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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>LLVM: bugpoint tool</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
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<meta name="author" content="Chris Lattner">
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<meta name="description"
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content="A tool for automatic test case reduction">
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<html>
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<center><h1>LLVM: <tt>bugpoint</tt> tool</h1></center>
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<HR>
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<h3>NAME</h3>
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<tt>bugpoint</tt>
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<h3>SYNOPSIS</h3>
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<tt>bugpoint [options] [input LLVM ll/bc files] [LLVM passes] --args <program arguments>...</tt>
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<img src="img/Debugging.gif" width=444 height=314 align=right>
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<h3>DESCRIPTION</h3>
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The <tt>bugpoint</tt> tool narrows down the source of
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problems in LLVM tools and passes. It can be used to debug three types of
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failures: optimizer crashes, miscompilations by optimizers, or bad native
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code generation (including problems in the static and JIT compilers). It aims
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to reduce large test cases to small, useful ones. For example,
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if <tt><a href="CommandGuide/html/gccas.html">gccas</a></tt> crashes while optimizing a file, it
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will identify the optimization (or combination of optimizations) that causes the
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crash, and reduce the file down to a small example which triggers the crash.<p>
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<a name="designphilosophy">
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<h4>Design Philosophy</h4>
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> is designed to be a useful tool without requiring any
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hooks into the LLVM infrastructure at all. It works with any and all LLVM
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passes and code generators, and does not need to "know" how they work. Because
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of this, it may appear to do stupid things or miss obvious
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simplifications. <tt>bugpoint</tt> is also designed to trade off programmer
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time for computer time in the compiler-debugging process; consequently, it may
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take a long period of (unattended) time to reduce a test case, but we feel it
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is still worth it. Note that <tt>bugpoint</tt> is generally very quick unless
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debugging a miscompilation where each test of the program (which requires
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executing it) takes a long time.<p>
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<a name="automaticdebuggerselection">
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<h4>Automatic Debugger Selection</h4>
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> reads each <tt>.bc</tt> or <tt>.ll</tt> file
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specified on the command line and links them together into a single module,
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called the test program. If any LLVM passes are
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specified on the command line, it runs these passes on the test program. If
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any of the passes crash, or if they produce malformed output (which causes the
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verifier to abort),
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> starts the <a href="#crashdebug">crash debugger</a>.<p>
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Otherwise, if the <a href="#opt_output"><tt>-output</tt></a> option was not
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specified, <tt>bugpoint</tt> runs the test program with the C backend (which is
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assumed to generate good code) to generate a reference output. Once
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> has a reference output for the test program, it tries
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executing it with the <a href="#opt_run-">selected</a> code generator. If the
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selected code generator crashes, <tt>bugpoint</tt> starts the <a
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href="#crashdebug">crash debugger</a> on the code generator. Otherwise, if the
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resulting output differs from the reference output, it assumes the difference
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resulted from a code generator failure, and starts the <a
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href="#codegendebug">code generator debugger</a>.<p>
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Finally, if the output of the selected code generator matches the reference
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output, <tt>bugpoint</tt> runs the test program after all of the LLVM passes
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have been applied to it. If its output differs from the reference output, it
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assumes the difference resulted from a failure in one of the LLVM passes, and
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enters the <a href="#miscompilationdebug">miscompilation
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debugger</a>. Otherwise, there is no problem <tt>bugpoint</tt> can debug.<p>
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<a name="crashdebug">
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<h4>Crash debugger</h4>
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If an optimizer or code generator crashes, <tt>bugpoint</tt> will try as hard as
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it can to reduce the list of passes (for optimizer crashes) and the size of the
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test program. First, <tt>bugpoint</tt> figures out which combination of
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optimizer passes triggers the bug. This is useful when debugging a problem
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exposed by <tt>gccas</tt>, for example, because it runs over 38 passes.<p>
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Next, <tt>bugpoint</tt> tries removing functions from the test program, to
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reduce its size. Usually it is able to reduce a test program to a single
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function, when debugging intraprocedural optimizations. Once the number of
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functions has been reduced, it attempts to delete various edges in the control
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flow graph, to reduce the size of the function as much as possible. Finally,
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> deletes any individual LLVM instructions whose absence does
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not eliminate the failure. At the end, <tt>bugpoint</tt> should tell you what
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passes crash, give you a bytecode file, and give you instructions on how to
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reproduce the failure with <tt><a href="CommandGuide/html/opt.html">opt</a></tt>, <tt><a
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href="CommandGuide/html/analyze.html">analyze</a></tt>, or <tt><a href="CommandGuide/html/llc.html">llc</a></tt>.<p>
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<a name="codegendebug">
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<h4>Code generator debugger</h4>
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<p>The code generator debugger attempts to narrow down the amount of code that
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is being miscompiled by the <a href="#opt_run-">selected</a> code generator. To
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do this, it takes the test program and partitions it into two pieces: one piece
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which it compiles with the C backend (into a shared object), and one piece which
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it runs with either the JIT or the static LLC compiler. It uses several
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techniques to reduce the amount of code pushed through the LLVM code generator,
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to reduce the potential scope of the problem. After it is finished, it emits
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two bytecode files (called "test" [to be compiled with the code generator] and
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"safe" [to be compiled with the C backend], respectively), and instructions for
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reproducing the problem. The code generator debugger assumes that the C backend
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produces good code.</p>
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<a name="miscompilationdebug">
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<h4>Miscompilation debugger</h4>
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The miscompilation debugger works similarly to the code generator
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debugger. It works by splitting the test program into two pieces, running the
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optimizations specified on one piece, linking the two pieces back together,
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and then executing the result.
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It attempts to narrow down the list of passes to the one (or few) which are
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causing the miscompilation, then reduce the portion of the test program which is
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being miscompiled. The miscompilation debugger assumes that the selected
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code generator is working properly.<p>
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<a name="bugpoint notes">
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<h4>Advice for using <tt>bugpoint</tt></h4>
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> can be a remarkably useful tool, but it sometimes works in
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non-obvious ways. Here are some hints and tips:<p>
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<ol>
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<li>In the code generator and miscompilation debuggers, <tt>bugpoint</tt> only
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works with programs that have deterministic output. Thus, if the program
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outputs <tt>argv[0]</tt>, the date, time, or any other "random" data, <tt>bugpoint</tt> may
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misinterpret differences in these data, when output, as the result of a
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miscompilation. Programs should be temporarily modified to disable
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outputs that are likely to vary from run to run.
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<li>In the code generator and miscompilation debuggers, debugging will go
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faster if you manually modify the program or its inputs to reduce the
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runtime, but still exhibit the problem.
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<li><tt>bugpoint</tt> is extremely useful when working on a new optimization:
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it helps track down regressions quickly. To avoid having to relink
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> every time you change your optimization however, have
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> dynamically load your optimization with the <a
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href="#opt_load"><tt>-load</tt></a> option.
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<li><tt>bugpoint</tt> can generate a lot of output and run for a long period of
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time. It is often useful to capture the output of the program to file. For
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example, in the C shell, you can type:<br>
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<tt>bugpoint ..... |& tee bugpoint.log</tt>
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<br>to get a copy of <tt>bugpoint</tt>'s output in the file
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<tt>bugpoint.log</tt>, as well as on your terminal.
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<li><tt>bugpoint</tt> cannot debug problems with the LLVM linker. If
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> crashes before you see its "All input ok" message,
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you might try <tt>llvm-link -v</tt> on the same set of input files. If
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that also crashes, you may be experiencing a linker bug.
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<li>If your program is <b>supposed</b> to crash, <tt>bugpoint</tt> will be
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confused. One way to deal with this is to cause bugpoint to ignore the exit
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code from your program, by giving it the <tt>-check-exit-code=false</tt>
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option.
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</ol>
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<h3>OPTIONS</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><tt>-additional-so <library></tt><br>
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Load <tt><library></tt> into the test program whenever it is run.
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This is useful if you are debugging programs which depend on non-LLVM
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libraries (such as the X or curses libraries) to run.<p>
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<li><tt>-args <program args></tt><br>
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Pass all arguments specified after <tt>-args</tt> to the
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test program whenever it runs. Note that if any of
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the <tt><program args></tt> start with a '-', you should use:
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<p>
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<tt>bugpoint <bugpoint args> -args -- <program args></tt>
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<p>
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The "<tt>--</tt>" right after the <tt>-args</tt> option tells
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> to consider any options starting with <tt>-</tt> to be
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part of the <tt>-args</tt> option, not as options to <tt>bugpoint</tt>
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itself.<p>
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<li><tt>-tool-args <tool args></tt><br>
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Pass all arguments specified after <tt>-tool-args</tt> to the
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LLVM tool under test (llc, lli, etc.) whenever it runs.
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You should use this option in the following way:
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<p>
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<tt>bugpoint <bugpoint args> -tool-args -- <tool args></tt>
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<p>
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The "<tt>--</tt>" right after the <tt>-tool-args</tt> option tells
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> to consider any options starting with <tt>-</tt> to be
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part of the <tt>-tool-args</tt> option, not as options to
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> itself. (See <tt>-args</tt>, above.)<p>
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<li><tt>-check-exit-code={true,false}</tt><br>
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Assume a non-zero exit code or core dump from the test program is
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a failure. Defaults to true.<p>
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<li><tt>-disable-{dce,simplifycfg}</tt><br>
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Do not run the specified passes to clean up and reduce the size of the
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test program. By default, <tt>bugpoint</tt> uses these passes internally
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when attempting to reduce test programs. If you're trying to find
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a bug in one of these passes, <tt>bugpoint</tt> may crash.<p>
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<li> <tt>-help</tt><br>
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Print a summary of command line options.<p>
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<a name="opt_input"><li><tt>-input <filename></tt><br>
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Open <tt><filename></tt> and redirect the standard input of the
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test program, whenever it runs, to come from that file.
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<p>
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<a name="opt_load"><li> <tt>-load <plugin></tt><br>
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Load the dynamic object <tt><plugin></tt> into <tt>bugpoint</tt>
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itself. This object should register new
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optimization passes. Once loaded, the object will add new command line
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options to enable various optimizations. To see the new complete list
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of optimizations, use the -help and -load options together:
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<p>
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<tt>bugpoint -load <plugin> -help</tt>
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<p>
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<a name="opt_output"><li><tt>-output <filename></tt><br>
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Whenever the test program produces output on its standard output
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stream, it should match the contents of <tt><filename></tt>
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(the "reference output"). If you do not use this option,
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<tt>bugpoint</tt> will attempt to generate a reference output by
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compiling the program with the C backend and running it.<p>
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<li><tt>-profile-info-file <filename></tt><br>
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Profile file loaded by -profile-loader.<p>
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<a name="opt_run-"><li><tt>-run-{int,jit,llc,cbe}</tt><br>
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Whenever the test program is compiled, <tt>bugpoint</tt> should generate
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code for it using the specified code generator. These options allow
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you to choose the interpreter, the JIT compiler, the static native
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code compiler, or the C backend, respectively.<p>
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</ul>
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<h3>EXIT STATUS</h3>
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If <tt>bugpoint</tt> succeeds in finding a problem, it will exit with 0.
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Otherwise, if an error occurs, it will exit with a non-zero value.
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<HR>
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Maintained by the <a href="http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu">LLVM Team</a>.
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</body>
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</html>
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