rpcs3/Utilities/lockless.h

#pragma once

#include "util/types.hpp"
#include "util/atomic.hpp"
#include "util/bless.hpp"

// Simple unshrinkable array base for concurrent access. Only growths automatically.
// There is no way to know the current size. The smaller index is, the faster it's accessed.
//
// T is the type of elements. Currently, default constructor of T shall be constexpr.
// N is initial element count, available without any memory allocation and only stored contiguously.
// Let's have around 256 bytes or less worth of preallocated elements
template <typename T, usz N = std::max<usz>(256 / sizeof(T), 1)>
class lf_array
{
	// Data (default-initialized)
	T m_data[N]{};

	// Next array block
	atomic_t<lf_array*> m_next{};

public:
	constexpr lf_array() = default;

	~lf_array()
	{
		for (auto ptr = m_next.raw(); ptr;)
		{
			delete std::exchange(ptr, std::exchange(ptr->m_next.raw(), nullptr));
		}
	}

	T& operator [](usz index)
	{
		lf_array* _this = this;

		T* result{};
		bool installed = false;

		for (usz i = 0;; i += N)
		{
			if (index - i < N)
			{
				result = std::addressof(m_data[index - i]);
				break;
			}

			lf_array* next = m_next;

			if (!next)
			{
				// Do not allow access beyond one element more at a time 
				ensure(!installed && index - i == N);

				installed = true;

				for (auto _new = new lf_array, ptr = _this; ptr;)
				{
					// Install the pointer. If failed, go deeper.
					ptr = ptr->m_next.compare_and_swap(nullptr, _new);

					if (!next)
					{
						// Determine the next pointer (if null then the new memory has been installed)
						next = ptr ? ptr : _new;
					}
				}
			}

			_this = next;
		}

		return *result;
	}

	template <typename F> requires (std::is_invocable_v<F, T&>)
	auto for_each(F&& func, bool is_finite = true)
	{
		lf_array* _this = this;

		using return_t = decltype(func(std::declval<T&>()));

		for (usz i = 0; _this; i += N)
		{
			for (usz j = 0; j < N; j++)
			{
				if constexpr (std::is_void_v<return_t>)
				{
					std::invoke(func, _this->m_data[j]);
				}
				else
				{
					auto ret = std::invoke(func, _this->m_data[j]);

					if (ret)
					{
						return std::make_pair(std::addressof(_this->m_data[j]), std::move(ret));
					}
				}
			}

			lf_array* next = m_next;

			if (!next && !std::is_void_v<return_t> && !is_finite)
			{
				for (auto _new = new lf_array, ptr = _this; ptr;)
				{
					// Install the pointer. If failed, go deeper.
					ptr = ptr->m_next.compare_and_swap(nullptr, _new);

					if (!next)
					{
						// Determine the next pointer (if null then the new memory has been installed)
						next = ptr ? ptr : _new;
					}
				}
			}

			_this = next;
		}

		if constexpr (!std::is_void_v<return_t>)
		{
			return std::make_pair(std::add_pointer_t<T>{}, return_t());
		}
	}

	u64 size() const
	{
		u64 size_n = 0;

		for (auto ptr = this; ptr; ptr = ptr->m_next)
		{
			size_n += N;
		}

		return size_n;
	}
};

// Simple lock-free FIFO queue base. Based on lf_array<T, N> itself. Currently uses 32-bit counters.
// There is no "push_end" or "pop_begin" provided, the queue element must signal its state on its own.
template<typename T, usz N = std::max<usz>(256 / sizeof(T), 1)>
class lf_fifo : public lf_array<T, N>
{
	// LSB 32-bit: push, MSB 32-bit: pop
	atomic_t<u64> m_ctrl{};

public:
	constexpr lf_fifo() = default;

	// Get number of elements in the queue
	u32 size() const
	{
		const u64 ctrl = m_ctrl.load();
		return static_cast<u32>(ctrl - (ctrl >> 32));
	}

	// Acquire the place for one or more elements.
	u32 push_begin(u32 count = 1)
	{
		return static_cast<u32>(m_ctrl.fetch_add(count));
	}

	// Get current "pop" position
	u32 peek() const
	{
		return static_cast<u32>(m_ctrl >> 32);
	}

	// Acknowledge processed element, return number of the next one.
	// Perform clear if possible, zero is returned in this case.
	u32 pop_end(u32 count = 1)
	{
		return m_ctrl.atomic_op([&](u64& ctrl)
		{
			ctrl += u64{count} << 32;

			if (ctrl >> 32 == static_cast<u32>(ctrl))
			{
				// Clean if possible
				ctrl = 0;
			}

			return static_cast<u32>(ctrl >> 32);
		});
	}
};

// Helper type, linked list element
template <typename T>
class lf_queue_item final
{
	lf_queue_item* m_link = nullptr;

	T m_data;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_queue_iterator;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_queue_slice;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_queue;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_bunch;

	constexpr lf_queue_item() = default;

	template <typename... Args>
	constexpr lf_queue_item(lf_queue_item* link, Args&&... args)
	    : m_link(link)
	    , m_data(std::forward<Args>(args)...)
	{
	}

public:
	lf_queue_item(const lf_queue_item&) = delete;

	lf_queue_item& operator=(const lf_queue_item&) = delete;

	~lf_queue_item()
	{
		for (lf_queue_item* ptr = m_link; ptr;)
		{
			delete std::exchange(ptr, std::exchange(ptr->m_link, nullptr));
		}
	}
};

// Forward iterator: non-owning pointer to the list element in lf_queue_slice<>
template <typename T>
class lf_queue_iterator
{
	lf_queue_item<T>* m_ptr = nullptr;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_queue_slice;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_bunch;

public:
	constexpr lf_queue_iterator() = default;

	bool operator ==(const lf_queue_iterator& rhs) const
	{
		return m_ptr == rhs.m_ptr;
	}

	T& operator *() const
	{
		return m_ptr->m_data;
	}

	T* operator ->() const
	{
		return &m_ptr->m_data;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator& operator ++()
	{
		m_ptr = m_ptr->m_link;
		return *this;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator operator ++(int)
	{
		lf_queue_iterator result;
		result.m_ptr = m_ptr;
		m_ptr = m_ptr->m_link;
		return result;
	}
};

// Owning pointer to the linked list taken from the lf_queue<>
template <typename T>
class lf_queue_slice
{
	lf_queue_item<T>* m_head = nullptr;

	template <typename U>
	friend class lf_queue;

public:
	constexpr lf_queue_slice() = default;

	lf_queue_slice(const lf_queue_slice&) = delete;

	lf_queue_slice(lf_queue_slice&& r) noexcept
		: m_head(r.m_head)
	{
		r.m_head = nullptr;
	}

	lf_queue_slice& operator =(const lf_queue_slice&) = delete;

	lf_queue_slice& operator =(lf_queue_slice&& r) noexcept
	{
		if (this != &r)
		{
			delete m_head;
			m_head = r.m_head;
			r.m_head = nullptr;
		}

		return *this;
	}

	~lf_queue_slice()
	{
		delete m_head;
	}

	T& operator *() const
	{
		return m_head->m_data;
	}

	T* operator ->() const
	{
		return &m_head->m_data;
	}

	explicit operator bool() const
	{
		return m_head != nullptr;
	}

	T* get() const
	{
		return m_head ? &m_head->m_data : nullptr;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator<T> begin() const
	{
		lf_queue_iterator<T> result;
		result.m_ptr = m_head;
		return result;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator<T> end() const
	{
		return {};
	}

	const T& operator[](usz index) const noexcept
	{
		lf_queue_iterator<T> result = begin();

		while (--index != umax)
		{
			result++;
		}

		return *result;
	}

	T& operator[](usz index) noexcept
	{
		lf_queue_iterator<T> result = begin();

		while (--index != umax)
		{
			result++;
		}

		return *result;
	}

	lf_queue_slice& pop_front()
	{
		delete std::exchange(m_head, std::exchange(m_head->m_link, nullptr));
		return *this;
	}
};

// Linked list-based multi-producer queue (the consumer drains the whole queue at once)
template <typename T>
class lf_queue final
{
	atomic_t<u64> m_head{0};

	lf_queue_item<T>* load(u64 value) const noexcept
	{
		return reinterpret_cast<lf_queue_item<T>*>(value >> 16);
	}

	// Extract all elements and reverse element order (FILO to FIFO)
	lf_queue_item<T>* reverse() noexcept
	{
		if (auto* head = load(m_head) ? load(m_head.exchange(0)) : nullptr)
		{
			if (auto* prev = head->m_link)
			{
				head->m_link = nullptr;

				do
				{
					auto* pprev  = prev->m_link;
					prev->m_link = head;
					head         = std::exchange(prev, pprev);
				}
				while (prev);
			}

			return head;
		}

		return nullptr;
	}

public:
	constexpr lf_queue() = default;

	lf_queue(lf_queue&& other) noexcept
	{
		m_head.release(other.m_head.exchange(0));
	}

	lf_queue& operator=(lf_queue&& other) noexcept
	{
		if (this == std::addressof(other))
		{
			return *this;
		}

		delete load(m_head);
		m_head.release(other.m_head.exchange(0));
		return *this;
	}

	~lf_queue()
	{
		delete load(m_head);
	}

	void wait(std::nullptr_t /*null*/ = nullptr) noexcept
	{
		if (m_head == 0)
		{
			utils::bless<atomic_t<u32>>(&m_head)[1].wait(0);
		}
	}

	const volatile void* observe() const noexcept
	{
		return load(m_head);
	}

	explicit operator bool() const noexcept
	{
		return m_head != 0;
	}

	template <bool Notify = true, typename... Args>
	bool push(Args&&... args)
	{
		auto oldv = m_head.load();
		auto item = new lf_queue_item<T>(load(oldv), std::forward<Args>(args)...);

		while (!m_head.compare_exchange(oldv, reinterpret_cast<u64>(item) << 16))
		{
			item->m_link = load(oldv);
		}

		if (!oldv && Notify)
		{
			// Notify only if queue was empty
			notify(true);
		}

		return !oldv;
	}

	void notify(bool force = false)
	{
		if (force || operator bool())
		{
			utils::bless<atomic_t<u32>>(&m_head)[1].notify_one();
		}
	}

	// Withdraw the list, supports range-for loop: for (auto&& x : y.pop_all()) ...
	lf_queue_slice<T> pop_all()
	{
		lf_queue_slice<T> result;
		result.m_head = reverse();
		return result;
	}

	// Withdraw the list in reverse order (LIFO/FILO)
	lf_queue_slice<T> pop_all_reversed()
	{
		lf_queue_slice<T> result;
		result.m_head = load(m_head.exchange(0));
		return result;
	}

	// Apply func(data) to each element, return the total length
	template <typename F>
	usz apply(F func)
	{
		usz count = 0;

		for (auto slice = pop_all(); slice; slice.pop_front())
		{
			std::invoke(func, *slice);
		}

		return count;
	}
};

// Concurrent linked list, elements remain until destroyed.
template <typename T>
class lf_bunch final
{
	atomic_t<lf_queue_item<T>*> m_head{nullptr};

public:
	constexpr lf_bunch() noexcept = default;

	~lf_bunch()
	{
		delete m_head.load();
	}

	// Add unconditionally
	template <typename... Args>
	T* push(Args&&... args) noexcept
	{
		auto _old = m_head.load();
		auto item = new lf_queue_item<T>(_old, std::forward<Args>(args)...);

		while (!m_head.compare_exchange(_old, item))
		{
			item->m_link = _old;
		}

		return &item->m_data;
	}

	// Add if pred(item, all_items) is true for all existing items
	template <typename F, typename... Args>
	T* push_if(F pred, Args&&... args) noexcept
	{
		auto _old = m_head.load();
		auto _chk = _old;
		auto item = new lf_queue_item<T>(_old, std::forward<Args>(args)...);

		_chk = nullptr;

		do
		{
			item->m_link = _old;

			// Check all items in the queue
			for (auto ptr = _old; ptr != _chk; ptr = ptr->m_link)
			{
				if (!pred(item->m_data, ptr->m_data))
				{
					item->m_link = nullptr;
					delete item;
					return nullptr;
				}
			}

			// Set to not check already checked items
			_chk = _old;
		}
		while (!m_head.compare_exchange(_old, item));

		return &item->m_data;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator<T> begin() const
	{
		lf_queue_iterator<T> result;
		result.m_ptr = m_head.load();
		return result;
	}

	lf_queue_iterator<T> end() const
	{
		return {};
	}
};