rpcs3/Utilities/Thread.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Log.h"
#include "rpcs3/Ini.h"
#include "Emu/System.h"
#include "Emu/CPU/CPUThreadManager.h"
#include "Emu/CPU/CPUThread.h"
#include "Emu/Cell/RawSPUThread.h"
#include "Emu/SysCalls/SysCalls.h"
#include "Thread.h"

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#else
#ifdef __APPLE__
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE
#define __USE_GNU
#endif
#include <signal.h>
#include <ucontext.h>
#endif

void SetCurrentThreadDebugName(const char* threadName)
{
#if defined(_MSC_VER) // this is VS-specific way to set thread names for the debugger

	#pragma pack(push,8)

	struct THREADNAME_INFO
	{
		DWORD dwType;
		LPCSTR szName;
		DWORD dwThreadID;
		DWORD dwFlags;
	} info;

	#pragma pack(pop)

	info.dwType = 0x1000;
	info.szName = threadName;
	info.dwThreadID = -1;
	info.dwFlags = 0;

	__try
	{
		RaiseException(0x406D1388, 0, sizeof(info) / sizeof(ULONG_PTR), (ULONG_PTR*)&info);
	}
	__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
	{
	}

#endif
}

enum x64_reg_t : u32
{
	X64R_RAX = 0,
	X64R_RCX,
	X64R_RDX,
	X64R_RBX,
	X64R_RSP,
	X64R_RBP,
	X64R_RSI,
	X64R_RDI,
	X64R_R8,
	X64R_R9,
	X64R_R10,
	X64R_R11,
	X64R_R12,
	X64R_R13,
	X64R_R14,
	X64R_R15,

	X64R_XMM0 = 0,
	X64R_XMM1,
	X64R_XMM2,
	X64R_XMM3,
	X64R_XMM4,
	X64R_XMM5,
	X64R_XMM6,
	X64R_XMM7,
	X64R_XMM8,
	X64R_XMM9,
	X64R_XMM10,
	X64R_XMM11,
	X64R_XMM12,
	X64R_XMM13,
	X64R_XMM14,
	X64R_XMM15,
	
	X64R_AL,
	X64R_CL,
	X64R_DL,
	X64R_BL,
	X64R_AH,
	X64R_CH,
	X64R_DH,
	X64R_BH,
	
	X64_NOT_SET,
	X64_IMM8,
	X64_IMM16,
	X64_IMM32,

	X64R_ECX = X64R_CL,
};

enum x64_op_t : u32
{
	X64OP_NONE,
	X64OP_LOAD, // obtain and put the value into x64 register
	X64OP_STORE, // take the value from x64 register or an immediate and use it

	// example: add eax,[rax] -> X64OP_LOAD_ADD (add the value to x64 register)
	// example: add [rax],eax -> X64OP_LOAD_ADD_STORE (this will probably never happen for MMIO registers)

	X64OP_MOVS,
	X64OP_STOS,
	X64OP_XCHG,
	X64OP_CMPXCHG,
	X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE, // lock and [mem],reg
};

void decode_x64_reg_op(const u8* code, x64_op_t& out_op, x64_reg_t& out_reg, size_t& out_size, size_t& out_length)
{
	// simple analysis of x64 code allows to reinterpret MOV or other instructions in any desired way
	out_length = 0;

	u8 rex = 0, pg2 = 0;

	bool oso = false, lock = false, repne = false, repe = false;

	enum : u8
	{
		LOCK  = 0xf0,
		REPNE = 0xf2,
		REPE  = 0xf3,
	};

	// check prefixes:
	for (;; code++, out_length++)
	{
		switch (const u8 prefix = *code)
		{
		case LOCK: // group 1
		{
			if (lock)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): LOCK prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			lock = true;
			continue;
		}
		case REPNE: // group 1
		{
			if (repne)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): REPNE/REPNZ prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			repne = true;
			continue;
		}
		case REPE: // group 1
		{
			if (repe)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): REP/REPE/REPZ prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			repe = true;
			continue;
		}

		case 0x2e: // group 2
		case 0x36:
		case 0x3e:
		case 0x26:
		case 0x64:
		case 0x65:
		{
			if (pg2)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): 0x%02x (group 2 prefix) found after 0x%02x", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix, pg2);
			}
			else
			{
				pg2 = prefix; // probably, segment register
			}
			continue;
		}

		case 0x66: // group 3
		{
			if (oso)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): operand-size override prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			oso = true;
			continue;
		}

		case 0x67: // group 4
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): address-size override prefix found", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix);
			out_op = X64OP_NONE;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 0;
			out_length = 0;
			return;
		}

		default:
		{
			if ((prefix & 0xf0) == 0x40) // check REX prefix
			{
				if (rex)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): 0x%02x (REX prefix) found after 0x%02x", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix, rex);
				}
				else
				{
					rex = prefix;
				}
				continue;
			}
		}
		}

		break;
	}

	auto get_modRM_reg = [](const u8* code, const u8 rex) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3 | (/* check REX.R bit */ rex & 4 ? 8 : 0)) + X64R_RAX);
	};

	auto get_modRM_reg_xmm = [](const u8* code, const u8 rex) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3 | (/* check REX.R bit */ rex & 4 ? 8 : 0)) + X64R_XMM0);
	};

	auto get_modRM_reg_lh = [](const u8* code) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3) + X64R_AL);
	};

	auto get_op_size = [](const u8 rex, const bool oso) -> size_t
	{
		return rex & 8 ? 8 : (oso ? 2 : 4);
	};

	auto get_modRM_size = [](const u8* code) -> size_t
	{
		switch (*code >> 6) // check Mod
		{
		case 0: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 2 : 1; // check SIB
		case 1: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 3 : 2; // check SIB (disp8)
		case 2: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 6 : 5; // check SIB (disp32)
		default: return 1;
		}
	};

	const u8 op1 = (out_length++, *code++), op2 = code[0], op3 = code[1];

	switch (op1)
	{
	case 0x0f:
	{
		out_length++, code++;

		switch (op2)
		{
		case 0x7f:
		{
			if ((repe && !oso) || (!repe && oso)) // MOVDQU/MOVDQA xmm/m, xmm
			{
				out_op = X64OP_STORE;
				out_reg = get_modRM_reg_xmm(code, rex);
				out_size = 16;
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		case 0xb0:
		{
			if (!oso) // CMPXCHG r8/m8, r8
			{
				out_op = X64OP_CMPXCHG;
				out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
				out_size = 1;
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		case 0xb1:
		{
			if (true) // CMPXCHG r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
			{
				out_op = X64OP_CMPXCHG;
				out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
				out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		}

		break;
	}
	case 0x20:
	{
		if (!oso)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x21:
	{
		if (true)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x86:
	{
		if (!oso) // XCHG r8/m8, r8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_XCHG;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x87:
	{
		if (true) // XCHG r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_XCHG;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x88:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso) // MOV r8/m8, r8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x89:
	{
		if (!lock) // MOV r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x8a:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso) // MOV r8, r8/m8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x8b:
	{
		if (!lock) // MOV r, r/m (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xa4:
	{
		if (!oso && !lock && !repe && !rex) // MOVS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_MOVS;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		if (!oso && !lock && repe) // REP MOVS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_MOVS;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? X64R_RCX : X64R_ECX;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xaa:
	{
		if (!oso && !lock && !repe && !rex) // STOS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STOS;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		if (!oso && !lock && repe) // REP STOS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STOS;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? X64R_RCX : X64R_ECX;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xc6:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso && get_modRM_reg(code, 0) == X64R_RAX) // MOV r8/m8, imm8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = X64_IMM8;
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code) + 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xc7:
	{
		if (!lock && get_modRM_reg(code, 0) == X64R_RAX) // MOV r/m, imm16/imm32 (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = oso ? X64_IMM16 : X64_IMM32;
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code) + (oso ? 2 : 4);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	}

	LOG_WARNING(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): unsupported opcode found (%016llX%016llX)", (size_t)code - out_length, *(be_t<u64>*)(code - out_length), *(be_t<u64>*)(code - out_length + 8));
	out_op = X64OP_NONE;
	out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
	out_size = 0;
	out_length = 0;
}

#ifdef _WIN32

typedef CONTEXT x64_context;

#define X64REG(context, reg) (&(&(context)->Rax)[reg])
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<u128*>(&(&(context)->Xmm0)[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->EFlags)

#else

typedef ucontext_t x64_context;

#ifdef __APPLE__

#define X64REG(context, reg) (darwin_x64reg(context, reg))
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<u128*>(&(context)->uc_mcontext->__fs.__fpu_xmm0.__xmm_reg[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->uc_mcontext->__ss.__rflags)

uint64_t* darwin_x64reg(x64_context *context, int reg)
{
	auto *state = &context->uc_mcontext->__ss;
	switch(reg)
	{
	case 0: // RAX
		return &state->__rax;
	case 1: // RCX
		return &state->__rcx;
	case 2: // RDX
		return &state->__rdx;
	case 3: // RBX
		return &state->__rbx;
	case 4: // RSP
		return &state->__rsp;
	case 5: // RBP
		return &state->__rbp;
	case 6: // RSI
		return &state->__rsi;
	case 7: // RDI
		return &state->__rdi;
	case 8: // R8
		return &state->__r8;
	case 9: // R9
		return &state->__r9;
	case 10: // R10
		return &state->__r10;
	case 11: // R11
		return &state->__r11;
	case 12: // R12
		return &state->__r12;
	case 13: // R13
		return &state->__r13;
	case 14: // R14
		return &state->__r14;
	case 15: // R15
		return &state->__r15;
	case 16: // RIP
		return &state->__rip;
	default: // FAIL
		assert(0);
	}
}

#else

typedef decltype(REG_RIP) reg_table_t;

static const reg_table_t reg_table[17] =
{
	REG_RAX, REG_RCX, REG_RDX, REG_RBX, REG_RSP, REG_RBP, REG_RSI, REG_RDI,
	REG_R8, REG_R9, REG_R10, REG_R11, REG_R12, REG_R13, REG_R14, REG_R15, REG_RIP
};

#define X64REG(context, reg) (&(context)->uc_mcontext.gregs[reg_table[reg]])
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<u128*>(&(context)->uc_mcontext.fpregs->_xmm[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_EFL])

#endif // __APPLE__

#endif

#define RAX(c) (*X64REG((c), 0))
#define RCX(c) (*X64REG((c), 1))
#define RDX(c) (*X64REG((c), 2))
#define RSI(c) (*X64REG((c), 6))
#define RDI(c) (*X64REG((c), 7))
#define RIP(c) (*X64REG((c), 16))

bool get_x64_reg_value(x64_context* context, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, size_t i_size, u64& out_value)
{
	// get x64 reg value (for store operations)
	if (reg - X64R_RAX < 16)
	{
		// load the value from x64 register
		const u64 reg_value = *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: out_value = (u8)reg_value; return true;
		case 2: out_value = (u16)reg_value; return true;
		case 4: out_value = (u32)reg_value; return true;
		case 8: out_value = reg_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg - X64R_AL < 4 && d_size == 1)
	{
		out_value = (u8)(*X64REG(context, reg - X64R_AL));
		return true;
	}
	else if (reg - X64R_AH < 4 && d_size == 1)
	{
		out_value = (u8)(*X64REG(context, reg - X64R_AH) >> 8);
		return true;
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM8)
	{
		// load the immediate value (assuming it's at the end of the instruction)
		const s8 imm_value = *(s8*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 1);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: out_value = (u8)imm_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM16)
	{
		const s16 imm_value = *(s16*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 2);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 2: out_value = (u16)imm_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM32)
	{
		const s32 imm_value = *(s32*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 4);
		
		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 4: out_value = (u32)imm_value; return true;
		case 8: out_value = (u64)imm_value; return true; // sign-extended
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64R_ECX)
	{
		out_value = (u32)RCX(context);
		return true;
	}

	LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "get_x64_reg_value(): invalid arguments (reg=%d, d_size=%lld, i_size=%lld)", reg, d_size, i_size);
	return false;
}

bool put_x64_reg_value(x64_context* context, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, u64 value)
{
	// save x64 reg value (for load operations)
	if (reg - X64R_RAX < 16)
	{
		// save the value into x64 register
		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xff | *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) & 0xffffff00; return true;
		case 2: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xffff | *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) & 0xffff0000; return true;
		case 4: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xffffffff; return true;
		case 8: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value; return true;
		}
	}

	LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "put_x64_reg_value(): invalid destination (reg=%d, d_size=%lld, value=0x%llx)", reg, d_size, value);
	return false;
}

bool set_x64_cmp_flags(x64_context* context, size_t d_size, u64 x, u64 y)
{
	switch (d_size)
	{
	case 1: break;
	case 2: break;
	case 4: break;
	case 8: break;
	default: LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "set_x64_cmp_flags(): invalid d_size (%lld)", d_size); return false;
	}

	const u64 sign = 1ull << (d_size * 8 - 1); // sign mask
	const u64 diff = x - y;
	const u64 summ = x + y;

	if (((x & y) | ((x ^ y) & ~summ)) & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x1; // set CF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x1; // clear CF
	}

	if (x == y)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x40; // set ZF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x40; // clear ZF
	}

	if (diff & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x80; // set SF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x80; // clear SF
	}

	if ((x ^ summ) & (y ^ summ) & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x800; // set OF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x800; // clear OF
	}

	const u8 p1 = (u8)diff ^ ((u8)diff >> 4);
	const u8 p2 = p1 ^ (p1 >> 2);
	const u8 p3 = p2 ^ (p2 >> 1);

	if ((p3 & 1) == 0)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x4; // set PF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x4; // clear PF
	}

	if (((x & y) | ((x ^ y) & ~summ)) & 0x8)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x10; // set AF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x10; // clear AF
	}

	return true;
}

size_t get_x64_access_size(x64_context* context, x64_op_t op, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, size_t i_size)
{
	if (op == X64OP_MOVS || op == X64OP_STOS)
	{
		if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
		{
			// skip reservation bound check (TODO)
			return 0;
		}

		if (reg != X64_NOT_SET) // get "full" access size from RCX register
		{
			u64 counter;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, 8, i_size, counter))
			{
				return -1;
			}

			return d_size * counter;
		}
	}

	if (op == X64OP_CMPXCHG)
	{
		// detect whether this instruction can't actually modify memory to avoid breaking reservation;
		// this may theoretically cause endless loop, but it shouldn't be a problem if only load_sync() generates such instruction
		u64 cmp, exch;
		if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, cmp) || !get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, exch))
		{
			return -1;
		}

		if (cmp == exch)
		{
			// skip reservation bound check
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return d_size;
}

/**
 * Callback that can be customised by GSRender backends to track memory access.
 * Backends can protect memory pages and get this callback called when an access
 * violation is met.
 * Should return true if the backend handles the access violation.
 */
std::function<bool(u32 addr)> gfxHandler = [](u32) { return false; };

bool handle_access_violation(u32 addr, bool is_writing, x64_context* context)
{
	auto code = (const u8*)RIP(context);

	x64_op_t op;
	x64_reg_t reg;
	size_t d_size;
	size_t i_size;

	if (gfxHandler(addr))
		return true;

	// decode single x64 instruction that causes memory access
	decode_x64_reg_op(code, op, reg, d_size, i_size);

	if ((d_size | d_size + addr) >= 0x100000000ull)
	{
		LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid d_size (0x%llx)", d_size);
		return false;
	}

	// get length of data being accessed
	size_t a_size = get_x64_access_size(context, op, reg, d_size, i_size);

	if ((a_size | a_size + addr) >= 0x100000000ull)
	{
		LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid a_size (0x%llx)", a_size);
		return false;
	}

	// check if address is RawSPU MMIO register
	if (addr - RAW_SPU_BASE_ADDR < (6 * RAW_SPU_OFFSET) && (addr % RAW_SPU_OFFSET) >= RAW_SPU_PROB_OFFSET)
	{
		auto thread = Emu.GetCPU().GetRawSPUThread((addr - RAW_SPU_BASE_ADDR) / RAW_SPU_OFFSET);

		if (!thread)
		{
			return false;
		}

		if (a_size != 4 || !d_size || !i_size)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported instruction (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			return false;
		}

		switch (op)
		{
		case X64OP_LOAD:
		{
			u32 value;
			if (is_writing || !thread->ReadReg(addr, value) || !put_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, _byteswap_ulong(value)))
			{
				return false;
			}

			break;
		}
		case X64OP_STORE:
		{
			u64 reg_value;
			if (!is_writing || !get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value) || !thread->WriteReg(addr, _byteswap_ulong((u32)reg_value)))
			{
				return false;
			}

			break;
		}
		case X64OP_MOVS: // possibly, TODO
		case X64OP_STOS:
		default:
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported operation (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, i_size);
			return false;
		}
		}

		// skip processed instruction
		RIP(context) += i_size;
		return true;
	}

	// check if fault is caused by the reservation
	return vm::reservation_query(addr, (u32)a_size, is_writing, [&]() -> bool
	{
		// write memory using "privileged" access to avoid breaking reservation
		if (!d_size || !i_size)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported instruction (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			return false;
		}

		switch (op)
		{
		case X64OP_STORE:
		{
			if (d_size == 16)
			{
				if (reg - X64R_XMM0 >= 16)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STORE: d_size=16, reg=%d", reg);
					return false;
				}

				memcpy(vm::priv_ptr(addr), XMMREG(context, reg - X64R_XMM0), 16);
				break;
			}

			u64 reg_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			memcpy(vm::priv_ptr(addr), &reg_value, d_size);
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_MOVS:
		{
			if (d_size > 8)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS: d_size=%lld", d_size);
				return false;
			}

			if (vm::get_ptr(addr) != (void*)RDI(context))
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS: rdi=0x%llx, rsi=0x%llx, addr=0x%x", (u64)RDI(context), (u64)RSI(context), addr);
				return false;
			}

			u32 a_addr = addr;

			while (a_addr >> 12 == addr >> 12)
			{
				u64 value;

				// copy data
				memcpy(&value, (void*)RSI(context), d_size);
				memcpy(vm::priv_ptr(a_addr), &value, d_size);

				// shift pointers
				if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS TODO: reversed direction");
					return false;
					//RSI(context) -= d_size;
					//RDI(context) -= d_size;
					//a_addr -= (u32)d_size;
				}
				else
				{
					RSI(context) += d_size;
					RDI(context) += d_size;
					a_addr += (u32)d_size;
				}

				// decrement counter
				if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !--RCX(context))
				{
					break;
				}
			}

			if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !RCX(context))
			{
				break;
			}

			// don't skip partially processed instruction
			return true;
		}
		case X64OP_STOS:
		{
			if (d_size > 8)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS: d_size=%lld", d_size);
				return false;
			}

			if (vm::get_ptr(addr) != (void*)RDI(context))
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS: rdi=0x%llx, addr=0x%x", (u64)RDI(context), addr);
				return false;
			}

			u64 value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			u32 a_addr = addr;

			while (a_addr >> 12 == addr >> 12)
			{
				// fill data with value
				memcpy(vm::priv_ptr(a_addr), &value, d_size);

				// shift pointers
				if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS TODO: reversed direction");
					return false;
					//RDI(context) -= d_size;
					//a_addr -= (u32)d_size;
				}
				else
				{
					RDI(context) += d_size;
					a_addr += (u32)d_size;
				}

				// decrement counter
				if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !--RCX(context))
				{
					break;
				}
			}

			if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !RCX(context))
			{
				break;
			}

			// don't skip partially processed instruction
			return true;
		}
		case X64OP_XCHG:
		{
			u64 reg_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: reg_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u8>>(addr).exchange((u8)reg_value); break;
			case 2: reg_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u16>>(addr).exchange((u16)reg_value); break;
			case 4: reg_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u32>>(addr).exchange((u32)reg_value); break;
			case 8: reg_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u64>>(addr).exchange((u64)reg_value); break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!put_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_CMPXCHG:
		{
			u64 reg_value, old_value, cmp_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value) || !get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, cmp_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: old_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u8>>(addr).compare_and_swap((u8)cmp_value, (u8)reg_value); break;
			case 2: old_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u16>>(addr).compare_and_swap((u16)cmp_value, (u16)reg_value); break;
			case 4: old_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u32>>(addr).compare_and_swap((u32)cmp_value, (u32)reg_value); break;
			case 8: old_value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u64>>(addr).compare_and_swap((u64)cmp_value, (u64)reg_value); break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!put_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, old_value) || !set_x64_cmp_flags(context, d_size, cmp_value, old_value))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE:
		{
			u64 value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u8>>(addr) &= (u8)value; break;
			case 2: value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u16>>(addr) &= (u16)value; break;
			case 4: value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u32>>(addr) &= (u32)value; break;
			case 8: value = vm::priv_ref<atomic_t<u64>>(addr) &= value; break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!set_x64_cmp_flags(context, d_size, value, 0))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		default:
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported operation (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			return false;
		}
		}

		// skip processed instruction
		RIP(context) += i_size;
		return true;
	});

	// TODO: allow recovering from a page fault as a feature of PS3 virtual memory
}

#ifdef _WIN32

void _se_translator(unsigned int u, EXCEPTION_POINTERS* pExp)
{
	const u64 addr64 = (u64)pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1] - (u64)vm::g_base_addr;
	const bool is_writing = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0] != 0;

	if (u == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION && (u32)addr64 == addr64)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Access violation %s location 0x%llx", is_writing ? "writing" : "reading", addr64);
	}
}

const PVOID exception_handler = (atexit([]{ RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(exception_handler); }), AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, [](PEXCEPTION_POINTERS pExp) -> LONG
{
	const u64 addr64 = (u64)pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1] - (u64)vm::g_base_addr;
	const bool is_writing = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0] != 0;

	if (pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION &&
		(u32)addr64 == addr64 &&
		get_current_thread_ctrl() &&
		handle_access_violation((u32)addr64, is_writing, pExp->ContextRecord))
	{
		return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
	}
	else
	{
		return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
	}
}));

const auto exception_filter = SetUnhandledExceptionFilter([](PEXCEPTION_POINTERS pExp) -> LONG
{
	_se_translator(pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode, pExp);

	return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
});

#else

void signal_handler(int sig, siginfo_t* info, void* uct)
{
	const u64 addr64 = (u64)info->si_addr - (u64)vm::g_base_addr;

#ifdef __APPLE__
	const bool is_writing = ((ucontext_t*)uct)->uc_mcontext->__es.__err & 0x2;
#else
	const bool is_writing = ((ucontext_t*)uct)->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_ERR] & 0x2;
#endif

	if ((u32)addr64 == addr64 && get_current_thread_ctrl())
	{
		if (handle_access_violation((u32)addr64, is_writing, (ucontext_t*)uct))
		{
			return; // proceed execution
		}

		// TODO: this may be wrong
		throw EXCEPTION("Access violation %s location 0x%llx", is_writing ? "writing" : "reading", addr64);
	}

	// else some fatal error
	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

const int sigaction_result = []() -> int
{
	struct sigaction sa;

	sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
	sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
	sa.sa_sigaction = signal_handler;
	return sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);
}();

#endif

thread_local thread_ctrl_t* g_tls_this_thread = nullptr;

const thread_ctrl_t* get_current_thread_ctrl()
{
	return g_tls_this_thread;
}

std::string thread_ctrl_t::get_name() const
{
	return name();
}

void thread_ctrl_t::set_current()
{
	const auto old_value = g_tls_this_thread;

	if (old_value == this)
	{
		return;
	}

	if (old_value)
	{
		vm::reservation_free();
	}

	if (true && assigned.exchange(true))
	{
		LOG_ERROR(GENERAL, "Thread '%s' was already assigned to g_tls_this_thread of another thread", get_name());
		g_tls_this_thread = nullptr;
	}
	else
	{
		g_tls_this_thread = this;
	}

	if (old_value)
	{
		old_value->assigned = false;
	}
}

thread_t::thread_t(std::function<std::string()> name, std::function<void()> func)
{
	start(std::move(name), func);
}

thread_t::~thread_t() noexcept(false)
{
	if (m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Neither joined nor detached");
	}
}

std::string thread_t::get_name() const
{
	if (!m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Invalid thread");
	}

	if (!m_thread->name)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Invalid name getter");
	}

	return m_thread->name();
}

std::atomic<u32> g_thread_count{ 0 };

void thread_t::start(std::function<std::string()> name, std::function<void()> func)
{
	if (m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Thread already exists");
	}

	// create new thread control variable
	m_thread = std::make_shared<thread_ctrl_t>(std::move(name));

	// start thread
	m_thread->m_thread = std::thread([](std::shared_ptr<thread_ctrl_t> ctrl, std::function<void()> func)
	{
		g_thread_count++;

		SetCurrentThreadDebugName(ctrl->get_name().c_str());

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
		auto old_se_translator = _set_se_translator(_se_translator);
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32
		if (!exception_handler || !exception_filter)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(GENERAL, "exception_handler not set");
			return;
		}
#else
		if (sigaction_result == -1)
		{
			printf("sigaction() failed");
			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}
#endif

		// error handler
		const auto error = [&](const char* text)
		{
			log_message(GENERAL, Emu.IsStopped() ? Log::Severity::Warning : Log::Severity::Error, "Exception: %s", text);
			Emu.Pause();
		};

		try
		{
			ctrl->set_current();

			if (Ini.HLELogging.GetValue())
			{
				LOG_NOTICE(GENERAL, "Thread started");
			}

			func();
		}
		catch (const char* e) // obsolete
		{
			LOG_ERROR(GENERAL, "Deprecated exception type (const char*)");
			error(e);
		}
		catch (const std::string& e) // obsolete
		{
			LOG_ERROR(GENERAL, "Deprecated exception type (std::string)");
			error(e.c_str());
		}
		catch (const fmt::exception& e)
		{
			error(e);
		}

		if (Ini.HLELogging.GetValue())
		{
			LOG_NOTICE(GENERAL, "Thread ended");
		}

		//ctrl->set_current(false);

		vm::reservation_free();

		g_thread_count--;

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
		_set_se_translator(old_se_translator);
#endif
	}, m_thread, std::move(func));
}

void thread_t::detach()
{
	if (!m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Invalid thread");
	}

	// +clear m_thread
	const auto ctrl = std::move(m_thread);

	// notify if detached by another thread
	if (g_tls_this_thread != m_thread.get())
	{
		// lock for reliable notification
		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);

		cv.notify_one();
	}

	ctrl->m_thread.detach();
}

void thread_t::join()
{
	if (!m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Invalid thread");
	}

	if (g_tls_this_thread == m_thread.get())
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Deadlock");
	}

	// +clear m_thread
	const auto ctrl = std::move(m_thread);

	{
		// lock for reliable notification
		std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex);

		cv.notify_one();
	}

	ctrl->m_thread.join();
}

bool thread_t::is_current() const
{
	if (!m_thread)
	{
		throw EXCEPTION("Invalid thread");
	}

	return g_tls_this_thread == m_thread.get();
}

const std::function<bool()> SQUEUE_ALWAYS_EXIT = [](){ return true; };
const std::function<bool()> SQUEUE_NEVER_EXIT = [](){ return false; };

bool squeue_test_exit()
{
	return Emu.IsStopped();
}