Introduction

LLVMC is a generic compiler driver, designed to be customizable and extensible. It plays the same role for LLVM as the gcc program does for GCC - LLVMC's job is essentially to transform a set of input files into a set of targets depending on configuration rules and user options. What makes LLVMC different is that these transformation rules are completely customizable - in fact, LLVMC knows nothing about the specifics of transformation (even the command-line options are mostly not hard-coded) and regards the transformation structure as an abstract graph. The structure of this graph is completely determined by plugins, which can be either statically or dynamically linked. This makes it possible to easily adapt LLVMC for other purposes - for example, as a build tool for game resources.

Because LLVMC employs TableGen as its configuration language, you need to be familiar with it to customize LLVMC.

Compiling with LLVMC

LLVMC tries hard to be as compatible with gcc as possible, although there are some small differences. Most of the time, however, you shouldn't be able to notice them:

$ # This works as expected:
$ llvmc -O3 -Wall hello.cpp
$ ./a.out
hello

One nice feature of LLVMC is that one doesn't have to distinguish between different compilers for different languages (think g++ vs. gcc) - the right toolchain is chosen automatically based on input language names (which are, in turn, determined from file extensions). If you want to force files ending with ".c" to compile as C++, use the -x option, just like you would do it with gcc:

$ # hello.c is really a C++ file
$ llvmc -x c++ hello.c
$ ./a.out
hello

On the other hand, when using LLVMC as a linker to combine several C++ object files you should provide the --linker option since it's impossible for LLVMC to choose the right linker in that case:

$ llvmc -c hello.cpp
$ llvmc hello.o
[A lot of link-time errors skipped]
$ llvmc --linker=c++ hello.o
$ ./a.out
hello

By default, LLVMC uses llvm-gcc to compile the source code. It is also possible to choose the clang compiler with the -clang option.

Predefined options

LLVMC has some built-in options that can't be overridden in the configuration libraries:

• -o FILE - Output file name.
• -x LANGUAGE - Specify the language of the following input files until the next -x option.
• -load PLUGIN_NAME - Load the specified plugin DLL. Example: -load $LLVM_DIR/Release/lib/LLVMCSimple.so.
• -v - Enable verbose mode, i.e. print out all executed commands.
• --save-temps - Write temporary files to the current directory and do not delete them on exit. This option can also take an argument: the --save-temps=obj switch will write files into the directory specified with the -o option. The --save-temps=cwd and --save-temps switches are both synonyms for the default behaviour.
• --temp-dir DIRECTORY - Store temporary files in the given directory. This directory is deleted on exit unless --save-temps is specified. If --save-temps=obj is also specified, --temp-dir is given the precedence.
• --check-graph - Check the compilation for common errors like mismatched output/input language names, multiple default edges and cycles. Because of plugins, these checks can't be performed at compile-time. Exit with code zero if no errors were found, and return the number of found errors otherwise. Hidden option, useful for debugging LLVMC plugins.
• --view-graph - Show a graphical representation of the compilation graph and exit. Requires that you have dot and gv programs installed. Hidden option, useful for debugging LLVMC plugins.
• --write-graph - Write a compilation-graph.dot file in the current directory with the compilation graph description in Graphviz format (identical to the file used by the --view-graph option). The -o option can be used to set the output file name. Hidden option, useful for debugging LLVMC plugins.
• -help, -help-hidden, --version - These options have their standard meaning.

Compiling LLVMC plugins

It's easiest to start working on your own LLVMC plugin by copying the skeleton project which lives under $LLVMC_DIR/plugins/Simple:

$ cd $LLVMC_DIR/plugins
$ cp -r Simple MyPlugin
$ cd MyPlugin
$ ls
Makefile PluginMain.cpp Simple.td

As you can see, our basic plugin consists of only two files (not counting the build script). Simple.td contains TableGen description of the compilation graph; its format is documented in the following sections. PluginMain.cpp is just a helper file used to compile the auto-generated C++ code produced from TableGen source. It can also contain hook definitions (see below).

The first thing that you should do is to change the LLVMC_PLUGIN variable in the Makefile to avoid conflicts (since this variable is used to name the resulting library):

LLVMC_PLUGIN=MyPlugin

It is also a good idea to rename Simple.td to something less generic:

$ mv Simple.td MyPlugin.td

To build your plugin as a dynamic library, just cd to its source directory and run make. The resulting file will be called plugin_llvmc_$(LLVMC_PLUGIN).$(DLL_EXTENSION) (in our case, plugin_llvmc_MyPlugin.so). This library can be then loaded in with the -load option. Example:

$ cd $LLVMC_DIR/plugins/Simple
$ make
$ llvmc -load $LLVM_DIR/Release/lib/plugin_llvmc_Simple.so

Compiling standalone LLVMC-based drivers

By default, the llvmc executable consists of a driver core plus several statically linked plugins (Base and Clang at the moment). You can produce a standalone LLVMC-based driver executable by linking the core with your own plugins. The recommended way to do this is by starting with the provided Skeleton example ($LLVMC_DIR/example/Skeleton):

$ cd $LLVMC_DIR/example/
$ cp -r Skeleton mydriver
$ cd mydriver
$ vim Makefile
[...]
$ make

If you're compiling LLVM with different source and object directories, then you must perform the following additional steps before running make:

# LLVMC_SRC_DIR = $LLVM_SRC_DIR/tools/llvmc/
# LLVMC_OBJ_DIR = $LLVM_OBJ_DIR/tools/llvmc/
$ cp $LLVMC_SRC_DIR/example/mydriver/Makefile \
  $LLVMC_OBJ_DIR/example/mydriver/
$ cd $LLVMC_OBJ_DIR/example/mydriver
$ make

Another way to do the same thing is by using the following command:

$ cd $LLVMC_DIR
$ make LLVMC_BUILTIN_PLUGINS=MyPlugin LLVMC_BASED_DRIVER_NAME=mydriver

This works with both srcdir == objdir and srcdir != objdir, but assumes that the plugin source directory was placed under $LLVMC_DIR/plugins.

Sometimes, you will want a 'bare-bones' version of LLVMC that has no built-in plugins. It can be compiled with the following command:

$ cd $LLVMC_DIR
$ make LLVMC_BUILTIN_PLUGINS=""

Customizing LLVMC: the compilation graph

Each TableGen configuration file should include the common definitions:

include "llvm/CompilerDriver/Common.td"

Internally, LLVMC stores information about possible source transformations in form of a graph. Nodes in this graph represent tools, and edges between two nodes represent a transformation path. A special "root" node is used to mark entry points for the transformations. LLVMC also assigns a weight to each edge (more on this later) to choose between several alternative edges.

The definition of the compilation graph (see file plugins/Base/Base.td for an example) is just a list of edges:

def CompilationGraph : CompilationGraph<[
    Edge<"root", "llvm_gcc_c">,
    Edge<"root", "llvm_gcc_assembler">,
    ...

    Edge<"llvm_gcc_c", "llc">,
    Edge<"llvm_gcc_cpp", "llc">,
    ...

    OptionalEdge<"llvm_gcc_c", "opt", (case (switch_on "opt"),
                                      (inc_weight))>,
    OptionalEdge<"llvm_gcc_cpp", "opt", (case (switch_on "opt"),
                                              (inc_weight))>,
    ...

    OptionalEdge<"llvm_gcc_assembler", "llvm_gcc_cpp_linker",
        (case (input_languages_contain "c++"), (inc_weight),
              (or (parameter_equals "linker", "g++"),
                  (parameter_equals "linker", "c++")), (inc_weight))>,
    ...

    ]>;

As you can see, the edges can be either default or optional, where optional edges are differentiated by an additional case expression used to calculate the weight of this edge. Notice also that we refer to tools via their names (as strings). This makes it possible to add edges to an existing compilation graph in plugins without having to know about all tool definitions used in the graph.

The default edges are assigned a weight of 1, and optional edges get a weight of 0 + 2*N where N is the number of tests that evaluated to true in the case expression. It is also possible to provide an integer parameter to inc_weight and dec_weight - in this case, the weight is increased (or decreased) by the provided value instead of the default 2. It is also possible to change the default weight of an optional edge by using the default clause of the case construct.

When passing an input file through the graph, LLVMC picks the edge with the maximum weight. To avoid ambiguity, there should be only one default edge between two nodes (with the exception of the root node, which gets a special treatment - there you are allowed to specify one default edge per language).

When multiple plugins are loaded, their compilation graphs are merged together. Since multiple edges that have the same end nodes are not allowed (i.e. the graph is not a multigraph), an edge defined in several plugins will be replaced by the definition from the plugin that was loaded last. Plugin load order can be controlled by using the plugin priority feature described above.

To get a visual representation of the compilation graph (useful for debugging), run llvmc --view-graph. You will need dot and gsview installed for this to work properly.

Describing options

Command-line options that the plugin supports are defined by using an OptionList:

def Options : OptionList<[
(switch_option "E", (help "Help string")),
(alias_option "quiet", "q")
...
]>;

As you can see, the option list is just a list of DAGs, where each DAG is an option description consisting of the option name and some properties. A plugin can define more than one option list (they are all merged together in the end), which can be handy if one wants to separate option groups syntactically.

• Possible option types:

  • switch_option - a simple boolean switch without arguments, for example -O2 or -time. At most one occurrence is allowed.
  • parameter_option - option that takes one argument, for example -std=c99. It is also allowed to use spaces instead of the equality sign: -std c99. At most one occurrence is allowed.
  • parameter_list_option - same as the above, but more than one option occurrence is allowed.
  • prefix_option - same as the parameter_option, but the option name and argument do not have to be separated. Example: -ofile. This can be also specified as -o file; however, -o=file will be parsed incorrectly (=file will be interpreted as option value). At most one occurrence is allowed.
  • prefix_list_option - same as the above, but more than one occurrence of the option is allowed; example: -lm -lpthread.
  • alias_option - a special option type for creating aliases. Unlike other option types, aliases are not allowed to have any properties besides the aliased option name. Usage example: (alias_option "preprocess", "E")

• Possible option properties:

  • help - help string associated with this option. Used for -help output.
  • required - this option must be specified exactly once (or, in case of the list options without the multi_val property, at least once). Incompatible with zero_or_one and one_or_more.
  • one_or_more - the option must be specified at least one time. Useful only for list options in conjunction with multi_val; for ordinary lists it is synonymous with required. Incompatible with required and zero_or_one.
  • optional - the option can be specified zero or one times. Useful only for list options in conjunction with multi_val. Incompatible with required and one_or_more.
  • hidden - the description of this option will not appear in the -help output (but will appear in the -help-hidden output).
  • really_hidden - the option will not be mentioned in any help output.
  • comma_separated - Indicates that any commas specified for an option's value should be used to split the value up into multiple values for the option. This property is valid only for list options. In conjunction with forward_value can be used to implement option forwarding in style of gcc's -Wa,.
  • multi_val n - this option takes n arguments (can be useful in some special cases). Usage example: (parameter_list_option "foo", (multi_val 3)); the command-line syntax is '-foo a b c'. Only list options can have this attribute; you can, however, use the one_or_more, optional and required properties.
  • init - this option has a default value, either a string (if it is a parameter), or a boolean (if it is a switch; as in C++, boolean constants are called true and false). List options can't have init attribute. Usage examples: (switch_option "foo", (init true)); (prefix_option "bar", (init "baz")).
  • extern - this option is defined in some other plugin, see below.

...
(switch_option "E", (extern))
...

Conditional evaluation

The 'case' construct is the main means by which programmability is achieved in LLVMC. It can be used to calculate edge weights, program actions and modify the shell commands to be executed. The 'case' expression is designed after the similarly-named construct in functional languages and takes the form (case (test_1), statement_1, (test_2), statement_2, ... (test_N), statement_N). The statements are evaluated only if the corresponding tests evaluate to true.

Examples:

// Edge weight calculation

// Increases edge weight by 5 if "-A" is provided on the
// command-line, and by 5 more if "-B" is also provided.
(case
    (switch_on "A"), (inc_weight 5),
    (switch_on "B"), (inc_weight 5))


// Tool command line specification

// Evaluates to "cmdline1" if the option "-A" is provided on the
// command line; to "cmdline2" if "-B" is provided;
// otherwise to "cmdline3".

(case
    (switch_on "A"), "cmdline1",
    (switch_on "B"), "cmdline2",
    (default), "cmdline3")

Note the slight difference in 'case' expression handling in contexts of edge weights and command line specification - in the second example the value of the "B" switch is never checked when switch "A" is enabled, and the whole expression always evaluates to "cmdline1" in that case.

Case expressions can also be nested, i.e. the following is legal:

(case (switch_on "E"), (case (switch_on "o"), ..., (default), ...)
      (default), ...)

You should, however, try to avoid doing that because it hurts readability. It is usually better to split tool descriptions and/or use TableGen inheritance instead.

• Possible tests are:
  • switch_on - Returns true if a given command-line switch is provided by the user. Can be given a list as argument, in that case (switch_on ["foo", "bar", "baz"]) is equivalent to (and (switch_on "foo"), (switch_on "bar"), (switch_on "baz")). Example: (switch_on "opt").
  • any_switch_on - Given a list of switch options, returns true if any of the switches is turned on. Example: (any_switch_on ["foo", "bar", "baz"]) is equivalent to (or (switch_on "foo"), (switch_on "bar"), (switch_on "baz")).
  • parameter_equals - Returns true if a command-line parameter equals a given value. Example: (parameter_equals "W", "all").
  • element_in_list - Returns true if a command-line parameter list contains a given value. Example: (element_in_list "l", "pthread").
  • input_languages_contain - Returns true if a given language belongs to the current input language set. Example: (input_languages_contain "c++").
  • in_language - Evaluates to true if the input file language is equal to the argument. At the moment works only with cmd_line and actions (on non-join nodes). Example: (in_language "c++").
  • not_empty - Returns true if a given option (which should be either a parameter or a parameter list) is set by the user. Like switch_on, can be also given a list as argument. Example: (not_empty "o").
  • any_not_empty - Returns true if not_empty returns true for any of the options in the list. Example: (any_not_empty ["foo", "bar", "baz"]) is equivalent to (or (not_empty "foo"), (not_empty "bar"), (not_empty "baz")).
  • empty - The opposite of not_empty. Equivalent to (not (not_empty X)). Provided for convenience. Can be given a list as argument.
  • any_not_empty - Returns true if not_empty returns true for any of the options in the list. Example: (any_empty ["foo", "bar", "baz"]) is equivalent to (not (and (not_empty "foo"), (not_empty "bar"), (not_empty "baz"))).
  • single_input_file - Returns true if there was only one input file provided on the command-line. Used without arguments: (single_input_file).
  • multiple_input_files - Equivalent to (not (single_input_file)) (the case of zero input files is considered an error).
  • default - Always evaluates to true. Should always be the last test in the case expression.
  • and - A standard binary logical combinator that returns true iff all of its arguments return true. Used like this: (and (test1), (test2), ... (testN)). Nesting of and and or is allowed, but not encouraged.
  • or - A binary logical combinator that returns true iff any of its arguments returns true. Example: (or (test1), (test2), ... (testN)).
  • not - Standard unary logical combinator that negates its argument. Example: (not (or (test1), (test2), ... (testN))).

Writing a tool description

As was said earlier, nodes in the compilation graph represent tools, which are described separately. A tool definition looks like this (taken from the include/llvm/CompilerDriver/Tools.td file):

def llvm_gcc_cpp : Tool<[
    (in_language "c++"),
    (out_language "llvm-assembler"),
    (output_suffix "bc"),
    (cmd_line "llvm-g++ -c $INFILE -o $OUTFILE -emit-llvm"),
    (sink)
    ]>;

This defines a new tool called llvm_gcc_cpp, which is an alias for llvm-g++. As you can see, a tool definition is just a list of properties; most of them should be self-explanatory. The sink property means that this tool should be passed all command-line options that aren't mentioned in the option list.

The complete list of all currently implemented tool properties follows.

• Possible tool properties:
  • in_language - input language name. Can be either a string or a list, in case the tool supports multiple input languages.
  • out_language - output language name. Multiple output languages are not allowed.
  • output_suffix - output file suffix. Can also be changed dynamically, see documentation on actions.
  • cmd_line - the actual command used to run the tool. You can use $INFILE and $OUTFILE variables, output redirection with >, hook invocations ($CALL), environment variables (via $ENV) and the case construct.
  • join - this tool is a "join node" in the graph, i.e. it gets a list of input files and joins them together. Used for linkers.
  • sink - all command-line options that are not handled by other tools are passed to this tool.
  • actions - A single big case expression that specifies how this tool reacts on command-line options (described in more detail below).

def llvm_gcc_linker : Tool<[
    (in_language "object-code"),
    (out_language "executable"),
    (output_suffix "out"),
    (cmd_line "llvm-gcc $INFILE -o $OUTFILE"),
    (join),
    (actions (case (not_empty "L"), (forward "L"),
                   (not_empty "l"), (forward "l"),
                   (not_empty "dummy"),
                             [(append_cmd "-dummy1"), (append_cmd "-dummy2")])
    ]>;

Language map

If you are adding support for a new language to LLVMC, you'll need to modify the language map, which defines mappings from file extensions to language names. It is used to choose the proper toolchain(s) for a given input file set. Language map definition looks like this:

def LanguageMap : LanguageMap<
    [LangToSuffixes<"c++", ["cc", "cp", "cxx", "cpp", "CPP", "c++", "C"]>,
     LangToSuffixes<"c", ["c"]>,
     ...
    ]>;

For example, without those definitions the following command wouldn't work:

$ llvmc hello.cpp
llvmc: Unknown suffix: cpp

The language map entries are needed only for the tools that are linked from the root node. Since a tool can't have multiple output languages, for inner nodes of the graph the input and output languages should match. This is enforced at compile-time.

Option preprocessor

It is sometimes useful to run error-checking code before processing the compilation graph. For example, if optimization options "-O1" and "-O2" are implemented as switches, we might want to output a warning if the user invokes the driver with both of these options enabled.

The OptionPreprocessor feature is reserved specially for these occasions. Example (adapted from the built-in Base plugin):

def Preprocess : OptionPreprocessor<
(case (not (any_switch_on ["O0", "O1", "O2", "O3"])),
           (set_option "O2"),
      (and (switch_on "O3"), (any_switch_on ["O0", "O1", "O2"])),
           (unset_option ["O0", "O1", "O2"]),
      (and (switch_on "O2"), (any_switch_on ["O0", "O1"])),
           (unset_option ["O0", "O1"]),
      (and (switch_on "O1"), (switch_on "O0")),
           (unset_option "O0"))
>;

Here, OptionPreprocessor is used to unset all spurious -O options so that they are not forwarded to the compiler. If no optimization options are specified, -O2 is enabled.

OptionPreprocessor is basically a single big case expression, which is evaluated only once right after the plugin is loaded. The only allowed actions in OptionPreprocessor are error, warning, and two special actions: unset_option and set_option. As their names suggest, they can be used to set or unset a given option. To set an option with set_option, use the two-argument form: (set_option "parameter", VALUE). Here, VALUE can be either a string, a string list, or a boolean constant.

For convenience, set_option and unset_option also work on lists. That is, instead of [(unset_option "A"), (unset_option "B")] you can use (unset_option ["A", "B"]). Obviously, (set_option ["A", "B"]) is valid only if both A and B are switches.

More advanced topics

(cmd_line "$CALL(MyHook)/path/to/file -o $CALL(AnotherHook)")

(cmd_line "$CALL(MyHook, 'Arg1', 'Arg2', 'Arg # 3')/path/to/file -o1 -o2")

(cmd_line "$ENV(VAR1)/path/to/file -o $ENV(VAR2)")

(cmd_line
  (case
    (switch_on "E"),
       "llvm-g++ -E -x c $INFILE -o $OUTFILE",
    (default),
       "llvm-g++ -c -x c $INFILE -o $OUTFILE -emit-llvm"))

def Priority : PluginPriority<$PRIORITY_VALUE>;
# Where PRIORITY_VALUE is some integer > 0

Conditioning on the executable name

For now, the executable name (the value passed to the driver in argv[0]) is accessible only in the C++ code (i.e. hooks). Use the following code:

namespace llvmc {
extern const char* ProgramName;
}

namespace hooks {

std::string MyHook() {
//...
if (strcmp(ProgramName, "mydriver") == 0) {
   //...

}

} // end namespace hooks

In general, you're encouraged not to make the behaviour dependent on the executable file name, and use command-line switches instead. See for example how the Base plugin behaves when it needs to choose the correct linker options (think g++ vs. gcc).

---

Mikhail Glushenkov
LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
Last modified: $Date$