required('This video is only available for registered users with the appropriate subscription')
 
             if str_or_none(sources.get('source')):
                 token_json = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.vidio.com/live/%s/tokens' % video_id,
+                    f'https://www.vidio.com/live/{video_id}/tokens',
                     display_id, note='Downloading HLS token JSON', data=b'')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     sources['source'] + '?' + token_json.get('token', ''), display_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native'))
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         else:
             if stream_meta.get('stream_token_url'):
                 token_json = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.vidio.com/live/%s/tokens' % video_id,
+                    f'https://www.vidio.com/live/{video_id}/tokens',
                     display_id, note='Downloading HLS token JSON', data=b'')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     stream_meta['stream_token_url'] + '?' + token_json.get('token', ''),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
index 44353b7fc..d9e33ca9e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
-    format_field,
     float_or_none,
+    format_field,
     get_element_by_id,
     int_or_none,
     str_to_int,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class VidLiiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'average_rating': float,
             'categories': ['News & Politics'],
             'tags': ['Vidlii', 'Jan', 'Videogames'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v=zTAtaAgOLKt',
         'md5': '5778f7366aa4c569b77002f8bf6b614f',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v={video_id}', video_id)
         formats = []
 
         sources = [source[1] for source in re.findall(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
index 49a196041..60698f0e1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class VidlyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'w8p5b0',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.cloudfront\.net/',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
index c5d65cdd6..7ac094f2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ def _call_api(self, site, path, video_id, url, query):
 
 class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viewlift:embed'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|embed)\.)?(?P<domain>%s)/embed/player\?.*\bfilmId=(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12})' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:embed\.)?(?:%s)/embed/player.+?)\1' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX]
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:(?:www|embed)\.)?(?P<domain>{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})/embed/player\?.*\bfilmId=(?P<id>[\da-f]{{8}}-(?:[\da-f]{{4}}-){{3}}[\da-f]{{12}})'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:embed\.)?(?:{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})/embed/player.+?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://embed.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831&w=500',
         'md5': '2924e9215c6eff7a55ed35b72276bd93',
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:b542bef32a6f657dadd0df06e26fb0c8',
             'timestamp': 1334350096,
             'upload_date': '20120413',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # invalid labels, 360p is better that 480p
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=17ca0950-a74a-11e0-a92a-0026bb61d036',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         content_data = self._call_api(
             site, 'entitlement/video/status', film_id, url, {
-                'id': film_id
+                'id': film_id,
             })['video']
         gist = content_data['gist']
         title = gist['title']
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'height', default=None))
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_asset_url,
-                'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%d' % bitrate if bitrate else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{bitrate}' if bitrate else ''),
                 'tbr': bitrate,
                 'height': height,
                 'vcodec': video_asset.get('codec'),
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viewlift'
     _API_BASE = 'https://prod-api-cached-2.viewlift.com/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>%s)(?P<path>(?:/(?:films/title|show|(?:news/)?videos?|watch))?/(?P<id>[^?#]+))' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})(?P<path>(?:/(?:films/title|show|(?:news/)?videos?|watch))?/(?P<id>[^?#]+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/lost_for_life',
         'md5': '19844f897b35af219773fd63bdec2942',
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 14,
             'upload_date': '20150421',
             'timestamp': 1429656820,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/show/the_world_cut_project/india',
         'md5': 'e6292e5b837642bbda82d7f8bf3fbdfd',
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'duration': 979,
             'timestamp': 1399478279,
             'upload_date': '20140507',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://main.snagfilms.com/augie_alone/s_2_ep_12_love',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ca30a682b4528d02a3eb6d0427dd0f87',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20210830',
-            'series': 'Case Jaundice'
+            'series': 'Case Jaundice',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free video
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:9d21edc1827d32f8633eb67c2054fc31',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20211006',
-            'series': 'Six (Hindi)'
+            'series': 'Six (Hindi)',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free episode
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ef6ffae01a3d83438597367400f824ed',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20211004',
-            'series': 'Asian Paints Moner Thikana'
+            'series': 'Asian Paints Moner Thikana',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free series
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
         },
     }, {  # Premium movie
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/movies/detective-2020',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {  # Chorki Premium series
         'url': 'https://www.chorki.com/bn/series/sinpaat',
         'playlist_mincount': 7,
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ViewLiftEmbedIE.suitable(url) else super(ViewLiftIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ViewLiftEmbedIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _show_entries(self, domain, seasons):
         for season in seasons:
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         film_id = next(m['contentData'][0]['gist']['id'] for m in modules if m.get('moduleType') == 'VideoDetailModule')
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'http://%s/embed/player?filmId=%s' % (domain, film_id),
+            'url': f'http://{domain}/embed/player?filmId={film_id}',
             'id': film_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
             'ie_key': 'ViewLiftEmbed',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
index 649ffe395..2f04e880f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -124,13 +121,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
              r'cfg\s*:\s*({[^}]+})'],
             webpage, 'cfg'), lecture_slug, js_to_json)
 
-        lecture_id = compat_str(cfg['obj_id'])
+        lecture_id = str(cfg['obj_id'])
 
         base_url = self._proto_relative_url(cfg['livepipe'], 'http:')
 
         try:
             lecture_data = self._download_json(
-                '%s/site/api/lecture/%s?format=json' % (base_url, lecture_id),
+                f'{base_url}/site/api/lecture/{lecture_id}?format=json',
                 lecture_id)['lecture'][0]
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -150,18 +147,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         playlist_entries = []
         lecture_type = lecture_data.get('type')
-        parts = [compat_str(video) for video in cfg.get('videos', [])]
+        parts = [str(video) for video in cfg.get('videos', [])]
         if parts:
             multipart = len(parts) > 1
 
             def extract_part(part_id):
-                smil_url = '%s/%s/video/%s/smil.xml' % (base_url, lecture_slug, part_id)
+                smil_url = f'{base_url}/{lecture_slug}/video/{part_id}/smil.xml'
                 smil = self._download_smil(smil_url, lecture_id)
                 info = self._parse_smil(smil, smil_url, lecture_id)
-                info['id'] = lecture_id if not multipart else '%s_part%s' % (lecture_id, part_id)
-                info['display_id'] = lecture_slug if not multipart else '%s_part%s' % (lecture_slug, part_id)
+                info['id'] = lecture_id if not multipart else f'{lecture_id}_part{part_id}'
+                info['display_id'] = lecture_slug if not multipart else f'{lecture_slug}_part{part_id}'
                 if multipart:
-                    info['title'] += ' (Part %s)' % part_id
+                    info['title'] += f' (Part {part_id})'
                 switch = smil.find('.//switch')
                 if switch is not None:
                     info['duration'] = parse_duration(switch.attrib.get('dur'))
@@ -187,9 +184,9 @@ def extract_part(part_id):
         # It's probably a playlist
         if not parts or lecture_type == 'evt':
             playlist_webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                '%s/site/ajax/drilldown/?id=%s' % (base_url, lecture_id), lecture_id)
+                f'{base_url}/site/ajax/drilldown/?id={lecture_id}', lecture_id)
             entries = [
-                self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url), 'Viidea')
+                self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url), 'Viidea')
                 for _, video_url in re.findall(
                     r'<a[^>]+href=(["\'])(.+?)\1[^>]+id=["\']lec=\d+', playlist_webpage)]
             playlist_entries.extend(entries)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
index 3246dab52..75f9cdf2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ def _stream_headers(self, timestamp, sig):
             'X-Viki-as-id': '100005a-1625321982-3932',
             'timestamp': str(timestamp),
             'signature': str(sig),
-            'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION
+            'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION,
         }
 
     def _api_query(self, path, version=4, **kwargs):
         path += '?' if '?' not in path else '&'
         query = f'/v{version}/{path}app={self._APP}'
         if self._token:
-            query += '&token=%s' % self._token
+            query += f'&token={self._token}'
         return query + ''.join(f'&{name}={val}' for name, val in kwargs.items())
 
     def _sign_query(self, path):
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def _call_api(
             url = self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(path, version=4)
         resp = self._download_json(
             url, video_id, note, fatal=fatal, query=query,
-            data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8') if data else None,
+            data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
             headers=({'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION} if data
                      else self._stream_headers(timestamp, sig) if query is None
                      else None), expected_status=400) or {}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _call_api(
     def _raise_error(self, error, fatal=True):
         if error is None:
             return
-        msg = '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error)
+        msg = f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}'
         if fatal:
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         else:
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def dict_selection(dict_obj, preferred_key):
 
 class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viki'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?:videos|player)/(?P<id>[0-9]+v)' % VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:videos|player)/(?P<id>[0-9]+v)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'note': 'Free non-DRM video with storyboards in MPD',
         'url': 'https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1',
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         title = try_get(video, lambda x: x['titles']['en'], str)
         episode_number = int_or_none(video.get('number'))
         if not title:
-            title = 'Episode %d' % episode_number if video.get('type') == 'episode' else video.get('id') or video_id
+            title = f'Episode {episode_number}' if video.get('type') == 'episode' else video.get('id') or video_id
             container_titles = try_get(video, lambda x: x['container']['titles'], dict) or {}
             container_title = self.dict_selection(container_titles, 'en')
-            title = '%s - %s' % (container_title, title)
+            title = f'{container_title} - {title}'
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'id': thumbnail_id,
@@ -244,15 +244,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         } for thumbnail_id, thumbnail in (video.get('images') or {}).items() if thumbnail.get('url')]
 
         resp = self._call_api(
-            'playback_streams/%s.json?drms=dt3&device_id=%s' % (video_id, self._DEVICE_ID),
+            f'playback_streams/{video_id}.json?drms=dt3&device_id={self._DEVICE_ID}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video streams JSON')['main'][0]
 
         stream_id = try_get(resp, lambda x: x['properties']['track']['stream_id'])
         subtitles = dict((lang, [{
             'ext': ext,
             'url': self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(
-                f'videos/{video_id}/auth_subtitles/{lang}.{ext}', stream_id=stream_id)
-        } for ext in ('srt', 'vtt')]) for lang in (video.get('subtitle_completions') or {}).keys())
+                f'videos/{video_id}/auth_subtitles/{lang}.{ext}', stream_id=stream_id),
+        } for ext in ('srt', 'vtt')]) for lang in (video.get('subtitle_completions') or {}))
 
         mpd_url = resp['url']
         # 720p is hidden in another MPD which can be found in the current manifest content
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viki:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?:tv|news|movies|artists)/(?P<id>[0-9]+c)' % VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:tv|news|movies|artists)/(?P<id>[0-9]+c)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.viki.com/tv/50c-boys-over-flowers',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
     def _entries(self, channel_id):
         params = {
             'app': self._APP, 'token': self._token, 'only_ids': 'true',
-            'direction': 'asc', 'sort': 'number', 'per_page': 30
+            'direction': 'asc', 'sort': 'number', 'per_page': 30,
         }
         video_types = self._configuration_arg('video_types') or self._video_types
         for video_type in video_types:
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ def _entries(self, channel_id):
                 params['page'] = page_num
                 res = self._call_api(
                     f'containers/{channel_id}/{video_type}.json', channel_id, query=params, fatal=False,
-                    note='Downloading %s JSON page %d' % (video_type.title(), page_num))
+                    note=f'Downloading {video_type.title()} JSON page {page_num}')
 
                 for video_id in res.get('response') or []:
                     yield self.url_result(f'https://www.viki.com/videos/{video_id}', VikiIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ def _entries(self, channel_id):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        channel = self._call_api('containers/%s.json' % channel_id, channel_id, 'Downloading channel JSON')
+        channel = self._call_api(f'containers/{channel_id}.json', channel_id, 'Downloading channel JSON')
         self._check_errors(channel)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_id), channel_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
index 91b976403..7e79032f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 import base64
 import functools
-import re
 import itertools
+import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    OnDemandPagedList,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     get_element_by_class,
-    js_to_json,
     int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
     merge_dicts,
-    OnDemandPagedList,
     parse_filesize,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_qs,
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
     urlencode_postdata,
-    urljoin,
     urlhandle_detect_ext,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def _parse_config(self, config, video_id):
                 continue
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': 'http-%s' % f.get('quality'),
+                'format_id': 'http-{}'.format(f.get('quality')),
                 'source_preference': 10,
                 'width': int_or_none(f.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(f.get('height')),
@@ -156,19 +156,19 @@ def _parse_config(self, config, video_id):
                 manifest_url = cdn_data.get('url')
                 if not manifest_url:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (files_type, cdn_name)
+                format_id = f'{files_type}-{cdn_name}'
                 sep_manifest_urls = []
                 if re.search(sep_pattern, manifest_url):
                     for suffix, repl in (('', 'video'), ('_sep', 'sep/video')):
                         sep_manifest_urls.append((format_id + suffix, re.sub(
-                            sep_pattern, '/%s/' % repl, manifest_url)))
+                            sep_pattern, f'/{repl}/', manifest_url)))
                 else:
                     sep_manifest_urls = [(format_id, manifest_url)]
                 for f_id, m_url in sep_manifest_urls:
                     if files_type == 'hls':
                         fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                             m_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=is_live, m3u8_id=f_id,
-                            note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % cdn_name,
+                            note=f'Downloading {cdn_name} m3u8 information',
                             fatal=False)
                         formats.extend(fmts)
                         self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def _parse_config(self, config, video_id):
                                 m_url = real_m_url
                         fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                             m_url.replace('/master.json', '/master.mpd'), video_id, f_id,
-                            'Downloading %s MPD information' % cdn_name,
+                            f'Downloading {cdn_name} MPD information',
                             fatal=False)
                         formats.extend(fmts)
                         self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
@@ -256,10 +256,10 @@ def _extract_original_format(self, url, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
         download_url = try_get(source_file, lambda x: x['download_url'])
         if download_url and not source_file.get('is_cold') and not source_file.get('is_defrosting'):
             source_name = source_file.get('public_name', 'Original')
-            if self._is_valid_url(download_url, video_id, '%s video' % source_name):
+            if self._is_valid_url(download_url, video_id, f'{source_name} video'):
                 ext = (try_get(
                     source_file, lambda x: x['extension'],
-                    compat_str) or determine_ext(
+                    str) or determine_ext(
                     download_url, None) or 'mp4').lower()
                 return {
                     'url': download_url,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ def _extract_original_format(self, url, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
             'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', video_id, note='Downloading jwt token', fatal=False) or {}
         if not jwt_response.get('jwt'):
             return
-        headers = {'Authorization': 'jwt %s' % jwt_response['jwt'], 'Accept': 'application/json'}
+        headers = {'Authorization': 'jwt {}'.format(jwt_response['jwt']), 'Accept': 'application/json'}
         original_response = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.vimeo.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers=headers, fatal=False, expected_status=(403, 404)) or {}
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
             },
-            'skip': 'No longer available'
+            'skip': 'No longer available',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://player.vimeo.com/video/54469442',
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ def _verify_player_video_password(self, url, video_id, headers):
             'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
         })
         checked = self._download_json(
-            f'{compat_urlparse.urlsplit(url)._replace(query=None).geturl()}/check-password',
+            f'{urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)._replace(query=None).geturl()}/check-password',
             video_id, 'Verifying the password', data=data, headers=headers)
         if checked is False:
             raise ExtractorError('Wrong video password', expected=True)
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ def _verify_player_video_password(self, url, video_id, headers):
     def _extract_from_api(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
         token = self._download_json(
             'https://vimeo.com/_rv/jwt', video_id, headers={
-                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
             })['token']
         api_url = 'https://api.vimeo.com/videos/' + video_id
         if unlisted_hash:
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ def _try_album_password(self, url):
             self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
             try:
                 self._download_json(
-                    'https://vimeo.com/showcase/%s/auth' % album_id,
+                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
                     album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
                         'password': password,
                         'token': viewer['xsrft'],
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             seed_status = vimeo_config.get('seed_status') or {}
             if seed_status.get('state') == 'failed':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, seed_status['title']),
+                    '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, seed_status['title']),
                     expected=True)
 
         cc_license = None
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ def is_rented():
             feature_id = vod.get('feature_id')
             if feature_id and not data.get('force_feature_id', False):
                 return self.url_result(smuggle_url(
-                    'https://player.vimeo.com/player/%s' % feature_id,
+                    f'https://player.vimeo.com/player/{feature_id}',
                     {'force_feature_id': True}), 'Vimeo')
 
         if not video_description:
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ class VimeoChannelIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     _BASE_URL_TEMPL = 'https://vimeo.com/channels/%s'
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        return '%s/videos/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        return f'{base_url}/videos/page:{pagenum}/'
 
     def _extract_list_title(self, webpage):
         return self._TITLE or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ def _title_and_entries(self, list_id, base_url):
             page_url = self._page_url(base_url, pagenum)
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 page_url, list_id,
-                'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
 
             if pagenum == 1:
                 yield self._extract_list_title(webpage)
@@ -1074,13 +1074,13 @@ def _title_and_entries(self, list_id, base_url):
             if clips:
                 for video_id, video_url, video_title in clips:
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, video_url),
+                        urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, video_url),
                         VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id, video_title=video_title)
             # More relaxed fallback
             else:
                 for video_id in re.findall(r'id=["\']clip_(\d+)', webpage):
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://vimeo.com/%s' % video_id,
+                        f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}',
                         VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
             if re.search(self._MORE_PAGES_INDICATOR, webpage, re.DOTALL) is None:
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_count': 1,
         'params': {
             'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
@@ -1150,8 +1150,8 @@ def _fetch_page(self, album_id, authorization, hashed_pass, page):
             query['_hashed_pass'] = hashed_pass
         try:
             videos = self._download_json(
-                'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/%s/videos' % album_id,
-                album_id, 'Downloading page %d' % api_page, query=query, headers={
+                f'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/{album_id}/videos',
+                album_id, f'Downloading page {api_page}', query=query, headers={
                     'Authorization': 'jwt ' + authorization,
                     'Accept': 'application/json',
                 })['data']
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
             try:
                 hashed_pass = self._download_json(
-                    'https://vimeo.com/showcase/%s/auth' % album_id,
+                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
                     album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
                         'password': password,
                         'token': viewer['xsrft'],
@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ class VimeoWatchLaterIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
     }]
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        url = '%s/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        url = f'{base_url}/page:{pagenum}/'
         request = Request(url)
         # Set the header to get a partial html page with the ids,
         # the normal page doesn't contain them.
@@ -1339,11 +1339,11 @@ class VimeoLikesIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     }]
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        return '%s/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        return f'{base_url}/page:{pagenum}/'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self._extract_videos(user_id, 'https://vimeo.com/%s/likes' % user_id)
+        return self._extract_videos(user_id, f'https://vimeo.com/{user_id}/likes')
 
 
 class VHXEmbedIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
index 1909980f2..eed4bfeeb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
@@ -62,11 +61,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://archive.vine.co/posts/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://archive.vine.co/posts/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         def video_url(kind):
             for url_suffix in ('Url', 'URL'):
-                format_url = data.get('video%s%s' % (kind, url_suffix))
+                format_url = data.get(f'video{kind}{url_suffix}')
                 if format_url:
                     return format_url
 
@@ -126,14 +125,14 @@ class VineUserIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if VineIE.suitable(url) else super(VineUserIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if VineIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         user = mobj.group('user')
         u = mobj.group('u')
 
-        profile_url = '%sapi/users/profiles/%s%s' % (
+        profile_url = '{}api/users/profiles/{}{}'.format(
             self._VINE_BASE_URL, 'vanity/' if not u else '', user)
         profile_data = self._download_json(
             profile_url, user, note='Downloading user profile data')
@@ -141,11 +140,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         data = profile_data['data']
         user_id = data.get('userId') or data['userIdStr']
         profile = self._download_json(
-            'https://archive.vine.co/profiles/%s.json' % user_id, user_id)
+            f'https://archive.vine.co/profiles/{user_id}.json', user_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://vine.co/v/%s' % post_id, ie='Vine', video_id=post_id)
+                f'https://vine.co/v/{post_id}', ie='Vine', video_id=post_id)
             for post_id in profile['posts']
-            if post_id and isinstance(post_id, compat_str)]
+            if post_id and isinstance(post_id, str)]
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, user, profile.get('username'), profile.get('description'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
index 9ec7ed35f..3e8519c3e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ViouslyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1680037507,
             'duration': 3716,
             'categories': ['motors'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
index f0a7b5e44..433fdc7a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://cdn.viqeo.tv/embed/?vid=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://cdn.viqeo.tv/embed/?vid={video_id}', video_id)
 
         data = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
index 6f9af9f64..01e59352b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-import re
 import json
-import uuid
 import random
+import re
 import urllib.parse
+import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     remove_end,
+    smuggle_url,
     strip_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
     try_get,
-    smuggle_url,
     unified_timestamp,
     unsmuggle_url,
     url_or_none,
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'clip/load', video_id, 'Downloading video data', query={
                 'appid': 'viu_desktop',
                 'fmt': 'json',
-                'id': video_id
+                'id': video_id,
             })['item'][0]
 
         title = video_data['title']
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         # hls_file = video_data.get('hlsfile')
         hls_file = video_data.get('jwhlsfile')
         if url_path and tdirforwhole and hls_file:
-            m3u8_url = '%s/%s/%s' % (url_path, tdirforwhole, hls_file)
+            m3u8_url = f'{url_path}/{tdirforwhole}/{hls_file}'
         else:
             # m3u8_url = re.sub(
             #     r'(/hlsc_)[a-z]+(\d+\.m3u8)',
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault(mobj.group('lang'), []).append({
                 'url': value,
-                'ext': mobj.group('ext')
+                'ext': mobj.group('ext'),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'Downloading playlist info', query={
                 'appid': 'viu_desktop',
                 'fmt': 'json',
-                'id': 'playlist-' + playlist_id
+                'id': 'playlist-' + playlist_id,
             })['container']
 
         entries = []
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             item_id = item.get('id')
             if not item_id:
                 continue
-            item_id = compat_str(item_id)
+            item_id = str(item_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 'viu:' + item_id, 'Viu', item_id))
 
@@ -227,14 +226,14 @@ def _login(self, country_code, video_id):
                 return
             headers = {
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._auth_codes[country_code]}',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             }
             data = self._download_json(
                 'https://api-gateway-global.viu.com/api/account/validate',
                 video_id, 'Validating email address', headers=headers,
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'principal': username,
-                    'provider': 'email'
+                    'provider': 'email',
                 }).encode())
             if not data.get('exists'):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid email address')
@@ -264,8 +263,8 @@ def _get_token(self, country_code, video_id):
                 'platformFlagLabel': 'web',
                 'language': 'en',
                 'uuid': str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                'carrierId': '0'
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['token']
+                'carrierId': '0',
+            }).encode())['token']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, idata = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ def download_playback():
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._auth_codes[country_code]}',
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'Origin': url
+                    'Origin': url,
                 })
             return self._detect_error(stream_data).get('stream')
 
@@ -365,7 +364,7 @@ def download_playback():
                 'url': stream_url,
                 'height': height,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'filesize': try_get(stream_data, lambda x: x['size'][vid_format], int)
+                'filesize': try_get(stream_data, lambda x: x['size'][vid_format], int),
             })
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -415,12 +414,12 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _HEADERS = {
         'x-session-id': _SESSION_ID,
-        'x-client': 'browser'
+        'x-client': 'browser',
     }
 
     _AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER = {
         'ADULTS': 18,
-        'teens': 13
+        'teens': 13,
     }
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1165863189/d-1',
             'upload_date': '20210101',
             'timestamp': 1609459200,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-korean-reality-tv_shows-entertainment_weekly_episode_1622-1118617054',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -461,8 +460,8 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1120187848/d-1',
             'timestamp': 1420070400,
             'upload_date': '20150101',
-            'cast': ['Shin Hyun-joon', 'Lee Da-Hee']
-        }
+            'cast': ['Shin Hyun-joon', 'Lee Da-Hee'],
+        },
     }, {
         # age-limit test
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-japanese-trailer-tv_shows-trailer_jujutsu_kaisen_ver_01-1166044219?containerId=playlist-26273140',
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'Trailer \'Jujutsu Kaisen\' Ver.01',
             'cast': ['Junya Enoki', ' Yûichi Nakamura', ' Yuma Uchida', 'Asami Seto'],
             'age_limit': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # json ld metadata type equal to Movie instead of TVEpisodes
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-japanese-animation-movies-demon_slayer_kimetsu_no_yaiba_the_movie_mugen_train-1165892707?containerId=1675060691786',
@@ -492,7 +491,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1165895279/d-1',
             'description': 'md5:1ce9c35a3aeab384085533f746c87469',
             'duration': 7021,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -538,5 +537,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'episode_number': (traverse_obj(initial_state, 'episode_no', 'episodeno', expected_type=int_or_none)
                                or int_or_none(episode.get('episodeNumber'))),
             'cast': traverse_obj(episode, ('actor', ..., 'name'), default=None),
-            'age_limit': self._AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER.get(initial_state.get('internal_age_rating'))
+            'age_limit': self._AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER.get(initial_state.get('internal_age_rating')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
index 7e3a3a9a9..6ccc701a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     parse_resolution,
     str_or_none,
     str_to_int,
+    traverse_obj,
     try_call,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_timestamp,
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     urljoin,
-    traverse_obj,
 )
 
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+(?:\.jpg|getVideoPreview.*)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'Embedded video',
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+x1080$',
-                'tags': list
+                'tags': list,
             },
         },
         {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             mv_data = opts.get('mvData') or {}
             player = opts.get('player') or {}
         else:
-            video_id = '%s_%s' % (mobj.group('oid'), mobj.group('id'))
+            video_id = '{}_{}'.format(mobj.group('oid'), mobj.group('id'))
 
             info_page = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://vk.com/video_ext.php?' + mobj.group('embed_query'), video_id)
@@ -451,6 +451,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             info_page, 'view count', default=None))
 
         formats = []
+        subtitles = {}
         for format_id, format_url in data.items():
             format_url = url_or_none(format_url)
             if not format_url or not format_url.startswith(('http', '//', 'rtmp')):
@@ -462,12 +463,21 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'url': format_url,
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                    'source_preference': 1,
                     'height': height,
                 })
-            elif format_id == 'hls':
-                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            elif format_id.startswith('hls') and format_id != 'hls_live_playback':
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     format_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False, live=is_live))
+                    m3u8_id=format_id, fatal=False, live=is_live)
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
+            elif format_id.startswith('dash') and format_id not in ('dash_live_playback', 'dash_uni'):
+                fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
+                    format_url, video_id, mpd_id=format_id, fatal=False)
+                formats.extend(fmts)
+                self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
             elif format_id == 'rtmp':
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': format_id,
@@ -475,7 +485,6 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                     'ext': 'flv',
                 })
 
-        subtitles = {}
         for sub in data.get('subs') or {}:
             subtitles.setdefault(sub.get('lang', 'en'), []).append({
                 'ext': sub.get('title', '.srt').split('.')[-1],
@@ -496,6 +505,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'comment_count': int_or_none(mv_data.get('commcount')),
             'is_live': is_live,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source'),
         }
 
 
@@ -520,7 +530,7 @@ class VKUserVideosIE(VKBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://vk.com/video/playlist/-174476437_2',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '-174476437_playlist_2',
-            'title': 'Анонсы'
+            'title': 'Анонсы',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 108,
     }]
@@ -570,7 +580,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             section = 'all'
 
         playlist_title = clean_html(get_element_by_class('VideoInfoPanel__title', webpage))
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(page_id, section), '%s_%s' % (page_id, section), playlist_title)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(page_id, section), f'{page_id}_{section}', playlist_title)
 
 
 class VKWallPostIE(VKBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
index 5ff05004b..703854bc8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class VODPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'RufMcytHDolTH1MuKHY9Fw',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'LBCi News_ النصرة في ضيافة الـ "سي.أن.أن"',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.kwikmotion.com/embed/RufMcytHDolTH1MuKHY9Fw',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
index 9ab97688a..f83c3f941 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     smuggle_url,
@@ -14,14 +13,14 @@
 
 class VoicyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_from_playlist_data(self, value):
-        voice_id = compat_str(value.get('PlaylistId'))
+        voice_id = str(value.get('PlaylistId'))
         upload_date = unified_strdate(value.get('Published'), False)
         items = [self._extract_single_article(voice_data) for voice_data in value['VoiceData']]
         return {
             '_type': 'multi_video',
             'entries': items,
             'id': voice_id,
-            'title': compat_str(value.get('PlaylistName')),
+            'title': str(value.get('PlaylistName')),
             'uploader': value.get('SpeakerName'),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(value.get('SpeakerId')),
             'channel': value.get('ChannelName'),
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ def _extract_single_article(self, entry):
             'vcodec': 'none',
         }]
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(entry.get('ArticleId')),
+            'id': str(entry.get('ArticleId')),
             'title': entry.get('ArticleTitle'),
             'description': entry.get('MediaName'),
             'formats': formats,
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ def _extract_single_article(self, entry):
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, **kwargs):
         response = self._download_json(url, video_id, **kwargs)
         if response.get('Status') != 0:
-            message = traverse_obj(response, ('Value', 'Error', 'Message'), expected_type=compat_str)
+            message = traverse_obj(response, ('Value', 'Error', 'Message'), expected_type=str)
             if not message:
                 message = 'There was a error in the response: %d' % response.get('Status')
             raise ExtractorError(message, expected=False)
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def suitable(cls, url):
     def _entries(self, channel_id):
         pager = ''
         for count in itertools.count(1):
-            article_list = self._call_api(self.PROGRAM_LIST_API_URL % (channel_id, pager), channel_id, note='Paging #%d' % count)
+            article_list = self._call_api(self.PROGRAM_LIST_API_URL % (channel_id, pager), channel_id, note=f'Paging #{count}')
             playlist_data = article_list.get('PlaylistData')
             if not playlist_data:
                 break
@@ -124,12 +123,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         articles = self._entries(channel_id)
 
         first_article = next(articles, None)
-        title = traverse_obj(first_article, ('ChannelName', ), expected_type=compat_str)
-        speaker_name = traverse_obj(first_article, ('SpeakerName', ), expected_type=compat_str)
+        title = traverse_obj(first_article, ('ChannelName', ), expected_type=str)
+        speaker_name = traverse_obj(first_article, ('SpeakerName', ), expected_type=str)
         if not title and speaker_name:
-            title = 'Uploads from %s' % speaker_name
+            title = f'Uploads from {speaker_name}'
         if not title:
-            title = 'Uploads from channel ID %s' % channel_id
+            title = f'Uploads from channel ID {channel_id}'
 
         articles = itertools.chain([first_article], articles) if first_article else articles
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
index 622d841f1..42ef9b128 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class VolejTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Zápas VK Královo Pole vs VK Prostějov 10.12.2022 v 19:00 na Volej.TV',
             'thumbnail': 'https://volej.tv/images/og/16/17186/og.png',
             'title': 'VK Královo Pole vs VK Prostějov',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://volej.tv/video/725605/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class VolejTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://volej.tv/images/og/15/17185/og.png',
             'title': 'VK Lvi Praha vs VK Euro Sitex Příbram',
             'description': 'Zápas VK Lvi Praha vs VK Euro Sitex Příbram 11.12.2022 v 19:00 na Volej.TV',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ef77bedd2..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voot.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-import json
-import time
-import uuid
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    float_or_none,
-    int_or_none,
-    jwt_decode_hs256,
-    parse_age_limit,
-    traverse_obj,
-    try_call,
-    try_get,
-    unified_strdate,
-)
-
-
-class VootBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'voot'
-    _GEO_BYPASS = False
-    _LOGIN_HINT = 'Log in with "-u <email_address> -p <password>", or use "-u token -p <auth_token>" to login with auth token.'
-    _TOKEN = None
-    _EXPIRY = 0
-    _API_HEADERS = {'Origin': 'https://www.voot.com', 'Referer': 'https://www.voot.com/'}
-
-    def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        if self._TOKEN and self._EXPIRY:
-            return
-
-        if username.lower() == 'token' and try_call(lambda: jwt_decode_hs256(password)):
-            VootBaseIE._TOKEN = password
-            VootBaseIE._EXPIRY = jwt_decode_hs256(password)['exp']
-            self.report_login()
-
-        # Mobile number as username is not supported
-        elif not username.isdigit():
-            check_username = self._download_json(
-                'https://userauth.voot.com/usersV3/v3/checkUser', None, data=json.dumps({
-                    'type': 'email',
-                    'email': username
-                }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
-                    **self._API_HEADERS,
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
-                }, note='Checking username', expected_status=403)
-            if not traverse_obj(check_username, ('isExist', {bool})):
-                if traverse_obj(check_username, ('status', 'code', {int})) == 9999:
-                    self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=['IN'])
-                raise ExtractorError('Incorrect username', expected=True)
-            auth_token = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-                'https://userauth.voot.com/usersV3/v3/login', None, data=json.dumps({
-                    'type': 'traditional',
-                    'deviceId': str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                    'deviceBrand': 'PC/MAC',
-                    'data': {
-                        'email': username,
-                        'password': password
-                    }
-                }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
-                    **self._API_HEADERS,
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
-                }, note='Logging in', expected_status=400), ('data', 'authToken', {dict}))
-            if not auth_token:
-                raise ExtractorError('Incorrect password', expected=True)
-            VootBaseIE._TOKEN = auth_token['accessToken']
-            VootBaseIE._EXPIRY = auth_token['expirationTime']
-
-        else:
-            raise ExtractorError(self._LOGIN_HINT, expected=True)
-
-    def _check_token_expiry(self):
-        if int(time.time()) >= self._EXPIRY:
-            raise ExtractorError('Access token has expired', expected=True)
-
-    def _real_initialize(self):
-        if not self._TOKEN:
-            self.raise_login_required(self._LOGIN_HINT, method=None)
-        self._check_token_expiry()
-
-
-class VootIE(VootBaseIE):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                    (?:
-                        voot:|
-                        https?://(?:www\.)?voot\.com/?
-                        (?:
-                            movies?/[^/]+/|
-                            (?:shows|kids)/(?:[^/]+/){4}
-                        )
-                     )
-                    (?P<id>\d{3,})
-                    '''
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/shows/ishq-ka-rang-safed/1/360558/is-this-the-end-of-kamini-/441353',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '441353',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Is this the end of Kamini?',
-            'description': 'md5:06291fbbbc4dcbe21235c40c262507c1',
-            'timestamp': 1472103000,
-            'upload_date': '20160825',
-            'series': 'Ishq Ka Rang Safed',
-            'season_number': 1,
-            'episode': 'Is this the end of Kamini?',
-            'episode_number': 340,
-            'release_date': '20160825',
-            'season': 'Season 1',
-            'age_limit': 13,
-            'duration': 1146.0,
-        },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/kids/characters/mighty-cat-masked-niyander-e-/400478/school-bag-disappears/440925',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/movies/pandavas-5/424627',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/movie/fight-club/621842',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        media_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://psapi.voot.com/jio/voot/v1/voot-web/content/query/asset-details', video_id,
-            query={'ids': f'include:{video_id}', 'responseType': 'common'}, headers={'accesstoken': self._TOKEN})
-
-        try:
-            m3u8_url = self._download_json(
-                'https://vootapi.media.jio.com/playback/v1/playbackrights', video_id,
-                'Downloading playback JSON', data=b'{}', headers={
-                    **self.geo_verification_headers(),
-                    **self._API_HEADERS,
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
-                    'platform': 'androidwebdesktop',
-                    'vootid': video_id,
-                    'voottoken': self._TOKEN,
-                })['m3u8']
-        except ExtractorError as e:
-            if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
-                self._check_token_expiry()
-            raise
-
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
-        self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            # '/_definst_/smil:vod/' m3u8 manifests claim to have 720p+ formats but max out at 480p
-            'formats': traverse_obj(formats, (
-                lambda _, v: '/_definst_/smil:vod/' not in v['url'] or v['height'] <= 480)),
-            'http_headers': self._API_HEADERS,
-            **traverse_obj(media_info, ('result', 0, {
-                'title': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                'description': ('fullSynopsis', {str}),
-                'series': ('showName', {str}),
-                'season_number': ('season', {int_or_none}),
-                'episode': ('fullTitle', {str}),
-                'episode_number': ('episode', {int_or_none}),
-                'timestamp': ('uploadTime', {int_or_none}),
-                'release_date': ('telecastDate', {unified_strdate}),
-                'age_limit': ('ageNemonic', {parse_age_limit}),
-                'duration': ('duration', {float_or_none}),
-            })),
-        }
-
-
-class VootSeriesIE(VootBaseIE):
-    _WORKING = False
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?voot\.com/shows/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d{3,})'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/shows/chakravartin-ashoka-samrat/100002',
-        'playlist_mincount': 442,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '100002',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://www.voot.com/shows/ishq-ka-rang-safed/100003',
-        'playlist_mincount': 341,
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '100003',
-        },
-    }]
-    _SHOW_API = 'https://psapi.voot.com/media/voot/v1/voot-web/content/generic/season-by-show?sort=season%3Aasc&id={}&responseType=common'
-    _SEASON_API = 'https://psapi.voot.com/media/voot/v1/voot-web/content/generic/series-wise-episode?sort=episode%3Aasc&id={}&responseType=common&page={:d}'
-
-    def _entries(self, show_id):
-        show_json = self._download_json(self._SHOW_API.format(show_id), video_id=show_id)
-        for season in show_json.get('result', []):
-            page_num = 1
-            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
-            season_json = self._download_json(self._SEASON_API.format(season_id, page_num),
-                                              video_id=season_id,
-                                              note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)
-            episodes_json = season_json.get('result', [])
-            while episodes_json:
-                page_num += 1
-                for episode in episodes_json:
-                    video_id = episode.get('id')
-                    yield self.url_result(
-                        'voot:%s' % video_id, ie=VootIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
-                episodes_json = self._download_json(self._SEASON_API.format(season_id, page_num),
-                                                    video_id=season_id,
-                                                    note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)['result']
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        show_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(show_id), playlist_id=show_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
index f36908754..e9b0047a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .once import OnceIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             return info
 
         for provider_video_type in ('youtube', 'brightcove'):
-            provider_video_id = video_data.get('%s_id' % provider_video_type)
+            provider_video_id = video_data.get(f'{provider_video_type}_id')
             if not provider_video_id:
                 continue
             if provider_video_type == 'brightcove':
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             else:
                 info.update({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': provider_video_id if provider_video_type == 'youtube' else '%s:%s' % (provider_video_type, provider_video_id),
+                    'url': provider_video_id if provider_video_type == 'youtube' else f'{provider_video_type}:{provider_video_id}',
                     'ie_key': provider_video_type.capitalize(),
                 })
             return info
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ class VoxMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._download_webpage(url, display_id))
+        webpage = urllib.parse.unquote(self._download_webpage(url, display_id))
 
         def create_entry(provider_video_id, provider_video_type, title=None, description=None):
             video_url = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
index 3d26549a4..33ff57475 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
         'device': 'undefined (undefined)',
         'os': {
             'name': 'Windows',
-            'version': 'x86_64'
+            'version': 'x86_64',
         },
         'player': {
             'name': 'VRT web player',
-            'version': '2.7.4-prod-2023-04-19T06:05:45'
-        }
+            'version': '2.7.4-prod-2023-04-19T06:05:45',
+        },
     }
     # From https://player.vrt.be/vrtnws/js/main.js & https://player.vrt.be/ketnet/js/main.8cdb11341bcb79e4cd44.js
     _JWT_KEY_ID = '0-0Fp51UZykfaiCJrfTE3+oMI8zvDteYfPtR+2n1R+z8w='
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ def _call_api(self, video_id, client='null', id_token=None, version='v2'):
             }, data=json.dumps({
                 'identityToken': id_token or {},
                 'playerInfo': jwt_encode_hs256(player_info, self._JWT_SIGNING_KEY, headers={
-                    'kid': self._JWT_KEY_ID
-                }).decode()
+                    'kid': self._JWT_KEY_ID,
+                }).decode(),
             }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())['vrtPlayerToken']
 
         return self._download_json(
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     subtitleVideodetail
     titleVideodetail
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['video']
 
         video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(video['mediaReference'])
@@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ class Radio1BeIE(VRTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Komt N-VA volgend jaar op in Wallonië?',
             'display_id': 'de-ochtend/komt-n-va-volgend-jaar-op-in-wallonie',
             'description': 'md5:b374ea1c9302f38362df9dea1931468e',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radio1.be/lees/europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza?view=web',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -447,9 +447,9 @@ class Radio1BeIE(VRTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Europese Unie wil "onmiddellijke humanitaire pauze" en "duurzaam staakt-het-vuren" in Gaza',
             'description': 'md5:1aad1fae7d39edeffde5d3e67d276b64',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+',
-            'display_id': 'europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza'
+            'display_id': 'europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
 
     def _extract_video_entries(self, next_js_data, display_id):
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def _extract_video_entries(self, next_js_data, display_id):
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
                 **traverse_obj(data, {
                     'title': ('title', {str}),
-                    'description': ('body', {clean_html})
+                    'description': ('body', {clean_html}),
                 }),
             }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
index 6db49c5b6..41b41ec17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class VTMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 74,
             # TODO: fix url _type result processing
             # 'series': 'Op Interventie',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
       title
     }
   }
-}''' % uuid,
+}''' % uuid,  # noqa: UP031
             }, headers={
                 'x-api-key': 'da2-lz2cab4tfnah3mve6wiye4n77e',
             })['data']['getComponent']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
index 0e562983d..ad7eab351 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_duration,
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class VuClipIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': '3gp',
             'title': 'Top 10 TV Convicts',
             'duration': 733,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         ad_m = re.search(
             r'''value="No.*?" onClick="location.href='([^"']+)'"''', webpage)
         if ad_m:
-            urlr = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
+            urlr = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
             adfree_url = urlr.scheme + '://' + urlr.netloc + ad_m.group(1)
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 adfree_url, video_id, note='Download post-ad page')
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             default=None)
         if error_msg:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_msg), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_msg}', expected=True)
 
         # These clowns alternate between two page types
         video_url = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
index b96112360..4671bcd1f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vvvvid\.it/(?:#!)?(?:show|anime|film|series)/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?P<show_id>\d+)/[^/]+/(?P<season_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)' % _VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{_VALID_URL_BASE}(?P<show_id>\d+)/[^/]+/(?P<season_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # video_type == 'video/vvvvid'
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/498/the-power-of-computing/518/505692/playstation-vr-cambiera-il-nostro-modo-di-giocare',
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/434/perche-dovrei-guardarlo-di-dario-moccia/437/489048',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _conn_id = None
 
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ def _download_info(self, show_id, path, video_id, fatal=True, query=None):
         if query:
             q.update(query)
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.vvvvid.it/vvvvid/ondemand/%s/%s' % (show_id, path),
+            f'https://www.vvvvid.it/vvvvid/ondemand/{show_id}/{path}',
             video_id, headers=self._headers, query=q, fatal=fatal)
         if not (response or fatal):
             return
         if response.get('result') == 'error':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, response['message']), expected=True)
         return response['data']
 
@@ -151,18 +151,18 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_id, season_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         response = self._download_info(
-            show_id, 'season/%s' % season_id,
+            show_id, f'season/{season_id}',
             video_id, query={'video_id': video_id})
 
         vid = int(video_id)
-        video_data = list(filter(
-            lambda episode: episode.get('video_id') == vid, response))[0]
+        video_data = next(filter(
+            lambda episode: episode.get('video_id') == vid, response))
         title = video_data['title']
         formats = []
 
         # vvvvid embed_info decryption algorithm is reverse engineered from function $ds(h) at vvvvid.js
         def ds(h):
-            g = "MNOPIJKL89+/4567UVWXQRSTEFGHABCDcdefYZabstuvopqr0123wxyzklmnghij"
+            g = 'MNOPIJKL89+/4567UVWXQRSTEFGHABCDcdefYZabstuvopqr0123wxyzklmnghij'
 
             def f(m):
                 l = []
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def metadata_from_url(r_url):
                     embed_code, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
             else:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_wowza_formats(
-                    'http://sb.top-ix.org/videomg/_definst_/mp4:%s/playlist.m3u8' % embed_code, video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m']))
+                    f'http://sb.top-ix.org/videomg/_definst_/mp4:{embed_code}/playlist.m3u8', video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m']))
             metadata_from_url(embed_code)
 
         if not is_youtube:
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def metadata_from_url(r_url):
 
 
 class VVVVIDShowIE(VVVVIDIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<base_url>%s(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<show_title>[^/?&#]+))?)/?(?:[?#&]|$)' % VVVVIDIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<base_url>{VVVVIDIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<show_title>[^/?&#]+))?)/?(?:[?#&]|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/156/psyco-pass',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             show_id, 'info/', show_title, fatal=False)
 
         if not show_title:
-            base_url += "/title"
+            base_url += '/title'
 
         entries = []
         for season in (seasons or []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
index a1a9c1708..442a9bcf9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    xpath_text,
     int_or_none,
+    xpath_text,
 )
 
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class WallaIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     _SUBTITLE_LANGS = {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         video = self._download_xml(
-            'http://video2.walla.co.il/?w=null/null/%s/@@/video/flv_pl' % video_id,
+            f'http://video2.walla.co.il/?w=null/null/{video_id}/@@/video/flv_pl',
             display_id)
 
         item = video.find('./items/item')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
index 74501b1d2..36e1f30e5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-
 from ..utils import traverse_obj
 
 
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ class WashingtonPostArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20141230',
                 'timestamp': 1419972442,
                 'title': 'Why black boxes don’t transmit data in real time',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'skip': 'Doesnt have a video anymore',
     }, {
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class WashingtonPostArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if WashingtonPostIE.suitable(url) else super(WashingtonPostArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if WashingtonPostIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         page_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 if content_element.get('type') == 'video':
                     uuids.append(content_element.get('_id'))
 
-        entries = [self.url_result('washingtonpost:%s' % uuid, 'WashingtonPost', uuid) for uuid in uuids]
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'washingtonpost:{uuid}', 'WashingtonPost', uuid) for uuid in uuids]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
index 9ea3fddd6..03bac66ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,13 +51,13 @@ class WatIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_id = video_id if video_id.isdigit() and len(video_id) > 6 else compat_str(int(video_id, 36))
+        video_id = video_id if video_id.isdigit() and len(video_id) > 6 else str(int(video_id, 36))
 
         # 'contentv4' is used in the website, but it also returns the related
         # videos, we don't need them
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
index f80f140ed..1c1f0ed05 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
-    ExtractorError,
     js_to_json,
     strip_jsonp,
     try_get,
     unified_strdate,
     update_url_query,
-    urlhandle_detect_ext,
     url_or_none,
+    urlhandle_detect_ext,
 )
 
 
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ class WDRIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _asset_url(self, wdr_id):
         id_len = max(len(wdr_id), 5)
-        return ''.join(('https:', self.__API_URL_TPL % (wdr_id[:id_len - 4], wdr_id, ), '.js'))
+        return ''.join(('https:', self.__API_URL_TPL % (wdr_id[:id_len - 4], wdr_id), '.js'))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                         medium_url, 'stream', fatal=False))
                 else:
                     a_format = {
-                        'url': medium_url
+                        'url': medium_url,
                     }
                     if ext == 'unknown_video':
                         urlh = self._request_webpage(
@@ -168,7 +165,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'upload_date': '20160312',
                 'description': 'md5:e127d320bc2b1f149be697ce044a3dd7',
                 'is_live': False,
-                'subtitles': {}
+                'subtitles': {},
             },
             'skip': 'HTTP Error 404: Not Found',
         },
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'upload_date': 're:^[0-9]{8}$',
                 'title': 're:^Die Sendung (?:mit der Maus )?vom [0-9.]{10}$',
             },
-            'skip': 'The id changes from week to week because of the new episode'
+            'skip': 'The id changes from week to week because of the new episode',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.wdrmaus.de/filme/sachgeschichten/achterbahn.php5',
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,  # m3u8 download
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.sportschau.de/handballem2018/handball-nationalmannschaft-em-stolperstein-vorrunde-100.html',
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'alt_title': 'Rockpalast',
                 'upload_date': '20220725',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -289,14 +286,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not media_link_obj:
                 continue
             jsonp_url = try_get(
-                media_link_obj, lambda x: x['mediaObj']['url'], compat_str)
+                media_link_obj, lambda x: x['mediaObj']['url'], str)
             if jsonp_url:
                 # metadata, or player JS with ['ref'] giving WDR id, or just media, perhaps
                 clip_id = media_link_obj['mediaObj'].get('ref')
                 if jsonp_url.endswith('.assetjsonp'):
                     asset = self._download_json(
                         jsonp_url, display_id, fatal=False, transform_source=strip_jsonp)
-                    clip_id = try_get(asset, lambda x: x['trackerData']['trackerClipId'], compat_str)
+                    clip_id = try_get(asset, lambda x: x['trackerData']['trackerClipId'], str)
                 if clip_id:
                     jsonp_url = self._asset_url(clip_id[4:])
                 entries.append(self.url_result(jsonp_url, ie=WDRIE.ie_key()))
@@ -305,7 +302,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if not entries:
             entries = [
                 self.url_result(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, mobj.group('href')),
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(url, mobj.group('href')),
                     ie=WDRPageIE.ie_key())
                 for mobj in re.finditer(
                     r'<a[^>]+\bhref=(["\'])(?P<href>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1[^>]+\bdata-extension(?:-ard)?=',
@@ -324,7 +321,7 @@ class WDRElefantIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Wippe',
             'id': 'mdb-1198320',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20071003'
+            'upload_date': '20071003',
         },
     }
 
@@ -348,7 +345,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         zmdb_url_element = xml_metadata.find('./movie/zmdb_url')
         if zmdb_url_element is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s is not a video' % display_id, expected=True)
+                f'{display_id} is not a video', expected=True)
         return self.url_result(zmdb_url_element.text, ie=WDRIE.ie_key())
 
 
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ class WDRMobileIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'Problems with loading data.'
+        'skip': 'Problems with loading data.',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
index a02d9519c..e0ee17c23 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class WebcameraplIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': r're:WIDOK NA PLAC ZAMKOWY W WARSZAWIE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gdansk-stare-miasto.webcamera.pl/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class WebcameraplIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': r're:GDAŃSK - widok na Stare Miasto \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
index 43eeca017..b0865e3e6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
         for format_id in (None, 'noise'):
             track_tag = join_nonempty('track', format_id, delim='_')
-            for track in video.findall('.//iphone/%s' % track_tag):
+            for track in video.findall(f'.//iphone/{track_tag}'):
                 track_url = track.text
                 if not track_url:
                     continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
index 65f48f3b1..24befe7cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class WebOfStoriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'Hans Bethe talks about calculating the temperature of the sun',
             'duration': 238,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.webofstories.com/play/55908',
         'md5': '2985a698e1fe3211022422c4b5ed962c',
@@ -79,19 +79,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             ms_prefix = 'mini_sites/'
 
         if is_great_life_series:
-            mp4_url = '{0:}lives/{1:}/{2:}.mp4'.format(
-                self._VIDEO_DOMAIN, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            mp4_url = f'{self._VIDEO_DOMAIN}lives/{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
             rtmp_ext = 'flv'
             streamer = self._GREAT_LIFE_STREAMER
-            play_path = 'stories/{0:}/{1:}'.format(
-                speaker_id, story_filename)
+            play_path = f'stories/{speaker_id}/{story_filename}'
         else:
-            mp4_url = '{0:}{1:}{2:}/{3:}.mp4'.format(
-                self._VIDEO_DOMAIN, ms_prefix, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            mp4_url = f'{self._VIDEO_DOMAIN}{ms_prefix}{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
             rtmp_ext = 'mp4'
             streamer = self._USER_STREAMER
-            play_path = 'mp4:{0:}{1:}/{2}.mp4'.format(
-                ms_prefix, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            play_path = f'mp4:{ms_prefix}{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': 'mp4_sd',
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.webofstories.com/play/%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://www.webofstories.com/play/{video_id}',
                 'WebOfStories', video_id=video_id)
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(r'\bid=["\']td_(\d+)', webpage))
         ]
@@ -145,7 +141,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'<span id="primaryField">([^<]+)</span>',
                 webpage, 'field', default=None)
             if field:
-                title += ' (%s)' % field
+                title += f' ({field})'
 
         if not title:
             title = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
index 2fca745aa..3e8290982 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+import itertools
 import json
 import random
-import itertools
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def _update_visitor_cookies(self, visitor_url, video_id):
                     'browser': f'Chrome{chrome_ver},0,0,0',
                     'fonts': 'undefined',
                     'screenInfo': '1920*1080*24',
-                    'plugins': ''
+                    'plugins': '',
                 }, separators=(',', ':'))}))['data']
 
         self._download_webpage(
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, video_info):
                             'video_details', lambda _, v: v['label'].startswith(format_id), {
                                 'size': ('size', {int_or_none}),
                                 'tbr': ('bitrate', {int_or_none}),
-                            }
+                            },
                         ), get_all=False),
                     })
         return formats
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class WeiboIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://weibo.com/0/4224132150961381',
         'note': 'no playback_list example',
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'LEZDodaiW',
             'title': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了',
-            'description': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了 http://t.cn/A6aerGsM ​​​',
+            'description': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了 http://t.cn/A6aerGsM \u200b\u200b\u200b',
             'duration': 76,
             'timestamp': 1659344278,
             'upload_date': '20220801',
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
index 3b6d03238..0db52af43 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:73a27d0a87d49fbcc5584566326ebeed',
             'uploader': 'eclecRC',
             'duration': 932.098,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/ievRuuQHbPS',
         'md5': 'ce8a94989a959bff9003fa27ee572935',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:32cdfca272687390d9bd9b0c9c6153ee',
             'uploader': 'WeVidi',
             'duration': 36.1999,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/PcMzDWaQSWb',
         'md5': '55ee0d3434be5d9e5cc76b83f2bb57ec',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e2c9e2b54b8bb424cc64937c8fdc068f',
             'uploader': 'WeVidi',
             'duration': 41.972,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/wJnRqDHNe_u',
         'md5': 'c8f263dd47e66cc17546b3abf47b5a77',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e65036f0d4af80e0af191bd11af5195e',
             'uploader': 'GissyEva',
             'duration': 630.451,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/4m1c4yJR_yc',
         'md5': 'c63ce5ca6990dce86855fc02ca5bc1ed',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:96af99dd63468b2dfab3020560e3e9b2',
             'uploader': 'eclecRC',
             'duration': 6.804,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, wvplayer_props):
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, wvplayer_props):
             3: 360,
             4: 480,
             5: 720,
-            6: 1080
+            6: 1080,
         }
 
         src_path = f'{wvplayer_props["srcVID"]}/{wvplayer_props["srcUID"]}/{wvplayer_props["srcNAME"]}'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
index f2808cd9f..9ca5c3b1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
     try_call,
     try_get,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
-from ..compat import compat_str
 
 
 class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,8 +20,8 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        metadata = self._download_json('https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/%s' % video_id, video_id)
-        live_data = self._download_json('https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/%s/play' % video_id, video_id)
+        metadata = self._download_json(f'https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/{video_id}', video_id)
+        live_data = self._download_json(f'https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/{video_id}/play', video_id)
 
         title = try_call(
             lambda: live_data['share_info']['live_title'][1:-1],
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         formats = []
 
         for i, fmt in enumerate(live_data.get('streams') or []):
-            name = fmt.get('quality') or fmt.get('name') or compat_str(i)
+            name = fmt.get('quality') or fmt.get('name') or str(i)
             hls_url = fmt.get('hls_url')
             rtmp_url = fmt.get('rtmp_url')
             audio_only = fmt.get('audio_only')
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
             if hls_url:
                 hls_fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls-%s' % name, quality=quality)
+                    hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id=f'hls-{name}', quality=quality)
                 formats.extend(hls_fmts)
             else:
                 hls_fmts = []
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if rtmp_url and not audio_only:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': rtmp_url,
-                    'format_id': 'rtmp-%s' % name,
+                    'format_id': f'rtmp-{name}',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'protocol': 'rtmp_ffmpeg',  # ffmpeg can, while rtmpdump can't
                     'vcodec': 'h264',
@@ -71,12 +70,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls'))
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
 
-        uploader_url = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['user_path'], compat_str)
+        uploader_url = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['user_path'], str)
         if uploader_url:
-            uploader_url = 'https://whowatch.tv/profile/%s' % uploader_url
-        uploader_id = compat_str(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['id'], int))
-        uploader = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['name'], compat_str)
-        thumbnail = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['latest_thumbnail_url'], compat_str)
+            uploader_url = f'https://whowatch.tv/profile/{uploader_url}'
+        uploader_id = str(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['id'], int))
+        uploader = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['name'], str)
+        thumbnail = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['latest_thumbnail_url'], str)
         timestamp = int_or_none(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['started_at'], int), scale=1000)
         view_count = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['total_view_count'], int)
         comment_count = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['comment_count'], int)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
index 11c801f0c..632693068 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class WikimediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7cd84f76e7081f1be033d0b155b4a460',
             'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International',
             'uploader': 'ZDF/Terra X/Gruppe 5/Luise Wagner, Jonas Sichert, Andreas Hougardy',
-            'subtitles': 'count:4'
-        }
+            'subtitles': 'count:4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
index f9bf092df..000d1437f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
     parse_duration,
     urlencode_postdata,
-    ExtractorError,
 )
 
 
 class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _player = None
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x:
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x:
         https?://platform\.wim\.tv/
         (?:
             (?:embed/)?\?
             |\#/webtv/.+?/
         )
         (?P<type>vod|live|cast)[=/]
-        (?P<id>%s).*?)''' % _UUID_RE
+        (?P<id>{_UUID_RE}).*?)'''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
     _TESTS = [{
         # vod stream
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'AMA SUPERCROSS 2020 - R2 ST. LOUIS',
             'duration': 6481,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+?/thumbnail/.+?/720$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+?/thumbnail/.+?/720$',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def _get_player_data(self):
             'vars': [{
                 'regex': r'appAuth = "(.+?)"',
                 'variable': 'app_auth',
-            }]
+            }],
         }, {
             'url': 'https://platform.wim.tv/common/config/endpointconfig.js',
             'vars': [{
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def _get_player_data(self):
             }, {
                 'regex': r'PRODUCTION_HOSTNAME_THUMB\s*\+\s*"(.+?)"',
                 'variable': 'thumb_server_path',
-            }]
+            }],
         }]
 
         for data in datas:
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ def _get_player_data(self):
             for var in data['vars']:
                 val = self._search_regex(var['regex'], temp, msg_id)
                 if not val:
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s not found' % var['variable'])
+                    raise ExtractorError('{} not found'.format(var['variable']))
                 self._player[var['variable']] = val
 
     def _generate_token(self):
         json = self._download_json(
             'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/oauth/token', 'Token generation',
-            headers={'Authorization': 'Basic %s' % self._player['app_auth']},
+            headers={'Authorization': 'Basic {}'.format(self._player['app_auth'])},
             data=urlencode_postdata({'grant_type': 'client_credentials'}))
         token = json.get('access_token')
         if not token:
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def _generate_thumbnail(self, thumb_id, width='720'):
             return None
         if not self._player.get('thumb_server_path'):
             self._player['thumb_server_path'] = ''
-        return '%s%s/asset/thumbnail/%s/%s' % (
+        return '{}{}/asset/thumbnail/{}/{}'.format(
             self._player['thumb_server'],
             self._player['thumb_server_path'],
             thumb_id, width)
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             is_live = False
         token = self._generate_token()
         json = self._download_json(
-            'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/api/public/%s/%s/play' % (
-                stream_type, video_id), video_id,
-            headers={'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % token,
-                     'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-            data=bytes('{}', 'utf-8'))
+            f'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/api/public/{stream_type}/{video_id}/play',
+            video_id, headers={
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}',
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            }, data=b'{}')
 
         formats = []
         for src in json.get('srcs') or []:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
index f2256fdc6..fb2a8648f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class WistiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _EMBED_BASE_URL = 'http://fast.wistia.net/embed/'
 
     def _download_embed_config(self, config_type, config_id, referer):
-        base_url = self._EMBED_BASE_URL + '%s/%s' % (config_type, config_id)
+        base_url = self._EMBED_BASE_URL + f'{config_type}/{config_id}'
         embed_config = self._download_json(
             base_url + '.json', config_id, headers={
                 'Referer': referer if referer.startswith('http') else base_url,  # Some videos require this.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def _extract_media(self, embed_config):
                 display_name = a.get('display_name')
                 format_id = atype
                 if atype and atype.endswith('_video') and display_name:
-                    format_id = '%s-%s' % (atype[:-6], display_name)
+                    format_id = f'{atype[:-6]}-{display_name}'
                 f = {
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'url': aurl,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def _extract_url_media_id(cls, url):
 
 
 class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:wistia:|%s(?:iframe|medias)/)%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:wistia:|{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:iframe|medias)/){WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
         r'''(?x)
             <(?:meta[^>]+?content|(?:iframe|script)[^>]+?src)=["\']
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'duration': 966.0,
             'timestamp': 1616614369,
             'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/53dc60239348dc9b9fba3755173ea4c2.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'wistia:5vd7p4bct5',
         'md5': 'b9676d24bf30945d97060638fbfe77f0',
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:27abc99a758573560be72600ef95cece',
             'upload_date': '20210421',
             'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/6c551820ae950cdee2306d6cbe9ef742.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://study.com/academy/lesson/north-american-exploration-failed-colonies-of-spain-france-england.html#lesson',
         'md5': 'b9676d24bf30945d97060638fbfe77f0',
@@ -254,19 +254,19 @@ def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         urls = list(super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         for match in cls._extract_wistia_async_embed(webpage):
             if match.group('type') != 'wistia_channel':
-                urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+                urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         for match in re.finditer(r'(?:data-wistia-?id=["\']|Wistia\.embed\(["\']|id=["\']wistia_)(?P<id>[a-z0-9]{10})',
                                  webpage):
-            urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+            urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         if not WistiaChannelIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):  # Fallback
             media_id = cls._extract_url_media_id(url)
             if media_id:
-                urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+                urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         return urls
 
 
 class WistiaPlaylistIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%splaylists/%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}playlists/{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
 
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/playlists/aodt9etokc',
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 
 class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:wistiachannel:|%schannel/)%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:wistiachannel:|{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}channel/){WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         # JSON Embed API returns 403, should fall back to webpage
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'yvyvu7wjbg',
             'title': 'Copysmith Tutorials and Education!',
-            'description': 'Learn all things Copysmith via short and informative videos!'
+            'description': 'Learn all things Copysmith via short and informative videos!',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 7,
         'expected_warnings': ['falling back to webpage'],
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             self.report_warning('Failed to download channel data from API, falling back to webpage.')
             webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/channel/{channel_id}', channel_id)
             data = self._parse_json(
-                self._search_regex(r'wchanneljsonp-%s\'\]\s*=[^\"]*\"([A-Za-z0-9=/]*)' % channel_id, webpage, 'jsonp', channel_id),
+                self._search_regex(rf'wchanneljsonp-{channel_id}\'\]\s*=[^\"]*\"([A-Za-z0-9=/]*)', webpage, 'jsonp', channel_id),
                 channel_id, transform_source=lambda x: urllib.parse.unquote_plus(base64.b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))
 
         # XXX: can there be more than one series?
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
index 378d99dbc..a0a319405 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ class WordpressPlaylistEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 49.0,
                 'artist': 'Nancy and Randall Faber',
                 'description': 'md5:a9f8e9aeabbd2912bc13cc0fab1a4ce8',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 6,
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'over_the_horizon_2013',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Over the Horizon 2013',
-                'url': 'http://news.samsung.com/global/wp-content/uploads/ringtones/over_the_horizon_2013.mp3'
-            }
+                'url': 'http://news.samsung.com/global/wp-content/uploads/ringtones/over_the_horizon_2013.mp3',
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 6,
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # Version 1.9.3: https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-miniaudioplayer/tags/1.9.3
         'url': 'https://www.booksontape.com/collections/audiobooks-with-teacher-guides/',
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.booksontape.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/bot-logo-1200x630.jpg',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 12
+        'playlist_mincount': 12,
     }, {
         # Version 1.9.7: https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-miniaudioplayer/tags/1.9.7
         # But has spaces around href filter
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.estudiords.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LOGO-TEMAS.png',
             'description': 'md5:ab24d6a7ed0312ad2d466e721679f5a0',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
index c6948a1eb..3af4bd498 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ class WorldStarHipHopIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wshh6a7q1ny0G34ZwuIO',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'KO Of The Week: MMA Fighter Gets Knocked Out By Swift Head Kick!'
-        }
+            'title': 'KO Of The Week: MMA Fighter Gets Knocked Out By Swift Head Kick!',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://m.worldstarhiphop.com/android/video.php?v=wshh6a7q1ny0G34ZwuIO',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
index 5e590e2f4..b4cc1abc5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    try_get,
-    ExtractorError,
-)
-
 import json
 import random
 import re
 
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    try_get,
+)
+
 
 class WPPilotBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VIDEO_URL = 'https://pilot.wp.pl/api/v1/channel/%s'
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         is_authorized = next((c for c in self.cookiejar if c.name == 'netviapisessid'), None)
         # cookies starting with "g:" are assigned to guests
-        is_authorized = True if is_authorized is not None and not is_authorized.value.startswith('g:') else False
+        is_authorized = is_authorized is not None and not is_authorized.value.startswith('g:')
 
         video = self._download_json(
             (self._VIDEO_URL if is_authorized else self._VIDEO_GUEST_URL) % video_id,
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'channelId': video_id,
                     't': stream_token,
-                }).encode('utf-8'))
+                }).encode())
             if try_get(close, lambda x: x['data']['status']) == 'ok':
                 return self.url_result(url, ie=WPPilotIE.ie_key())
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wrestleuniverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wrestleuniverse.py
index 145246a14..d401d6d39 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wrestleuniverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wrestleuniverse.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
     jwt_decode_hs256,
     traverse_obj,
     try_call,
+    url_basename,
     url_or_none,
     urlencode_postdata,
     variadic,
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ def _download_metadata(self, url, video_id, lang, props_keys):
         metadata = self._call_api(video_id, msg='metadata', query={'al': lang or 'ja'}, auth=False, fatal=False)
         if not metadata:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-            nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id)
+            nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False)
             metadata = traverse_obj(nextjs_data, (
                 'props', 'pageProps', *variadic(props_keys, (str, bytes, dict, set)), {dict})) or {}
         return metadata
@@ -194,8 +195,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'formats': self._get_formats(video_data, (
-                (('protocolHls', 'url'), ('chromecastUrls', ...)), {url_or_none}), video_id),
+            'formats': self._get_formats(video_data, ('protocolHls', 'url', {url_or_none}), video_id),
             **traverse_obj(metadata, {
                 'title': ('displayName', {str}),
                 'description': ('description', {str}),
@@ -259,6 +259,10 @@ class WrestleUniversePPVIE(WrestleUniverseBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
+    }, {
+        'note': 'manifest provides live-a (partial) and live-b (full) streams',
+        'url': 'https://www.wrestle-universe.com/en/lives/umc99R9XsexXrxr9VjTo9g',
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _API_PATH = 'events'
@@ -285,12 +289,16 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         video_data, decrypt = self._call_encrypted_api(
             video_id, ':watchArchive', 'watch archive', data={'method': 1})
-        info['formats'] = self._get_formats(video_data, (
-            ('hls', None), ('urls', 'chromecastUrls'), ..., {url_or_none}), video_id)
+        # 'chromecastUrls' can be only partial videos, avoid
+        info['formats'] = self._get_formats(video_data, ('hls', (('urls', ...), 'url'), {url_or_none}), video_id)
         for f in info['formats']:
             # bitrates are exaggerated in PPV playlists, so avoid wrong/huge filesize_approx values
             if f.get('tbr'):
                 f['tbr'] = int(f['tbr'] / 2.5)
+            # prefer variants with the same basename as the master playlist to avoid partial streams
+            f['format_id'] = url_basename(f['url']).partition('.')[0]
+            if not f['format_id'].startswith(url_basename(f['manifest_url']).partition('.')[0]):
+                f['preference'] = -10
 
         hls_aes_key = traverse_obj(video_data, ('hls', 'key', {decrypt}))
         if hls_aes_key:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
index 86e264679..7b3f6aa2a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
 )
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             tbr = int_or_none(v.get('bitrate'))
             formats.append({
                 'url': mp4_url,
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': int_or_none(v.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(v.get('height')),
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class WSJArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20170221',
             'uploader_id': 'ralcaraz',
             'title': 'Bao Bao the Panda Leaves for China',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -117,4 +117,4 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'(?:id=["\']video|video-|iframe\.html\?guid=|data-src=["\'])([a-fA-F0-9-]{36})',
             webpage, 'video id')
-        return self.url_result('wsj:%s' % video_id, WSJIE.ie_key(), video_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'wsj:{video_id}', WSJIE.ie_key(), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
index 9bbd477c3..3b8197a0c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class WWEBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     def _extract_entry(self, data, url, video_id=None):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_id or data['nid'])
+        video_id = str(video_id or data['nid'])
         title = data['title']
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ class WWEIE(WWEBaseIE):
             'title': 'Daniel Bryan vs. Andrade "Cien" Almas: SmackDown LIVE, Sept. 4, 2018',
             'description': 'md5:2d7424dbc6755c61a0e649d2a8677f67',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://de.wwe.com/videos/gran-metalik-vs-tony-nese-wwe-205-live-sept-4-2018',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class WWEPlaylistIE(WWEBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if WWEIE.suitable(url) else super(WWEPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if WWEIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
index 1d29cc89b..2ae0a2a5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class WykopPostIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 15,
         'params': {
             'flat_playlist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
index e0b7bf968..b48935877 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ class XanimuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://xanimu.com/storage/2020/09/the-princess-and-the-frog-hentai.jpg',
             'description': r're:^Enjoy The Princess \+ The Frog Hentai',
             'duration': 207.0,
-            'age_limit': 18
-        }
+            'age_limit': 18,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xanimu.com/huge-expansion/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -28,14 +28,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         formats = []
-        for format in ['videoHigh', 'videoLow']:
-            format_url = self._search_json(r'var\s+%s\s*=' % re.escape(format), webpage, format,
-                                           video_id, default=None, contains_pattern=r'[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]')
+        for format_id in ['videoHigh', 'videoLow']:
+            format_url = self._search_json(
+                rf'var\s+{re.escape(format_id)}\s*=', webpage, format_id,
+                video_id, default=None, contains_pattern=r'[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]')
             if format_url:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': format,
-                    'quality': -2 if format.endswith('Low') else None,
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'quality': -2 if format_id.endswith('Low') else None,
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -47,5 +48,5 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage, default=None),
             'duration': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'duration:\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+?)[\'"]',
                                     webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)),
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
index 235b567d9..d726e62af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class XboxClipsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 26800000,
             'upload_date': '20140807',
             'duration': 56,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gameclips.io/iAbdulElah/074a69a9-5faf-46aa-b93b-9909c1720325',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if '/video.php' in url:
             qs = parse_qs(url)
-            url = 'https://gameclips.io/%s/%s' % (qs['gamertag'][0], qs['vid'][0])
+            url = 'https://gameclips.io/{}/{}'.format(qs['gamertag'][0], qs['vid'][0])
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         info = self._parse_html5_media_entries(url, webpage, video_id)[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 08c6d6c7c..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xfileshare.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import (
-    ExtractorError,
-    decode_packed_codes,
-    determine_ext,
-    int_or_none,
-    js_to_json,
-    urlencode_postdata,
-)
-
-
-# based on openload_decode from 2bfeee69b976fe049761dd3012e30b637ee05a58
-def aa_decode(aa_code):
-    symbol_table = [
-        ('7', '((ﾟｰﾟ) + (o^_^o))'),
-        ('6', '((o^_^o) +(o^_^o))'),
-        ('5', '((ﾟｰﾟ) + (ﾟΘﾟ))'),
-        ('2', '((o^_^o) - (ﾟΘﾟ))'),
-        ('4', '(ﾟｰﾟ)'),
-        ('3', '(o^_^o)'),
-        ('1', '(ﾟΘﾟ)'),
-        ('0', '(c^_^o)'),
-    ]
-    delim = '(ﾟДﾟ)[ﾟεﾟ]+'
-    ret = ''
-    for aa_char in aa_code.split(delim):
-        for val, pat in symbol_table:
-            aa_char = aa_char.replace(pat, val)
-        aa_char = aa_char.replace('+ ', '')
-        m = re.match(r'^\d+', aa_char)
-        if m:
-            ret += chr(int(m.group(0), 8))
-        else:
-            m = re.match(r'^u([\da-f]+)', aa_char)
-            if m:
-                ret += chr(int(m.group(1), 16))
-    return ret
-
-
-class XFileShareIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _SITES = (
-        (r'aparat\.cam', 'Aparat'),
-        (r'clipwatching\.com', 'ClipWatching'),
-        (r'gounlimited\.to', 'GoUnlimited'),
-        (r'govid\.me', 'GoVid'),
-        (r'holavid\.com', 'HolaVid'),
-        (r'streamty\.com', 'Streamty'),
-        (r'thevideobee\.to', 'TheVideoBee'),
-        (r'uqload\.com', 'Uqload'),
-        (r'vidbom\.com', 'VidBom'),
-        (r'vidlo\.us', 'vidlo'),
-        (r'vidlocker\.xyz', 'VidLocker'),
-        (r'vidshare\.tv', 'VidShare'),
-        (r'vup\.to', 'VUp'),
-        (r'wolfstream\.tv', 'WolfStream'),
-        (r'xvideosharing\.com', 'XVideoSharing'),
-    )
-
-    IE_DESC = 'XFileShare based sites: %s' % ', '.join(list(zip(*_SITES))[1])
-    _VALID_URL = (r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<host>%s)/(?:embed-)?(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z]+)'
-                  % '|'.join(site for site in list(zip(*_SITES))[0]))
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:%s)/embed-[0-9a-zA-Z]+.*?)\1' % '|'.join(site for site in list(zip(*_SITES))[0])]
-
-    _FILE_NOT_FOUND_REGEXES = (
-        r'>(?:404 - )?File Not Found<',
-        r'>The file was removed by administrator<',
-    )
-
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://uqload.com/dltx1wztngdz',
-        'md5': '3cfbb65e4c90e93d7b37bcb65a595557',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'dltx1wztngdz',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Rick Astley Never Gonna Give You mp4',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https://.*\.jpg'
-        }
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://xvideosharing.com/fq65f94nd2ve',
-        'md5': '4181f63957e8fe90ac836fa58dc3c8a6',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'fq65f94nd2ve',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'sample',
-            'thumbnail': r're:http://.*\.jpg',
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://aparat.cam/n4d6dh0wvlpr',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://wolfstream.tv/nthme29v9u2x',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        host, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-
-        url = 'https://%s/' % host + ('embed-%s.html' % video_id if host in ('govid.me', 'vidlo.us') else video_id)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        if any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in self._FILE_NOT_FOUND_REGEXES):
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
-
-        fields = self._hidden_inputs(webpage)
-
-        if fields.get('op') == 'download1':
-            countdown = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                r'<span id="countdown_str">(?:[Ww]ait)?\s*<span id="cxc">(\d+)</span>\s*(?:seconds?)?</span>',
-                webpage, 'countdown', default=None))
-            if countdown:
-                self._sleep(countdown, video_id)
-
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                url, video_id, 'Downloading video page',
-                data=urlencode_postdata(fields), headers={
-                    'Referer': url,
-                    'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-                })
-
-        title = (self._search_regex(
-            (r'style="z-index: [0-9]+;">([^<]+)</span>',
-             r'<td nowrap>([^<]+)</td>',
-             r'h4-fine[^>]*>([^<]+)<',
-             r'>Watch (.+)[ <]',
-             r'<h2 class="video-page-head">([^<]+)</h2>',
-             r'<h2 style="[^"]*color:#403f3d[^"]*"[^>]*>([^<]+)<',  # streamin.to
-             r'title\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"'),  # govid.me
-            webpage, 'title', default=None) or self._og_search_title(
-            webpage, default=None) or video_id).strip()
-
-        for regex, func in (
-                (r'(eval\(function\(p,a,c,k,e,d\){.+)', decode_packed_codes),
-                (r'(ﾟ.+)', aa_decode)):
-            obf_code = self._search_regex(regex, webpage, 'obfuscated code', default=None)
-            if obf_code:
-                webpage = webpage.replace(obf_code, func(obf_code))
-
-        formats = []
-
-        jwplayer_data = self._search_regex(
-            [
-                r'jwplayer\("[^"]+"\)\.load\(\[({.+?})\]\);',
-                r'jwplayer\("[^"]+"\)\.setup\(({.+?})\);',
-            ], webpage,
-            'jwplayer data', default=None)
-        if jwplayer_data:
-            jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(
-                jwplayer_data.replace(r"\'", "'"), video_id, js_to_json)
-            if jwplayer_data:
-                formats = self._parse_jwplayer_data(
-                    jwplayer_data, video_id, False,
-                    m3u8_id='hls', mpd_id='dash')['formats']
-
-        if not formats:
-            urls = []
-            for regex in (
-                    r'(?:file|src)\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<url>http(?:(?!\1).)+\.(?:m3u8|mp4|flv)(?:(?!\1).)*)\1',
-                    r'file_link\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>http(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
-                    r'addVariable\((\\?["\'])file\1\s*,\s*(\\?["\'])(?P<url>http(?:(?!\2).)+)\2\)',
-                    r'<embed[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>http(?:(?!\1).)+\.(?:m3u8|mp4|flv)(?:(?!\1).)*)\1'):
-                for mobj in re.finditer(regex, webpage):
-                    video_url = mobj.group('url')
-                    if video_url not in urls:
-                        urls.append(video_url)
-
-            sources = self._search_regex(
-                r'sources\s*:\s*(\[(?!{)[^\]]+\])', webpage, 'sources', default=None)
-            if sources:
-                urls.extend(self._parse_json(sources, video_id))
-
-            formats = []
-            for video_url in urls:
-                if determine_ext(video_url) == 'm3u8':
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        video_url, video_id, 'mp4',
-                        entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls',
-                        fatal=False))
-                else:
-                    formats.append({
-                        'url': video_url,
-                        'format_id': 'sd',
-                    })
-
-        thumbnail = self._search_regex(
-            [
-                r'<video[^>]+poster="([^"]+)"',
-                r'(?:image|poster)\s*:\s*["\'](http[^"\']+)["\'],',
-            ], webpage, 'thumbnail', default=None)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'formats': formats,
-            'http_headers': {'Referer': url}
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
index 01ac5ddb6..c965c3042 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
     extract_attributes,
-    ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -22,14 +21,14 @@
 
 class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
     _DOMAINS = r'(?:xhamster\.(?:com|one|desi)|xhms\.pro|xhamster\d+\.com|xhday\.com|xhvid\.com)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
-                        (?:[^/?#]+\.)?%s/
+                        (?:[^/?#]+\.)?{_DOMAINS}/
                         (?:
                             movies/(?P<id>[\dA-Za-z]+)/(?P<display_id>[^/]*)\.html|
                             videos/(?P<display_id_2>[^/]*)-(?P<id_2>[\dA-Za-z]+)
                         )
-                    ''' % _DOMAINS
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://xhamster.com/videos/femaleagent-shy-beauty-takes-the-bait-1509445',
         'md5': '34e1ab926db5dc2750fed9e1f34304bb',
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ def get_height(s):
                         continue
                     format_urls.add(format_url)
                     formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, quality),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{quality}',
                         'url': format_url,
                         'ext': determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'),
                         'height': get_height(quality),
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ def get_height(s):
                                            or str_or_none(standard_format.get('label'))
                                            or '')
                                 formats.append({
-                                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, quality),
+                                    'format_id': f'{format_id}-{quality}',
                                     'url': standard_url,
                                     'ext': ext,
                                     'height': get_height(quality),
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ def get_height(s):
                     if not isinstance(c, dict):
                         continue
                     c_name = c.get('name')
-                    if isinstance(c_name, compat_str):
+                    if isinstance(c_name, str):
                         categories.append(c_name)
             else:
                 categories = None
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ def get_height(s):
                 'description': video.get('description'),
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(video.get('created')),
                 'uploader': try_get(
-                    video, lambda x: x['author']['name'], compat_str),
+                    video, lambda x: x['author']['name'], str),
                 'uploader_url': uploader_url,
                 'uploader_id': uploader_url.split('/')[-1] if uploader_url else None,
                 'thumbnail': video.get('thumbURL'),
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ def get_height(s):
 
 
 class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/?#]+\.)?%s/xembed\.php\?video=(?P<id>\d+)' % XHamsterIE._DOMAINS
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:[^/?#]+\.)?{XHamsterIE._DOMAINS}/xembed\.php\?video=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?xhamster\.com/xembed\.php\?video=\d+)\1']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://xhamster.com/xembed.php?video=3328539',
@@ -385,7 +384,7 @@ class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'ManyakisArt',
             'duration': 5,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -394,14 +393,14 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         video_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'href="(https?://xhamster\.com/(?:movies/{0}/[^"]*\.html|videos/[^/]*-{0})[^"]*)"'.format(video_id),
+            rf'href="(https?://xhamster\.com/(?:movies/{video_id}/[^"]*\.html|videos/[^/]*-{video_id})[^"]*)"',
             webpage, 'xhamster url', default=None)
 
         if not video_url:
-            vars = self._parse_json(
+            player_vars = self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(r'vars\s*:\s*({.+?})\s*,\s*\n', webpage, 'vars'),
                 video_id)
-            video_url = dict_get(vars, ('downloadLink', 'homepageLink', 'commentsLink', 'shareUrl'))
+            video_url = dict_get(player_vars, ('downloadLink', 'homepageLink', 'commentsLink', 'shareUrl'))
 
         return self.url_result(video_url, 'XHamster')
 
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ def _entries(self, user_id, is_user):
         next_page_url = f'https://xhamster.com/{prefix}/{user_id}/{suffix}/1'
         for pagenum in itertools.count(1):
             page = self._download_webpage(
-                next_page_url, user_id, 'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                next_page_url, user_id, f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
             for video_tag in re.findall(
                     r'(<a[^>]+class=["\'].*?\bvideo-thumb__image-container[^>]+>)',
                     page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00c6ed7c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import functools
+
+from .common import InfoExtractor
+from ..utils import (
+    float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
+    js_to_json,
+    url_or_none,
+)
+from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
+
+
+class XiaoHongShuIE(InfoExtractor):
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.xiaohongshu\.com/explore/(?P<id>[\da-f]+)'
+    IE_DESC = '小红书'
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.xiaohongshu.com/explore/6411cf99000000001300b6d9',
+        'md5': '2a87a77ddbedcaeeda8d7eae61b61228',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '6411cf99000000001300b6d9',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'uploader_id': '5c31698d0000000007018a31',
+            'description': '#今日快乐今日发[话题]# #吃货薯看这里[话题]# #香妃蛋糕[话题]# #小五卷蛋糕[话题]# #新手蛋糕卷[话题]#',
+            'title': '香妃蛋糕也太香了吧🔥不需要卷❗️绝对的友好',
+            'tags': ['今日快乐今日发', '吃货薯看这里', '香妃蛋糕', '小五卷蛋糕', '新手蛋糕卷'],
+            'duration': 101.726,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://sns-webpic-qc\.xhscdn\.com/\d+/[a-z0-9]+/[\w]+',
+        },
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        display_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
+        initial_state = self._search_json(
+            r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=', webpage, 'initial state', display_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+
+        note_info = traverse_obj(initial_state, ('note', 'noteDetailMap', display_id, 'note'))
+        video_info = traverse_obj(note_info, ('video', 'media', 'stream', ('h264', 'av1', 'h265'), ...))
+
+        formats = []
+        for info in video_info:
+            format_info = traverse_obj(info, {
+                'fps': ('fps', {int_or_none}),
+                'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+                'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                'vcodec': ('videoCodec', {str}),
+                'acodec': ('audioCodec', {str}),
+                'abr': ('audioBitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                'vbr': ('videoBitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                'audio_channels': ('audioChannels', {int_or_none}),
+                'tbr': ('avgBitrate', {int_or_none}),
+                'format': ('qualityType', {str}),
+                'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
+                'duration': ('duration', {functools.partial(float_or_none, scale=1000)}),
+            })
+
+            formats.extend(traverse_obj(info, (('mediaUrl', ('backupUrls', ...)), {
+                lambda u: url_or_none(u) and {'url': u, **format_info}})))
+
+        thumbnails = []
+        for image_info in traverse_obj(note_info, ('imageList', ...)):
+            thumbnail_info = traverse_obj(image_info, {
+                'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
+                'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
+            })
+            for thumb_url in traverse_obj(image_info, (('urlDefault', 'urlPre'), {url_or_none})):
+                thumbnails.append({
+                    'url': thumb_url,
+                    **thumbnail_info,
+                })
+
+        return {
+            'id': display_id,
+            'formats': formats,
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
+            'title': self._html_search_meta(['og:title'], webpage, default=None),
+            **traverse_obj(note_info, {
+                'title': ('title', {str}),
+                'description': ('desc', {str}),
+                'tags': ('tagList', ..., 'name', {str}),
+                'uploader_id': ('user', 'userId', {str}),
+            }),
+        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
index c98c8a4fc..e900a4ad9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                 'uploader_id': '61425525',
                 'uploader_url': 'http://www.ximalaya.com/zhubo/61425525/',
                 'title': '261.唐诗三百首.卷八.送孟浩然之广陵.李白',
-                'description': "contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。",
+                'description': 'contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                 'thumbnails': [
                     {
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                         'name': 'cover_url_142',
                         'url': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                         'width': 180,
-                        'height': 180
-                    }
+                        'height': 180,
+                    },
                 ],
                 'categories': ['其他'],
                 'duration': 93,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://m.ximalaya.com/61425525/sound/47740352/',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                 'uploader_id': '61425525',
                 'uploader_url': 'http://www.ximalaya.com/zhubo/61425525/',
                 'title': '261.唐诗三百首.卷八.送孟浩然之广陵.李白',
-                'description': "contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。",
+                'description': 'contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                 'thumbnails': [
                     {
@@ -62,35 +62,35 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                         'name': 'cover_url_142',
                         'url': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                         'width': 180,
-                        'height': 180
-                    }
+                        'height': 180,
+                    },
                 ],
                 'categories': ['人文'],
                 'duration': 93,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         scheme = 'https' if url.startswith('https') else 'http'
 
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
-        audio_info_file = '%s://m.ximalaya.com/tracks/%s.json' % (scheme, audio_id)
-        audio_info = self._download_json(audio_info_file, audio_id,
-                                         'Downloading info json %s' % audio_info_file,
-                                         'Unable to download info file')
+        audio_info_file = f'{scheme}://m.ximalaya.com/tracks/{audio_id}.json'
+        audio_info = self._download_json(
+            audio_info_file, audio_id,
+            f'Downloading info json {audio_info_file}', 'Unable to download info file')
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': f'{bps}k',
             'url': audio_info[k],
             'abr': bps,
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         } for bps, k in ((24, 'play_path_32'), (64, 'play_path_64')) if audio_info.get(k)]
 
         thumbnails = []
-        for k in audio_info.keys():
+        for k in audio_info:
             # cover pics kyes like: cover_url', 'cover_url_142'
             if k.startswith('cover_url'):
                 thumbnail = {'name': k, 'url': audio_info[k]}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
index bd67e8b29..10849916b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '正时文创',
             'uploader_id': '10357277',
             'categories': ['宣传片', '国家城市', '广告', '其他'],
-            'tags': ['北京冬奥会', '冰墩墩', '再见', '告别', '冰墩墩哭了', '感动', '闭幕式', '熄火']
+            'tags': ['北京冬奥会', '冰墩墩', '再见', '告别', '冰墩墩哭了', '感动', '闭幕式', '熄火'],
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xinpianchang.com/a11762904',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '精品动画',
             'uploader_id': '10858927',
             'categories': ['动画', '三维CG'],
-            'tags': ['France Télévisions', '法国3台', '蠢萌', '冬奥会']
+            'tags': ['France Télévisions', '法国3台', '蠢萌', '冬奥会'],
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xinpianchang.com/a11779743?from=IndexPick&part=%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89&index=2',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
index 37e31045c..af9cf40ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class XMinusIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 5900000,
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:03238c5b663810bc79cf42ef3c03e371',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
index 1452aaec3..a1b7e75ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    NO_DEFAULT,
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
-    NO_DEFAULT,
     str_to_int,
 )
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         def get(meta, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'set%s\s*\(\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % meta,
+                rf'set{meta}\s*\(\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, meta, default=default, fatal=fatal, group='value')
 
         title = self._og_search_title(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
index 8dd1cd9ef..f7b48322c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    find_xpath_attr,
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
-    xpath_with_ns,
     xpath_text,
-    find_xpath_attr,
+    xpath_with_ns,
 )
 
 
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ class XstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, partner_id, video_id):
         data = self._download_xml(
-            'http://frontend.xstream.dk/%s/feed/video/?platform=web&id=%s'
-            % (partner_id, video_id),
+            f'http://frontend.xstream.dk/{partner_id}/feed/video/?platform=web&id={video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         NS_MAP = {
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ def _extract_video_info(self, partner_id, video_id):
             if mobj:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': mobj.group('url'),
-                    'play_path': 'mp4:%s' % mobj.group('playpath'),
+                    'play_path': 'mp4:{}'.format(mobj.group('playpath')),
                     'app': mobj.group('app'),
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'tbr': tbr,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
index 59eef8490..e7d43ba9d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
 )
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1238,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\d+-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Broken HLS formats
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/video65982001/what_s_her_name',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 120,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\d+-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://flashservice.xvideos.com/embedframe/4588838',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -56,40 +56,40 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fr.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fr.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://it.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://it.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://de.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://de.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://flashservice.xvideos.com/embedframe/ucuvbkfda4e',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.es/video.ucuvbkfda4e/a_beautiful_red-haired_stranger_was_refused_but_still_came_to_my_room_for_sex',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         mobj = re.search(r'<h1 class="inlineError">(.+?)</h1>', webpage)
         if mobj:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, clean_html(mobj.group(1))), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {clean_html(mobj.group(1))}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'<title>(?P<title>.+?)\s+-\s+XVID',
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         thumbnails = []
         for preference, thumbnail in enumerate(('', '169')):
             thumbnail_url = self._search_regex(
-                r'setThumbUrl%s\(\s*(["\'])(?P<thumbnail>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % thumbnail,
+                rf'setThumbUrl{thumbnail}\(\s*(["\'])(?P<thumbnail>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, 'thumbnail', default=None, group='thumbnail')
             if thumbnail_url:
                 thumbnails.append({
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         formats = []
 
-        video_url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._search_regex(
+        video_url = urllib.parse.unquote(self._search_regex(
             r'flv_url=(.+?)&', webpage, 'video URL', default=''))
         if video_url:
             formats.append({
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             elif format_id in ('urllow', 'urlhigh'):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'), format_id[3:]),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'), format_id[3:]),
                     'quality': -2 if format_id.endswith('low') else None,
                 })
 
@@ -173,8 +173,41 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'xvideos:quickies'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<domain>(?:[^/]+\.)?xvideos2?\.com)/amateur-channels/[^#]+#quickies/a/(?P<id>\d+)'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?P<domain>(?:[^/?#]+\.)?xvideos2?\.com)/(?:profiles/|amateur-channels/)?[^/?#]+#quickies/a/(?P<id>\w+)'
     _TESTS = [{
+        'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/lili_love#quickies/a/ipdtikh1a4c',
+        'md5': 'f9e4f518ff1de14b99a400bbd0fc5ee0',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ipdtikh1a4c',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Mexican chichóna putisima',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'duration': 81,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/profiles/lili_love#quickies/a/ipphaob6fd1',
+        'md5': '5340938aac6b46e19ebdd1d84535862e',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'ipphaob6fd1',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Puta chichona mexicana squirting',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'duration': 56,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/amateur-channels/lili_love#quickies/a/hfmffmd7661',
+        'md5': '92428518bbabcb4c513e55922e022491',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'hfmffmd7661',
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+            'title': 'Chichona mexican slut',
+            'age_limit': 18,
+            'duration': 9,
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
+        },
+    }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/amateur-channels/wifeluna#quickies/a/47258683',
         'md5': '16e322a93282667f1963915568f782c1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -184,9 +217,9 @@ class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 16,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, id_ = self._match_valid_url(url).group('domain', 'id')
-        return self.url_result(f'https://{domain}/video{id_}/_', XVideosIE, id_)
+        return self.url_result(f'https://{domain}/video{"" if id_.isdecimal() else "."}{id_}/_', XVideosIE, id_)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
index e3e3a9fe6..003af1de9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
-    parse_duration,
     int_or_none,
+    parse_duration,
 )
 
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class XXXYMoviesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
index 24148a0bd..f0ba83038 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 128,
             'timestamp': 1385722202,
             'upload_date': '20131129',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.yahoo.com/movies/v/true-story-trailer-173000497.html',
         'md5': '2a9752f74cb898af5d1083ea9f661b58',
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_yahoo_video(self, video_id, country):
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s.yahoo.com/_td/api/resource/VideoService.videos;view=full;video_ids=["%s"]' % (country, video_id),
+            f'https://{country}.yahoo.com/_td/api/resource/VideoService.videos;view=full;video_ids=["{video_id}"]',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON metadata')[0]
         title = video['title']
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ def _extract_yahoo_video(self, video_id, country):
         for fmt in fmts:
             media_obj = self._download_json(
                 'https://video-api.yql.yahoo.com/v1/video/sapi/streams/' + video_id,
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % fmt,
+                video_id, f'Downloading {fmt} JSON metadata',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers(), query={
                     'format': fmt,
                     'region': country.upper(),
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ def _extract_yahoo_video(self, video_id, country):
                 tbr = int_or_none(s.get('bitrate'))
                 formats.append({
                     'url': s_url,
-                    'format_id': fmt + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                    'format_id': fmt + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                     'width': int_or_none(s.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(s.get('height')),
                     'tbr': tbr,
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             country = country.split('-')[0]
 
         items = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s.yahoo.com/caas/content/article' % country, display_id,
+            f'https://{country}.yahoo.com/caas/content/article', display_id,
             'Downloading content JSON metadata', query={
-                'url': url
+                'url': url,
             })['items'][0]
 
         item = items['data']['partnerData']
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class YahooSearchIE(SearchInfoExtractor):
 
     def _search_results(self, query):
         for pagenum in itertools.count(0):
-            result_url = 'http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/?p=%s&fr=screen&o=js&gs=0&b=%d' % (urllib.parse.quote_plus(query), pagenum * 30)
+            result_url = f'http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/?p={urllib.parse.quote_plus(query)}&fr=screen&o=js&gs=0&b={pagenum * 30}'
             info = self._download_json(result_url, query,
                                        note='Downloading results page ' + str(pagenum + 1))
             yield from (self.url_result(result['rurl']) for result in info['results'])
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class YahooJapanNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://news.yahoo.co.jp/feature/1356',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, json_data, content_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
index d5eecbd9c..56aa79292 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def call_api(action):
                 'format_id': 'source',
                 'ext': determine_ext(title, meta.get('ext') or mimetype2ext(meta.get('mime_type')) or 'mp4'),
                 'quality': 1,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(meta.get('size'))
+                'filesize': int_or_none(meta.get('size')),
             })
 
         for video in (video_streams.get('videos') or []):
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ def call_api(action):
                 height = int_or_none(size.get('height'))
                 format_id = 'hls'
                 if height:
-                    format_id += '-%dp' % height
+                    format_id += f'-{height}p'
                 formats.append({
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'format_id': format_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
index 794dc3eae..12cc5ca28 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
-    int_or_none,
     float_or_none,
+    int_or_none,
     try_get,
 )
 
@@ -35,19 +34,19 @@ def _raise_captcha():
             expected=True)
 
     def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        webpage = super(YandexMusicBaseIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(*args, **kwargs)
+        webpage = super()._download_webpage_handle(*args, **kwargs)
         if 'Нам очень жаль, но&nbsp;запросы, поступившие с&nbsp;вашего IP-адреса, похожи на&nbsp;автоматические.' in webpage:
             self._raise_captcha()
         return webpage
 
     def _download_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        response = super(YandexMusicBaseIE, self)._download_json(*args, **kwargs)
+        response = super()._download_json(*args, **kwargs)
         self._handle_error(response)
         return response
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, tld, url, item_id, note, query):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://music.yandex.%s/handlers/%s.jsx' % (tld, ep),
+            f'https://music.yandex.{tld}/handlers/{ep}.jsx',
             item_id, note,
             fatal=False,
             headers={
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ def _call_api(self, ep, tld, url, item_id, note, query):
 class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:track'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Трек'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/album/(?P<album_id>\d+)/track/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/album/(?P<album_id>\d+)/track/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/album/540508/track/4878838',
@@ -110,19 +109,19 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         track = self._call_api(
             'track', tld, url, track_id, 'Downloading track JSON',
-            {'track': '%s:%s' % (track_id, album_id)})['track']
+            {'track': f'{track_id}:{album_id}'})['track']
         track_title = track['title']
 
         download_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://music.yandex.ru/api/v2.1/handlers/track/%s:%s/web-album_track-track-track-main/download/m' % (track_id, album_id),
+            f'https://music.yandex.ru/api/v2.1/handlers/track/{track_id}:{album_id}/web-album_track-track-track-main/download/m',
             track_id, 'Downloading track location url JSON', query={'hq': 1}, headers={'X-Retpath-Y': url})
 
         fd_data = self._download_json(
             download_data['src'], track_id,
             'Downloading track location JSON',
             query={'format': 'json'})
-        key = hashlib.md5(('XGRlBW9FXlekgbPrRHuSiA' + fd_data['path'][1:] + fd_data['s']).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
-        f_url = 'http://%s/get-mp3/%s/%s?track-id=%s ' % (fd_data['host'], key, fd_data['ts'] + fd_data['path'], track['id'])
+        key = hashlib.md5(('XGRlBW9FXlekgbPrRHuSiA' + fd_data['path'][1:] + fd_data['s']).encode()).hexdigest()
+        f_url = 'http://{}/get-mp3/{}/{}?track-id={} '.format(fd_data['host'], key, fd_data['ts'] + fd_data['path'], track['id'])
 
         thumbnail = None
         cover_uri = track.get('albums', [{}])[0].get('coverUri')
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ def extract_artist_name(artist):
             for element in decomposed:
                 if isinstance(element, dict) and element.get('name'):
                     parts.append(element['name'])
-                elif isinstance(element, compat_str):
+                elif isinstance(element, str):
                     parts.append(element)
             return ''.join(parts)
 
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ def extract_artist(artist_list):
         if track_artist:
             track_info.update({
                 'artist': track_artist,
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (track_artist, track_title),
+                'title': f'{track_artist} - {track_title}',
             })
         else:
             track_info['title'] = track_title
@@ -194,14 +193,14 @@ def extract_artist(artist_list):
 class YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
     def _extract_tracks(self, source, item_id, url, tld):
         tracks = source['tracks']
-        track_ids = [compat_str(track_id) for track_id in source['trackIds']]
+        track_ids = [str(track_id) for track_id in source['trackIds']]
 
         # tracks dictionary shipped with playlist.jsx API is limited to 150 tracks,
         # missing tracks should be retrieved manually.
         if len(tracks) < len(track_ids):
-            present_track_ids = set([
-                compat_str(track['id'])
-                for track in tracks if track.get('id')])
+            present_track_ids = {
+                str(track['id'])
+                for track in tracks if track.get('id')}
             missing_track_ids = [
                 track_id for track_id in track_ids
                 if track_id not in present_track_ids]
@@ -215,10 +214,10 @@ def _extract_tracks(self, source, item_id, url, tld):
                 assert missing_track_ids_req
                 missing_tracks = self._call_api(
                     'track-entries', tld, url, item_id,
-                    'Downloading missing tracks JSON chunk %d' % (chunk_num + 1), {
+                    f'Downloading missing tracks JSON chunk {chunk_num + 1}', {
                         'entries': ','.join(missing_track_ids_req),
                         'lang': tld,
-                        'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                        'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                         'overembed': 'false',
                         'strict': 'true',
                     })
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ def _build_playlist(self, tracks):
             if not album_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'http://music.yandex.ru/album/%s/track/%s' % (album_id, track_id),
+                f'http://music.yandex.ru/album/{album_id}/track/{track_id}',
                 ie=YandexMusicTrackIE.ie_key(), video_id=track_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ def _build_playlist(self, tracks):
 class YandexMusicAlbumIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:album'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Альбом'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/album/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/album/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/album/540508',
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ class YandexMusicAlbumIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if YandexMusicTrackIE.suitable(url) else super(YandexMusicAlbumIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if YandexMusicTrackIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -297,20 +296,20 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         entries = self._build_playlist([track for volume in album['volumes'] for track in volume])
 
         title = album['title']
-        artist = try_get(album, lambda x: x['artists'][0]['name'], compat_str)
+        artist = try_get(album, lambda x: x['artists'][0]['name'], str)
         if artist:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (artist, title)
+            title = f'{artist} - {title}'
         year = album.get('year')
         if year:
-            title += ' (%s)' % year
+            title += f' ({year})'
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, compat_str(album['id']), title)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, str(album['id']), title)
 
 
 class YandexMusicPlaylistIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:playlist'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Плейлист'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/users/(?P<user>[^/]+)/playlists/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/users/(?P<user>[^/]+)/playlists/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/users/music.partners/playlists/1245',
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'kinds': playlist_id,
                 'light': 'true',
                 'lang': tld,
-                'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                 'overembed': 'false',
             })['playlist']
 
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks),
-            compat_str(playlist_id),
+            str(playlist_id),
             playlist.get('title'), playlist.get('description'))
 
 
@@ -364,14 +363,14 @@ class YandexMusicArtistBaseIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _call_artist(self, tld, url, artist_id):
         return self._call_api(
             'artist', tld, url, artist_id,
-            'Downloading artist %s JSON' % self._ARTIST_WHAT, {
+            f'Downloading artist {self._ARTIST_WHAT} JSON', {
                 'artist': artist_id,
                 'what': self._ARTIST_WHAT,
                 'sort': self._ARTIST_SORT or '',
                 'dir': '',
                 'period': '',
                 'lang': tld,
-                'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                 'overembed': 'false',
             })
 
@@ -381,7 +380,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         artist_id = mobj.group('id')
         data = self._call_artist(tld, url, artist_id)
         tracks = self._extract_tracks(data, artist_id, url, tld)
-        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
+        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks), artist_id, title)
 
@@ -389,7 +388,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class YandexMusicArtistTracksIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:artist:tracks'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Артист - Треки'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/tracks' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/tracks'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://music.yandex.ru/artist/617526/tracks',
@@ -410,8 +409,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         artist_id = mobj.group('id')
         data = self._call_artist(tld, url, artist_id)
         tracks = self._extract_tracks(data, artist_id, url, tld)
-        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist or artist_id, 'Треки')
+        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
+        title = '{} - {}'.format(artist or artist_id, 'Треки')
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks), artist_id, title)
 
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 class YandexMusicArtistAlbumsIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:artist:albums'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Артист - Альбомы'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/albums' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/albums'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://music.yandex.ru/artist/617526/albums',
@@ -447,8 +446,8 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if not album_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'http://music.yandex.ru/album/%s' % album_id,
+                f'http://music.yandex.ru/album/{album_id}',
                 ie=YandexMusicAlbumIE.ie_key(), video_id=album_id))
-        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist or artist_id, 'Альбомы')
+        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
+        title = '{} - {}'.format(artist or artist_id, 'Альбомы')
         return self.playlist_result(entries, artist_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
index 4382a5684..cdd32c5e4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
     title
     views_count
   }
-}''' % video_id).encode(), fatal=False)), lambda x: x['player']['content'])
+}''' % video_id).encode(), fatal=False)), lambda x: x['player']['content'])  # noqa: UP031
         if not player or player.get('error'):
             player = self._download_json(
-                'https://frontend.vh.yandex.ru/v23/player/%s.json' % video_id,
+                f'https://frontend.vh.yandex.ru/v23/player/{video_id}.json',
                 video_id, query={
                     'stream_options': 'hires',
                     'disable_trackings': 1,
@@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ class YandexVideoPreviewIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         data_raw = self._search_regex(r'window.Ya.__inline_params__\s*=\s*JSON.parse\(\'([^"]+?\\u0022video\\u0022:[^"]+?})\'\);', webpage, 'data_raw')
-        data_json = self._parse_json(data_raw, id, transform_source=lowercase_escape)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(data_raw, video_id, transform_source=lowercase_escape)
         return self.url_result(data_json['video']['url'])
 
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'ВОТ ЭТО Focus. Деды Морозы на гидроциклах',
             'description': 'md5:8684912f6086f298f8078d4af0e8a600',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https://avatars.dzeninfra.ru/',
-            'uploader': 'AcademeG DailyStream'
+            'uploader': 'AcademeG DailyStream',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
@@ -259,15 +259,15 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             webpage = self._download_webpage(redirect, video_id, note='Redirecting')
         data_json = self._search_json(
             r'("data"\s*:|data\s*=)', webpage, 'metadata', video_id, contains_pattern=r'{["\']_*serverState_*video.+}')
-        serverstate = self._search_regex(r'(_+serverState_+video-site_[^_]+_+)',
-                                         webpage, 'server state').replace('State', 'Settings')
+        serverstate = self._search_regex(r'(_+serverState_+video-site_[^_]+_+)', webpage, 'server state')
         uploader = self._search_regex(r'(<a\s*class=["\']card-channel-link[^"\']+["\'][^>]+>)',
                                       webpage, 'uploader', default='<a>')
         uploader_name = extract_attributes(uploader).get('aria-label')
-        video_json = try_get(data_json, lambda x: x[serverstate]['exportData']['video'], dict)
-        stream_urls = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['streams'])
+        item_id = traverse_obj(data_json, (serverstate, 'videoViewer', 'openedItemId', {str}))
+        video_json = traverse_obj(data_json, (serverstate, 'videoViewer', 'items', item_id, {dict})) or {}
+
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for s_url in stream_urls:
+        for s_url in traverse_obj(video_json, ('video', 'streams', ..., {url_or_none})):
             ext = determine_ext(s_url)
             if ext == 'mpd':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(s_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
index d6024d912..8d89d1d10 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 class YapFilesIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WORKING = False
     _YAPFILES_URL = r'//(?:(?:www|api)\.)?yapfiles\.ru/get_player/*\?.*?\bv=(?P<id>\w+)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s' % _YAPFILES_URL
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?:{_YAPFILES_URL}'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?{_YAPFILES_URL}.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         # with hd
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'player url', default=None, group='url')
 
         if not player_url:
-            player_url = 'http://api.yapfiles.ru/load/%s/' % video_id
+            player_url = f'http://api.yapfiles.ru/load/{video_id}/'
             query = {
                 'md5': 'ded5f369be61b8ae5f88e2eeb2f3caff',
                 'type': 'json',
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         if title == 'Ролик удален' or 'deleted.jpg' in (thumbnail or ''):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s has been removed' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} has been removed', expected=True)
 
         playlist = self._download_json(
             playlist_url, video_id)['player']['main']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
index 5ce647eee..171e0f136 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Образование и наука', 'Лайфхак', 'Технологии', 'Арт/искусство'],
             'repost_count': int,
             'uploader': 'YAPPY',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://yappy.media/video/3862451954ad4bd58ae2ccefddb0bd33',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'LENA SHTURMAN',
             'upload_date': '20230126',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-st.ritm.media/static/pic/user_thumbnails/6e76bb4bbad640b6/9ec84c115b2b1967/1674716171.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'url': media_url,
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'format_note': 'Watermarked' if has_watermark else None,
-            'preference': -10 if has_watermark else None
+            'preference': -10 if has_watermark else None,
         }] if media_url else []
 
         if has_watermark:
             formats.append({
                 'url': media_url.replace('-wm.mp4', '.mp4'),
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             })
 
         audio_link = traverse_obj(media_data, ('audio', 'link'))
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'url': audio_link,
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'acodec': 'mp3',
-                'vcodec': 'none'
+                'vcodec': 'none',
             })
 
         return {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'uploader': traverse_obj(media_data, ('creator', 'firstName')),
             'uploader_id': traverse_obj(media_data, ('creator', ('uuid', 'nickname')), get_all=False),
             'categories': traverse_obj(media_data, ('categories', ..., 'name')) or None,
-            'repost_count': int_or_none(media_data.get('sharingCount'))
+            'repost_count': int_or_none(media_data.get('sharingCount')),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
index dd0e59901..796f7f316 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class YleAreenaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1543916210,
                 'subtitles': {'fin': [{'url': r're:^https?://', 'ext': 'srt'}]},
                 'age_limit': 7,
-                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-4371942'
-            }
+                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-4371942',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class YleAreenaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1638448202,
                 'subtitles': {},
                 'age_limit': 0,
-                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940'
-            }
+                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-64829589',
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             video_id, headers={
                 'origin': 'https://areena.yle.fi',
                 'referer': 'https://areena.yle.fi/',
-                'content-type': 'application/json'
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
             })
 
         # Example title: 'K1, J2: Pouchit | Modernit miehet'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
index cd12be500..f7ef222c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class YouJizzIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Zeichentrick 1',
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 2874,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.youjizz.com/videos/-2189178.html',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
index 1f3f98a86..fa6b0539b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class YoukuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_ysuid():
-        return '%d%s' % (int(time.time()), ''.join(
+        return '{}{}'.format(int(time.time()), ''.join(
             random.choices(string.ascii_letters, k=3)))
 
     def get_format_name(self, fm):
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 continue
             _, new_entries = self._extract_entries(
                 'http://list.youku.com/show/episode', show_id,
-                note='Downloading playlist data page %d' % (idx + 1),
+                note=f'Downloading playlist data page {idx + 1}',
                 query={
                     'id': page_config['showid'],
                     'stage': reload_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
index b67cb2e17..409ee758a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     format_field,
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@
 )
 
 CDN_API_BASE = 'https://cdn.younow.com/php/api'
-MOMENT_URL_FORMAT = '%s/moment/fetch/id=%%s' % CDN_API_BASE
+MOMENT_URL_FORMAT = f'{CDN_API_BASE}/moment/fetch/id=%s'
 
 
 class YouNowLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -38,21 +37,20 @@ class YouNowLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if YouNowChannelIE.suitable(url) or YouNowMomentIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(YouNowLiveIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user=%s'
-            % username, username)
+            f'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user={username}', username)
 
         if data.get('errorCode') != 0:
             raise ExtractorError(data['errorMsg'], expected=True)
 
         uploader = try_get(
             data, lambda x: x['user']['profileUrlString'],
-            compat_str) or username
+            str) or username
 
         return {
             'id': uploader,
@@ -63,13 +61,12 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'categories': data.get('tags'),
             'uploader': uploader,
             'uploader_id': data.get('userId'),
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.younow.com/%s' % username,
+            'uploader_url': f'https://www.younow.com/{username}',
             'creator': uploader,
             'view_count': int_or_none(data.get('viewers')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(data.get('likes')),
             'formats': [{
-                'url': '%s/broadcast/videoPath/hls=1/broadcastId=%s/channelId=%s'
-                       % (CDN_API_BASE, data['broadcastId'], data['userId']),
+                'url': '{}/broadcast/videoPath/hls=1/broadcastId={}/channelId={}'.format(CDN_API_BASE, data['broadcastId'], data['userId']),
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'protocol': 'm3u8',
             }],
@@ -83,18 +80,18 @@ def _extract_moment(item, fatal=True):
             return
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract moment id')
 
-    moment_id = compat_str(moment_id)
+    moment_id = str(moment_id)
 
     title = item.get('text')
     if not title:
         title = 'YouNow %s' % (
             item.get('momentType') or item.get('titleType') or 'moment')
 
-    uploader = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['name'], compat_str)
+    uploader = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['name'], str)
     uploader_id = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['userId'])
     uploader_url = format_field(uploader, None, 'https://www.younow.com/%s')
 
-    entry = {
+    return {
         'extractor_key': 'YouNowMoment',
         'id': moment_id,
         'title': title,
@@ -106,15 +103,12 @@ def _extract_moment(item, fatal=True):
         'uploader_id': str_or_none(uploader_id),
         'uploader_url': uploader_url,
         'formats': [{
-            'url': 'https://hls.younow.com/momentsplaylists/live/%s/%s.m3u8'
-                   % (moment_id, moment_id),
+            'url': f'https://hls.younow.com/momentsplaylists/live/{moment_id}/{moment_id}.m3u8',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
         }],
     }
 
-    return entry
-
 
 class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?younow\.com/(?P<id>[^/]+)/channel'
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.younow.com/its_Kateee_/channel',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '14629760',
-            'title': 'its_Kateee_ moments'
+            'title': 'its_Kateee_ moments',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }
@@ -133,9 +127,8 @@ def _entries(self, username, channel_id):
             if created_before is None:
                 break
             info = self._download_json(
-                '%s/moment/profile/channelId=%s/createdBefore=%d/records=20'
-                % (CDN_API_BASE, channel_id, created_before), username,
-                note='Downloading moments page %d' % page_num)
+                f'{CDN_API_BASE}/moment/profile/channelId={channel_id}/createdBefore={created_before}/records=20',
+                username, note=f'Downloading moments page {page_num}')
             items = info.get('items')
             if not items or not isinstance(items, list):
                 break
@@ -153,7 +146,7 @@ def _entries(self, username, channel_id):
                         for moment_id in moments:
                             m = self._download_json(
                                 MOMENT_URL_FORMAT % moment_id, username,
-                                note='Downloading %s moment JSON' % moment_id,
+                                note=f'Downloading {moment_id} moment JSON',
                                 fatal=False)
                             if m and isinstance(m, dict) and m.get('item'):
                                 entry = _extract_moment(m['item'])
@@ -163,12 +156,12 @@ def _entries(self, username, channel_id):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
-        channel_id = compat_str(self._download_json(
-            'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user=%s'
-            % username, username, note='Downloading user information')['userId'])
+        channel_id = str(self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user={username}',
+            username, note='Downloading user information')['userId'])
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(username, channel_id), channel_id,
-            '%s moments' % username)
+            f'{username} moments')
 
 
 class YouNowMomentIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -193,7 +186,7 @@ class YouNowMomentIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if YouNowChannelIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(YouNowMomentIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
index 6ee0abcae..4a00dfe9c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
+import itertools
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    ExtractorError,
+    clean_html,
     extract_attributes,
+    get_element_by_class,
+    get_element_by_id,
+    get_elements_html_by_class,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
-    str_to_int,
+    parse_count,
+    parse_qs,
     traverse_obj,
     unified_strdate,
     url_or_none,
+    urljoin,
 )
 
 
 class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/(?:watch|embed)/(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+))?'
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/(?:watch|embed)/(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+))?/?(?:[#?]|$)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/embed/\d+)']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.youporn.com/watch/505835/sex-ed-is-it-safe-to-masturbate-daily/',
@@ -34,7 +42,7 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
         },
-        'skip': 'This video has been disabled',
+        'skip': 'This video has been deactivated',
     }, {
         # Unknown uploader
         'url': 'http://www.youporn.com/watch/561726/big-tits-awesome-brunette-on-amazing-webcam-show/?from=related3&al=2&from_id=561726&pos=4',
@@ -72,27 +80,42 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '16290308',
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': [],
-            'description': 'md5:00ea70f642f431c379763c17c2f396bc',
             'display_id': 'tinderspecial-trailer1',
             'duration': 298.0,
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20201123',
             'uploader': 'Ersties',
             'tags': [],
-            'thumbnail': 'https://fi1.ypncdn.com/202011/23/16290308/original/8/tinderspecial-trailer1-8(m=eaAaaEPbaaaa).jpg',
-            'timestamp': 1606089600,
+            'thumbnail': r're:https://.+\.jpg',
+            'timestamp': 1606147564,
             'title': 'Tinder In Real Life',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'display_id')
-        definitions = self._download_json(
-            f'https://www.youporn.com/api/video/media_definitions/{video_id}/', display_id or video_id)
+        self._set_cookie('.youporn.com', 'age_verified', '1')
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://www.youporn.com/watch/{video_id}', video_id)
 
-        def get_format_data(data, f):
-            return traverse_obj(data, lambda _, v: v['format'] == f and url_or_none(v['videoUrl']))
+        watchable = self._search_regex(
+            r'''(<div\s[^>]*\bid\s*=\s*('|")?watch-container(?(2)\2|(?!-)\b)[^>]*>)''',
+            webpage, 'watchability', default=None)
+        if not watchable:
+            msg = re.split(r'\s{2}', clean_html(get_element_by_id('mainContent', webpage)) or '')[0]
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} says: {msg}' if msg else 'Video unavailable', expected=True)
+
+        player_vars = self._search_json(r'\bplayervars\s*:', webpage, 'player vars', video_id)
+        definitions = player_vars['mediaDefinitions']
+
+        def get_format_data(data, stream_type):
+            info_url = traverse_obj(data, (lambda _, v: v['format'] == stream_type, 'videoUrl', {url_or_none}, any))
+            if not info_url:
+                return []
+            return traverse_obj(
+                self._download_json(info_url, video_id, f'Downloading {stream_type} info JSON', fatal=False),
+                lambda _, v: v['format'] == stream_type and url_or_none(v['videoUrl']))
 
         formats = []
         # Try to extract only the actual master m3u8 first, avoiding the duplicate single resolution "master" m3u8s
@@ -103,7 +126,7 @@ def get_format_data(data, f):
         for definition in get_format_data(definitions, 'mp4'):
             f = traverse_obj(definition, {
                 'url': 'videoUrl',
-                'filesize': ('videoSize', {int_or_none})
+                'filesize': ('videoSize', {int_or_none}),
             })
             height = int_or_none(definition.get('quality'))
             # Video URL's path looks like this:
@@ -117,16 +140,12 @@ def get_format_data(data, f):
                     height = int(mobj.group('height'))
                 bitrate = int(mobj.group('bitrate'))
                 f.update({
-                    'format_id': '%dp-%dk' % (height, bitrate),
+                    'format_id': f'{height}p-{bitrate}k',
                     'tbr': bitrate,
                 })
             f['height'] = height
             formats.append(f)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.youporn.com/watch/%s' % video_id, display_id,
-            headers={'Cookie': 'age_verified=1'})
-
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=["\']watchVideoTitle[^>]+>(.+?)</div>',
             webpage, 'title', default=None) or self._og_search_title(
@@ -141,8 +160,10 @@ def get_format_data(data, f):
         thumbnail = self._search_regex(
             r'(?:imageurl\s*=|poster\s*:)\s*(["\'])(?P<thumbnail>.+?)\1',
             webpage, 'thumbnail', fatal=False, group='thumbnail')
-        duration = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
-            'video:duration', webpage, 'duration', fatal=False))
+        duration = traverse_obj(player_vars, ('duration', {int_or_none}))
+        if duration is None:
+            duration = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
+                'video:duration', webpage, 'duration', fatal=False))
 
         uploader = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=["\']submitByLink["\'][^>]*>(.+?)</div>',
@@ -158,11 +179,11 @@ def get_format_data(data, f):
 
         view_count = None
         views = self._search_regex(
-            r'(<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']js_videoInfoViews["\']>)', webpage,
-            'views', default=None)
+            r'(<div [^>]*\bdata-value\s*=[^>]+>)\s*<label>Views:</label>',
+            webpage, 'views', default=None)
         if views:
-            view_count = str_to_int(extract_attributes(views).get('data-value'))
-        comment_count = str_to_int(self._search_regex(
+            view_count = parse_count(extract_attributes(views).get('data-value'))
+        comment_count = parse_count(self._search_regex(
             r'>All [Cc]omments? \(([\d,.]+)\)',
             webpage, 'comment count', default=None))
 
@@ -180,7 +201,8 @@ def extract_tag_box(regex, title):
 
         data = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, expected_type='VideoObject', fatal=False)
         data.pop('url', None)
-        return merge_dicts(data, {
+
+        result = merge_dicts(data, {
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': title,
@@ -196,3 +218,350 @@ def extract_tag_box(regex, title):
             'age_limit': age_limit,
             'formats': formats,
         })
+
+        # Remove SEO spam "description"
+        description = result.get('description')
+        if description and description.startswith(f'Watch {result.get("title")} online'):
+            del result['description']
+
+        return result
+
+
+class YouPornListBase(InfoExtractor):
+    def _get_next_url(self, url, pl_id, html):
+        return urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
+            r'''<a [^>]*?\bhref\s*=\s*("|')(?P<url>(?:(?!\1)[^>])+)\1''',
+            get_element_by_id('next', html) or '', 'next page',
+            group='url', default=None))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_title_from_slug(cls, title_slug):
+        return re.sub(r'[_-]', ' ', title_slug)
+
+    def _entries(self, url, pl_id, html=None, page_num=None):
+        start = page_num or 1
+        for page in itertools.count(start):
+            if not html:
+                html = self._download_webpage(
+                    url, pl_id, note=f'Downloading page {page}', fatal=page == start)
+            if not html:
+                return
+            for element in get_elements_html_by_class('video-title', html):
+                if video_url := traverse_obj(element, ({extract_attributes}, 'href', {lambda x: urljoin(url, x)})):
+                    yield self.url_result(video_url)
+
+            if page_num is not None:
+                return
+            next_url = self._get_next_url(url, pl_id, html)
+            if not next_url or next_url == url:
+                return
+            url = next_url
+            html = None
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url, html=None):
+        m_dict = self._match_valid_url(url).groupdict()
+        pl_id, page_type, sort = (m_dict.get(k) for k in ('id', 'type', 'sort'))
+        qs = {k: v[-1] for k, v in parse_qs(url).items() if v}
+
+        base_id = pl_id or 'YouPorn'
+        title = self._get_title_from_slug(base_id)
+        if page_type:
+            title = f'{page_type.capitalize()} {title}'
+        base_id = [base_id.lower()]
+        if sort is None:
+            title += ' videos'
+        else:
+            title = f'{title} videos by {re.sub(r"[_-]", " ", sort)}'
+            base_id.append(sort)
+        if qs:
+            filters = list(map('='.join, sorted(qs.items())))
+            title += f' ({",".join(filters)})'
+            base_id.extend(filters)
+        pl_id = '/'.join(base_id)
+
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            self._entries(url, pl_id, html=html, page_num=int_or_none(qs.get('page'))),
+            playlist_id=pl_id, playlist_title=title)
+
+
+class YouPornCategoryIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn category, with sorting, filtering and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+        (?P<type>category)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
+        (?:/(?P<sort>popular|views|rating|time|duration))?/?(?:[#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/category/popular-with-women/popular/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'popular-with-women/popular',
+            'title': 'Category popular with women videos by popular',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 39,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Filtered paginated list with single page result',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/category/popular-with-women/duration/?min_minutes=10',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'popular-with-women/duration/min_minutes=10',
+            'title': 'Category popular with women videos by duration (min_minutes=10)',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
+        # 'playlist_maxcount': 30,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/category/popular-with-women/popular?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'popular-with-women/popular/page=1',
+            'title': 'Category popular with women videos by popular (page=1)',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 36,
+    }]
+
+
+class YouPornChannelIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn channel, with sorting and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+        (?P<type>channel)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
+        (?:/(?P<sort>rating|views|duration))?/?(?:[#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/channel/x-feeds/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x-feeds',
+            'title': 'Channel X-Feeds videos',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 37,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list (no filters here)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/channel/x-feeds/duration?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'x-feeds/duration/page=1',
+            'title': 'Channel X-Feeds videos by duration (page=1)',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 24,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_title_from_slug(title_slug):
+        return re.sub(r'_', ' ', title_slug).title()
+
+
+class YouPornCollectionIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn collection (user playlist), with sorting and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+        (?P<type>collection)s/videos/(?P<id>\d+)
+        (?:/(?P<sort>rating|views|time|duration))?/?(?:[#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/collections/videos/33044251/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '33044251',
+            'title': 'Collection Sexy Lips videos',
+            'uploader': 'ph-littlewillyb',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list (no filters here)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/collections/videos/33044251/time?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': '33044251/time/page=1',
+            'title': 'Collection Sexy Lips videos by time (page=1)',
+            'uploader': 'ph-littlewillyb',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 20,
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        pl_id = self._match_id(url)
+        html = self._download_webpage(url, pl_id)
+        playlist = super()._real_extract(url, html=html)
+        infos = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', clean_html(get_element_by_class(
+            'collection-infos', html)) or '')
+        title, uploader = self._search_regex(
+            r'^\s*Collection: (?P<title>.+?) \d+ VIDEOS \d+ VIEWS \d+ days LAST UPDATED From: (?P<uploader>[\w_-]+)',
+            infos, 'title/uploader', group=('title', 'uploader'), default=(None, None))
+        if title:
+            playlist.update({
+                'title': playlist['title'].replace(playlist['id'].split('/')[0], title),
+                'uploader': uploader,
+            })
+
+        return playlist
+
+
+class YouPornTagIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn tag (porntags), with sorting, filtering and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+        porn(?P<type>tag)s/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
+        (?:/(?P<sort>views|rating|time|duration))?/?(?:[#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/porntags/austrian',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'austrian',
+            'title': 'Tag austrian videos',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 33,
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouPorn tag pages are not correctly cached'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Filtered paginated list with single page result',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/porntags/austrian/duration/?min_minutes=10',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'austrian/duration/min_minutes=10',
+            'title': 'Tag austrian videos by duration (min_minutes=10)',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 10,
+        # number of videos per page is (row x col) 2x3 + 6x4 + 2, or + 3,
+        # or more, varying with number of ads; let's set max as 9x4
+        # NB col 1 may not be shown in non-JS page with site CSS and zoom 100%
+        # 'playlist_maxcount': 32,
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouPorn tag pages are not correctly cached'],
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/porntags/austrian/?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'austrian/page=1',
+            'title': 'Tag austrian videos (page=1)',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 32,
+        # 'playlist_maxcount': 34,
+        'expected_warnings': ['YouPorn tag pages are not correctly cached'],
+    }]
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        self.report_warning(
+            'YouPorn tag pages are not correctly cached and '
+            'often return incorrect results', only_once=True)
+        return super()._real_extract(url)
+
+
+class YouPornStarIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn Pornstar, with description, sorting and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+        (?P<type>pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
+        (?:/(?P<sort>rating|views|duration))?/?(?:[#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/pornstar/daynia/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'daynia',
+            'title': 'Pornstar Daynia videos',
+            'description': r're:Daynia Rank \d+ Videos \d+ Views [\d,.]+ .+ Subscribers \d+',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 40,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list (no filters here)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/pornstar/daynia/?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'daynia/page=1',
+            'title': 'Pornstar Daynia videos (page=1)',
+            'description': 're:.{180,}',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 26,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_title_from_slug(title_slug):
+        return re.sub(r'_', ' ', title_slug).title()
+
+    def _real_extract(self, url):
+        pl_id = self._match_id(url)
+        html = self._download_webpage(url, pl_id)
+        playlist = super()._real_extract(url, html=html)
+        INFO_ELEMENT_RE = r'''(?x)
+            <div [^>]*\bclass\s*=\s*('|")(?:[\w$-]+\s+|\s)*?pornstar-info-wrapper(?:\s+[\w$-]+|\s)*\1[^>]*>
+            (?P<info>[\s\S]+?)(?:</div>\s*){6,}
+        '''
+
+        if infos := self._search_regex(INFO_ELEMENT_RE, html, 'infos', group='info', default=''):
+            infos = re.sub(
+                r'(?:\s*nl=nl)+\s*', ' ',
+                re.sub(r'(?u)\s+', ' ', clean_html(re.sub('\n', 'nl=nl', infos)))).replace('ribe Subsc', '')
+
+        return {
+            **playlist,
+            'description': infos.strip() or None,
+        }
+
+
+class YouPornVideosIE(YouPornListBase):
+    IE_DESC = 'YouPorn video (browse) playlists, with sorting, filtering and pagination'
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+        https?://(?:www\.)?youporn\.com/
+            (?:(?P<id>browse)/)?
+            (?P<sort>(?(id)
+                (?:duration|rating|time|views)|
+                (?:most_(?:favou?rit|view)ed|recommended|top_rated)?))
+            (?:[/#?]|$)
+    '''
+    _TESTS = [{
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination (too long for test)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youporn',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos',
+        },
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination (too long for test)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/recommended',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youporn/recommended',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by recommended',
+        },
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination (too long for test)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/top_rated',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youporn/top_rated',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by top rated',
+        },
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Full list with pagination (too long for test)',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/browse/time',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'browse/time',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by time',
+        },
+        'only_matching': True,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Filtered paginated list with single page result',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/most_favorited/?res=VR&max_minutes=2',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youporn/most_favorited/max_minutes=2/res=VR',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by most favorited (max_minutes=2,res=VR)',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 10,
+        # 'playlist_maxcount': 28,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Filtered paginated list with several pages',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/most_favorited/?res=VR&max_minutes=5',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'youporn/most_favorited/max_minutes=5/res=VR',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by most favorited (max_minutes=5,res=VR)',
+        },
+        'playlist_mincount': 45,
+    }, {
+        'note': 'Single page of full list',
+        'url': 'https://www.youporn.com/browse/time?page=1',
+        'info_dict': {
+            'id': 'browse/time/page=1',
+            'title': 'YouPorn videos by time (page=1)',
+        },
+        'playlist_count': 36,
+    }]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_title_from_slug(title_slug):
+        return 'YouPorn' if title_slug == 'browse' else title_slug
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 38f42a991..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourporn.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
-from ..utils import (
-    parse_duration,
-    urljoin,
-)
-
-
-class YourPornIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?sxyprn\.com/post/(?P<id>[^/?#&.]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'https://sxyprn.com/post/57ffcb2e1179b.html',
-        'md5': '6f8682b6464033d87acaa7a8ff0c092e',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '57ffcb2e1179b',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'md5:c9f43630bd968267672651ba905a7d35',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 165,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-        },
-        'params': {
-            'skip_download': True,
-        },
-    }, {
-        'url': 'https://sxyprn.com/post/57ffcb2e1179b.html',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-
-        parts = self._parse_json(
-            self._search_regex(
-                r'data-vnfo=(["\'])(?P<data>{.+?})\1', webpage, 'data info',
-                group='data'),
-            video_id)[video_id].split('/')
-
-        num = 0
-        for c in parts[6] + parts[7]:
-            if c.isnumeric():
-                num += int(c)
-        parts[5] = compat_str(int(parts[5]) - num)
-        parts[1] += '8'
-        video_url = urljoin(url, '/'.join(parts))
-
-        title = (self._search_regex(
-            r'<[^>]+\bclass=["\']PostEditTA[^>]+>([^<]+)', webpage, 'title',
-            default=None) or self._og_search_description(webpage)).strip()
-        thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
-        duration = parse_duration(self._search_regex(
-            r'duration\s*:\s*<[^>]+>([\d:]+)', webpage, 'duration',
-            default=None))
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'url': video_url,
-            'title': title,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'duration': duration,
-            'age_limit': 18,
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py
deleted file mode 100644
index def63293a..000000000
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yourupload.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import urljoin
-
-
-class YourUploadIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:yourupload\.com/(?:watch|embed)|embed\.yourupload\.com)/(?P<id>[A-Za-z0-9]+)'
-    _TESTS = [{
-        'url': 'http://yourupload.com/watch/14i14h',
-        'md5': '5e2c63385454c557f97c4c4131a393cd',
-        'info_dict': {
-            'id': '14i14h',
-            'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'BigBuckBunny_320x180.mp4',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-        }
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://www.yourupload.com/embed/14i14h',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }, {
-        'url': 'http://embed.yourupload.com/14i14h',
-        'only_matching': True,
-    }]
-
-    def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = self._match_id(url)
-
-        embed_url = 'http://www.yourupload.com/embed/%s' % video_id
-
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(embed_url, video_id)
-
-        title = self._og_search_title(webpage)
-        video_url = urljoin(embed_url, self._og_search_video_url(webpage))
-        thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None)
-
-        return {
-            'id': video_id,
-            'title': title,
-            'url': video_url,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'http_headers': {
-                'Referer': embed_url,
-            },
-        }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
index e553fff9f..a227f2425 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB',
                 'clientVersion': '2.20220801.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
     },
     'web_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220731.00.00',
             },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56,
     },
     'web_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyC9XL3ZjWddXya6X74dJoCTL-WEYFDNX30',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB_REMIX',
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220727.01.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 67,
     },
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220726.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 62,
     },
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.37',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 3,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyCjc_pVEDi4qsv5MtC2dMXzpIaDoRFLsxw',
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.37',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 55,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyAOghZGza2MQSZkY_zfZ370N-PUdXEo8AI',
@@ -145,11 +145,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_MUSIC',
                 'clientVersion': '6.42.52',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.music/6.42.52 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.music/6.42.52 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 21,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_creator': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyD_qjV8zaaUMehtLkrKFgVeSX_Iqbtyws8',
@@ -158,11 +158,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '22.30.100',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.creator/22.30.100 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.creator/22.30.100 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 14,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     # iOS clients have HLS live streams. Setting device model to get 60fps formats.
     # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipeExtractor/issues/680#issuecomment-1002724558
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'IOS',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 5,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'IOS_MESSAGES_EXTENSION',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 66,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyBAETezhkwP0ZWA02RsqT1zu78Fpt0bC_s',
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'IOS_MUSIC',
                 'clientVersion': '6.33.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtubemusic/6.33.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtubemusic/6.33.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 26,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_creator': {
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@
                 'clientName': 'IOS_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '22.33.101',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.ytcreator/22.33.101 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.ytcreator/22.33.101 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 15,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     # mweb has 'ultralow' formats
     # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/557
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'MWEB',
                 'clientVersion': '2.20220801.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2,
     },
     # This client can access age restricted videos (unless the uploader has disabled the 'allow embedding' option)
     # See: https://github.com/zerodytrash/YouTube-Internal-Clients
@@ -238,7 +238,17 @@
                 'clientVersion': '2.0',
             },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85,
+    },
+    # This client has pre-merged video+audio 720p/1080p streams
+    'mediaconnect': {
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
+            'client': {
+                'clientName': 'MEDIA_CONNECT_FRONTEND',
+                'clientVersion': '0.1',
+            },
+        },
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 95,
     },
 }
 
@@ -455,7 +465,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         'lt', 'hu', 'nl', 'no', 'uz', 'pl', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'ro', 'sq', 'sk', 'sl', 'sr-Latn', 'fi',
         'sv', 'vi', 'tr', 'be', 'bg', 'ky', 'kk', 'mk', 'mn', 'ru', 'sr', 'uk', 'el', 'hy', 'iw',
         'ur', 'ar', 'fa', 'ne', 'mr', 'hi', 'as', 'bn', 'pa', 'gu', 'or', 'ta', 'te', 'kn', 'ml',
-        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko'
+        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko',
     ]
 
     _IGNORED_WARNINGS = {'Unavailable videos will be hidden during playback'}
@@ -688,7 +698,7 @@ def generate_api_headers(
             'X-Youtube-Identity-Token': identity_token or self._extract_identity_token(ytcfg),
             'X-Goog-PageId': account_syncid or self._extract_account_syncid(ytcfg),
             'X-Goog-Visitor-Id': visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(ytcfg),
-            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client)
+            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client),
         }
         if session_index is None:
             session_index = self._extract_session_index(ytcfg)
@@ -705,7 +715,7 @@ def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):
         url = {
             'web': 'https://www.youtube.com',
             'web_music': 'https://music.youtube.com',
-            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1'
+            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1',
         }.get(client)
         if not url:
             return {}
@@ -716,7 +726,7 @@ def _download_ytcfg(self, client, video_id):
     @staticmethod
     def _build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp=None):
         query = {
-            'continuation': continuation
+            'continuation': continuation,
         }
         # TODO: Inconsistency with clickTrackingParams.
         # Currently we have a fixed ctp contained within context (from ytcfg)
@@ -756,7 +766,7 @@ def _extract_continuation(cls, renderer):
 
         return traverse_obj(renderer, (
             ('contents', 'items', 'rows'), ..., 'continuationItemRenderer',
-            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command'))
+            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command')),
         ), get_all=False, expected_type=cls._extract_continuation_ep_data)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -783,7 +793,7 @@ def _report_alerts(self, alerts, expected=True, fatal=True, only_once=False):
         for alert_type, alert_message in (warnings + errors[:-1]):
             self.report_warning(f'YouTube said: {alert_type} - {alert_message}', only_once=only_once)
         if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError('YouTube said: %s' % errors[-1][1], expected=expected)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'YouTube said: {errors[-1][1]}', expected=expected)
 
     def _extract_and_report_alerts(self, data, *args, **kwargs):
         return self._report_alerts(self._extract_alerts(data), *args, **kwargs)
@@ -917,7 +927,7 @@ def extract_relative_time(relative_time_text):
             if start:
                 return datetime_from_str(start)
             try:
-                return datetime_from_str('now-%s%s' % (mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
+                return datetime_from_str('now-{}{}'.format(mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
             except ValueError:
                 return None
 
@@ -1104,13 +1114,13 @@ def _extract_video(self, renderer):
                     is_unlisted=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED) or None),
             view_count_field: view_count,
             'live_status': live_status,
-            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None
+            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
         }
 
 
 class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'YouTube'
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)^
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)^
                      (
                          (?:https?://|//)                                    # http(s):// or protocol-independent URL
                          (?:(?:(?:(?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie|kids)?\.com|
@@ -1119,7 +1129,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                             (?:www\.)?hooktube\.com|
                             (?:www\.)?yourepeat\.com|
                             tube\.majestyc\.net|
-                            %(invidious)s|
+                            {invidious}|
                             youtube\.googleapis\.com)/                        # the various hostnames, with wildcard subdomains
                          (?:.*?\#/)?                                          # handle anchor (#/) redirect urls
                          (?:                                                  # the various things that can precede the ID:
@@ -1135,16 +1145,16 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                             youtu\.be|                                        # just youtu.be/xxxx
                             vid\.plus|                                        # or vid.plus/xxxx
                             zwearz\.com/watch|                                # or zwearz.com/watch/xxxx
-                            %(invidious)s
+                            {invidious}
                          )/
                          |(?:www\.)?cleanvideosearch\.com/media/action/yt/watch\?videoId=
                          )
                      )?                                                       # all until now is optional -> you can pass the naked ID
-                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})                                # here is it! the YouTube video ID
+                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})                              # here is it! the YouTube video ID
                      (?(1).+)?                                                # if we found the ID, everything can follow
-                     (?:\#|$)""" % {
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+                     (?:\#|$)'''.format(
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
         r'''(?x)
             (?:
@@ -1171,7 +1181,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         r'/(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{8,})/player(?:_ias\.vflset(?:/[a-zA-Z]{2,3}_[a-zA-Z]{2,3})?|-plasma-ias-(?:phone|tablet)-[a-z]{2}_[A-Z]{2}\.vflset)/base\.js$',
         r'\b(?P<id>vfl[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)\b.*?\.js$',
     )
-    _formats = {
+    _formats = {  # NB: Used in YoutubeWebArchiveIE and GoogleDriveIE
         '5': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 400, 'height': 240, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
         '6': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 450, 'height': 270, 'acodec': 'mp3', 'abr': 64, 'vcodec': 'h263'},
         '13': {'ext': '3gp', 'acodec': 'aac', 'vcodec': 'mp4v'},
@@ -1315,7 +1325,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            }
+                'timestamp': 1349198244,
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': '//www.YouTube.com/watch?v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
@@ -1358,6 +1369,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1349198244,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -1371,7 +1383,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'm4a',
                 'upload_date': '20121002',
                 'description': '',
-                'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4'
+                'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4',
             },
             'params': {
                 'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
@@ -1444,6 +1456,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1401991663,
             },
         },
         {
@@ -1503,6 +1516,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
                 'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
+                'timestamp': 1577508724,
             },
         },
         {
@@ -1577,7 +1591,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
                 'DASH manifest missing',
-            ]
+            ],
         },
         # Olympics (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4431)
         {
@@ -1608,10 +1622,11 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@Olympics',
                 'uploader_id': '@Olympics',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
+                'timestamp': 1440707674,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': 'requires avconv',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Non-square pixels
         {
@@ -1641,6 +1656,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': '孫ᄋᄅ',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@AllenMeow',
                 'uploader_id': '@AllenMeow',
+                'timestamp': 1299776999,
             },
         },
         # url_encoded_fmt_stream_map is empty string
@@ -1784,6 +1800,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 },
             }],
             'params': {'skip_download': True},
+            'skip': 'Not multifeed anymore',
         },
         {
             # Multifeed video with comma in title (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8536)
@@ -1833,7 +1850,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'playable_in_embed': True,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_follower_count': int
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -1892,6 +1909,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society',
                 'uploader_id': '@BKCHarvard',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@BKCHarvard',
+                'timestamp': 1422422076,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -1927,6 +1945,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@BernieSanders',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1447987198,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -1990,6 +2009,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@Vsauce',
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
+                'timestamp': 1484761047,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2091,7 +2111,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'channel_id': 'UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
                 'tags': 'count:11',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_follower_count': int
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2145,6 +2165,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'l\'Or Vert asbl',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ElevageOrVert',
                 'uploader_id': '@ElevageOrVert',
+                'timestamp': 1497343210,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2183,6 +2204,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@Csharp-video-tutorialsBlogspot',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1377976349,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2265,7 +2287,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@CBSMornings',
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
-            }
+                'timestamp': 1405513526,
+            },
         },
         {
             # restricted location, https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28685
@@ -2282,7 +2305,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'channel': 'Walk around Japan',
                 'tags': ['Ueno Tokyo', 'Okachimachi Tokyo', 'Ameyoko Street', 'Tokyo attraction', 'Travel in Tokyo'],
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/cBvYw8_A0vQ/hqdefault.webp',
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cBvYw8_A0vQ/hqdefault.jpg',
                 'age_limit': 0,
                 'availability': 'public',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3o_t8PzBmXf5S9b7GLx1Mw',
@@ -2292,6 +2315,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Walk around Japan',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@walkaroundjapan7124',
                 'uploader_id': '@walkaroundjapan7124',
+                'timestamp': 1605884416,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2299,11 +2323,11 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         }, {
             # Has multiple audio streams
             'url': 'WaOKSUlf4TM',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # Requires Premium: has format 141 when requested using YTM url
             'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=XclachpHxis',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # multiple subtitles with same lang_code
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsQiKKfKxug',
@@ -2343,6 +2367,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'format': '17',  # 3gp format available on android
                 'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['android']}},
             },
+            'skip': 'android client broken',
         },
         {
             # Skip download of additional client configs (remix client config in this case)
@@ -2386,7 +2411,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            }, 'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True}
+                'timestamp': 1395685455,
+            }, 'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # Ensure video upload_date is in UTC timezone (video was uploaded 1641170939)
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NUZ8W2llS4',
@@ -2415,37 +2441,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LeonNguyen',
                 'uploader_id': '@LeonNguyen',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            }
-        }, {
-            # Same video as above, but with --compat-opt no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NUZ8W2llS4',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': '2NUZ8W2llS4',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'The NP that test your phone performance 🙂',
-                'description': 'md5:144494b24d4f9dfacb97c1bbef5de84d',
-                'channel_id': 'UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRqNBSOHgilHfAczlUmlWHA',
-                'duration': 21,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'categories': ['Gaming'],
-                'tags': 'count:23',
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'upload_date': '20220102',
-                'like_count': int,
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'channel': 'Leon Nguyen',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi_webp/2NUZ8W2llS4/maxresdefault.webp',
-                'comment_count': int,
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Leon Nguyen',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LeonNguyen',
-                'uploader_id': '@LeonNguyen',
-                'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1641170939,
             },
-            'params': {'compat_opts': ['no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date']}
         }, {
             # date text is premiered video, ensure upload date in UTC (published 1641172509)
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzZzzBU6lrM',
@@ -2477,38 +2474,41 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
-            }
-        },
-        {   # continuous livestream. Microformat upload date should be preferred.
-            # Upload date was 2021-06-19 (not UTC), while stream start is 2021-11-27
-            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgx4WGK0oNU',
-            'info_dict': {
-                'id': 'kgx4WGK0oNU',
-                'title': r're:jazz\/lofi hip hop radio🌱chill beats to relax\/study to \[LIVE 24\/7\] \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
-                'ext': 'mp4',
-                'channel_id': 'UC84whx2xxsiA1gXHXXqKGOA',
-                'availability': 'public',
-                'age_limit': 0,
-                'release_timestamp': 1637975704,
-                'upload_date': '20210619',
-                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84whx2xxsiA1gXHXXqKGOA',
-                'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kgx4WGK0oNU/maxresdefault.jpg',
-                'channel': 'Abao in Tokyo',
-                'channel_follower_count': int,
-                'release_date': '20211127',
-                'tags': 'count:39',
-                'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
-                'like_count': int,
-                'view_count': int,
-                'playable_in_embed': True,
-                'description': 'md5:2ef1d002cad520f65825346e2084e49d',
-                'concurrent_view_count': int,
-                'uploader': 'Abao in Tokyo',
-                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@abaointokyo',
-                'uploader_id': '@abaointokyo',
+                'timestamp': 1641172509,
             },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        },
+        {   # continuous livestream.
+            # Upload date was 2022-07-12T05:12:29-07:00, while stream start is 2022-07-12T15:59:30+00:00
+            'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfKfPfyJRdk',
+            'info_dict': {
+                'id': 'jfKfPfyJRdk',
+                'ext': 'mp4',
+                'channel_id': 'UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
+                'like_count': int,
+                'uploader': 'Lofi Girl',
+                'categories': ['Music'],
+                'concurrent_view_count': int,
+                'playable_in_embed': True,
+                'timestamp': 1657627949,
+                'release_date': '20220712',
+                'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSJ4gkVC6NrvII8umztf0Ow',
+                'description': 'md5:13a6f76df898f5674f9127139f3df6f7',
+                'age_limit': 0,
+                'thumbnail': 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jfKfPfyJRdk/maxresdefault.jpg',
+                'release_timestamp': 1657641570,
+                'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LofiGirl',
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
+                'channel_is_verified': True,
+                'title': r're:^lofi hip hop radio 📚 - beats to relax/study to',
+                'view_count': int,
+                'live_status': 'is_live',
+                'tags': 'count:32',
+                'channel': 'Lofi Girl',
+                'availability': 'public',
+                'upload_date': '20220712',
+                'uploader_id': '@LofiGirl',
+            },
+            'params': {'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjjjtzRLHvA',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -2534,7 +2534,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@lesmiscore',
                 'uploader': 'Lesmiscore',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lesmiscore',
-            }
+                'timestamp': 1648005313,
+            },
         }, {
             # Prefer primary title+description language metadata by default
             # Do not prefer translated description if primary is empty
@@ -2561,8 +2562,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
                 'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
                 'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+                'timestamp': 1662677394,
             },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # Extractor argument: prefer translated title+description
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHKT4uU8Zng',
@@ -2574,7 +2576,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 5,
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'channel_id': 'UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA',
-                'upload_date': '20220728',
+                'upload_date': '20220729',
                 'view_count': int,
                 'categories': ['People & Blogs'],
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
@@ -2587,6 +2589,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@coletdjnz',
                 'uploader_id': '@coletdjnz',
                 'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
+                'timestamp': 1659073275,
+                'like_count': int,
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': True, 'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'lang': ['fr']}}},
             'expected_warnings': [r'Preferring "fr" translated fields'],
@@ -2652,6 +2656,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Projekt Melody',
                 'uploader_id': '@ProjektMelody',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ProjektMelody',
+                'timestamp': 1577508724,
             },
             'params': {'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['tv_embedded']}}, 'format': '251-drc'},
         },
@@ -2686,6 +2691,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@sana_natori',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1671798112,
             },
         },
         {
@@ -2720,7 +2726,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
             },
             'params': {
-                'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['android'], 'player_skip': ['webpage']}},
+                'extractor_args': {'youtube': {'player_client': ['ios'], 'player_skip': ['webpage']}},
             },
         },
     ]
@@ -2755,10 +2761,11 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
                 'uploader_id': '@ChristopherSykesDocumentaries',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
+                'timestamp': 1211825920,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -2915,7 +2922,7 @@ def _extract_sequence_from_mpd(refresh_sequence, immediate):
                     if not should_continue:
                         known_idx = idx - 1
                         raise ExtractorError('breaking out of outer loop')
-                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, 'sq/%d' % idx)
+                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, f'sq/{idx}')
                     yield {
                         'url': last_segment_url,
                         'fragment_count': last_seq,
@@ -2964,7 +2971,7 @@ def _extract_player_info(cls, player_url):
             if id_m:
                 break
         else:
-            raise ExtractorError('Cannot identify player %r' % player_url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Cannot identify player {player_url!r}')
         return id_m.group('id')
 
     def _load_player(self, video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
@@ -2973,7 +2980,7 @@ def _load_player(self, video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
             code = self._download_webpage(
                 player_url, video_id, fatal=fatal,
                 note='Downloading player ' + player_id,
-                errnote='Download of %s failed' % player_url)
+                errnote=f'Download of {player_url} failed')
             if code:
                 self._code_cache[player_id] = code
         return self._code_cache.get(player_id)
@@ -3034,10 +3041,9 @@ def _genslice(start, end, step):
         cache_res = func(test_string)
         cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in cache_res]
         expr_code = ' + '.join(gen_sig_code(cache_spec))
-        signature_id_tuple = '(%s)' % (
-            ', '.join(str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
-        code = ('if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == %s:\n'
-                '    return %s\n') % (signature_id_tuple, expr_code)
+        signature_id_tuple = '({})'.format(', '.join(str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
+        code = (f'if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == {signature_id_tuple}:\n'
+                f'    return {expr_code}\n')
         self.to_screen('Extracted signature function:\n' + code)
 
     def _parse_sig_js(self, jscode):
@@ -3143,9 +3149,9 @@ def _extract_n_function_code(self, video_id, player_url):
 
         # For redundancy
         func_code = self._search_regex(
-            r'''(?xs)%s\s*=\s*function\s*\((?P<var>[\w$]+)\)\s*
+            rf'''(?xs){func_name}\s*=\s*function\s*\((?P<var>[\w$]+)\)\s*
                      # NB: The end of the regex is intentionally kept strict
-                     {(?P<code>.+?}\s*return\ [\w$]+.join\(""\))};''' % func_name,
+                     {{(?P<code>.+?}}\s*return\ [\w$]+.join\(""\))}};''',
             jscode, 'nsig function', group=('var', 'code'), default=None)
         if func_code:
             func_code = ([func_code[0]], func_code[1])
@@ -3211,7 +3217,7 @@ def _mark_watched(self, video_id, player_responses):
             # cpn generation algorithm is reverse engineered from base.js.
             # In fact it works even with dummy cpn.
             CPN_ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_'
-            cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(0, 16))
+            cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(16))
 
             # # more consistent results setting it to right before the end
             video_length = [str(float((qs.get('len') or ['1.5'])[0]) - 1)]
@@ -3248,7 +3254,7 @@ def _extract_from_webpage(cls, url, webpage):
             webpage)
         if mobj:
             yield cls.url_result(mobj.group('url'), cls)
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
         yield from super()._extract_from_webpage(url, webpage)
 
@@ -3273,7 +3279,7 @@ def _extract_chapters_from_json(self, data, duration):
         chapter_list = traverse_obj(
             data, (
                 'playerOverlays', 'playerOverlayRenderer', 'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer',
-                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters'
+                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters',
             ), expected_type=list)
 
         return self._extract_chapters_helper(
@@ -3307,7 +3313,36 @@ def _extract_heatmap(self, data):
                 'value': ('intensityScoreNormalized', {float_or_none}),
             })) or None
 
-    def _extract_comment(self, comment_renderer, parent=None):
+    def _extract_comment(self, entities, parent=None):
+        comment_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'commentEntityPayload', {dict}))
+        if not (comment_id := traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'commentId', {str}))):
+            return
+
+        toolbar_entity_payload = get_first(entities, ('payload', 'engagementToolbarStateEntityPayload', {dict}))
+        time_text = traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, ('properties', 'publishedTime', {str})) or ''
+
+        return {
+            'id': comment_id,
+            'parent': parent or 'root',
+            **traverse_obj(comment_entity_payload, {
+                'text': ('properties', 'content', 'content', {str}),
+                'like_count': ('toolbar', 'likeCountA11y', {parse_count}),
+                'author_id': ('author', 'channelId', {self.ucid_or_none}),
+                'author': ('author', 'displayName', {str}),
+                'author_thumbnail': ('author', 'avatarThumbnailUrl', {url_or_none}),
+                'author_is_uploader': ('author', 'isCreator', {bool}),
+                'author_is_verified': ('author', 'isVerified', {bool}),
+                'author_url': ('author', 'channelCommand', 'innertubeCommand', (
+                    ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
+                ), {lambda x: urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', x)}),
+            }, get_all=False),
+            'is_favorited': (None if toolbar_entity_payload is None else
+                             toolbar_entity_payload.get('heartState') == 'TOOLBAR_HEART_STATE_HEARTED'),
+            '_time_text': time_text,  # FIXME: non-standard, but we need a way of showing that it is an estimate.
+            'timestamp': self._parse_time_text(time_text),
+        }
+
+    def _extract_comment_old(self, comment_renderer, parent=None):
         comment_id = comment_renderer.get('commentId')
         if not comment_id:
             return
@@ -3384,25 +3419,43 @@ def extract_header(contents):
                 sort_text = str_or_none(sort_menu_item.get('title'))
                 if not sort_text:
                     sort_text = 'top comments' if comment_sort_index == 0 else 'newest first'
-                self.to_screen('Sorting comments by %s' % sort_text.lower())
+                self.to_screen(f'Sorting comments by {sort_text.lower()}')
                 break
             return _continuation
 
-        def extract_thread(contents):
+        def extract_thread(contents, entity_payloads):
             if not parent:
                 tracker['current_page_thread'] = 0
             for content in contents:
                 if not parent and tracker['total_parent_comments'] >= max_parents:
                     yield
                 comment_thread_renderer = try_get(content, lambda x: x['commentThreadRenderer'])
-                comment_renderer = get_first(
-                    (comment_thread_renderer, content), [['commentRenderer', ('comment', 'commentRenderer')]],
-                    expected_type=dict, default={})
 
-                comment = self._extract_comment(comment_renderer, parent)
+                # old comment format
+                if not entity_payloads:
+                    comment_renderer = get_first(
+                        (comment_thread_renderer, content), [['commentRenderer', ('comment', 'commentRenderer')]],
+                        expected_type=dict, default={})
+
+                    comment = self._extract_comment_old(comment_renderer, parent)
+
+                # new comment format
+                else:
+                    view_model = (
+                        traverse_obj(comment_thread_renderer, ('commentViewModel', 'commentViewModel', {dict}))
+                        or traverse_obj(content, ('commentViewModel', {dict})))
+                    comment_keys = traverse_obj(view_model, (('commentKey', 'toolbarStateKey'), {str}))
+                    if not comment_keys:
+                        continue
+                    entities = traverse_obj(entity_payloads, lambda _, v: v['entityKey'] in comment_keys)
+                    comment = self._extract_comment(entities, parent)
+                    if comment:
+                        comment['is_pinned'] = traverse_obj(view_model, ('pinnedText', {str})) is not None
+
                 if not comment:
                     continue
                 comment_id = comment['id']
+
                 if comment.get('is_pinned'):
                     tracker['pinned_comment_ids'].add(comment_id)
                 # Sometimes YouTube may break and give us infinite looping comments.
@@ -3437,15 +3490,15 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
 
         # Keeps track of counts across recursive calls
         if not tracker:
-            tracker = dict(
-                running_total=0,
-                est_total=None,
-                current_page_thread=0,
-                total_parent_comments=0,
-                total_reply_comments=0,
-                seen_comment_ids=set(),
-                pinned_comment_ids=set()
-            )
+            tracker = {
+                'running_total': 0,
+                'est_total': None,
+                'current_page_thread': 0,
+                'total_parent_comments': 0,
+                'total_reply_comments': 0,
+                'seen_comment_ids': set(),
+                'pinned_comment_ids': set(),
+            }
 
         # TODO: Deprecated
         # YouTube comments have a max depth of 2
@@ -3456,8 +3509,8 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
         if max_depth == 1 and parent:
             return
 
-        max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = map(
-            lambda p: int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize), self._configuration_arg('max_comments', ) + [''] * 4)
+        max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = (
+            int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize) for p in self._configuration_arg('max_comments') + [''] * 4)
 
         continuation = self._extract_continuation(root_continuation_data)
 
@@ -3486,7 +3539,7 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
                     note_prefix = '    Downloading comment API JSON reply thread %d %s' % (
                         tracker['current_page_thread'], comment_prog_str)
             else:
-                note_prefix = '%sDownloading comment%s API JSON page %d %s' % (
+                note_prefix = '{}Downloading comment{} API JSON page {} {}'.format(
                     '       ' if parent else '', ' replies' if parent else '',
                     page_num, comment_prog_str)
 
@@ -3495,7 +3548,7 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
             check_get_keys = None
             if not is_forced_continuation and not (tracker['est_total'] == 0 and tracker['running_total'] == 0):
                 check_get_keys = [[*continuation_items_path, ..., (
-                    'commentsHeaderRenderer' if is_first_continuation else ('commentThreadRenderer', 'commentRenderer'))]]
+                    'commentsHeaderRenderer' if is_first_continuation else ('commentThreadRenderer', 'commentViewModel', 'commentRenderer'))]]
             try:
                 response = self._extract_response(
                     item_id=None, query=continuation,
@@ -3519,6 +3572,7 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
                 raise
             is_forced_continuation = False
             continuation = None
+            mutations = traverse_obj(response, ('frameworkUpdates', 'entityBatchUpdate', 'mutations', ..., {dict}))
             for continuation_items in traverse_obj(response, continuation_items_path, expected_type=list, default=[]):
                 if is_first_continuation:
                     continuation = extract_header(continuation_items)
@@ -3527,7 +3581,7 @@ def extract_thread(contents):
                         break
                     continue
 
-                for entry in extract_thread(continuation_items):
+                for entry in extract_thread(continuation_items, mutations):
                     if not entry:
                         return
                     yield entry
@@ -3572,9 +3626,9 @@ def _generate_player_context(cls, sts=None):
             context['signatureTimestamp'] = sts
         return {
             'playbackContext': {
-                'contentPlaybackContext': context
+                'contentPlaybackContext': context,
             },
-            **cls._get_checkok_params()
+            **cls._get_checkok_params(),
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -3604,8 +3658,6 @@ def _extract_player_response(self, client, video_id, master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg,
         yt_query = {
             'videoId': video_id,
         }
-        if _split_innertube_client(client)[0] in ('android', 'android_embedscreen'):
-            yt_query['params'] = 'CgIIAQ=='
 
         pp_arg = self._configuration_arg('player_params', [None], casesense=True)[0]
         if pp_arg:
@@ -3616,24 +3668,29 @@ def _extract_player_response(self, client, video_id, master_ytcfg, player_ytcfg,
             item_id=video_id, ep='player', query=yt_query,
             ytcfg=player_ytcfg, headers=headers, fatal=True,
             default_client=client,
-            note='Downloading %s player API JSON' % client.replace('_', ' ').strip()
+            note='Downloading {} player API JSON'.format(client.replace('_', ' ').strip()),
         ) or None
 
     def _get_requested_clients(self, url, smuggled_data):
         requested_clients = []
-        default = ['ios', 'android', 'web']
+        android_clients = []
+        default = ['ios', 'web']
         allowed_clients = sorted(
-            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.keys() if client[:1] != '_'),
+            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS if client[:1] != '_'),
             key=lambda client: INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['priority'], reverse=True)
         for client in self._configuration_arg('player_client'):
-            if client in allowed_clients:
-                requested_clients.append(client)
-            elif client == 'default':
+            if client == 'default':
                 requested_clients.extend(default)
             elif client == 'all':
                 requested_clients.extend(allowed_clients)
-            else:
+            elif client not in allowed_clients:
                 self.report_warning(f'Skipping unsupported client {client}')
+            elif client.startswith('android'):
+                android_clients.append(client)
+            else:
+                requested_clients.append(client)
+        # Force deprioritization of broken Android clients for format de-duplication
+        requested_clients.extend(android_clients)
         if not requested_clients:
             requested_clients = default
 
@@ -3747,7 +3804,7 @@ def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, streaming_data, video_id, player_url, l
             # audio-only formats with unknown quality may get tagged as tiny
             'tiny',
             'audio_quality_ultralow', 'audio_quality_low', 'audio_quality_medium', 'audio_quality_high',  # Audio only formats
-            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres'
+            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres',
         ])
         streaming_formats = traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., ('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ...))
         format_types = self._configuration_arg('formats')
@@ -3760,8 +3817,8 @@ def _extract_formats_and_subtitles(self, streaming_data, video_id, player_url, l
         def build_fragments(f):
             return LazyList({
                 'url': update_url_query(f['url'], {
-                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}'
-                })
+                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}',
+                }),
             } for range_start in range(0, f['filesize'], CHUNK_SIZE))
 
         for fmt in streaming_formats:
@@ -3802,9 +3859,9 @@ def build_fragments(f):
                 if not all((sc, fmt_url, player_url, encrypted_sig)):
                     continue
                 try:
-                    fmt_url += '&%s=%s' % (
+                    fmt_url += '&{}={}'.format(
                         traverse_obj(sc, ('sp', -1)) or 'signature',
-                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url)
+                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url),
                     )
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     self.report_warning('Signature extraction failed: Some formats may be missing',
@@ -3818,7 +3875,7 @@ def build_fragments(f):
                 try:
                     decrypt_nsig = self._cached(self._decrypt_nsig, 'nsig', query['n'][0])
                     fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {
-                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url)
+                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url),
                     })
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     phantomjs_hint = ''
@@ -3852,6 +3909,14 @@ def build_fragments(f):
                     f'{video_id}: Some formats are possibly damaged. They will be deprioritized', only_once=True)
 
             client_name = fmt.get(STREAMING_DATA_CLIENT_NAME)
+            # Android client formats are broken due to integrity check enforcement
+            # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/9554
+            is_broken = client_name and client_name.startswith(short_client_name('android'))
+            if is_broken:
+                self.report_warning(
+                    f'{video_id}: Android client formats are broken and may yield HTTP Error 403. '
+                    'They will be deprioritized', only_once=True)
+
             name = fmt.get('qualityLabel') or quality.replace('audio_quality_', '') or ''
             fps = int_or_none(fmt.get('fps')) or 0
             dct = {
@@ -3864,7 +3929,7 @@ def build_fragments(f):
                     name, fmt.get('isDrc') and 'DRC',
                     try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['projectionType'].replace('RECTANGULAR', '').lower()),
                     try_get(fmt, lambda x: x['spatialAudioType'].replace('SPATIAL_AUDIO_TYPE_', '').lower()),
-                    throttled and 'THROTTLED', is_damaged and 'DAMAGED',
+                    throttled and 'THROTTLED', is_damaged and 'DAMAGED', is_broken and 'BROKEN',
                     (self.get_param('verbose') or all_formats) and client_name,
                     delim=', '),
                 # Format 22 is likely to be damaged. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3372
@@ -3882,8 +3947,8 @@ def build_fragments(f):
                 'language': join_nonempty(audio_track.get('id', '').split('.')[0],
                                           'desc' if language_preference < -1 else '') or None,
                 'language_preference': language_preference,
-                # Strictly de-prioritize damaged and 3gp formats
-                'preference': -10 if is_damaged else -2 if itag == '17' else None,
+                # Strictly de-prioritize broken, damaged and 3gp formats
+                'preference': -20 if is_broken else -10 if is_damaged else -2 if itag == '17' else None,
             }
             mime_mobj = re.match(
                 r'((?:[^/]+)/(?:[^;]+))(?:;\s*codecs="([^"]+)")?', fmt.get('mimeType') or '')
@@ -4116,7 +4181,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             expected_type=str)
         if multifeed_metadata_list and not smuggled_data.get('force_singlefeed'):
             if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
-                self.to_screen('Downloading just video %s because of --no-playlist' % video_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
             else:
                 entries = []
                 feed_ids = []
@@ -4137,19 +4202,19 @@ def feed_entry(name):
                     feed_title = feed_entry('title')
                     title = video_title
                     if feed_title:
-                        title += ' (%s)' % feed_title
+                        title += f' ({feed_title})'
                     entries.append({
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'ie_key': 'Youtube',
                         'url': smuggle_url(
-                            '%swatch?v=%s' % (base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
+                            '{}watch?v={}'.format(base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
                             {'force_singlefeed': True}),
                         'title': title,
                     })
                     feed_ids.append(feed_id)
                 self.to_screen(
-                    'Downloading multifeed video (%s) - add --no-playlist to just download video %s'
-                    % (', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
+                    'Downloading multifeed video ({}) - add --no-playlist to just download video {}'.format(
+                        ', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
                 return self.playlist_result(
                     entries, video_id, video_title, video_description)
 
@@ -4213,7 +4278,7 @@ def feed_entry(name):
             # While the *1,*2,*3 thumbnails are just below their corresponding "*default" variants
             # in resolution, these are not the custom thumbnail. So de-prioritize them
             'maxresdefault', 'hq720', 'sddefault', 'hqdefault', '0', 'mqdefault', 'default',
-            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3'
+            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3',
         ]
         n_thumbnail_names = len(thumbnail_names)
         thumbnails.extend({
@@ -4287,7 +4352,7 @@ def is_bad_format(fmt):
             'live_status': live_status,
             'release_timestamp': live_start_time,
             '_format_sort_fields': (  # source_preference is lower for throttled/potentially damaged formats
-                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec:vp9.2', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto')
+                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec:vp9.2', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto'),
         }
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -4365,7 +4430,7 @@ def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, query):
                 for d_k, s_ks in [('start', ('start', 't')), ('end', ('end',))]:
                     d_k += '_time'
                     if d_k not in info and k in s_ks:
-                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(query[k][0])
+                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(v[0])
 
         # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
         if (video_description or '').strip().endswith('\nAuto-generated by YouTube.'):
@@ -4417,10 +4482,10 @@ def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, query):
 
         info['comment_count'] = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
             'contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer',
-            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount'
+            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount',
         ), (
             'engagementPanels', lambda _, v: v['engagementPanelSectionListRenderer']['panelIdentifier'] == 'comment-item-section',
-            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo'
+            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo',
         ), expected_type=self._get_count, get_all=False)
 
         try:  # This will error if there is no livechat
@@ -4552,19 +4617,31 @@ def process_language(container, base_url, lang_code, sub_name, query):
             'uploader_id': channel_handle,
             'uploader_url': format_field(channel_handle, None, 'https://www.youtube.com/%s', default=None),
         })
+
+        # We only want timestamp IF it has time precision AND a timezone
+        # Currently the uploadDate in microformats appears to be in US/Pacific timezone.
+        timestamp = (
+            parse_iso8601(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
+            or parse_iso8601(search_meta('uploadDate'), timezone=NO_DEFAULT)
+        )
+        upload_date = (
+            dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, dt.timezone.utc).strftime('%Y%m%d') if timestamp else
+            (
+                unified_strdate(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'))
+                or unified_strdate(search_meta('uploadDate'))
+            ))
+
+        # In the case we cannot get the timestamp:
         # The upload date for scheduled, live and past live streams / premieres in microformats
         # may be different from the stream date. Although not in UTC, we will prefer it in this case.
         # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/2223#issuecomment-1008485139
-        upload_date = (
-            unified_strdate(get_first(microformats, 'uploadDate'))
-            or unified_strdate(search_meta('uploadDate')))
-        if not upload_date or (
-            live_status in ('not_live', None)
-            and 'no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date' not in self.get_param('compat_opts', [])
-        ):
+        if not upload_date or (not timestamp and live_status in ('not_live', None)):
+            # this should be in UTC, as configured in the cookie/client context
             upload_date = strftime_or_none(
                 self._parse_time_text(self._get_text(vpir, 'dateText'))) or upload_date
+
         info['upload_date'] = upload_date
+        info['timestamp'] = timestamp
 
         if upload_date and live_status not in ('is_live', 'post_live', 'is_upcoming'):
             # Newly uploaded videos' HLS formats are potentially problematic and need to be checked
@@ -4638,7 +4715,7 @@ def wrapper(self, url):
     def _extract_basic_item_renderer(item):
         # Modified from _extract_grid_item_renderer
         known_basic_renderers = (
-            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer'
+            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer',
         )
         for key, renderer in item.items():
             if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
@@ -4699,7 +4776,7 @@ def _grid_entries(self, grid_renderer):
             playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
             if playlist_id:
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=%s' % playlist_id,
+                    f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
                     ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
                     video_title=title)
                 continue
@@ -4757,7 +4834,7 @@ def _shelf_entries_from_content(self, shelf_renderer):
             yield from self._grid_entries(renderer)
         renderer = content.get('horizontalListRenderer')
         if renderer:
-            # TODO
+            # TODO: handle case
             pass
 
     def _shelf_entries(self, shelf_renderer, skip_channels=False):
@@ -4834,7 +4911,7 @@ def _post_thread_entries(self, post_thread_renderer):
             post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['playlistRenderer']['playlistId'], str)
         if playlist_id:
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=%s' % playlist_id,
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
                 ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
         # inline video links
         runs = try_get(post_renderer, lambda x: x['contentText']['runs'], list) or []
@@ -4987,12 +5064,12 @@ def _entries(self, tab, item_id, ytcfg, account_syncid, visitor_data):
 
             continuation_items = traverse_obj(response, (
                 ('onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'), ...,
-                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'
+                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems',
             ), 'continuationContents', get_all=False)
             continuation_item = traverse_obj(continuation_items, 0, None, expected_type=dict, default={})
 
             video_items_renderer = None
-            for key in continuation_item.keys():
+            for key in continuation_item:
                 if key not in known_renderers:
                     continue
                 func, parent_key = known_renderers[key]
@@ -5059,7 +5136,7 @@ def _get_uncropped(url):
                 avatar_thumbnails.append({
                     'url': uncropped_avatar,
                     'id': 'avatar_uncropped',
-                    'preference': 1
+                    'preference': 1,
                 })
 
         channel_banners = self._extract_thumbnails(
@@ -5073,7 +5150,7 @@ def _get_uncropped(url):
                 channel_banners.append({
                     'url': uncropped_banner,
                     'id': 'banner_uncropped',
-                    'preference': -5
+                    'preference': -5,
                 })
 
         # Deprecated - remove primary_sidebar_renderer when layout discontinued
@@ -5143,7 +5220,7 @@ def _get_uncropped(url):
             info.update({
                 'channel': self._search_regex(r'^by (.+) and \d+ others?$', owner_text, 'uploader', default=owner_text),
                 'channel_id': self.ucid_or_none(browse_ep.get('browseId')),
-                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl')))
+                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl'))),
             })
 
         info.update({
@@ -5175,12 +5252,12 @@ def _extract_inline_playlist(self, playlist, playlist_id, data, ytcfg):
                 'playlistId': playlist_id,
                 'videoId': watch_endpoint.get('videoId') or last_id,
                 'index': watch_endpoint.get('index') or len(videos),
-                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D'
+                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D',
             }
             response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id='%s page %d' % (playlist_id, page_num),
+                item_id=f'{playlist_id} page {page_num}',
                 query=query, ep='next', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                check_get_keys='contents'
+                check_get_keys='contents',
             )
             playlist = try_get(
                 response, lambda x: x['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['playlist']['playlist'], dict)
@@ -5271,7 +5348,7 @@ def _reload_with_unavailable_videos(self, item_id, data, ytcfg):
             visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg))
         query = {
             'params': 'wgYCCAA=',
-            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}'
+            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}',
         }
         return self._extract_response(
             item_id=item_id, headers=headers, query=query,
@@ -5403,7 +5480,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             (?!consent\.)(?:\w+\.)?
             (?:
                 youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                %(invidious)s
+                {invidious}
             )/
             (?:
                 (?P<channel_type>channel|c|user|browse)/|
@@ -5411,13 +5488,13 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                     feed/|hashtag/|
                     (?:playlist|watch)\?.*?\blist=
                 )|
-                (?!(?:%(reserved_names)s)\b)  # Direct URLs
+                (?!(?:{reserved_names})\b)  # Direct URLs
             )
             (?P<id>[^/?\#&]+)
-    )''' % {
-        'reserved_names': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+    )'''.format(
+        reserved_names=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     IE_NAME = 'youtube:tab'
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -5435,7 +5512,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
             'tags': ['критическое мышление', 'наука просто', 'математика', 'анализ данных'],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'playlists, multipage, different order',
@@ -5452,7 +5529,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
             'channel': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'playlists, series',
@@ -5487,8 +5564,8 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
             'tags': 'count:12',
             'channel': 'ThirstForScience',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
-        }
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ChristophLaimer/playlists',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -5543,7 +5620,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
@@ -5560,7 +5637,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
             'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 975,
     }, {
@@ -5577,7 +5654,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'lex will',
             'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 199,
     }, {
@@ -5594,7 +5671,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 17,
     }, {
@@ -5917,11 +5994,11 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'note': 'Requires Premium: should request additional YTM-info webpage (and have format 141) for videos in playlist',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': '/browse/ should redirect to /channel/',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC1a8OFewdjuLq6KlF8M_8Ng',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': 'VLPL, should redirect to playlist?list=PL...',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/VLPLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
@@ -6018,7 +6095,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 1,
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
@@ -6033,7 +6110,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 50,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'API Fallback: /videos tab, sorted by oldest first',
@@ -6046,12 +6123,12 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
             'tags': [],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 650,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
         'skip': 'Query for sorting no longer works',
     }, {
@@ -6073,13 +6150,13 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 101,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
         'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
     }, {
         'note': 'non-standard redirect to regional channel',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwVVpHQ2Cs9iGJfpdFngePQ',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': 'collaborative playlist (uploader name in the form "by <uploader> and x other(s)")',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
@@ -6098,7 +6175,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '@pukkandan',
             'uploader': 'pukkandan',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
         'note': 'translated tab name',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/playlists',
@@ -6239,7 +6316,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         # No uploads and no UCID given. Should fail with no uploads error
         # See test_youtube_lists
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/news',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # No videos tab but has a shorts tab
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/TKFShorts',
@@ -6301,7 +6378,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'SHORT short',
                 'view_count': int,
                 'thumbnails': list,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
     }, {
@@ -6309,8 +6386,8 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/live',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
-            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO, should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
-            'tags': []
+            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO: should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
+            'tags': [],
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -6328,10 +6405,10 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': str,
                 'uploader_id': str,
                 'channel_is_verified': bool,  # this will keep changing
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
         # Channel renderer metadata. Contains number of videos on the channel
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/channels',
@@ -6364,7 +6441,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PewDiePie',
                 'uploader_id': '@PewDiePie',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
     }, {
@@ -6536,7 +6613,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url, smuggled_data):
 
         # Handle both video/playlist URLs
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        video_id, playlist_id = [traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list')]
+        video_id, playlist_id = (traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list'))
         if not video_id and mobj['not_channel'].startswith('watch'):
             if not playlist_id:
                 # If there is neither video or playlist ids, youtube redirects to home page, which is undesirable
@@ -6668,15 +6745,15 @@ class YoutubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                         (?:
                             (?:
                                 youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                                %(invidious)s
+                                {invidious}
                             )
                             /.*?\?.*?\blist=
                         )?
-                        (?P<id>%(playlist_id)s)
-                     )''' % {
-        'playlist_id': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+                        (?P<id>{playlist_id})
+                     )'''.format(
+        playlist_id=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     IE_NAME = 'youtube:playlist'
     _TESTS = [{
         'note': 'issue #673',
@@ -6776,7 +6853,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
 class YoutubeYtBeIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'youtu.be'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>%(playlist_id)s)' % {'playlist_id': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE}
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>{YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE})'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://youtu.be/yeWKywCrFtk?list=PL2qgrgXsNUG5ig9cat4ohreBjYLAPC0J5',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -6802,7 +6879,7 @@ class YoutubeYtBeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'availability': 'public',
             'duration': 59,
             'comment_count': int,
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
@@ -6976,7 +7053,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Suicide/self-harm search warning',
         'url': 'ytsearch1:i hate myself and i wanna die',
@@ -6984,7 +7061,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
             'title': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -6999,7 +7076,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchDateIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -7013,14 +7090,14 @@ class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=python&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'python',
             'title': 'python',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23cats',
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
@@ -7059,7 +7136,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'channel_follower_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
@@ -7084,7 +7161,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'royalty free music',
             'title': 'royalty free music',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music&sp=EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ%3D%3D',
         'playlist_mincount': 30,
@@ -7092,7 +7169,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': 'royalty free music - songs',
             'title': 'royalty free music - songs',
         },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'}
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music#community+playlists',
         'playlist_mincount': 30,
@@ -7100,7 +7177,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
             'title': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
         },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'}
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
     }]
 
     _SECTIONS = {
@@ -7119,7 +7196,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         if params:
             section = next((k for k, v in self._SECTIONS.items() if v == params), params)
         else:
-            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus((url.split('#') + [''])[1]).lower()
+            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(([*url.split('#'), ''])[1]).lower()
             params = self._SECTIONS.get(section)
             if not params:
                 section = None
@@ -7139,8 +7216,8 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
         YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._check_login_required(self)
 
     @classproperty
-    def IE_NAME(self):
-        return f'youtube:{self._FEED_NAME}'
+    def IE_NAME(cls):
+        return f'youtube:{cls._FEED_NAME}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self.url_result(
@@ -7308,7 +7385,7 @@ class YoutubeClipIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:20',
             'comment_count': int,
             'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
index 2b6221da2..c8c4ec0b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             **traverse_obj(player_meta, ('initial_event_info', {
                 'alt_title': ('title', {str}),
             })),
-            'thumbnails': [{'url': url, 'id': url_basename(url)} for url in thumbnail_urls if url_or_none(url)]
+            'thumbnails': [{'url': url, 'id': url_basename(url)} for url in thumbnail_urls if url_or_none(url)],
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
index 88f526bbc..2916367c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
+    int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
-    xpath_with_ns,
     xpath_text,
-    int_or_none,
+    xpath_with_ns,
 )
 
 
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 r'data-media-id="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
 
         playlist = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.zapiks.fr/view/index.php?action=playlist&media_id=%s&lang=en' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.zapiks.fr/view/index.php?action=playlist&media_id={video_id}&lang=en',
             display_id)
 
         NS_MAP = {
-            'jwplayer': 'http://rss.jwpcdn.com/'
+            'jwplayer': 'http://rss.jwpcdn.com/',
         }
 
         def ns(path):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
index 5cc9c5f7a..161804b60 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -27,13 +26,13 @@ def _real_initialize(self):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         try:
             data = self._download_json(
-                '%s/zapi/v2/account/login' % self._host_url(), None, 'Logging in',
+                f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/account/login', None, 'Logging in',
                 data=urlencode_postdata({
                     'login': username,
                     'password': password,
                     'remember': 'true',
                 }), headers={
-                    'Referer': '%s/login' % self._host_url(),
+                    'Referer': f'{self._host_url()}/login',
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -51,9 +50,9 @@ def _initialize_pre_login(self):
 
         # Will setup appropriate cookies
         self._request_webpage(
-            '%s/zapi/v3/session/hello' % self._host_url(), None,
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v3/session/hello', None,
             'Opening session', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                'uuid': compat_str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'uuid': str(uuid.uuid4()),
                 'lang': 'en',
                 'app_version': '1.8.2',
                 'format': 'json',
@@ -72,8 +71,7 @@ def _extract_video_id_from_recording(self, recid):
 
     def _extract_cid(self, video_id, channel_name):
         channel_groups = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/v2/cached/channels/%s' % (self._host_url(),
-                                               self._power_guide_hash),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/cached/channels/{self._power_guide_hash}',
             video_id, 'Downloading channel list',
             query={'details': False})['channel_groups']
         channel_list = []
@@ -90,8 +88,7 @@ def _extract_cid(self, video_id, channel_name):
 
     def _extract_cid_and_video_info(self, video_id):
         data = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/v2/cached/program/power_details/%s' % (
-                self._host_url(), self._power_guide_hash),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/cached/program/power_details/{self._power_guide_hash}',
             video_id,
             'Downloading video information',
             query={
@@ -113,7 +110,7 @@ def _extract_cid_and_video_info(self, video_id):
             'season_number': int_or_none(p.get('s_no')),
             'release_year': int_or_none(p.get('year')),
             'categories': try_get(p, lambda x: x['c'], list),
-            'tags': try_get(p, lambda x: x['g'], list)
+            'tags': try_get(p, lambda x: x['g'], list),
         }
 
         return cid, info_dict
@@ -123,7 +120,7 @@ def _extract_ondemand_info(self, ondemand_id):
         @returns    (ondemand_token, ondemand_type, info_dict)
         """
         data = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/vod/movies/%s' % (self._host_url(), ondemand_id),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/vod/movies/{ondemand_id}',
             ondemand_id, 'Downloading ondemand information')
         info_dict = {
             'id': ondemand_id,
@@ -144,18 +141,18 @@ def _extract_formats(self, cid, video_id, record_id=None, ondemand_id=None, onde
 
         if is_live:
             postdata_common.update({'timeshift': 10800})
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/live/%s' % (self._host_url(), cid)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/live/{cid}'
         elif record_id:
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/recording/%s' % (self._host_url(), record_id)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/recording/{record_id}'
         elif ondemand_id:
             postdata_common.update({
                 'teasable_id': ondemand_id,
                 'term_token': ondemand_termtoken,
-                'teasable_type': ondemand_type
+                'teasable_type': ondemand_type,
             })
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/vod/video' % self._host_url()
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/vod/video'
         else:
-            url = '%s/zapi/v3/watch/replay/%s/%s' % (self._host_url(), cid, video_id)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v3/watch/replay/{cid}/{video_id}'
         formats = []
         subtitles = {}
         for stream_type in ('dash', 'hls7'):
@@ -163,7 +160,7 @@ def _extract_formats(self, cid, video_id, record_id=None, ondemand_id=None, onde
             postdata['stream_type'] = stream_type
 
             data = self._download_json(
-                url, video_id, 'Downloading %s formats' % stream_type.upper(),
+                url, video_id, f'Downloading {stream_type.upper()} formats',
                 data=urlencode_postdata(postdata), fatal=False)
             if not data:
                 continue
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ def _extract_live(self, channel_name):
             'title': channel_name,
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
     def _extract_record(self, record_id):
@@ -267,9 +264,9 @@ class ZattooIE(ZattooBaseIE):
             'release_year': 2022,
             'episode': 'Folge 1655',
             'categories': 'count:1',
-            'tags': 'count:2'
+            'tags': 'count:2',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zattoo.com/program/daserste/210177916',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -322,7 +319,7 @@ class ZattooRecordingsIE(ZattooBaseIE):
 class NetPlusTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'netplus'
     _HOST = 'netplus.tv'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class NetPlusTVIE(NetPlusTVBaseIE):
@@ -458,7 +455,7 @@ class WalyTVRecordingsIE(WalyTVBaseIE):
 class BBVTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'bbvtv'
     _HOST = 'bbv-tv.net'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class BBVTVIE(BBVTVBaseIE):
@@ -504,7 +501,7 @@ class BBVTVRecordingsIE(BBVTVBaseIE):
 class VTXTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vtxtv'
     _HOST = 'vtxtv.ch'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class VTXTVIE(VTXTVBaseIE):
@@ -595,7 +592,7 @@ class GlattvisionTVRecordingsIE(GlattvisionTVBaseIE):
 class SAKTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'saktv'
     _HOST = 'saktv.ch'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class SAKTVIE(SAKTVBaseIE):
@@ -686,7 +683,7 @@ class EWETVRecordingsIE(EWETVBaseIE):
 class QuantumTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'quantumtv'
     _HOST = 'quantum-tv.com'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class QuantumTVIE(QuantumTVBaseIE):
@@ -777,7 +774,7 @@ class OsnatelTVRecordingsIE(OsnatelTVBaseIE):
 class EinsUndEinsTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = '1und1tv'
     _HOST = '1und1.tv'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class EinsUndEinsTVIE(EinsUndEinsTVBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
index c04d51b7e..a862e25d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -29,11 +28,11 @@ class ZDFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, item, api_token=None, referrer=None):
         headers = {}
         if api_token:
-            headers['Api-Auth'] = 'Bearer %s' % api_token
+            headers['Api-Auth'] = f'Bearer {api_token}'
         if referrer:
             headers['Referer'] = referrer
         return self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, 'Downloading JSON %s' % item, headers=headers)
+            url, video_id, f'Downloading JSON {item}', headers=headers)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_subtitles(src):
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ def _extract_format(self, video_id, formats, format_urls, meta):
             f.update({
                 'url': format_url,
                 'format_id': join_nonempty('http', meta.get('type'), meta.get('quality')),
-                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None))
+                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None)),
             })
             new_formats = [f]
         formats.extend(merge_dicts(f, {
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1641355200,
             'upload_date': '20220105',
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"'
+        'skip': 'No longer available "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/soko-stuttgart/das-geld-anderer-leute-100.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ def _extract_entry(self, url, player, content, video_id):
         t = content['mainVideoContent']['http://zdf.de/rels/target']
         ptmd_path = traverse_obj(t, (
             (('streams', 'default'), None),
-            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template')
+            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template'),
         ), get_all=False)
         if not ptmd_path:
             raise ExtractorError('Could not extract ptmd_path')
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ def _extract_entry(self, url, player, content, video_id):
         chapters = [{
             'start_time': chap.get('anchorOffset'),
             'end_time': next_chap.get('anchorOffset'),
-            'title': chap.get('anchorLabel')
+            'title': chap.get('anchorLabel'),
         } for chap, next_chap in zip(chapter_marks, chapter_marks[1:])]
 
         return merge_dicts(info, {
@@ -312,7 +311,7 @@ def _extract_entry(self, url, player, content, video_id):
             'duration': int_or_none(t.get('duration')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content.get('editorialDate')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'chapters': chapters or None
+            'chapters': chapters or None,
         })
 
     def _extract_regular(self, url, player, video_id):
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ def _extract_regular(self, url, player, video_id):
 
     def _extract_mobile(self, video_id):
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://zdf-cdn.live.cellular.de/mediathekV2/document/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://zdf-cdn.live.cellular.de/mediathekV2/document/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         formats = []
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ def _extract_mobile(self, video_id):
         if isinstance(teaser_bild, dict):
             for thumbnail_key, thumbnail in teaser_bild.items():
                 thumbnail_url = try_get(
-                    thumbnail, lambda x: x['url'], compat_str)
+                    thumbnail, lambda x: x['url'], str)
                 if thumbnail_url:
                     thumbnails.append({
                         'url': thumbnail_url,
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ def _extract_mobile(self, video_id):
             'description': document.get('beschreibung'),
             'duration': int_or_none(document.get('length')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(document.get('date')) or unified_timestamp(
-                try_get(video, lambda x: x['meta']['editorialDate'], compat_str)),
+                try_get(video, lambda x: x['meta']['editorialDate'], str)),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(document),
             'formats': formats,
@@ -405,10 +404,10 @@ class ZDFChannelIE(ZDFBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ZDFIE.suitable(url) else super(ZDFChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ZDFIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _og_search_title(self, webpage, fatal=False):
-        title = super(ZDFChannelIE, self)._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=fatal)
+        title = super()._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=fatal)
         return re.split(r'\s+[-|]\s+ZDF(?:mediathek)?$', title or '')[0] or None
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -417,7 +416,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, channel_id)
 
         matches = re.finditer(
-            r'''<div\b[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-id\s*=\s*(["'])(?P<p_id>[\w-]+)\1[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-url=\1(?P<url>%s)\1''' % ZDFIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'''<div\b[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-id\s*=\s*(["'])(?P<p_id>[\w-]+)\1[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-url=\1(?P<url>{ZDFIE._VALID_URL})\1''',
             webpage)
 
         if self._downloader.params.get('noplaylist', False):
@@ -428,11 +427,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             if entry:
                 return entry
         else:
-            self.to_screen('Downloading playlist %s - add --no-playlist to download just the main video' % (channel_id, ))
+            self.to_screen(f'Downloading playlist {channel_id} - add --no-playlist to download just the main video')
 
         def check_video(m):
             v_ref = self._search_regex(
-                r'''(<a\b[^>]*?\shref\s*=[^>]+?\sdata-target-id\s*=\s*(["'])%s\2[^>]*>)''' % (m.group('p_id'), ),
+                r'''(<a\b[^>]*?\shref\s*=[^>]+?\sdata-target-id\s*=\s*(["']){}\2[^>]*>)'''.format(m.group('p_id')),
                 webpage, 'check id', default='')
             v_ref = extract_attributes(v_ref)
             return v_ref.get('data-target-video-type') != 'novideo'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
index ca79cf0a7..fb523de03 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'adavari-matalaku-ardhale-verule',
             'title': 'Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule',
             'duration': 9360,
-            'description': compat_str,
+            'description': str,
             'alt_title': 'Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule',
             'uploader': 'Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd',
             'release_date': '20070427',
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 0,
             'episode': 'Episode 0',
-            'tags': list
+            'tags': list,
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'yoga-se-hoga-bandbudh-aur-budbak',
             'title': 'Yoga Se Hoga-Bandbudh aur Budbak',
             'duration': 659,
-            'description': compat_str,
+            'description': str,
             'alt_title': 'Yoga Se Hoga-Bandbudh aur Budbak',
             'uploader': 'Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd',
             'release_date': '20150101',
@@ -79,22 +78,22 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/hi/tv-shows/details/kundali-bhagya/0-6-366/kundali-bhagya-march-08-2021/0-1-manual_7g9jv1os7730?country=IN',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/global/hi/tv-shows/details/kundali-bhagya/0-6-366/kundali-bhagya-march-08-2021/0-1-manual_7g9jv1os7730',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/mithya/0-6-4z587408/maine-dekhi-hai-uski-mrityu/0-1-6z587412',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/kids/kids-movies/maya-bommalu/0-0-movie_1040370005',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/news/details/jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-shows-slippers-to-ysrcp-leaders/0-0-newsauto_6ettj4242oo0',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/music-videos/details/adhento-gaani-vunnapaatuga-jersey-nani-shraddha-srinath/0-0-56973',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _DEVICE_ID = str(uuid.uuid4())
     _USER_TOKEN = None
@@ -136,10 +135,10 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'https://launchapi.zee5.com/launch?platform_name=web_app',
             video_id, note='Downloading access token')['platform_token']
         data = {
-            'x-access-token': access_token_request['token']
+            'x-access-token': access_token_request['token'],
         }
         if self._USER_TOKEN:
-            data['Authorization'] = 'bearer %s' % self._USER_TOKEN
+            data['Authorization'] = f'bearer {self._USER_TOKEN}'
         else:
             data['X-Z5-Guest-Token'] = self._DEVICE_ID
 
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'platform_name': 'desktop_web',
                 'country': self._USER_COUNTRY or self.get_param('geo_bypass_country') or 'IN',
                 'check_parental_control': False,
-            }, headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'))
+            }, headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps(data).encode())
         asset_data = json_data['assetDetails']
         show_data = json_data.get('showDetails', {})
         if 'premium' in asset_data['business_type']:
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
             'season': try_get(show_data, lambda x: x['seasons']['title'], str),
             'season_number': int_or_none(try_get(show_data, lambda x: x['seasons'][0]['orderid'])),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['orderid'])),
-            'tags': try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['tags'], list)
+            'tags': try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['tags'], list),
         }
 
 
@@ -251,17 +250,17 @@ def _entries(self, show_id):
         page_num = 0
         show_json = self._download_json(show_url, video_id=show_id, headers=headers)
         for season in show_json.get('seasons') or []:
-            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
+            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], str)
             next_url = f'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/?season_id={season_id}&type=episode&translation=en&country=IN&on_air=false&asset_subtype=tvshow&page=1&limit=100'
             while next_url:
                 page_num += 1
                 episodes_json = self._download_json(
                     next_url, video_id=show_id, headers=headers,
-                    note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)
+                    note=f'Downloading JSON metadata page {page_num}')
                 for episode in try_get(episodes_json, lambda x: x['episode'], list) or []:
                     video_id = episode.get('id')
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'zee5:%s' % video_id,
+                        f'zee5:{video_id}',
                         ie=Zee5IE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
                 next_url = url_or_none(episodes_json.get('next_episode_api'))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
index e2cb1e7d6..cbe0031cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ZeeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'duration': 97,
                 'description': 'ग्रेटर नोएडा जारचा थाना क्षेत्र के प्याबली में दिनदहाड़े दुकान में घुसकर अज्ञात हमलावरों ने हमला कर',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/video/videsh-superfast-queen-elizabeth-iis-funeral-today/1357710',
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ class ZeeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'duration': 133,
                 'description': 'सेगमेंट विदेश सुपराफास्ट में देखिए देश और दुनिया की सभी बड़ी खबरें, वो भी हर खबर फटाफट अंदाज में.',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
index 8faa0e3f4..084c1fc4f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230925',
             'uploader': 'md5:9fae59847f1f58d1da8f2772016c12f3',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/15570701',
         'md5': 'acba0d080d692664fcc8c4e5502b1a67',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230921',
             'uploader': 'Lois Clarke',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/8531117/amateur-students-having-a-fuck-fest-at-club/',
         'md5': '67411256aa9451449e4d29f3be525541',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20191005',
             'uploader': 'Jackopenass',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/15872038/glad-you-came/',
         'md5': '296ccab437f5bac6099433768449d8e1',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231024',
             'uploader': 'Martin Rudenko',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _gen_info_url(self, ext_domain, extr_id, lifetime=86400):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
index 055a643b3..2b9df0018 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ZetlandDKArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9619d426772c133f5abb26db27f26a01',
             'timestamp': 1705377592,
             'series_id': '62d54630-e87b-4ab1-a255-8de58dbe1b14',
-        }
+        },
 
     }]
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
         return merge_dicts({
             'id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'uploader_id': uploader_id
+            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
         }, traverse_obj(story_data, {
             'title': ((('story_content', 'content', 'title'), 'title'), {str}),
             'uploader': ('sharer', 'name'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
index c24b33874..c1a5bf6f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..utils import format_field, float_or_none, int_or_none
+from ..utils import float_or_none, format_field, int_or_none
 
 
 class ZhihuIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ZhihuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
index ff5eac89a..1685edb92 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
     try_call,
+    url_or_none,
     urljoin,
-    url_or_none
 )
 from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class ZingMp3IE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
             'subtitles': {
                 'origin': [{
                     'ext': 'lrc',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
             'duration': 255,
             'track': 'Xa Mãi Xa',
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, song_id, url_type, page):
             'id': song_id,
             'type': 'genre',
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, user_id, url_type, page):
             'id': user_id,
             'type': 'artist',
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -569,14 +569,14 @@ class ZingMp3PodcastEpisodeIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '68Z9W66B',
             'title': 'Nhạc Mới Mỗi Ngày',
-            'description': 'md5:2875dfa951f8e5356742f1610cf20691'
+            'description': 'md5:2875dfa951f8e5356742f1610cf20691',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zingmp3.vn/cgr/Am-nhac/IWZ980AO.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'IWZ980AO',
-            'title': 'Âm nhạc'
+            'title': 'Âm nhạc',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }]
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ def _fetch_page(self, eps_id, url_type, page):
         return self._call_api(url_type, {
             'id': eps_id,
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
index e2bf81729..fe2db846a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
         subtitles = {}
         for _type in ('transcript', 'cc', 'chapter'):
-            if data.get('%sUrl' % _type):
+            if data.get(f'{_type}Url'):
                 subtitles[_type] = [{
-                    'url': urljoin(base_url, data['%sUrl' % _type]),
+                    'url': urljoin(base_url, data[f'{_type}Url']),
                     'ext': 'vtt',
                 }]
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'format_id': 'view',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'filesize_approx': parse_filesize(str_or_none(traverse_obj(data, ('recording', 'fileSizeInMB')))),
-                'preference': 0
+                'preference': 0,
             })
 
         if data.get('shareMp4Url'):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'height': int_or_none(traverse_obj(data, ('shareResolvtions', 1))),
                 'format_id': 'share',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'preference': -1
+                'preference': -1,
             })
 
         view_with_share_url = data.get('viewMp4WithshareUrl')
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
                 'url': view_with_share_url,
                 'format_id': 'view_with_share',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'preference': 1
+                'preference': 1,
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
index 2f3b4c47f..bfa3fc4c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
-    dict_get,
     ExtractorError,
+    dict_get,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 class ZypeIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ID_RE = r'[\da-fA-F]+'
     _COMMON_RE = r'//player\.zype\.com/embed/%s\.(?:js|json|html)\?.*?(?:access_token|(?:ap[ip]|player)_key)='
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s[^&]+' % (_COMMON_RE % ('(?P<id>%s)' % _ID_RE))
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s[^&]+' % (_COMMON_RE % (f'(?P<id>{_ID_RE})'))
     _EMBED_REGEX = [fr'<script[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?{_COMMON_RE % _ID_RE}.+?)\1']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/5b400b834b32992a310622b9.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ&autoplay=false&controls=true&da=false',
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ def _real_extract(self, url):
 
                 def get_attr(key):
                     return self._search_regex(
-                        r'\b%s\s*:\s*([\'"])(?P<val>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % key,
+                        rf'\b{key}\s*:\s*([\'"])(?P<val>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                         source, key, group='val')
 
                 if get_attr('integration') == 'verizon-media':
-                    m3u8_url = 'https://content.uplynk.com/%s.m3u8' % get_attr('id')
+                    m3u8_url = 'https://content.uplynk.com/{}.m3u8'.format(get_attr('id'))
             formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                 m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls')
             text_tracks = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
index bda3fb459..5c82de19e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def interpret_statement(self, stmt, local_vars, allow_recursion, *args, **kwargs
                     cls.write('=> Raises:', e, '<-|', stmt, level=allow_recursion)
                 raise
             if cls.ENABLED and stmt.strip():
-                if should_ret or not repr(ret) == stmt:
+                if should_ret or repr(ret) != stmt:
                     cls.write(['->', '=>'][should_ret], repr(ret), '<-|', stmt, level=allow_recursion)
             return ret, should_ret
         return interpret_statement
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def __init__(self, code, objects=None):
         self.code, self._functions = code, {}
         self._objects = {} if objects is None else objects
 
-    class Exception(ExtractorError):
+    class Exception(ExtractorError):  # noqa: A001
         def __init__(self, msg, expr=None, *args, **kwargs):
             if expr is not None:
                 msg = f'{msg.rstrip()} in: {truncate_string(expr, 50, 50)}'
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def _regex_flags(cls, expr):
         flags = 0
         if not expr:
             return flags, expr
-        for idx, ch in enumerate(expr):
+        for idx, ch in enumerate(expr):  # noqa: B007
             if ch not in cls._RE_FLAGS:
                 break
             flags |= cls._RE_FLAGS[ch]
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def dict_item(key, val):
             if remaining.startswith('{'):
                 body, expr = self._separate_at_paren(remaining)
             else:
-                switch_m = re.match(r'switch\s*\(', remaining)  # FIXME
+                switch_m = re.match(r'switch\s*\(', remaining)  # FIXME: ?
                 if switch_m:
                     switch_val, remaining = self._separate_at_paren(remaining[switch_m.end() - 1:])
                     body, expr = self._separate_at_paren(remaining, '}')
@@ -585,9 +585,9 @@ def dict_item(key, val):
             return int(expr), should_return
 
         elif expr == 'break':
-            raise JS_Break()
+            raise JS_Break
         elif expr == 'continue':
-            raise JS_Continue()
+            raise JS_Continue
         elif expr == 'undefined':
             return JS_Undefined, should_return
         elif expr == 'NaN':
@@ -697,12 +697,12 @@ def eval_method():
                 elif member == 'splice':
                     assertion(isinstance(obj, list), 'must be applied on a list')
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
-                    index, howMany = map(int, (argvals + [len(obj)])[:2])
+                    index, how_many = map(int, ([*argvals, len(obj)])[:2])
                     if index < 0:
                         index += len(obj)
                     add_items = argvals[2:]
                     res = []
-                    for i in range(index, min(index + howMany, len(obj))):
+                    for _ in range(index, min(index + how_many, len(obj))):
                         res.append(obj.pop(index))
                     for i, item in enumerate(add_items):
                         obj.insert(index + i, item)
@@ -726,12 +726,12 @@ def eval_method():
                 elif member == 'forEach':
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
                     assertion(len(argvals) <= 2, 'takes at-most 2 arguments')
-                    f, this = (argvals + [''])[:2]
+                    f, this = ([*argvals, ''])[:2]
                     return [f((item, idx, obj), {'this': this}, allow_recursion) for idx, item in enumerate(obj)]
                 elif member == 'indexOf':
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
                     assertion(len(argvals) <= 2, 'takes at-most 2 arguments')
-                    idx, start = (argvals + [0])[:2]
+                    idx, start = ([*argvals, 0])[:2]
                     try:
                         return obj.index(idx, start)
                     except ValueError:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
index 356712c76..1eaa0ee5f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     warnings.warn(f'Failed to import "websockets" request handler: {e}' + bug_reports_message())
 
 try:
-    from . import _curlcffi  # noqa: F401
+    from . import _curlcffi
 except ImportError:
     pass
 except Exception as e:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
index 39d1f70fb..b1f0fb82e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     TransportError,
 )
 from .impersonate import ImpersonateRequestHandler, ImpersonateTarget
-from ..dependencies import curl_cffi
+from ..dependencies import curl_cffi, certifi
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 if curl_cffi is None:
@@ -132,6 +132,16 @@ def _check_extensions(self, extensions):
         extensions.pop('cookiejar', None)
         extensions.pop('timeout', None)
 
+    def send(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        target = self._get_request_target(request)
+        try:
+            response = super().send(request)
+        except HTTPError as e:
+            e.response.extensions['impersonate'] = target
+            raise
+        response.extensions['impersonate'] = target
+        return response
+
     def _send(self, request: Request):
         max_redirects_exceeded = False
         session: curl_cffi.requests.Session = self._get_instance(
@@ -156,6 +166,13 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
                 # See: https://curl.se/libcurl/c/CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL.html
                 session.curl.setopt(CurlOpt.HTTPPROXYTUNNEL, 1)
 
+            # curl_cffi does not currently set these for proxies
+            session.curl.setopt(CurlOpt.PROXY_CAINFO, certifi.where())
+
+            if not self.verify:
+                session.curl.setopt(CurlOpt.PROXY_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0)
+                session.curl.setopt(CurlOpt.PROXY_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0)
+
         headers = self._get_impersonate_headers(request)
 
         if self._client_cert:
@@ -190,7 +207,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
                 impersonate=self._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.get(
                     self._get_request_target(request)),
                 interface=self.source_address,
-                stream=True
+                stream=True,
             )
         except curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError as e:
             if e.code == CurlECode.PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION:
@@ -203,7 +220,10 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
                 max_redirects_exceeded = True
                 curl_response = e.response
 
-            elif e.code == CurlECode.PROXY:
+            elif (
+                e.code == CurlECode.PROXY
+                or (e.code == CurlECode.RECV_ERROR and 'Received HTTP code 407 from proxy after CONNECT' in str(e))
+            ):
                 raise ProxyError(cause=e) from e
             else:
                 raise TransportError(cause=e) from e
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
index 8e678b26a..fe3354ea2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def create_socks_proxy_socket(dest_addr, proxy_args, proxy_ip_addr, timeout, sou
         connect_proxy_args = proxy_args.copy()
         connect_proxy_args.update({'addr': sa[0], 'port': sa[1]})
         sock.setproxy(**connect_proxy_args)
-        if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:  # noqa: E721
+        if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
             sock.settimeout(timeout)
         if source_address:
             sock.bind(source_address)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def create_connection(
     timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
     source_address=None,
     *,
-    _create_socket_func=_socket_connect
+    _create_socket_func=_socket_connect,
 ):
     # Work around socket.create_connection() which tries all addresses from getaddrinfo() including IPv6.
     # This filters the addresses based on the given source_address.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
index e3edc77f3..c69c54b3a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
 import functools
 import http.client
@@ -21,13 +23,14 @@
 if urllib3_version < (1, 26, 17):
     raise ImportError('Only urllib3 >= 1.26.17 is supported')
 
-if requests.__build__ < 0x023100:
-    raise ImportError('Only requests >= 2.31.0 is supported')
+if requests.__build__ < 0x023202:
+    raise ImportError('Only requests >= 2.32.2 is supported')
 
 import requests.adapters
 import requests.utils
 import urllib3.connection
 import urllib3.exceptions
+import urllib3.util
 
 from ._helper import (
     InstanceStoreMixin,
@@ -57,13 +60,13 @@
 from ..socks import ProxyError as SocksProxyError
 
 SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS = [
-    'gzip', 'deflate'
+    'gzip', 'deflate',
 ]
 
 if brotli is not None:
     SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS.append('br')
 
-"""
+'''
 Override urllib3's behavior to not convert lower-case percent-encoded characters
 to upper-case during url normalization process.
 
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@
 
 1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1
 2: https://github.com/streamlink/streamlink/pull/4003
-"""
+'''
 
 
 class Urllib3PercentREOverride:
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ def subn(self, repl, string, *args, **kwargs):
 
 # urllib3 >= 1.25.8 uses subn:
 # https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/a2697e7c6b275f05879b60f593c5854a816489f0
-import urllib3.util.url  # noqa: E305
+import urllib3.util.url
 
 if hasattr(urllib3.util.url, 'PERCENT_RE'):
     urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE = Urllib3PercentREOverride(urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE)
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ def subn(self, repl, string, *args, **kwargs):
 else:
     warnings.warn('Failed to patch PERCENT_RE in urllib3 (does the attribute exist?)' + bug_reports_message())
 
-"""
+'''
 Workaround for issue in urllib.util.ssl_.py: ssl_wrap_context does not pass
 server_hostname to SSLContext.wrap_socket if server_hostname is an IP,
 however this is an issue because we set check_hostname to True in our SSLContext.
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ def subn(self, repl, string, *args, **kwargs):
 
 This has been fixed in urllib3 2.0+.
 See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/517
-"""
+'''
 
 if urllib3_version < (2, 0, 0):
     with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
@@ -134,7 +137,7 @@ def __init__(self, res: requests.models.Response):
 
         self._requests_response = res
 
-    def read(self, amt: int = None):
+    def read(self, amt: int | None = None):
         try:
             # Interact with urllib3 response directly.
             return self.fp.read(amt, decode_content=True)
@@ -180,10 +183,20 @@ def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
             extra_kwargs['proxy_ssl_context'] = self._proxy_ssl_context
         return super().proxy_manager_for(proxy, **proxy_kwargs, **self._pm_args, **extra_kwargs)
 
+    # Skip `requests` internal verification; we use our own SSLContext
     def cert_verify(*args, **kwargs):
-        # lean on SSLContext for cert verification
         pass
 
+    # requests 2.32.2+: Reimplementation without `_urllib3_request_context`
+    def get_connection_with_tls_context(self, request, verify, proxies=None, cert=None):
+        url = urllib3.util.parse_url(request.url).url
+
+        manager = self.poolmanager
+        if proxy := select_proxy(url, proxies):
+            manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+
+        return manager.connection_from_url(url)
+
 
 class RequestsSession(requests.sessions.Session):
     """
@@ -318,7 +331,7 @@ def _send(self, request):
                 timeout=self._calculate_timeout(request),
                 proxies=self._get_proxies(request),
                 allow_redirects=True,
-                stream=True
+                stream=True,
             )
 
         except requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects as e:
@@ -400,7 +413,7 @@ def __init__(self, socks_proxy, username=None, password=None, num_pools=10, head
         super().__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
         self.pool_classes_by_scheme = {
             'http': SocksHTTPConnectionPool,
-            'https': SocksHTTPSConnectionPool
+            'https': SocksHTTPSConnectionPool,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
index ff110dc29..62995823b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ class ProxyHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):
     def __init__(self, proxies=None):
         self.proxies = proxies
         # Set default handlers
-        for type in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
-            setattr(self, '%s_open' % type, lambda r, meth=self.proxy_open: meth(r))
+        for scheme in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
+            setattr(self, f'{scheme}_open', lambda r, meth=self.proxy_open: meth(r))
 
     def proxy_open(self, req):
         proxy = select_proxy(req.get_full_url(), self.proxies)
@@ -385,12 +385,12 @@ def _send(self, request):
             url=request.url,
             data=request.data,
             headers=dict(headers),
-            method=request.method
+            method=request.method,
         )
 
         opener = self._get_instance(
             proxies=self._get_proxies(request),
-            cookiejar=self._get_cookiejar(request)
+            cookiejar=self._get_cookiejar(request),
         )
         try:
             res = opener.open(urllib_req, timeout=self._calculate_timeout(request))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
index 6e235b0c6..2153080a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def _send(self, request):
         wsuri = parse_uri(request.url)
         create_conn_kwargs = {
             'source_address': (self.source_address, 0) if self.source_address else None,
-            'timeout': timeout
+            'timeout': timeout,
         }
         proxy = select_proxy(request.url, self._get_proxies(request))
         try:
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ def _send(self, request):
                     address=(socks_proxy_options['addr'], socks_proxy_options['port']),
                     _create_socket_func=functools.partial(
                         create_socks_proxy_socket, (wsuri.host, wsuri.port), socks_proxy_options),
-                    **create_conn_kwargs
+                    **create_conn_kwargs,
                 )
             else:
                 sock = create_connection(
                     address=(wsuri.host, wsuri.port),
-                    **create_conn_kwargs
+                    **create_conn_kwargs,
                 )
             conn = websockets.sync.client.connect(
                 sock=sock,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
index 4c66ba66a..a6db16715 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 )
 from ..utils.networking import HTTPHeaderDict, normalize_url
 
+DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 20
+
 
 def register_preference(*handlers: type[RequestHandler]):
     assert all(issubclass(handler, RequestHandler) for handler in handlers)
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ def _get_handlers(self, request: Request) -> list[RequestHandler]:
             rh: sum(pref(rh, request) for pref in self.preferences)
             for rh in self.handlers.values()
         }
-        self._print_verbose('Handler preferences for this request: %s' % ', '.join(
-            f'{rh.RH_NAME}={pref}' for rh, pref in preferences.items()))
+        self._print_verbose('Handler preferences for this request: {}'.format(', '.join(
+            f'{rh.RH_NAME}={pref}' for rh, pref in preferences.items())))
         return sorted(self.handlers.values(), key=preferences.get, reverse=True)
 
     def _print_verbose(self, msg):
@@ -222,11 +224,11 @@ def __init__(
         headers: HTTPHeaderDict = None,
         cookiejar: YoutubeDLCookieJar = None,
         timeout: float | int | None = None,
-        proxies: dict = None,
-        source_address: str = None,
+        proxies: dict | None = None,
+        source_address: str | None = None,
         verbose: bool = False,
         prefer_system_certs: bool = False,
-        client_cert: dict[str, str | None] = None,
+        client_cert: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
         verify: bool = True,
         legacy_ssl_support: bool = False,
         **_,
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ def __init__(
         self._logger = logger
         self.headers = headers or {}
         self.cookiejar = cookiejar if cookiejar is not None else YoutubeDLCookieJar()
-        self.timeout = float(timeout or 20)
+        self.timeout = float(timeout or DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
         self.proxies = proxies or {}
         self.source_address = source_address
         self.verbose = verbose
@@ -339,7 +341,7 @@ def _send(self, request: Request):
         """Handle a request from start to finish. Redefine in subclasses."""
         pass
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self):  # noqa: B027
         pass
 
     @classproperty
@@ -376,11 +378,11 @@ def __init__(
             self,
             url: str,
             data: RequestData = None,
-            headers: typing.Mapping = None,
-            proxies: dict = None,
-            query: dict = None,
-            method: str = None,
-            extensions: dict = None
+            headers: typing.Mapping | None = None,
+            proxies: dict | None = None,
+            query: dict | None = None,
+            method: str | None = None,
+            extensions: dict | None = None,
     ):
 
         self._headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
@@ -497,6 +499,7 @@ class Response(io.IOBase):
     @param headers: response headers.
     @param status: Response HTTP status code. Default is 200 OK.
     @param reason: HTTP status reason. Will use built-in reasons based on status code if not provided.
+    @param extensions: Dictionary of handler-specific response extensions.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -505,7 +508,9 @@ def __init__(
             url: str,
             headers: Mapping[str, str],
             status: int = 200,
-            reason: str = None):
+            reason: str | None = None,
+            extensions: dict | None = None,
+    ):
 
         self.fp = fp
         self.headers = Message()
@@ -517,11 +522,12 @@ def __init__(
             self.reason = reason or HTTPStatus(status).phrase
         except ValueError:
             self.reason = None
+        self.extensions = extensions or {}
 
     def readable(self):
         return self.fp.readable()
 
-    def read(self, amt: int = None) -> bytes:
+    def read(self, amt: int | None = None) -> bytes:
         # Expected errors raised here should be of type RequestError or subclasses.
         # Subclasses should redefine this method with more precise error handling.
         try:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py b/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
index 9037f18e2..daa9fb541 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         msg: str | None = None,
         cause: Exception | str | None = None,
-        handler: RequestHandler = None
+        handler: RequestHandler = None,
     ):
         self.handler = handler
         self.cause = cause
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py b/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
index ca66180c7..0626b3b49 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ def _resolve_target(self, target: ImpersonateTarget | None):
                 return supported_target
 
     @classproperty
-    def supported_targets(self) -> tuple[ImpersonateTarget, ...]:
-        return tuple(self._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.keys())
+    def supported_targets(cls) -> tuple[ImpersonateTarget, ...]:
+        return tuple(cls._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.keys())
 
     def is_supported_target(self, target: ImpersonateTarget):
         assert isinstance(target, ImpersonateTarget)
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def _get_impersonate_headers(self, request):
         headers = self._merge_headers(request.headers)
         if self._get_request_target(request) is not None:
             # remove all headers present in std_headers
-            # todo: change this to not depend on std_headers
+            # TODO: change this to not depend on std_headers
             for k, v in std_headers.items():
                 if headers.get(k) == v:
                     headers.pop(k)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/options.py b/yt_dlp/options.py
index faa1ee563..3d4c07661 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/options.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/options.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 from .version import CHANNEL, __version__
 
 
-def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None, ignore_config_files='if_override'):
+def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None, ignore_config_files='if_override'):  # noqa: N803
     PACKAGE_NAME = 'yt-dlp'
 
     root = Config(create_parser())
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def _dict_from_options_callback(
         except Exception as err:
             raise optparse.OptionValueError(f'wrong {opt_str} formatting; {err}')
         for key in keys:
-            out_dict[key] = out_dict.get(key, []) + [val] if append else val
+            out_dict[key] = [*out_dict.get(key, []), val] if append else val
         setattr(parser.values, option.dest, out_dict)
 
     def when_prefix(default):
@@ -474,14 +474,14 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
                 'no-attach-info-json', 'embed-thumbnail-atomicparsley', 'no-external-downloader-progress',
                 'embed-metadata', 'seperate-video-versions', 'no-clean-infojson', 'no-keep-subs', 'no-certifi',
                 'no-youtube-channel-redirect', 'no-youtube-unavailable-videos', 'no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date',
-                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx'
+                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx',
             }, 'aliases': {
                 'youtube-dl': ['all', '-multistreams', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx'],
                 'youtube-dlc': ['all', '-no-youtube-channel-redirect', '-no-live-chat', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx'],
-                '2021': ['2022', 'no-certifi', 'filename-sanitization', 'no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date'],
+                '2021': ['2022', 'no-certifi', 'filename-sanitization'],
                 '2022': ['2023', 'no-external-downloader-progress', 'playlist-match-filter', 'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx'],
                 '2023': [],
-            }
+            },
         }, help=(
             'Options that can help keep compatibility with youtube-dl or youtube-dlc '
             'configurations by reverting some of the changes made in yt-dlp. '
@@ -520,7 +520,8 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         metavar='CLIENT[:OS]', dest='impersonate', default=None,
         help=(
             'Client to impersonate for requests. E.g. chrome, chrome-110, chrome:windows-10. '
-            'Pass --impersonate="" to impersonate any client.'),
+            'Pass --impersonate="" to impersonate any client. Note that forcing impersonation '
+            'for all requests may have a detrimental impact on download speed and stability'),
     )
     network.add_option(
         '--list-impersonate-targets',
@@ -540,7 +541,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
     network.add_option(
         '--enable-file-urls', action='store_true',
         dest='enable_file_urls', default=False,
-        help='Enable file:// URLs. This is disabled by default for security reasons.'
+        help='Enable file:// URLs. This is disabled by default for security reasons.',
     )
 
     geo = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Geo-restriction')
@@ -681,7 +682,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         help='Download only videos not listed in the archive file. Record the IDs of all downloaded videos in it')
     selection.add_option(
         '--no-download-archive',
-        dest='download_archive', action="store_const", const=None,
+        dest='download_archive', action='store_const', const=None,
         help='Do not use archive file (default)')
     selection.add_option(
         '--max-downloads',
@@ -1045,7 +1046,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': 'http|ftp|m3u8|dash|rtsp|rtmp|mms',
             'default_key': 'default',
-            'process': str.strip
+            'process': str.strip,
         }, help=(
             'Name or path of the external downloader to use (optionally) prefixed by '
             'the protocols (http, ftp, m3u8, dash, rstp, rtmp, mms) to use it for. '
@@ -1059,9 +1060,9 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         metavar='NAME:ARGS', dest='external_downloader_args', default={}, type='str',
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
-            'allowed_keys': r'ffmpeg_[io]\d*|%s' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, list_external_downloaders())),
+            'allowed_keys': r'ffmpeg_[io]\d*|{}'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, list_external_downloaders()))),
             'default_key': 'default',
-            'process': shlex.split
+            'process': shlex.split,
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the external downloader. '
             'Specify the downloader name and the arguments separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1250,7 +1251,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': '(download|postprocess)(-title)?',
-            'default_key': 'download'
+            'default_key': 'download',
         }, help=(
             'Template for progress outputs, optionally prefixed with one of "download:" (default), '
             '"download-title:" (the console title), "postprocess:",  or "postprocess-title:". '
@@ -1316,8 +1317,8 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         metavar='[TYPES:]PATH', dest='paths', default={}, type='str',
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
-            'allowed_keys': 'home|temp|%s' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys())),
-            'default_key': 'home'
+            'allowed_keys': 'home|temp|{}'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys()))),
+            'default_key': 'home',
         }, help=(
             'The paths where the files should be downloaded. '
             'Specify the type of file and the path separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1332,7 +1333,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': '|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys())),
-            'default_key': 'default'
+            'default_key': 'default',
         }, help='Output filename template; see "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details')
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--output-na-placeholder',
@@ -1574,7 +1575,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
             'allowed_keys': r'\w+(?:\+\w+)?',
             'default_key': 'default-compat',
             'process': shlex.split,
-            'multiple_keys': False
+            'multiple_keys': False,
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the postprocessors. '
             'Specify the postprocessor/executable name and the arguments separated by a colon ":" '
@@ -1723,8 +1724,8 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         '--convert-subs', '--convert-sub', '--convert-subtitles',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertsubtitles', default=None,
         help=(
-            'Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: %s) '
-            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)' % ', '.join(sorted(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS))))
+            'Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: {}) '
+            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)'.format(', '.join(sorted(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--convert-thumbnails',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertthumbnails', default=None,
@@ -1771,7 +1772,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         action='callback', callback=_list_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'delim': None,
-            'process': lambda val: dict(_postprocessor_opts_parser(*val.split(':', 1)))
+            'process': lambda val: dict(_postprocessor_opts_parser(*val.split(':', 1))),
         }, help=(
             'The (case sensitive) name of plugin postprocessors to be enabled, '
             'and (optionally) arguments to be passed to it, separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1793,7 +1794,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         dest='sponsorblock_mark', default=set(), action='callback', type='str',
         callback=_set_from_options_callback, callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_values': SponsorBlockPP.CATEGORIES.keys(),
-            'aliases': {'default': ['all']}
+            'aliases': {'default': ['all']},
         }, help=(
             'SponsorBlock categories to create chapters for, separated by commas. '
             f'Available categories are {", ".join(SponsorBlockPP.CATEGORIES.keys())}, all and default (=all). '
@@ -1807,7 +1808,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
             # Note: From https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Types:
             # The filler category is very aggressive.
             # It is strongly recommended to not use this in a client by default.
-            'aliases': {'default': ['all', '-filler']}
+            'aliases': {'default': ['all', '-filler']},
         }, help=(
             'SponsorBlock categories to be removed from the video file, separated by commas. '
             'If a category is present in both mark and remove, remove takes precedence. '
@@ -1878,7 +1879,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
     extractor.add_option(
         '--hls-split-discontinuity',
         dest='hls_split_discontinuity', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Split HLS playlists to different formats at discontinuities such as ad breaks'
+        help='Split HLS playlists to different formats at discontinuities such as ad breaks',
     )
     extractor.add_option(
         '--no-hls-split-discontinuity',
@@ -1893,7 +1894,7 @@ def _alias_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser, opts, nargs):
         callback_kwargs={
             'multiple_keys': False,
             'process': lambda val: dict(
-                _extractor_arg_parser(*arg.split('=', 1)) for arg in val.split(';'))
+                _extractor_arg_parser(*arg.split('=', 1)) for arg in val.split(';')),
         }, help=(
             'Pass ARGS arguments to the IE_KEY extractor. See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details. '
             'You can use this option multiple times to give arguments for different extractors'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
index bfe9df733..164540b5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ def get_postprocessor(key):
 
 
 globals().update(_PLUGIN_CLASSES)
-__all__ = [name for name in globals().keys() if name.endswith('PP')]
+__all__ = [name for name in globals() if name.endswith('PP')]
 __all__.extend(('PostProcessor', 'FFmpegPostProcessor'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
index 8cef86c43..eeeece82c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def pp_key(cls):
 
     def to_screen(self, text, prefix=True, *args, **kwargs):
         if self._downloader:
-            tag = '[%s] ' % self.PP_NAME if prefix else ''
+            tag = f'[{self.PP_NAME}] ' if prefix else ''
             return self._downloader.to_screen(f'{tag}{text}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def wrapper(self, info):
                 if allowed[format_type]:
                     return func(self, info)
                 else:
-                    self.to_screen('Skipping %s' % format_type)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Skipping {format_type}')
                     return [], info
             return wrapper
         return decorator
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
         self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
 
     def report_progress(self, s):
-        s['_default_template'] = '%(postprocessor)s %(status)s' % s
+        s['_default_template'] = '%(postprocessor)s %(status)s' % s  # noqa: UP031
         if not self._downloader:
             return
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
index 9c5372956..673a92468 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
     check_executable,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     prepend_extension,
     shell_quote,
 )
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def guess():
             if mobj is None:
                 return guess()
         except PostProcessingError as err:
-            self.report_warning('unable to find the thumbnail resolution; %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to find the thumbnail resolution; {err}')
             return guess()
         return int(mobj.group('w')), int(mobj.group('h'))
 
@@ -104,12 +103,12 @@ def run(self, info):
             old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(
                 filename, ('tags', 'mimetype'), mimetype)
             if old_stream is not None:
-                options.extend(['-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream])
+                options.extend(['-map', f'-0:{old_stream}'])
                 new_stream -= 1
             options.extend([
                 '-attach', self._ffmpeg_filename_argument(thumbnail_filename),
-                '-metadata:s:%d' % new_stream, 'mimetype=%s' % mimetype,
-                '-metadata:s:%d' % new_stream, 'filename=cover.%s' % thumbnail_ext])
+                f'-metadata:s:{new_stream}', f'mimetype={mimetype}',
+                f'-metadata:s:{new_stream}', f'filename=cover.{thumbnail_ext}'])
 
             self._report_run('ffmpeg', filename)
             self.run_ffmpeg(filename, temp_filename, options)
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                     meta.save()
                     temp_filename = filename
                 except Exception as err:
-                    self.report_warning('unable to embed using mutagen; %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+                    self.report_warning(f'unable to embed using mutagen; {err}')
                     success = False
 
             # Method 2: Use AtomicParsley
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                     cmd += [encodeArgument(o) for o in self._configuration_args('AtomicParsley')]
 
                     self._report_run('atomicparsley', filename)
-                    self.write_debug('AtomicParsley command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+                    self.write_debug(f'AtomicParsley command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
                     stdout, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
                     if returncode:
                         self.report_warning(f'Unable to embed thumbnails using AtomicParsley; {stderr.strip()}')
@@ -178,9 +177,9 @@ def run(self, info):
                     old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(
                         filename, ('disposition', 'attached_pic'), 1)
                     if old_stream is not None:
-                        options.extend(['-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream])
+                        options.extend(['-map', f'-0:{old_stream}'])
                         new_stream -= 1
-                    options.extend(['-disposition:%s' % new_stream, 'attached_pic'])
+                    options.extend([f'-disposition:{new_stream}', 'attached_pic'])
 
                     self._report_run('ffmpeg', filename)
                     self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files([filename, thumbnail_filename], temp_filename, options)
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ def run(self, info):
             f = {'opus': OggOpus, 'flac': FLAC, 'ogg': OggVorbis}[info['ext']](filename)
 
             pic = Picture()
-            pic.mime = 'image/%s' % imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename)
+            pic.mime = f'image/{imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename)}'
             with open(thumbnail_filename, 'rb') as thumbfile:
                 pic.data = thumbfile.read()
             pic.type = 3  # front cover
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
index c2e73fbab..1f0a0015e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .common import PostProcessor
-from ..compat import compat_shlex_quote
-from ..utils import Popen, PostProcessingError, variadic
+from ..utils import Popen, PostProcessingError, shell_quote, variadic
 
 
 class ExecPP(PostProcessor):
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ def parse_cmd(self, cmd, info):
         if filepath:
             if '{}' not in cmd:
                 cmd += ' {}'
-            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', compat_shlex_quote(filepath))
+            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', shell_quote(filepath))
         return cmd
 
     def run(self, info):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
index 7d7f3f0eb..1ed37af51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 
 def create_mapping_re(supported):
-    return re.compile(r'{0}(?:/{0})*$'.format(r'(?:\s*\w+\s*>)?\s*(?:%s)\s*' % '|'.join(supported)))
+    return re.compile(r'{0}(?:/{0})*$'.format(r'(?:\s*\w+\s*>)?\s*(?:{})\s*'.format('|'.join(supported))))
 
 
 def resolve_mapping(source, mapping):
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def _determine_executables(self):
             filename = os.path.basename(location)
             basename = next((p for p in programs if p in filename), 'ffmpeg')
             dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(location))
-            if basename in self._ffmpeg_to_avconv.keys():
+            if basename in self._ffmpeg_to_avconv:
                 self._prefer_ffmpeg = True
 
         paths = {p: os.path.join(dirname, p) for p in programs}
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ def _versions(self):
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def basename(self):
-        self._version  # run property
+        _ = self._version  # run property
         return self.basename
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def probe_basename(self):
-        self._probe_version  # run property
+        _ = self._probe_version  # run property
         return self.probe_basename
 
     def _get_version(self, kind):
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def real_run_ffmpeg(self, input_path_opts, output_path_opts, *, expected_retcode
             cmd += [encodeArgument('-loglevel'), encodeArgument('repeat+info')]
 
         def make_args(file, args, name, number):
-            keys = ['_%s%d' % (name, number), '_%s' % name]
+            keys = [f'_{name}{number}', f'_{name}']
             if name == 'o':
                 args += ['-movflags', '+faststart']
                 if number == 1:
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def make_args(file, args, name, number):
                 make_args(path, list(opts), arg_type, i + 1)
                 for i, (path, opts) in enumerate(path_opts) if path)
 
-        self.write_debug('ffmpeg command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+        self.write_debug(f'ffmpeg command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
         _, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(
             cmd, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
         if returncode not in variadic(expected_retcodes):
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ def _concat_spec(cls, in_files, concat_opts=None):
 
 
 class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
-    COMMON_AUDIO_EXTS = MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio + ('wma', )
+    COMMON_AUDIO_EXTS = (*MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio, 'wma')
     SUPPORTED_EXTS = tuple(ACODECS.keys())
     FORMAT_RE = create_mapping_re(('best', *SUPPORTED_EXTS))
 
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ def run_ffmpeg(self, path, out_path, codec, more_opts):
             acodec_opts = []
         else:
             acodec_opts = ['-acodec', codec]
-        opts = ['-vn'] + acodec_opts + more_opts
+        opts = ['-vn', *acodec_opts, *more_opts]
         try:
             FFmpegPostProcessor.run_ffmpeg(self, path, out_path, opts)
         except FFmpegPostProcessorError as err:
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ def run(self, information):
             temp_path = prepend_extension(path, 'temp')
         if (self._nopostoverwrites and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(new_path))
                 and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(orig_path))):
-            self.to_screen('Post-process file %s exists, skipping' % new_path)
+            self.to_screen(f'Post-process file {new_path} exists, skipping')
             return [], information
 
         self.to_screen(f'Destination: {new_path}')
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ def run(self, info):
         if not sub_langs:
             return [], info
 
-        input_files = [filename] + sub_filenames
+        input_files = [filename, *sub_filenames]
 
         opts = [
             *self.stream_copy_opts(ext=info['ext']),
@@ -650,15 +650,15 @@ def run(self, info):
             '-map', '-0:s',
         ]
         for i, (lang, name) in enumerate(zip(sub_langs, sub_names)):
-            opts.extend(['-map', '%d:0' % (i + 1)])
+            opts.extend(['-map', f'{i + 1}:0'])
             lang_code = ISO639Utils.short2long(lang) or lang
-            opts.extend(['-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'language=%s' % lang_code])
+            opts.extend([f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'language={lang_code}'])
             if name:
-                opts.extend(['-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'handler_name=%s' % name,
-                             '-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'title=%s' % name])
+                opts.extend([f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'handler_name={name}',
+                             f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'title={name}'])
 
         temp_filename = prepend_extension(filename, 'temp')
-        self.to_screen('Embedding subtitles in "%s"' % filename)
+        self.to_screen(f'Embedding subtitles in "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(input_files, temp_filename, opts)
         os.replace(temp_filename, filename)
 
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ def run(self, info):
             return [], info
 
         temp_filename = prepend_extension(filename, 'temp')
-        self.to_screen('Adding metadata to "%s"' % filename)
+        self.to_screen(f'Adding metadata to "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(
             (filename, metadata_filename), temp_filename,
             itertools.chain(self._options(info['ext']), *options))
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ def ffmpeg_escape(text):
                 metadata_file_content += 'END=%d\n' % (chapter['end_time'] * 1000)
                 chapter_title = chapter.get('title')
                 if chapter_title:
-                    metadata_file_content += 'title=%s\n' % ffmpeg_escape(chapter_title)
+                    metadata_file_content += f'title={ffmpeg_escape(chapter_title)}\n'
             f.write(metadata_file_content)
         yield ('-map_metadata', '1')
 
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ def _get_metadata_opts(self, info):
 
         def add(meta_list, info_list=None):
             value = next((
-                info[key] for key in [f'{meta_prefix}_'] + list(variadic(info_list or meta_list))
+                info[key] for key in [f'{meta_prefix}_', *variadic(info_list or meta_list)]
                 if info.get(key) is not None), None)
             if value not in ('', None):
                 value = ', '.join(map(str, variadic(value)))
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ def _get_infojson_opts(self, info, infofn):
 
         old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(info['filepath'], ('tags', 'mimetype'), 'application/json')
         if old_stream is not None:
-            yield ('-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream)
+            yield ('-map', f'-0:{old_stream}')
             new_stream -= 1
 
         yield (
@@ -834,8 +834,8 @@ def run(self, info):
                     args.extend([f'-bsf:a:{audio_streams}', 'aac_adtstoasc'])
                 audio_streams += 1
             if fmt.get('vcodec') != 'none':
-                args.extend(['-map', '%u:v:0' % (i)])
-        self.to_screen('Merging formats into "%s"' % filename)
+                args.extend(['-map', f'{i}:v:0'])
+        self.to_screen(f'Merging formats into "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(info['__files_to_merge'], temp_filename, args)
         os.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename), encodeFilename(filename))
         return info['__files_to_merge'], info
@@ -848,10 +848,9 @@ def can_merge(self):
         required_version = '10-0'
         if is_outdated_version(
                 self._versions[self.basename], required_version):
-            warning = ('Your copy of %s is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, '
+            warning = (f'Your copy of {self.basename} is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, '
                        'yt-dlp will download single file media. '
-                       'Update %s to version %s or newer to fix this.') % (
-                           self.basename, self.basename, required_version)
+                       f'Update {self.basename} to version {required_version} or newer to fix this.')
             self.report_warning(warning)
             return False
         return True
@@ -873,7 +872,7 @@ def run(self, info):
         stretched_ratio = info.get('stretched_ratio')
         if stretched_ratio not in (None, 1):
             self._fixup('Fixing aspect ratio', info['filepath'], [
-                *self.stream_copy_opts(), '-aspect', '%f' % stretched_ratio])
+                *self.stream_copy_opts(), '-aspect', f'{stretched_ratio:f}'])
         return [], info
 
 
@@ -925,7 +924,7 @@ def run(self, info):
             opts = ['-vf', 'setpts=PTS-STARTPTS']
         else:
             opts = ['-c', 'copy', '-bsf', 'setts=ts=TS-STARTPTS']
-        self._fixup('Fixing frame timestamp', info['filepath'], opts + [*self.stream_copy_opts(False), '-ss', self.trim])
+        self._fixup('Fixing frame timestamp', info['filepath'], [*opts, *self.stream_copy_opts(False), '-ss', self.trim])
         return [], info
 
 
@@ -970,7 +969,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                 continue
             ext = sub['ext']
             if ext == new_ext:
-                self.to_screen('Subtitle file for %s is already in the requested format' % new_ext)
+                self.to_screen(f'Subtitle file for {new_ext} is already in the requested format')
                 continue
             elif ext == 'json':
                 self.to_screen(
@@ -1060,7 +1059,7 @@ def run(self, info):
         in_file = info['filepath']
         if self._force_keyframes and len(chapters) > 1:
             in_file = self.force_keyframes(in_file, (c['start_time'] for c in chapters))
-        self.to_screen('Splitting video by chapters; %d chapters found' % len(chapters))
+        self.to_screen(f'Splitting video by chapters; {len(chapters)} chapters found')
         for idx, chapter in enumerate(chapters):
             destination, opts = self._ffmpeg_args_for_chapter(idx + 1, chapter, info)
             self.real_run_ffmpeg([(in_file, opts)], [(destination, self.stream_copy_opts())])
@@ -1087,7 +1086,7 @@ def fixup_webp(self, info, idx=-1):
         _, thumbnail_ext = os.path.splitext(thumbnail_filename)
         if thumbnail_ext:
             if thumbnail_ext.lower() != '.webp' and imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename) == 'webp':
-                self.to_screen('Correcting thumbnail "%s" extension to webp' % thumbnail_filename)
+                self.to_screen(f'Correcting thumbnail "{thumbnail_filename}" extension to webp')
                 webp_filename = replace_extension(thumbnail_filename, 'webp')
                 os.replace(thumbnail_filename, webp_filename)
                 info['thumbnails'][idx]['filepath'] = webp_filename
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
index f5219868c..d82685ed8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def run(self, info):
                 self.write_debug('Expected and actual durations mismatch')
 
         concat_opts = self._make_concat_opts(cuts, real_duration)
-        self.write_debug('Concat spec = %s' % ', '.join(f'{c.get("inpoint", 0.0)}-{c.get("outpoint", "inf")}' for c in concat_opts))
+        self.write_debug('Concat spec = {}'.format(', '.join(f'{c.get("inpoint", 0.0)}-{c.get("outpoint", "inf")}' for c in concat_opts)))
 
         def remove_chapters(file, is_sub):
             return file, self.remove_chapters(file, cuts, concat_opts, self._force_keyframes and not is_sub)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
index 23b09248c..35e87051b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
@@ -34,16 +34,15 @@ def run(self, info):
             if os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(oldfile)) == os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(newfile)):
                 continue
             if not os.path.exists(encodeFilename(oldfile)):
-                self.report_warning('File "%s" cannot be found' % oldfile)
+                self.report_warning(f'File "{oldfile}" cannot be found')
                 continue
             if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(newfile)):
                 if self.get_param('overwrites', True):
-                    self.report_warning('Replacing existing file "%s"' % newfile)
+                    self.report_warning(f'Replacing existing file "{newfile}"')
                     os.remove(encodeFilename(newfile))
                 else:
                     self.report_warning(
-                        'Cannot move file "%s" out of temporary directory since "%s" already exists. '
-                        % (oldfile, newfile))
+                        f'Cannot move file "{oldfile}" out of temporary directory since "{newfile}" already exists. ')
                     continue
             make_dir(newfile, PostProcessingError)
             self.to_screen(f'Moving file "{oldfile}" to "{newfile}"')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
index ff50d5b4f..525b6392a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def __init__(self, downloader, path='', args=None, ignoreerror=False, cut=False,
 
         if not ignoreerror and self.path is None:
             if path:
-                raise PostProcessingError('sponskrub not found in "%s"' % path)
+                raise PostProcessingError(f'sponskrub not found in "{path}"')
             else:
                 raise PostProcessingError('sponskrub not found. Please install or provide the path using --sponskrub-path')
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def run(self, information):
         cmd += ['--', information['id'], filename, temp_filename]
         cmd = [encodeArgument(i) for i in cmd]
 
-        self.write_debug('sponskrub command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+        self.write_debug(f'sponskrub command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
         stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, stdout=None if self.get_param('verbose') else subprocess.PIPE)
 
         if not returncode:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
index 6ba87cd67..6cf9ab62e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class SponsorBlockPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         'filler': 'Filler Tangent',
         'interaction': 'Interaction Reminder',
         'music_offtopic': 'Non-Music Section',
-        **NON_SKIPPABLE_CATEGORIES
+        **NON_SKIPPABLE_CATEGORIES,
     }
 
     def __init__(self, downloader, categories=None, api='https://sponsor.ajay.app'):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def duration_filter(s):
             if start_end[0] <= 1:
                 start_end[0] = 0
             # Make POI chapters 1 sec so that we can properly mark them
-            if s['category'] in self.POI_CATEGORIES.keys():
+            if s['category'] in self.POI_CATEGORIES:
                 start_end[1] += 1
             # Ignore milliseconds difference at the end.
             # Never allow the segment to exceed the video.
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ def to_chapter(s):
         return sponsor_chapters
 
     def _get_sponsor_segments(self, video_id, service):
-        hash = hashlib.sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
+        video_hash = hashlib.sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
         # SponsorBlock API recommends using first 4 hash characters.
-        url = f'{self._API_URL}/api/skipSegments/{hash[:4]}?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
+        url = f'{self._API_URL}/api/skipSegments/{video_hash[:4]}?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'service': service,
             'categories': json.dumps(self._categories),
-            'actionTypes': json.dumps(['skip', 'poi', 'chapter'])
+            'actionTypes': json.dumps(['skip', 'poi', 'chapter']),
         })
         for d in self._download_json(url) or []:
             if d['videoID'] == video_id:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/socks.py b/yt_dlp/socks.py
index b4957ac2e..e553a5f1f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/socks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/socks.py
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ def __init__(self, code=None, msg=None):
 
 class InvalidVersionError(ProxyError):
     def __init__(self, expected_version, got_version):
-        msg = ('Invalid response version from server. Expected {:02x} got '
-               '{:02x}'.format(expected_version, got_version))
+        msg = (f'Invalid response version from server. Expected {expected_version:02x} got '
+               f'{got_version:02x}')
         super().__init__(0, msg)
 
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
     CODES = {
         91: 'request rejected or failed',
         92: 'request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to identd on the client',
-        93: 'request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids'
+        93: 'request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids',
     }
 
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
         0x07: 'Command not supported',
         0x08: 'Address type not supported',
         0xFE: 'unknown username or invalid password',
-        0xFF: 'all offered authentication methods were rejected'
+        0xFF: 'all offered authentication methods were rejected',
     }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/update.py b/yt_dlp/update.py
index f47cbc5b2..8c6790d61 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/update.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/update.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from zipimport import zipimporter
 
 from .compat import functools  # isort: split
-from .compat import compat_realpath, compat_shlex_quote
+from .compat import compat_realpath
 from .networking import Request
 from .networking.exceptions import HTTPError, network_exceptions
 from .utils import (
@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ def _get_variant_and_executable_path():
             # Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uname#Examples
             if machine[1:] in ('x86', 'x86_64', 'amd64', 'i386', 'i686'):
                 machine = '_x86' if platform.architecture()[0][:2] == '32' else ''
+            # sys.executable returns a /tmp/ path for staticx builds (linux_static)
+            # Ref: https://staticx.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html#run-time-information
+            if static_exe_path := os.getenv('STATICX_PROG_PATH'):
+                path = static_exe_path
         return f'{remove_end(sys.platform, "32")}{machine}_exe', path
 
     path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ class UpdateInfo:
     requested_version: str | None = None
     commit: str | None = None
 
-    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()
+    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()  # noqa: RUF009: Always returns the same value
     checksum: str | None = None
 
     _has_update = True
@@ -377,7 +381,7 @@ def query_update(self, *, _output=False) -> UpdateInfo | None:
             has_update = False
 
         resolved_tag = requested_version if self.requested_tag == 'latest' else self.requested_tag
-        current_label = _make_label(self._origin, self._channel.partition("@")[2] or self.current_version, self.current_version)
+        current_label = _make_label(self._origin, self._channel.partition('@')[2] or self.current_version, self.current_version)
         requested_label = _make_label(self.requested_repo, resolved_tag, requested_version)
         latest_or_requested = f'{"Latest" if self.requested_tag == "latest" else "Requested"} version: {requested_label}'
         if not has_update:
@@ -511,7 +515,7 @@ def update(self, update_info=NO_DEFAULT):
                 os.chmod(self.filename, mask)
             except OSError:
                 return self._report_error(
-                    f'Unable to set permissions. Run: sudo chmod a+rx {compat_shlex_quote(self.filename)}')
+                    f'Unable to set permissions. Run: sudo chmod a+rx {shell_quote(self.filename)}')
 
         self.ydl.to_screen(f'Updated yt-dlp to {update_label}')
         return True
@@ -555,7 +559,7 @@ def _report_network_error(self, action, delim=';', tag=None):
             tag = self.requested_tag
         self._report_error(
             f'Unable to {action}{delim} visit  https://github.com/{self.requested_repo}/releases/'
-            + tag if tag == "latest" else f"tag/{tag}", True)
+            + tag if tag == 'latest' else f'tag/{tag}', True)
 
     # XXX: Everything below this line in this class is deprecated / for compat only
     @property
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
index a23248bbe..356e58022 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 # isort: split
 from .networking import escape_rfc3986  # noqa: F401
-from .networking import normalize_url as escape_url  # noqa: F401
+from .networking import normalize_url as escape_url
 from .networking import random_user_agent, std_headers  # noqa: F401
 from ..cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar  # noqa: F401
 from ..networking._urllib import PUTRequest  # noqa: F401
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def decode_png(png_data):
         chunks.append({
             'type': chunk_type,
             'length': length,
-            'data': chunk_data
+            'data': chunk_data,
         })
 
     ihdr = chunks[0]['data']
@@ -195,15 +195,15 @@ def _get_pixel(idx):
         return pixels[y][x]
 
     for y in range(height):
-        basePos = y * (1 + stride)
-        filter_type = decompressed_data[basePos]
+        base_pos = y * (1 + stride)
+        filter_type = decompressed_data[base_pos]
 
         current_row = []
 
         pixels.append(current_row)
 
         for x in range(stride):
-            color = decompressed_data[1 + basePos + x]
+            color = decompressed_data[1 + base_pos + x]
             basex = y * stride + x
             left = 0
             up = 0
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
index e3e80f3d3..664675a09 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 )
 from ..dependencies import xattr
 
-__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # Pretend to be the parent module
+__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # noqa: A001: Pretend to be the parent module
 
 # This is not clearly defined otherwise
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ def IDENTITY(x):
     'EST': -5, 'EDT': -4,  # Eastern
     'CST': -6, 'CDT': -5,  # Central
     'MST': -7, 'MDT': -6,  # Mountain
-    'PST': -8, 'PDT': -7   # Pacific
+    'PST': -8, 'PDT': -7,   # Pacific
 }
 
 # needed for sanitizing filenames in restricted mode
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ def write_json_file(obj, fn):
 def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
     """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
     assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
-    expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
+    expr = xpath + (f'[@{key}]' if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
     return node.find(expr)
 
 # On python2.6 the xml.etree.ElementTree.Element methods don't support
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
             replaced.append(c[0])
         else:
             ns, tag = c
-            replaced.append('{%s}%s' % (ns_map[ns], tag))
+            replaced.append(f'{{{ns_map[ns]}}}{tag}')
     return '/'.join(replaced)
 
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def _find_xpath(xpath):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = xpath if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML element {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def xpath_text(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = xpath if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element\'s text %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML element\'s text {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n.text
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = f'{xpath}[@{key}]' if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML attribute %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML attribute {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n.attrib[key]
@@ -320,14 +320,14 @@ def get_element_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs):
 def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html, **kargs):
     """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', rf'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s]){re.escape(class_name)}(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*',
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
 def get_elements_html_by_class(class_name, html):
     """Return the html of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_html_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', rf'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s]){re.escape(class_name)}(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*',
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ def get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, *, tag=r'[\w
 
         yield (
             unescapeHTML(re.sub(r'^(?P<q>["\'])(?P<content>.*)(?P=q)$', r'\g<content>', content, flags=re.DOTALL)),
-            whole
+            whole,
         )
 
 
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def handle_endtag(self, tag):
         else:
             raise compat_HTMLParseError(f'matching opening tag for closing {tag} tag not found')
         if not self.tagstack:
-            raise self.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException()
+            raise self.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException
 
 
 # XXX: This should be far less strict
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
                     # FIXME: An exclusive lock also locks the file from being read.
                     # Since windows locks are mandatory, don't lock the file on windows (for now).
                     # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3124
-                    raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+                    raise LockingUnsupportedError
                 stream = locked_file(filename, open_mode, block=False).__enter__()
             except OSError:
                 stream = open(filename, open_mode)
@@ -717,9 +717,9 @@ def extract_basic_auth(url):
         return url, None
     url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(parts._replace(netloc=(
         parts.hostname if parts.port is None
-        else '%s:%d' % (parts.hostname, parts.port))))
+        else f'{parts.hostname}:{parts.port}')))
     auth_payload = base64.b64encode(
-        ('%s:%s' % (parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
+        ('{}:{}'.format(parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
     return url, f'Basic {auth_payload.decode()}'
 
 
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
         numstr = mobj.group(1)
         if numstr.startswith('x'):
             base = 16
-            numstr = '0%s' % numstr
+            numstr = f'0{numstr}'
         else:
             base = 10
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7518
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
             return chr(int(numstr, base))
 
     # Unknown entity in name, return its literal representation
-    return '&%s;' % entity
+    return f'&{entity};'
 
 
 def unescapeHTML(s):
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ def __setattr__(self, name, value):
 class UnsupportedError(ExtractorError):
     def __init__(self, url):
         super().__init__(
-            'Unsupported URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
+            f'Unsupported URL: {url}', expected=True)
         self.url = url
 
 
@@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ def is_path_like(f):
     return isinstance(f, (str, bytes, os.PathLike))
 
 
-def extract_timezone(date_str):
+def extract_timezone(date_str, default=None):
     m = re.search(
         r'''(?x)
             ^.{8,}?                                              # >=8 char non-TZ prefix, if present
@@ -1146,21 +1146,25 @@ def extract_timezone(date_str):
                 (?P<hours>[0-9]{2}):?(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})       # hh[:]mm
             $)
         ''', date_str)
+    timezone = None
+
     if not m:
         m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
         timezone = TIMEZONE_NAMES.get(m and m.group('tz').strip())
         if timezone is not None:
             date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
-        timezone = dt.timedelta(hours=timezone or 0)
+            timezone = dt.timedelta(hours=timezone)
     else:
         date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
-        if not m.group('sign'):
-            timezone = dt.timedelta()
-        else:
+        if m.group('sign'):
             sign = 1 if m.group('sign') == '+' else -1
             timezone = dt.timedelta(
                 hours=sign * int(m.group('hours')),
                 minutes=sign * int(m.group('minutes')))
+
+    if timezone is None and default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+        timezone = default or dt.timedelta()
+
     return timezone, date_str
 
 
@@ -1172,10 +1176,9 @@ def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
 
     date_str = re.sub(r'\.[0-9]+', '', date_str)
 
-    if timezone is None:
-        timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+    timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str, timezone)
 
-    with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
+    with contextlib.suppress(ValueError, TypeError):
         date_format = f'%Y-%m-%d{delimiter}%H:%M:%S'
         dt_ = dt.datetime.strptime(date_str, date_format) - timezone
         return calendar.timegm(dt_.timetuple())
@@ -1364,7 +1367,7 @@ def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
         else:
             self.end = dt.datetime.max.date()
         if self.start > self.end:
-            raise ValueError('Date range: "%s" , the start date must be before the end date' % self)
+            raise ValueError(f'Date range: "{self}" , the start date must be before the end date')
 
     @classmethod
     def day(cls, day):
@@ -1397,7 +1400,7 @@ def system_identifier():
     with contextlib.suppress(OSError):  # We may not have access to the executable
         libc_ver = platform.libc_ver()
 
-    return 'Python %s (%s %s %s) - %s (%s%s)' % (
+    return 'Python {} ({} {} {}) - {} ({}{})'.format(
         platform.python_version(),
         python_implementation,
         platform.machine(),
@@ -1410,7 +1413,7 @@ def system_identifier():
 
 @functools.cache
 def get_windows_version():
-    ''' Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows '''
+    """ Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows """
     if compat_os_name == 'nt':
         return version_tuple(platform.win32_ver()[1])
     else:
@@ -1502,7 +1505,7 @@ class OVERLAPPED(ctypes.Structure):
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
-        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED),  # Overlapped
     ]
     LockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
     UnlockFileEx = kernel32.UnlockFileEx
@@ -1511,7 +1514,7 @@ class OVERLAPPED(ctypes.Structure):
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
-        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED),  # Overlapped
     ]
     UnlockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
     whole_low = 0xffffffff
@@ -1534,7 +1537,7 @@ def _unlock_file(f):
         assert f._lock_file_overlapped_p
         handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno())
         if not UnlockFileEx(handle, 0, whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
-            raise OSError('Unlocking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
+            raise OSError(f'Unlocking file failed: {ctypes.FormatError()!r}')
 
 else:
     try:
@@ -1561,10 +1564,10 @@ def _unlock_file(f):
     except ImportError:
 
         def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
-            raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+            raise LockingUnsupportedError
 
         def _unlock_file(f):
-            raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+            raise LockingUnsupportedError
 
 
 class locked_file:
@@ -1638,16 +1641,14 @@ def get_filesystem_encoding():
     return encoding if encoding is not None else 'utf-8'
 
 
-_WINDOWS_QUOTE_TRANS = str.maketrans({'"': '\\"', '\\': '\\\\'})
+_WINDOWS_QUOTE_TRANS = str.maketrans({'"': R'\"'})
 _CMD_QUOTE_TRANS = str.maketrans({
     # Keep quotes balanced by replacing them with `""` instead of `\\"`
     '"': '""',
-    # Requires a variable `=` containing `"^\n\n"` (set in `utils.Popen`)
+    # These require an env-variable `=` containing `"^\n\n"` (set in `utils.Popen`)
     # `=` should be unique since variables containing `=` cannot be set using cmd
     '\n': '%=%',
-    # While we are only required to escape backslashes immediately before quotes,
-    # we instead escape all of 'em anyways to be consistent
-    '\\': '\\\\',
+    '\r': '%=%',
     # Use zero length variable replacement so `%` doesn't get expanded
     # `cd` is always set as long as extensions are enabled (`/E:ON` in `utils.Popen`)
     '%': '%%cd:~,%',
@@ -1656,19 +1657,14 @@ def get_filesystem_encoding():
 
 def shell_quote(args, *, shell=False):
     args = list(variadic(args))
-    if any(isinstance(item, bytes) for item in args):
-        deprecation_warning('Passing bytes to utils.shell_quote is deprecated')
-        encoding = get_filesystem_encoding()
-        for index, item in enumerate(args):
-            if isinstance(item, bytes):
-                args[index] = item.decode(encoding)
 
     if compat_os_name != 'nt':
         return shlex.join(args)
 
     trans = _CMD_QUOTE_TRANS if shell else _WINDOWS_QUOTE_TRANS
     return ' '.join(
-        s if re.fullmatch(r'[\w#$*\-+./:?@\\]+', s, re.ASCII) else s.translate(trans).join('""')
+        s if re.fullmatch(r'[\w#$*\-+./:?@\\]+', s, re.ASCII)
+        else re.sub(r'(\\+)("|$)', r'\1\1\2', s).translate(trans).join('""')
         for s in args)
 
 
@@ -1930,7 +1926,7 @@ def remove_end(s, end):
 def remove_quotes(s):
     if s is None or len(s) < 2:
         return s
-    for quote in ('"', "'", ):
+    for quote in ('"', "'"):
         if s[0] == quote and s[-1] == quote:
             return s[1:-1]
     return s
@@ -2099,16 +2095,14 @@ def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
 
 def replace_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
     name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
-    return '{}.{}'.format(
-        name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename,
-        ext)
+    return f'{name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename}.{ext}'
 
 
 def check_executable(exe, args=[]):
     """ Checks if the given binary is installed somewhere in PATH, and returns its name.
     args can be a list of arguments for a short output (like -version) """
     try:
-        Popen.run([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        Popen.run([exe, *args], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
     except OSError:
         return False
     return exe
@@ -2119,7 +2113,7 @@ def _get_exe_version_output(exe, args):
         # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
         # SIGTTOU if yt-dlp is run in the background.
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
-        stdout, _, ret = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe)] + args, text=True,
+        stdout, _, ret = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe), *args], text=True,
                                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
         if ret:
             return None
@@ -2165,7 +2159,7 @@ class LazyList(collections.abc.Sequence):
     """Lazy immutable list from an iterable
     Note that slices of a LazyList are lists and not LazyList"""
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
     def __init__(self, iterable, *, reverse=False, _cache=None):
@@ -2252,7 +2246,7 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 class PagedList:
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
     def __len__(self):
@@ -2286,7 +2280,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, idx):
             raise TypeError('indices must be non-negative integers')
         entries = self.getslice(idx, idx + 1)
         if not entries:
-            raise self.IndexError()
+            raise self.IndexError
         return entries[0]
 
     def __bool__(self):
@@ -2447,7 +2441,7 @@ def get_entry(i):
                 except IndexError:
                     entry = self.MissingEntry
                     if not self.is_incomplete:
-                        raise self.IndexError()
+                        raise self.IndexError
                 if entry is self.MissingEntry:
                     raise EntryNotInPlaylist(f'Entry {i + 1} cannot be found')
                 return entry
@@ -2456,7 +2450,7 @@ def get_entry(i):
                 try:
                     return type(self.ydl)._handle_extraction_exceptions(lambda _, i: self._entries[i])(self.ydl, i)
                 except (LazyList.IndexError, PagedList.IndexError):
-                    raise self.IndexError()
+                    raise self.IndexError
         return get_entry
 
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
@@ -2492,7 +2486,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, idx):
     def __len__(self):
         return len(tuple(self[:]))
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
 
@@ -2529,7 +2523,7 @@ def fixup(url):
             return False
         # "#" cannot be stripped out since it is part of the URI
         # However, it can be safely stripped out if following a whitespace
-        return re.split(r'\s#', url, 1)[0].rstrip()
+        return re.split(r'\s#', url, maxsplit=1)[0].rstrip()
 
     with contextlib.closing(batch_fd) as fd:
         return [url for url in map(fixup, fd) if url]
@@ -2554,7 +2548,7 @@ def update_url(url, *, query_update=None, **kwargs):
         assert 'query' not in kwargs, 'query_update and query cannot be specified at the same time'
         kwargs['query'] = urllib.parse.urlencode({
             **urllib.parse.parse_qs(url.query),
-            **query_update
+            **query_update,
         }, True)
     return urllib.parse.urlunparse(url._replace(**kwargs))
 
@@ -2564,7 +2558,7 @@ def update_url_query(url, query):
 
 
 def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
-    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+    content_type = f'multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}'
 
     out = b''
     for k, v in data.items():
@@ -2586,7 +2580,7 @@ def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
 
 
 def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
-    '''
+    """
     Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data
 
     data:
@@ -2597,7 +2591,7 @@ def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
         a random boundary is generated.
 
     Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
-    '''
+    """
     has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None
 
     while True:
@@ -2692,7 +2686,7 @@ def parse_age_limit(s):
     s = s.upper()
     if s in US_RATINGS:
         return US_RATINGS[s]
-    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
+    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?({})$'.format('|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES)), s)
     if m:
         return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
     return None
@@ -2740,7 +2734,7 @@ def fix_kv(m):
             return v
         elif v in ('undefined', 'void 0'):
             return 'null'
-        elif v.startswith('/*') or v.startswith('//') or v.startswith('!') or v == ',':
+        elif v.startswith(('/*', '//', '!')) or v == ',':
             return ''
 
         if v[0] in STRING_QUOTES:
@@ -3083,7 +3077,7 @@ def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle, default=NO_DEFAULT):
 
 
 def encode_data_uri(data, mime_type):
-    return 'data:%s;base64,%s' % (mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))
+    return 'data:{};base64,{}'.format(mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))
 
 
 def age_restricted(content_limit, age_limit):
@@ -3148,18 +3142,18 @@ def width(string):
     def get_max_lens(table):
         return [max(width(str(v)) for v in col) for col in zip(*table)]
 
-    def filter_using_list(row, filterArray):
-        return [col for take, col in itertools.zip_longest(filterArray, row, fillvalue=True) if take]
+    def filter_using_list(row, filter_array):
+        return [col for take, col in itertools.zip_longest(filter_array, row, fillvalue=True) if take]
 
     max_lens = get_max_lens(data) if hide_empty else []
     header_row = filter_using_list(header_row, max_lens)
     data = [filter_using_list(row, max_lens) for row in data]
 
-    table = [header_row] + data
+    table = [header_row, *data]
     max_lens = get_max_lens(table)
     extra_gap += 1
     if delim:
-        table = [header_row, [delim * (ml + extra_gap) for ml in max_lens]] + data
+        table = [header_row, [delim * (ml + extra_gap) for ml in max_lens], *data]
         table[1][-1] = table[1][-1][:-extra_gap * len(delim)]  # Remove extra_gap from end of delimiter
     for row in table:
         for pos, text in enumerate(map(str, row)):
@@ -3167,8 +3161,7 @@ def filter_using_list(row, filterArray):
                 row[pos] = text.replace('\t', ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text))) + ' ' * extra_gap
             else:
                 row[pos] = text + ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text) + extra_gap)
-    ret = '\n'.join(''.join(row).rstrip() for row in table)
-    return ret
+    return '\n'.join(''.join(row).rstrip() for row in table)
 
 
 def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
@@ -3195,12 +3188,12 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
 
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
         (?P<key>[a-z_]+)
-        \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
+        \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>{})(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
         (?:
             (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>.+?)(?P=quote)|
             (?P<strval>.+?)
         )
-        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys())))
+        '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys()))))
     m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         m = m.groupdict()
@@ -3211,7 +3204,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             op = unnegated_op
         comparison_value = m['quotedstrval'] or m['strval'] or m['intval']
         if m['quote']:
-            comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % m['quote'], m['quote'])
+            comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\{}'.format(m['quote']), m['quote'])
         actual_value = dct.get(m['key'])
         numeric_comparison = None
         if isinstance(actual_value, (int, float)):
@@ -3228,7 +3221,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
                 if numeric_comparison is None:
                     numeric_comparison = parse_duration(comparison_value)
         if numeric_comparison is not None and m['op'] in STRING_OPERATORS:
-            raise ValueError('Operator %s only supports string values!' % m['op'])
+            raise ValueError('Operator {} only supports string values!'.format(m['op']))
         if actual_value is None:
             return is_incomplete(m['key']) or m['none_inclusive']
         return op(actual_value, comparison_value if numeric_comparison is None else numeric_comparison)
@@ -3238,8 +3231,8 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
         '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
     }
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
-        (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
-        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys())))
+        (?P<op>{})\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
+        '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys()))))
     m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         op = UNARY_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
@@ -3248,7 +3241,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             return True
         return op(actual_value)
 
-    raise ValueError('Invalid filter part %r' % filter_part)
+    raise ValueError(f'Invalid filter part {filter_part!r}')
 
 
 def match_str(filter_str, dct, incomplete=False):
@@ -3355,10 +3348,10 @@ def ass_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
 
 
 def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
-    '''
+    """
     @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
     @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
-    '''
+    """
     LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
         (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
             b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
@@ -3376,7 +3369,7 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
         'fontSize',
         'fontStyle',
         'fontWeight',
-        'textDecoration'
+        'textDecoration',
     ]
 
     _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
@@ -3414,11 +3407,11 @@ def start(self, tag, attrib):
                         if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
                             continue
                         if k == 'color':
-                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' color="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontSize':
-                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' size="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontFamily':
-                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' face="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
                             self._out += '<b>'
                             unclosed_elements.append('b')
@@ -3442,7 +3435,7 @@ def end(self, tag):
             if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
                 unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
                 for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
-                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
+                    self._out += f'</{element}>'
                 if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
                     self._applied_styles.pop()
 
@@ -4353,7 +4346,7 @@ def bytes_to_long(s):
 
 
 def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
-    '''
+    """
     Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/
 
     Input:
@@ -4362,11 +4355,11 @@ def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     Output: hex string of encrypted data
 
     Limitation: supports one block encryption only
-    '''
+    """
 
     payload = int(binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]), 16)
     encrypted = pow(payload, exponent, modulus)
-    return '%x' % encrypted
+    return f'{encrypted:x}'
 
 
 def pkcs1pad(data, length):
@@ -4381,7 +4374,7 @@ def pkcs1pad(data, length):
         raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')
 
     pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
-    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
+    return [0, 2, *pseudo_random, 0, *data]
 
 
 def _base_n_table(n, table):
@@ -4714,16 +4707,14 @@ def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
     payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
     h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
     signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
-    token = header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
-    return token
+    return header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
 
 
 # can be extended in future to verify the signature and parse header and return the algorithm used if it's not HS256
 def jwt_decode_hs256(jwt):
     header_b64, payload_b64, signature_b64 = jwt.split('.')
     # add trailing ='s that may have been stripped, superfluous ='s are ignored
-    payload_data = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
-    return payload_data
+    return json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
 
 
 WINDOWS_VT_MODE = False if compat_os_name == 'nt' else None
@@ -4801,7 +4792,7 @@ def scale_thumbnails_to_max_format_width(formats, thumbnails, url_width_re):
     """
     _keys = ('width', 'height')
     max_dimensions = max(
-        (tuple(format.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for format in formats),
+        (tuple(fmt.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for fmt in formats),
         default=(0, 0))
     if not max_dimensions[0]:
         return thumbnails
@@ -5197,7 +5188,7 @@ class FormatSorter:
                  'function': lambda it: next(filter(None, it), None)},
         'ext': {'type': 'combined', 'field': ('vext', 'aext')},
         'res': {'type': 'multiple', 'field': ('height', 'width'),
-                'function': lambda it: (lambda l: min(l) if l else 0)(tuple(filter(None, it)))},
+                'function': lambda it: min(filter(None, it), default=0)},
 
         # Actual field names
         'format_id': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'id'},
@@ -5245,21 +5236,21 @@ def _get_field_setting(self, field, key):
             self.ydl.deprecated_feature(f'Using arbitrary fields ({field}) for format sorting is '
                                         'deprecated and may be removed in a future version')
             self.settings[field] = {}
-        propObj = self.settings[field]
-        if key not in propObj:
-            type = propObj.get('type')
+        prop_obj = self.settings[field]
+        if key not in prop_obj:
+            type_ = prop_obj.get('type')
             if key == 'field':
-                default = 'preference' if type == 'extractor' else (field,) if type in ('combined', 'multiple') else field
+                default = 'preference' if type_ == 'extractor' else (field,) if type_ in ('combined', 'multiple') else field
             elif key == 'convert':
-                default = 'order' if type == 'ordered' else 'float_string' if field else 'ignore'
+                default = 'order' if type_ == 'ordered' else 'float_string' if field else 'ignore'
             else:
-                default = {'type': 'field', 'visible': True, 'order': [], 'not_in_list': (None,)}.get(key, None)
-            propObj[key] = default
-        return propObj[key]
+                default = {'type': 'field', 'visible': True, 'order': [], 'not_in_list': (None,)}.get(key)
+            prop_obj[key] = default
+        return prop_obj[key]
 
-    def _resolve_field_value(self, field, value, convertNone=False):
+    def _resolve_field_value(self, field, value, convert_none=False):
         if value is None:
-            if not convertNone:
+            if not convert_none:
                 return None
         else:
             value = value.lower()
@@ -5321,7 +5312,7 @@ def add_item(field, reverse, closest, limit_text):
         for item in sort_list:
             match = re.match(self.regex, item)
             if match is None:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid format sort string "%s" given by extractor' % item)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid format sort string "{item}" given by extractor')
             field = match.group('field')
             if field is None:
                 continue
@@ -5349,31 +5340,31 @@ def add_item(field, reverse, closest, limit_text):
 
     def print_verbose_info(self, write_debug):
         if self._sort_user:
-            write_debug('Sort order given by user: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_user))
+            write_debug('Sort order given by user: {}'.format(', '.join(self._sort_user)))
         if self._sort_extractor:
-            write_debug('Sort order given by extractor: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_extractor))
-        write_debug('Formats sorted by: %s' % ', '.join(['%s%s%s' % (
+            write_debug('Sort order given by extractor: {}'.format(', '.join(self._sort_extractor)))
+        write_debug('Formats sorted by: {}'.format(', '.join(['{}{}{}'.format(
             '+' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse') else '', field,
-            '%s%s(%s)' % ('~' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest') else ':',
-                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text'),
-                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit'))
+            '{}{}({})'.format('~' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest') else ':',
+                              self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text'),
+                              self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit'))
             if self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text') is not None else '')
-            for field in self._order if self._get_field_setting(field, 'visible')]))
+            for field in self._order if self._get_field_setting(field, 'visible')])))
 
-    def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format, field, type, value):
+    def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format_, field, type_, value):
         reverse = self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse')
         closest = self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest')
         limit = self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit')
 
-        if type == 'extractor':
+        if type_ == 'extractor':
             maximum = self._get_field_setting(field, 'max')
             if value is None or (maximum is not None and value >= maximum):
                 value = -1
-        elif type == 'boolean':
+        elif type_ == 'boolean':
             in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'in_list')
             not_in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'not_in_list')
             value = 0 if ((in_list is None or value in in_list) and (not_in_list is None or value not in not_in_list)) else -1
-        elif type == 'ordered':
+        elif type_ == 'ordered':
             value = self._resolve_field_value(field, value, True)
 
         # try to convert to number
@@ -5389,17 +5380,17 @@ def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format, field, type, value):
                 else (0, -value, 0) if limit is None or (reverse and value == limit) or value > limit
                 else (-1, value, 0))
 
-    def _calculate_field_preference(self, format, field):
-        type = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type')  # extractor, boolean, ordered, field, multiple
-        get_value = lambda f: format.get(self._get_field_setting(f, 'field'))
-        if type == 'multiple':
-            type = 'field'  # Only 'field' is allowed in multiple for now
+    def _calculate_field_preference(self, format_, field):
+        type_ = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type')  # extractor, boolean, ordered, field, multiple
+        get_value = lambda f: format_.get(self._get_field_setting(f, 'field'))
+        if type_ == 'multiple':
+            type_ = 'field'  # Only 'field' is allowed in multiple for now
             actual_fields = self._get_field_setting(field, 'field')
 
             value = self._get_field_setting(field, 'function')(get_value(f) for f in actual_fields)
         else:
             value = get_value(field)
-        return self._calculate_field_preference_from_value(format, field, type, value)
+        return self._calculate_field_preference_from_value(format_, field, type_, value)
 
     def calculate_preference(self, format):
         # Determine missing protocol
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
index 4b73252cb..933b164be 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def clean_proxies(proxies: dict, headers: HTTPHeaderDict):
 
             replace_scheme = {
                 'socks5': 'socks5h',  # compat: socks5 was treated as socks5h
-                'socks': 'socks4'  # compat: non-standard
+                'socks': 'socks4',  # compat: non-standard
             }
             if proxy_scheme in replace_scheme:
                 proxies[proxy_key] = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
@@ -160,5 +160,5 @@ def normalize_url(url):
         path=escape_rfc3986(remove_dot_segments(url_parsed.path)),
         params=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.params),
         query=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.query),
-        fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment)
+        fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment),
     ).geturl()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/version.py b/yt_dlp/version.py
index 22c2c048d..a90b288c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/version.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/version.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Autogenerated by devscripts/update-version.py
 
-__version__ = '2024.04.09'
+__version__ = '2024.05.27'
 
-RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = 'ff07792676f404ffff6ee61b5638c9dc1a33a37a'
+RELEASE_GIT_HEAD = '12b248ce60be1aa1362edd839d915bba70dbee4b'
 
 VARIANT = None
 
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@
 
 ORIGIN = 'yt-dlp/yt-dlp'
 
-_pkg_version = '2024.04.09'
+_pkg_version = '2024.05.27'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
index 7683bfb0f..9f1a5086b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ def commit(self):
 
 class ParseError(Exception):
     def __init__(self, parser):
-        super().__init__("Parse error at position %u (near %r)" % (
-            parser._pos, parser._data[parser._pos:parser._pos + 100]
-        ))
+        data = parser._data[parser._pos:parser._pos + 100]
+        super().__init__(f'Parse error at position {parser._pos} (near {data!r})')
 
 
 # While the specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/webvtt1/#webvtt-timestamp>
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class Magic(HeaderBlock):
 
     # XXX: The X-TIMESTAMP-MAP extension is described in RFC 8216 §3.5
     # <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8216#section-3.5>, but the RFC
-    # doesn’t specify the exact grammar nor where in the WebVTT
+    # doesn't specify the exact grammar nor where in the WebVTT
     # syntax it should be placed; the below has been devised based
     # on usage in the wild
     #
@@ -273,10 +272,10 @@ class CueBlock(Block):
     def parse(cls, parser):
         parser = parser.child()
 
-        id = None
+        id_ = None
         m = parser.consume(cls._REGEX_ID)
         if m:
-            id = m.group(1)
+            id_ = m.group(1)
 
         m0 = parser.consume(_REGEX_TS)
         if not m0:
@@ -304,9 +303,9 @@ def parse(cls, parser):
 
         parser.commit()
         return cls(
-            id=id,
+            id=id_,
             start=start, end=end, settings=settings,
-            text=text.getvalue()
+            text=text.getvalue(),
         )
 
     def write_into(self, stream):
@@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ def from_json(cls, json):
             start=json['start'],
             end=json['end'],
             text=json['text'],
-            settings=json['settings']
+            settings=json['settings'],
         )
 
     def hinges(self, other):