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This is Info file cpp.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from the
input file cpp.texi.
This file documents the GNU C Preprocessor.
Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions.

File: cpp.info, Node: Invocation, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Output, Up: Top
Invoking the C Preprocessor
===========================
Most often when you use the C preprocessor you will not have to
invoke it explicitly: the C compiler will do so automatically.
However, the preprocessor is sometimes useful on its own.
The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, INFILE and
OUTFILE. The preprocessor reads INFILE together with any other files
it specifies with `#include'. All the output generated by the combined
input files is written in OUTFILE.
Either INFILE or OUTFILE may be `-', which as INFILE means to read
from standard input and as OUTFILE means to write to standard output.
Also, if OUTFILE or both file names are omitted, the standard output
and standard input are used for the omitted file names.
Here is a table of command options accepted by the C preprocessor.
These options can also be given when compiling a C program; they are
passed along automatically to the preprocessor when it is invoked by the
compiler.
`-P'
Inhibit generation of `#'-lines with line-number information in
the output from the preprocessor (*note Output::.). This might be
useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C
code and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the
`#'-lines.
`-C'
Do not discard comments: pass them through to the output file.
Comments appearing in arguments of a macro call will be copied to
the output before the expansion of the macro call.
`-traditional'
Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to ANSI
C.
* Traditional macro expansion pays no attention to singlequote
or doublequote characters; macro argument symbols are
replaced by the argument values even when they appear within
apparent string or character constants.
* Traditionally, it is permissible for a macro expansion to end
in the middle of a string or character constant. The
constant continues into the text surrounding the macro call.
* However, traditionally the end of the line terminates a
string or character constant, with no error.
* In traditional C, a comment is equivalent to no text at all.
(In ANSI C, a comment counts as whitespace.)
* Traditional C does not have the concept of a "preprocessing
number". It considers `1.0e+4' to be three tokens: `1.0e',
`+', and `4'.
* A macro is not suppressed within its own definition, in
traditional C. Thus, any macro that is used recursively
inevitably causes an error.
* The character `#' has no special meaning within a macro
definition in traditional C.
* In traditional C, the text at the end of a macro expansion
can run together with the text after the macro call, to
produce a single token. (This is impossible in ANSI C.)
* Traditionally, `\' inside a macro argument suppresses the
syntactic significance of the following character.
`-trigraphs'
Process ANSI standard trigraph sequences. These are
three-character sequences, all starting with `??', that are
defined by ANSI C to stand for single characters. For example,
`??/' stands for `\', so `'??/n'' is a character constant for a
newline. Strictly speaking, the GNU C preprocessor does not
support all programs in ANSI Standard C unless `-trigraphs' is
used, but if you ever notice the difference it will be with relief.
You don't want to know any more about trigraphs.
`-pedantic'
Issue warnings required by the ANSI C standard in certain cases
such as when text other than a comment follows `#else' or `#endif'.
`-pedantic-errors'
Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than
warnings.
`-Wtrigraphs'
Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled).
`-Wcomment'
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a `/*'
comment, or whenever a Backslash-Newline appears in a `//' comment.
`-Wall'
Requests both `-Wtrigraphs' and `-Wcomment' (but not
`-Wtraditional' or `-Wundef').
`-Wtraditional'
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in
traditional and ANSI C.
`-Wundef'
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an `#if' directive.
`-I DIRECTORY'
Add the directory DIRECTORY to the head of the list of directories
to be searched for header files (*note Include Syntax::.). This
can be used to override a system header file, substituting your
own version, since these directories are searched before the system
header file directories. If you use more than one `-I' option,
the directories are scanned in left-to-right order; the standard
system directories come after.
`-I-'
Any directories specified with `-I' options before the `-I-'
option are searched only for the case of `#include "FILE"'; they
are not searched for `#include <FILE>'.
If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after
the `-I-', these directories are searched for all `#include'
directives.
In addition, the `-I-' option inhibits the use of the current
directory as the first search directory for `#include "FILE"'.
Therefore, the current directory is searched only if it is
requested explicitly with `-I.'. Specifying both `-I-' and `-I.'
allows you to control precisely which directories are searched
before the current one and which are searched after.
`-nostdinc'
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the
current directory, if appropriate) are searched.
`-nostdinc++'
Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
(This option is used when building the C++ library.)
`-remap'
When searching for a header file in a directory, remap file names
if a file named `header.gcc' exists in that directory. This can
be used to work around limitations of file systems with file name
restrictions. The `header.gcc' file should contain a series of
lines with two tokens on each line: the first token is the name to
map, and the second token is the actual name to use.
`-D NAME'
Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition `1'.
`-D NAME=DEFINITION'
Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition DEFINITION. There are
no restrictions on the contents of DEFINITION, but if you are
invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you
may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters
such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you
use more than one `-D' for the same NAME, the rightmost definition
takes effect.
`-U NAME'
Do not predefine NAME. If both `-U' and `-D' are specified for
one name, the `-U' beats the `-D' and the name is not predefined.
`-undef'
Do not predefine any nonstandard macros.
`-A PREDICATE(ANSWER)'
Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER.
*Note Assertions::.
You can use `-A-' to disable all predefined assertions; it also
undefines all predefined macros that identify the type of target
system.
`-dM'
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a list of
`#define' directives for all the macros defined during the
execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This
gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version
of the preprocessor; assuming you have no file `foo.h', the command
touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
will show the values of any predefined macros.
`-dD'
Like `-dM' except in two respects: it does *not* include the
predefined macros, and it outputs *both* the `#define' directives
and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the
standard output file.
`-dI'
Output `#include' directives in addition to the result of
preprocessing.
`-M [-MG]'
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
suitable for `make' describing the dependencies of the main source
file. The preprocessor outputs one `make' rule containing the
object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of
all the included files. If there are many included files then the
rule is split into several lines using `\'-newline.
`-MG' says to treat missing header files as generated files and
assume they live in the same directory as the source file. It
must be specified in addition to `-M'.
This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
`-MM [-MG]'
Like `-M' but mention only the files included with `#include
"FILE"'. System header files included with `#include <FILE>' are
omitted.
`-MD FILE'
Like `-M' but the dependency information is written to FILE. This
is in addition to compiling the file as specified--`-MD' does not
inhibit ordinary compilation the way `-M' does.
When invoking gcc, do not specify the FILE argument. Gcc will
create file names made by replacing ".c" with ".d" at the end of
the input file names.
In Mach, you can use the utility `md' to merge multiple dependency
files into a single dependency file suitable for using with the
`make' command.
`-MMD FILE'
Like `-MD' except mention only user header files, not system
header files.
`-H'
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
normal activities.
`-imacros FILE'
Process FILE as input, discarding the resulting output, before
processing the regular input file. Because the output generated
from FILE is discarded, the only effect of `-imacros FILE' is to
make the macros defined in FILE available for use in the main
input.
`-include FILE'
Process FILE as input, and include all the resulting output,
before processing the regular input file.
`-idirafter DIR'
Add the directory DIR to the second include path. The directories
on the second include path are searched when a header file is not
found in any of the directories in the main include path (the one
that `-I' adds to).
`-iprefix PREFIX'
Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' options.
`-iwithprefix DIR'
Add a directory to the second include path. The directory's name
is made by concatenating PREFIX and DIR, where PREFIX was
specified previously with `-iprefix'.
`-isystem DIR'
Add a directory to the beginning of the second include path,
marking it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special
treatment as is applied to the standard system directories.
`-lang-c'
`-lang-c89'
`-lang-c++'
`-lang-objc'
`-lang-objc++'
Specify the source language. `-lang-c' is the default; it allows
recognition of C++ comments (comments that begin with `//' and end
at end of line) and hexadecimal floating-point constants, since
these features will most likely appear in the next C standard.
`-lang-c89' disables recognition of C++ comments and hexadecimal
floating-point constants. `-lang-c++' handles C++ comment syntax
and includes extra default include directories for C++.
`-lang-objc' enables the Objective C `#import' directive.
`-lang-objc++' enables both C++ and Objective C extensions.
These options are generated by the compiler driver `gcc', but not
passed from the `gcc' command line unless you use the driver's
`-Wp' option.
`-lint'
Look for commands to the program checker `lint' embedded in
comments, and emit them preceded by `#pragma lint'. For example,
the comment `/* NOTREACHED */' becomes `#pragma lint NOTREACHED'.
This option is available only when you call `cpp' directly; `gcc'
will not pass it from its command line.
`-$'
Forbid the use of `$' in identifiers. This was formerly required
for strict conformance to the C Standard before the standard was
corrected.
This option is available only when you call `cpp' directly; `gcc'
will not pass it from its command line.

File: cpp.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Index, Prev: Invocation, Up: Top
Concept Index
*************
* Menu:
* ##: Concatenation.
* arguments in macro definitions: Argument Macros.
* assertions: Assertions.
* assertions, undoing: Assertions.
* blank macro arguments: Argument Macros.
* cascaded macros: Cascaded Macros.
* commenting out code: Deleted Code.
* computed #include: Include Syntax.
* concatenation: Concatenation.
* conditionals: Conditionals.
* directives: Directives.
* expansion of arguments: Argument Prescan.
* function-like macro: Argument Macros.
* header file: Header Files.
* including just once: Once-Only.
* inheritance: Inheritance.
* invocation of the preprocessor: Invocation.
* line control: Combining Sources.
* macro argument expansion: Argument Prescan.
* macro body uses macro: Cascaded Macros.
* macros with argument: Argument Macros.
* manifest constant: Simple Macros.
* newlines in macro arguments: Newlines in Args.
* null directive: Other Directives.
* options: Invocation.
* output format: Output.
* overriding a header file: Inheritance.
* parentheses in macro bodies: Macro Parentheses.
* pitfalls of macros: Macro Pitfalls.
* predefined macros: Predefined.
* predicates: Assertions.
* preprocessing directives: Directives.
* prescan of macro arguments: Argument Prescan.
* problems with macros: Macro Pitfalls.
* redefining macros: Redefining.
* repeated inclusion: Once-Only.
* retracting assertions: Assertions.
* second include path: Invocation.
* self-reference: Self-Reference.
* semicolons (after macro calls): Swallow Semicolon.
* side effects (in macro arguments): Side Effects.
* simple macro: Simple Macros.
* space as macro argument: Argument Macros.
* standard predefined macros: Standard Predefined.
* stringification: Stringification.
* testing predicates: Assertions.
* unassert: Assertions.
* undefining macros: Undefining.
* unsafe macros: Side Effects.

File: cpp.info, Node: Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
Index of Directives, Macros and Options
***************************************
* Menu:
* #assert: Assertions.
* #cpu: Assertions.
* #define: Argument Macros.
* #elif: #elif Directive.
* #else: #else Directive.
* #error: #error Directive.
* #ident: Other Directives.
* #if: Conditional Syntax.
* #ifdef: Conditionals-Macros.
* #ifndef: Conditionals-Macros.
* #import: Once-Only.
* #include: Include Syntax.
* #include_next: Inheritance.
* #line: Combining Sources.
* #machine: Assertions.
* #pragma: Other Directives.
* #pragma once: Once-Only.
* #system: Assertions.
* #unassert: Assertions.
* #warning: #error Directive.
* -$: Invocation.
* -A: Invocation.
* -C: Invocation.
* -D: Invocation.
* -dD: Invocation.
* -dI: Invocation.
* -dM: Invocation.
* -H: Invocation.
* -I: Invocation.
* -idirafter: Invocation.
* -imacros: Invocation.
* -include: Invocation.
* -iprefix: Invocation.
* -isystem: Invocation.
* -iwithprefix: Invocation.
* -lang-c: Invocation.
* -lang-c++: Invocation.
* -lang-c89: Invocation.
* -lang-objc: Invocation.
* -lang-objc++: Invocation.
* -M: Invocation.
* -MD: Invocation.
* -MM: Invocation.
* -MMD: Invocation.
* -nostdinc: Invocation.
* -nostdinc++: Invocation.
* -P: Invocation.
* -pedantic: Invocation.
* -pedantic-errors: Invocation.
* -remap: Invocation.
* -traditional: Invocation.
* -trigraphs: Invocation.
* -U: Invocation.
* -undef: Invocation.
* -Wall: Invocation.
* -Wcomment: Invocation.
* -Wtraditional: Invocation.
* -Wtrigraphs: Invocation.
* -Wundef: Invocation.
* __BASE_FILE__: Standard Predefined.
* __CHAR_UNSIGNED__: Standard Predefined.
* __cplusplus: Standard Predefined.
* __DATE__: Standard Predefined.
* __FILE__: Standard Predefined.
* __GNUC__: Standard Predefined.
* __GNUC_MINOR__: Standard Predefined.
* __GNUG__: Standard Predefined.
* __INCLUDE_LEVEL_: Standard Predefined.
* __LINE__: Standard Predefined.
* __OPTIMIZE__: Standard Predefined.
* __REGISTER_PREFIX__: Standard Predefined.
* __STDC__: Standard Predefined.
* __STDC_VERSION__: Standard Predefined.
* __STRICT_ANSI__: Standard Predefined.
* __TIME__: Standard Predefined.
* __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__: Standard Predefined.
* __VERSION__: Standard Predefined.
* _AM29000: Nonstandard Predefined.
* _AM29K: Nonstandard Predefined.
* BSD: Nonstandard Predefined.
* defined: Conditionals-Macros.
* M68020: Nonstandard Predefined.
* m68k: Nonstandard Predefined.
* mc68000: Nonstandard Predefined.
* ns32000: Nonstandard Predefined.
* pyr: Nonstandard Predefined.
* sequent: Nonstandard Predefined.
* sun: Nonstandard Predefined.
* system header files: Header Uses.
* unix: Nonstandard Predefined.
* vax: Nonstandard Predefined.
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